Nanotechnology

Carbon nanotube (CNT)

Working team
1)Fathy Salama El-Sayed 2)Islam Mohamed Ahmed 3)Mahmoud Abuel-Hamad Abbas 4)Mohamed Ramadan Ragab 5)Moustafa Abdel-Hamid Mohamed

Represented to

Dr \ Hassan Mohamed

Presentation overview
Introduction to nanotechnology. Allotropes of carbon. What is carbon nanotube? Properties of CNT. Types of CNT. Synthesis of CNT. Applications of CNT.

Nanotechnology
The Revolution of Technology

Introduction to nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the generation which appeared in electronics world after all of the following generation:1) First generation: used electronic lamb. (televisions) 2) Second generation :used transistors. 3) Third generation: used integrated circuits (IC) which very small piece which reduced the size of many devices, increased its quality and increased its importance. 4) Forth generation: used microprocessor (Which caused a huge revolution in electronics production of personal computers (PC) and silicon chips, which caused progress in many areas of scientific and industrial. So what is the fifth generation which called nanotechnology.

What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is made up of two parts:1) Nano is equal to 0.000000001 of a meter. Nanoscale is used from 1 to 100 nano

What is Nanotechnology?
2) Technology is innovation and development of solutions to the problems of life. Nanotechnology is the technology based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules to build complex structures that have atomic specifications. Material properties change when at the nanoscale such as gold appears red as nanoparticles.

Allotropes of carbon
a) Diamond. b) Graphite. c) Lonsdaleite. d) C60. e) C540. f) C70. g) Amorphous carbon. h) Carbon nanotube.

Allotropes of carbon
Diamond:- diamond mostly used in Jewelry and cutting material such steel because it is the hardest known natural mineral. Graphite:- graphite is the most stable form of carbon. It is an electrical conductor. It is used in pencils and it's powder is used as a dry lubricant. Graphene:- graphene is a single layer of graphite. It has extraordinary electrical, thermal, and physical properties. It can be produced by insulating or conducting substrate or by mechanical exfoliation from graphite. It's applications may include replacing silicon in high-performance electronic devices.

Allotropes of carbon
Amorphous carbon:- amorphous carbon is carbon that does not have any crystalline structure such as Coal and soot or carbon black. Fullerenes:- fullerenes are molecules of varying sizes composed entirely of carbon, which take the form of a hollow sphere, or tube. Fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use binding specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma.

Allotropes of carbon
Glassy carbon:- glassy carbon is a class of non graphitizing carbon widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices. The preparation of glassy carbon involves subjecting organic compound to a series of heat treatments at temperatures up to 3000 C. Carbon nanofoam:- carbon nanofoam consists of a low density of carbon atoms bonded together in threedimensional web. Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphitelike sheets.

Allotropes of carbon
Lonsdaleite:- lonsdaleite is a hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond. It is form from graphite present in meteorites upon their impact to Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice. Hexagonal diamond has also been synthesized in the laboratory, by compressing and heating graphite. It can also be produced by the thermal decomposition of a polymer(e.g. poly hydrido carbyne), at atmospheric pressure under inert gas atmosphere (e.g. argon, nitrogen) starting at temperature 110 C. Carbon nanotube.

What is carbon nanotube?

Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a sheet of graphite (hexagonal rings of carbon) rolled into a cylinder. It's diameter about 1 nanometer. It may be branched or not, but it is not classified to that.

Properties of CNT
Strength:- macro-graphite is soft and malleable, while CNT can be stronger than steel and 6 times lighter. This strength results from the covalent sp bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. Electrical:- CNTs are very good electrical conductors, it may be metallic or semiconductors. Thermal:- CNTs are very good thermal conductors along the tube, it may be conductors or semiconductors.

Types of CNT
It have two types rolled in different ways which have different properties:1) Single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT). Consist of one layer of graphene sheet can be rolled in different ways to create different SWNT with different properties. It may be armchair, zigzag or chiral.

Types of CNT
2) Multi walled carbon nanotube (MWNT ). Consist of two or more layers of graphene sheet can be rolled in different ways to create different MWNT with different properties. It may be swiss roll and russian doll.

1) SWNT
1) Drew two parallel tube axis 2) Drew armchair vector 3) If the armchair vector is perpendicular to tube axis, it will be armchair type . 4) If the armchair vector is not perpendicular to tube axis, Drew zigzag vector. 5) If the zigzag vector is perpendicular to tube axