3SC Phys I - chapII

Semiconductor Physics
Semiconductor Physics I
Chap. 1 Introduction
1. Literature 2. semiconductor properties 3. basic parameters
Chap. 5 Impurity States

1. Exp. observation 2. eff. Mass / deeps levels
Chap. 2 Crystal Structure

1. real lattice 2. Reciprocal lattice 3. Brillouin zone
Chap. 6 Statistics
1. equilibrium TD 2. Distribution functions
Chap. 7 Non-equilibrium
1. Field effect 2. Currents 3. Recombination/relaxation
Chap. 3 Band structure Calculations

1. Symmetries 2. Kronig-Penny 3. Brillouin/Bloch Approx. 4. LCAO/APW/OPW/Pseudo pot. 5. kp-method
Chap. 8 Transport
1. Boltzmann equation 2. Scattering mechanisms/mobility 3. ..
Chap. 4 Experimental determination band structure

1. Methods 2. Results
Chap. 9 Opt. Properties Semiconductors

1. Opt. transition/ Dirac perturbation 2. Absorption/Emission 3. Exciton, impurity-band transition
SC-Phys-I_Schweizer-2010
Semiconductor Physics
Semiconductor Physics II
Chap. 10 Device technology
1. Crystal growth 2. Doping technology 3. Pattern technology (lithography, etching)
Chap. 12 Unipolar technology

1.1. Schottky diode 2.1. Field effect transistor (FET) 2.2. JFET 2.3. MOSFET 2.4. Si-MOSFET 3.1. Switching speed and power 3.2. Noise in semiconductors
Chap. 11 Bipolar technique

1.1. pn transition 1.2. Diode characteristics 1.3. Diode capacitance 1.4. Diode structures 2.1. Hetero semiconductor 2.2. Hetero/bipolar junctions 2.3. Quantum size effect / band gap engineering 3.1. Bipolar transistor 4.1. Bipolar integration
Chap. 13 Optoelectronic
1. LEDs 2. Detectors / solar cells 3. Semiconductor lasers 4. Modulators
Semiconductor Physics I / II
SC-Phys I Wed. 15.10.2010 08.00 - 09.30 V 57.06
4.Physikalisches Institut Universitt Stuttgart
Heinz Schweizer Micro/Nano-Structure-Lab. (MSL) 3
Chap.2 Crystal Structure
2.1. Crystal Lattice
1. 1. 2. Crystal lattice/Bravais lattice/primitive cell/Wigner-Seitz-cell/ summary Crystal symmetry/ /Point groups Crystal planes/directions/Miller indices
(05-45)
2.2
Reciprocal Lattice .
1. 2. 3. Bragg - Laue condition Reciprocal lattice Description periodicity
(46-60)
2.3
Brillouin zone
1. Construction / examples
(61-63)
2.4 2.5
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods .

Bragg scattering/ methods / X-ray sources/Laue method/Rotating crystal/Debye-Scherrer
(64-81) (82-100)
Appendix 2 Scattering amplitude

Fourier description/Reciprocal lattice / Ewald description/ Geometrical form factor/atomic form factor/Debye-Waller factor
Chap.2.1 Crystal Lattice
Outline
2.1. Crystal Lattice
1. 2. 3. Crystal lattice/Bravais lattice/primitive cell/summary Crystal symmetry/ Wigner-Seitz-cell/Point groups Crystal planes/directions/Miller indices
(1.1/06-47)
(30-29) (30-39) (40-47)
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice
Kittel, Solid State Physics
Hellwege, Festkrperphysik
(see more below).
Kittel, Solid State Physics
2.1)
2.2)
And kinetic energy ?
10
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (primitive lattice cell)
2.3)
fills space without overlapping without leaving voids
V
c 2.4) b a
11
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Bravais lattice)
(translation invariance)
12
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Bravais lattice, examples)
2.5)
(1,1,1)
13
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Bravais lattice, example bcc)
2.6a) 2.6c)
2.6b)
2.7a) 2.7b) 2.7c)

(x, y, z unit vectors in X, Y, Z direction)
14
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Bravais lattice, example fcc)
2.8a) 2.8b) 2.8c)
fcc
Ashcroft / Mermin, Solid State Physics
15
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Bravais lattice, primitive cell)
*)conventional
b c
bcc
primitive
a
conventional
b c
fcc
primitive
*) Primitive not full symmetry of Bravais lattice Conventional cell full symmetry of Bravais lattice
16
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Wigner Seitz Cell )
17
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Bravais lattice, exp. examples)
Crystal Lattice of different elements and their Bravais lattices
Tab:2.1
18
Diamond lattice
*)
Tab:2.2
*)
*) with base the diamond lattice represents a fcc lattice. Environment for any fcc point differs in orientation to nearest neighbour not a Bravais lattice
19
Hexagonal Bravais lattice
2.9) a1 = ax; a2 = ax + (3)1/2 ay; a3 = cz
*)
*) There are 2 possibilities to pack identical spheres close: hexagonal lattice, cubic lattice
20
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Bravais lattice, exp. example)
Hexagonal Bravais lattice (experimental)
Tab:2.3
21
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Bravais lattice, general overview)
2D and 3D Bravais lattices
Tab:2.4 and 10 point groups 17 space groups
(Madelung I, p.62)
Tab:2.5
and 32 point groups 230 space groups

(Madelung I, p.62)
unit cells P = primitive C = non primitive base centred I = body centred F = face centred
14
22
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (3D Bravais lattice)
*) P I
*) each cryst. system could be (P,F,I,C) 7x4=28 but only 14 BL are possible
23
Chap.2.1.2 Crystal Symmetry (3D Bravais lattice )
24
Chap.2.1.1 Crystal Lattice (Summary)
Tab. 2.6: Summary lattice structures of semiconductors
Diamond lattice all group IV elemental SC Si, Ge, -Sn nearly all III-V and II-VI compound SC: GaAs, GaP, InAs, InSb, SiC (IV/IV some III/V and II/VI compound SC CdSe, CdS II/IV/V and I/III/VI compound SC CdSnAs2, CuInSe2 all IV/VI-compound SC and some II/VI compound SC PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS, SnTe
25
Zinkblende Lattice
Wurtzite Lattice
Chalcopyrite lattice
NaCl lattice
Lattice structures of semiconductors
Tab. 2.7 Tab. 2.8 Lattice const. (AE)
Diamond lattice Si Ge -Sn C
Zinkblende GaAs GaP
Lattice const. (AE)
5.43 5.65
5.65 5.45 6.04 6.46 6.35
InAs 6.46 3.56 InSb SiC
26
Lattice structures of semiconductors
27
Chap.2.1.2 Crystal Symmetry (Point group symmetry)
no axis
28
2.10a)
2.10b)
r r r r r r ` r = T T = n i a i
i
2.10c)
29
2.11a) 2.11b)
i
2.11c)
2.11d)
30
2.12a)
2.12b)
i
2.12c)
2.13)
31
Tab. 2.9
32
32
2.14)
d.
33
Tab. 2.10
chemistry
crystallography
34
Chap.2.1.2 Crystal Symmetry (Symmetry and QM)
Symmetry operations result in group properties (p. 33) Representation of groups by group table and character table (example inversion group) Tab. 2.11a: Group table 1. element O D(e) D(i) 2. element D(e) D(e) D(e) D(i) D(i) D(e) 11 12 22 representations Tab. 2.11b: Character table classes (elements) D(e) 1 1 D(i) 1 -1
O = matrix multiplication: 1.element x 2.element = result
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
Character = trace of representation matrix

35
Start with Hamiltonian which is invariant with respect to symmetry operator D(g), ( g = group element ) 2.15) H ; D ( g ) = 0
2.16) H ua
= Ea u a
Ea ta fold degenerated eigen energy value
dimension : 2.17) = 1, 2.., t a

according Eq. 2.1 eigen vectors of D are also eigen vectors of H and linear combinations: ta
2.18a ) D( g ) ua = ua Da, ' ( g ) 2.18b) Da, ' ( g ) = ua ' D( g ) ua '=1 ta
trace of D : 2.18c) a ( g ) = Da, ( g ) In case of unit matrix a = ta

=1
The matrix elements of D from eigen vectors u give the representation matrices of group G(g) (see 35)
36
H can consist of sub spaces. Total matrix <H> represents again a representation of group G (g) with elements g (see p. 35)
Representation matrix of group G ( g ) : 2.19)
u a a ' H ( g ) ub b
0 [1 ( g )] [2 ( g )] = 0 [3 ( g )]
a = 1,2,..., t a b = 1,2,..., tb
trace of representation matrices traces i : 2.20) = 1 + 2 + 3
i can be qi times represented in :

2.21) =
N class
q
i i
Nclass = number of classes (certain elements of G[g]) without proof: Nclass = N representations (Tab 2.11b)
37
Chap.2.1.3 Crystal planes and directions
1. 2.
Crystal planes and directions Miller indices
38
Chap.2.1.3 Crystal planes and directions (Miller's indices )
(Tab. 2.12)
39
Chap.2.1.3 Crystal planes and directions ( )
2.22)
2.23)
2.24)
40
Chap.2.1.3 Crystal planes and directions (distance between crystal planes )
2.25a ) r p = p (cos ; cos ; cos ) distance E from coord . cent. equation for E : (Hesse form ); p = d = distance OE r r r 2.25b) (r p ) p = 0 x cos + y cos + z cos p = 0
z
oa
or
E(h,k,l) p-r p
x x y z y z + + + + 2.25c) =1 p cos p cos p cos na ma oa r normal vector p on E : (direction vector for plane E ) r p = p p and 2.25e)
na
r p p 1 1 1 p`= = ; ; p d p cos p cos p cos r ma with lattice constant a surface normal vector p`and Miller indices h, k , l : r 1 1 1 1 1 (m o; n o; n m ) = 1 (h; k ; l ) p`= 2.25 f ) ; ; y a n a m a o a a nmo 2.25d ) and r 1 p` = a from Eq.2.25 h 2.25h) p 1 1 1 1 1 2 h + k2 + l2 = + 2+ 2 = d d n2 m o a
|p`| is inverse distance OE
2.26)
OE = d (h, k , l ) =
a h2 + k 2 + l 2
41
0.5
42
Tab. 2.12
z
Intercept r, p, q reciprocal 1/r, 1/p, 1/q 1/a, 0, 0 Miller h, k, l (1,0,0) (-1,0,0) (0,1,0) (0,-1,0) (0,0,1) (0,0,-1)
plane
q IV I r x VI p
II III y
I II III IV V VI
a, 0,
, ,
, 0, 0
0, 1/a, 0 0,
, a, , 0, , , a , ,0
, 0
0, 0, 1/a 0, 0, 1/
convention Miller indices: cut at -1
Cube surfaces :(100); (-100); (001); (00-1) are called {100} planes. {100} planes are symmetrically equivalent surfaces.
43
distance between planes and angles for given Miller indices : 2.27 a ) d hkl = a h2 + k 2 + l 2 hh'+ kk '+ll ' h 2 + k 2 + l 2 h '2 + k '2 +l '2
44
2.27b) cos(hkl ; h' k ' l ' ) =
Short summary crystal planes/directions/Miller indices
(see Eq. 2.25f, p. 41)
Nomenclature (1,0,0) single plane {1,0,0} equivalent planes (set of planes) [1,0,0] single direction <1,0,0 > equivalent directions (set of directions)
45
Chap.2.2 Reciprocal Lattice
Outline
Chap. 2.2.1 Bragg/Laue condition Chap. 2.2.2 Description of periodicity Chap. 2.2.3 Reciprocal lattice
46
Chap.2.2.1 Bragg/Laue condition ( Bragg condition ) Measurement (characterization) of Crystal structure
Lattice constants are small lattice atom arrays can be understood as mirror for photons lattice ~ AE range probe with light
Scattering experiment (Bragg condition)

interference of -light in a crystal structure ~ 0.5 AE = 0.05 nm elastic scattering assumed total photon mom. const. direction changes
2 :=
1 2 d
47
Chap.2.2.1 Bragg/Laue condition ( Bragg condition )
geometrical relations : 2.27 a ) 1 = d sin ( ) 2.1c) = 2 + 1 = 2d sin ( ) 2.27b) 2 = d sin ( )
Bragg condition:
2.28) = nd ; 2.2b) nd = 1,2.. 2.29) = 2d sin( ) = 2d sin( 2)
2 :=
1 2 d
2.30)
2d sin( 2) = nd
48
Chap.2.2.1 Bragg/Laue condition ( ) Measurement (characterization) of Crystal structure
Lattice constants are small lattice atoms can be used as slits for photons lattice ~ AE range probe with light
Scattering experiment (Laue condition)

interference of -light in a crystal structure ~ 0.5 AE = 0.05 nm elastic scattering assumed total photon mom. const. direction changes 0
k=2/
0 k=2/
49
Chap.2.2.1 Bragg/Laue condition ( )
Measurement (characterization) of Crystal structure
geometrical relations : 2.31a ) 1 = a cos( 0 ) 2.31c) = 2 1 = a (cos( ) cos( 0 )) 2.31b) 2 = a cos( ) interference : 2.31d ) = na
Momentum conservation
k
k`
Scattering experiment (Laue condition)

interference of g-light in a crystal structure ~ 0.5 AE = 0.05 nm elastic scattering assumed total photon momentum const. direction changes 0
r a
ka cos ka (cos cosa) ka cos
50
Chap.2.2.1 Bragg/Laue condition ( Crystal structure
- momentum equation from interference condition (eq.2.31d)
2.32a ) k a (cos( ) cos( 0 ) ) = 2 na r r 2.32b) k a = 2 na
(k = 2 )
- Laue condition for 3D cosines of directions (0,0,0) (,,)
r a
r c
r r r = nc c r Tp ,q ,r
3D Laue
r r p = na a
r b
r r q = nb b
r r 2.33a ) k a (cos( ) cos( 0 )) = 2 na 2.33d ) k a = 2 na r r 2.33b) k b (cos( ) cos( 0 )) = 2 nb 2.33e) k b = 2 nb r r 2.33c) k c (cos( ) cos( 0 )) = 2 nc 2.33 f ) k c = 2 nc
51
Chap.2.2.2 Reciprocal lattice ( ) Reciprocal lattice and Laue condition
- reformulation Laue - define Brillouin zone - Prediction E(k) (k) from scattering experiment
reciprocal base : r r r r r r 2.34a ) a * a = b * b = c * c := 2 r r r r r r 2.34b) a * b = b * c = b * c := 0 r r r 2.34c) a* = (2 Vcell ) b c ; r r r 2.34d ) b * = (2 Vcell ) c a; r r r 2.34e) c * = (2 Vcell ) a b ; r reciprocal vector G : r r r r 2.34 f ) G = na a * + nb b * + nc c *
52
Chap.2.2.2 Reciprocal lattice ( ) Reciprocal lattice and Laue condition
- scalar product between G and T (for T see p. 51)
r r 2.35) G T = na p + nb q + nc r = 2 int eger
* reformulation Laue condition with G

- Interpretation Laue as momentum conservation in the crystal - Rewriting Laue k=G by square of k construction of Brillouin zone
momentum conserv. r r 2.36a) k = G r r 2.36b) k T = 2 int eger
scattering experiment r r r 2.37a) k = k k ` and rewrite Laue

2
2.37b)
r r k = k` ~ G G 2.37e) k = 2 2
~ 2
2.37c) k 2 = (k `+G ) = k `2 +2 k `G + G 2 2.37d ) 0 = 2 k `G + G

2
r r with G = G
~
53
Chap.2.2.2 Reciprocal lattice ( Laue scattering )
continue Laue condition

From 2.37e) one gets a graphical Solution of the Laue scattering problem interference for ki if ki on a plane with Gi as normal vector of that plane
Graphical solution Laue scattering ~ r G plane 1 k1 2
1/b 1/a
G2 2
~
r k2
G plane 2 2
G1 2
~ r r G k1 1 2
~ r r G k2 2 2
54
Chap.2.2.3 Description of periodicity
2.38)
55
Chap.2.2.3 Description of periodicity
2.39a) 2.39b)
2.39c)
2.39d) 2.39e)
2.39f)
n=p=0
2.39g)
56
Chap.2.2.3 Description of periodicity (reciprocal lattice )
2.40a)
2.40b)
2.40c)
2.41)
57
2.42)
58
2.43a)
2.43b)
59
Chap.2.2.3 Description of periodicity (reciprocal lattice, examples)
2.44a) 2.44b) 2.45a) 2.45b) 2.45c) 2.44c)
2.46)
8 60
Chap.2.3 Brillouin Zone
* The Brillouin zone (BZ) (Wigner-Seitz cell in reciprocal space)
- construction: - trace reciprocal lattice point O to next neighbour - draw a perpendicular line between next neighbours - Geometrical meaning: each vector k, k`from O which meets an edge of the BZ fulfils Laue condition - Laue condition (Fig. 7.7) 2.47a) k = G = 2/a (n,k,l) 2.47b) 0 = -2k`G +G2 2.47c) k`cos = G/2
Brillouin zone
k` O 2/a k 2/a k`cos
r k2
*Special directions
k = [100] cross section 1. BZ k = [111] cross section 1. BZ k = [000] origin of BZ X-point L-point -point
61
Chap.2.3 Brillouin zone (reciprocal lattice, examples)
2.48)
real Space fcc

conventional
2.49)
primitive
2.50)
reciprocal Space fcc

conventional
primitive
62
Chap.2.3 Brillouin zone (Brillouin zone, specific directions)
BZ fcc
BZ bcc
BZ Hex.
63
Appendix 1 Diffraction Methods
2.51a)
2.51b)
2.51c) SC-Phys-I_Schweizer-2010
64
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods (Bragg scattering)
65
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods (Bragg scattering)
2.52a)
2.52b)
2.52c)
66
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods ( )
2.53)
67
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods (X-ray sources )
X-rays are created shooting fast electrons into Metal Emitted radiation consists of a broad background (Bremsstrahlung) e some characteristic intense lines Two processes take place the electrons change their direction the acceleration and / or deceleration of charges leads to emission of radiation
Ze
e*
2.54 a ) I ( ) Z ( max ) 2.54 b) h max = eU 0

This radiation with continuous (white) spectrum is called Bremsstrahlung
68
69
70
71
72
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods (Laue method )
A single crystal is placed stationary In a beam of x-rays or neutron radiation of continuous wavelength commonly 0.2 2 AE For certain directions there is a match of angle and radiation of a particular wavelength diffracts off a plane of distance d:
2.55)
2 d sin = n
Each reflection spot consists of only one wavelength
Laue method for crystal orientation / symmetry

73
stereographic projection intersection points
cubic crystal
intersection point 111
stereographic Projection point 111 south pole intersection points of cubic crystal surface normals with position sphere SC-Phys-I_Schweizer-2010
74
The complete reflection spots of a cubic crystal with [001] direction in north-south orientation in stereographic projection Symmetry axes according multiples ( ) of rotation axes Indicated
Weimantel / Hamann, Festkrperphysik
75
( h-k l )
(000)
Sl
(hkl) 76
77
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods (rotating crystal )
scattering cone
78
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods (rotating crystal )
79
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods (Debye-Scherrer powder method )
80
Appendix 1 Diffraction methods (Debye-Scherrer powder method )
2.56) Tab. 2.13
81
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (detailed discussion )
82
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (detailed discussion )
2.57a)
2.57b) 2.57c)
r r R k' R k r r r r r r 2.57f) R k ' = k cos( , R )
2.57d)
2.57e)
83
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (Fourier description )
2.58a) 2.58b)
2.58c)
2.59a)
2.59b)
(see also p.86)
84
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (Reciprocal lattice )
2.60a)
2.61a)
2.61b)
2.61c)
2.60b)
2.62a) 2.62b)
85
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude ( Laue condition alternative derivation )
r r K a
r K
r K`
0
a (cos cos 0 ) = n a 2
or
r K
r r K a r r K `a
3D Laue :
r a
a (cos cos 0 ) = 2 n a or r r r r r K ` K a K a = 2 n a
r r K a = 2 n a r r K b = 2 n b r r K c = 2 n c
reciprocal lattice vector G : Laue for r K = G

86
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (Fourier description )
2.63)
2.64)
87
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (Ewald construction )
2.65) 2.66)
origin
G2/2
reflection plane 2 with G2/2
K`
G1/2 K
reflection plane 1 with G1/2
88
2.67)
r r K G 2 = G 2 2 and
r r K `G 1 = G 1 2 2.68)
89
K sphere according orientation of crystals in powder K = reciprocal lattice vector G K Triangle in b) is isosceles
K = 2k sin 2.69) 2
Ewald sphere plane section of a) SC-Phys-I_Schweizer-2010

90
Solidstate Physics Schweizer 2006
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (Geometrical form factor )
2.70)
2.71) 2.72)
91
2.73)
92
(with S from page 92)
2.74)
93
even
even + odd
94
95
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (atomic form factor )
(see fj in expression for amplitude A on page92)
2.75) 2.76)
96
With total Scattering amplitude: A
A k = f j exp ( i ( j + mnp )k ) = exp ( i mnp k ) f j exp ( i j k )
m j mnp
IA)
Laue
with IB )
exp ( i mnp k ) 0 if k = G mnp A k = M 3 S G IC ) S G = f j (G ) exp ( i j G ) S G ( hkl ) = f j (G ) exp ( i 2 (x j h + y j k + z j l ))

j
envelope function: geometrical factor atomic form factor
k`
r r r r for G = 2 hA + kB + lC ID )
(xj (j=1,2,3) measured from mnp )
One finds for the atomic form factor fj

97
mnp
z
k`
2
Scattering of photon on atom electron distribution n ( ) Eq. IA
IE )
scattering efficiency of po int like electron ) r r r r IF ) k = 2 k sin( ) cos( )

0
(f
r r f j = f 0 dV n( ) exp i k
IG ) dV = 2 d sin( ) d d
For assumed spherical electron distribution we get n = n ( | | ) Eq. IIA and finally fj (Eq. III )
= =
IIH )
f j = f0
=0
with = 4 sin ( ) and 0d d n( ) exp(i 2 k sin ( ) cos( )) 2 sin( ) we k = G obtain =

2
( )
II _ I )
f j = 4 f 0 d 2 n ( )
0
sin (G ) G f 0 N el
for concentration of e approx. in atom center sin (G ) only regions 0 and 1 contribute G
IIJ )
f j = f 0 d 4 2 n ( ) =
0
(N
el
number of electrons )
98
99
Appendix 2: Scattering amplitude (Debye-Waller factor )
2.77)
2.78)
100

3SC Phys I - chapII

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3SC Phys I - chapII

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Semiconductor Physics

Chap. 5 Impurity States

Chap. 2 Crystal Structure

Chap. 3 Band structure Calculations

Chap. 4 Experimental determination band structure

Chap. 9 Opt. Properties Semiconductors

Chap. 12 Unipolar technology

Chap. 11 Bipolar technique

4.Physikalisches Institut Universitt Stuttgart

Heinz Schweizer Micro/Nano-Structure-Lab. (MSL) 3

Appendix 1 Diffraction methods .

Appendix 2 Scattering amplitude

Kittel, Solid State Physics

(see more below).

Kittel, Solid State Physics

And kinetic energy ?

fills space without overlapping without leaving voids

2.7a) 2.7b) 2.7c)

2.8a) 2.8b) 2.8c)

Ashcroft / Mermin, Solid State Physics

and 32 point groups 230 space groups

Diamond lattice Si Ge -Sn C

Zinkblende GaAs GaP

Lattice const. (AE)

5.65 5.45 6.04 6.46 6.35

InAs 6.46 3.56 InSb SiC

O = matrix multiplication: 1.element x 2.element = result

Character = trace of representation matrix

Ea ta fold degenerated eigen energy value

dimension : 2.17) = 1, 2.., t a

trace of D : 2.18c) a ( g ) = Da, ( g ) In case of unit matrix a = ta

trace of representation matrices traces i : 2.20) = 1 + 2 + 3

i can be qi times represented in :

Crystal planes and directions Miller indices

|p`| is inverse distance OE

convention Miller indices: cut at -1

2.27b) cos(hkl ; h' k ' l ' ) =

(see Eq. 2.25f, p. 41)

Scattering experiment (Bragg condition)

2.28) = nd ; 2.2b) nd = 1,2.. 2.29) = 2d sin( ) = 2d sin( 2)

Scattering experiment (Laue condition)

Scattering experiment (Laue condition)

2.32a ) k a (cos( ) cos( 0 ) ) = 2 na r r 2.32b) k a = 2 na

- Laue condition for 3D cosines of directions (0,0,0) (,,)

r r 2.35) G T = na p + nb q + nc r = 2 int eger

* reformulation Laue condition with G

momentum conserv. r r 2.36a) k = G r r 2.36b) k T = 2 int eger

scattering experiment r r r 2.37a) k = k k ` and rewrite Laue

2.37c) k 2 = (k `+G ) = k `2 +2 k `G + G 2 2.37d ) 0 = 2 k `G + G

continue Laue condition

Graphical solution Laue scattering ~ r G plane 1 k1 2

k` O 2/a k 2/a k`cos

real Space fcc

reciprocal Space fcc

2.54 a ) I ( ) Z ( max ) 2.54 b) h max = eU 0

Each reflection spot consists of only one wavelength

Laue method for crystal orientation / symmetry

stereographic projection intersection points

intersection point 111

Weimantel / Hamann, Festkrperphysik

2.56) Tab. 2.13

r r R k' R k r r r r r r 2.57f) R k ' = k cos( , R )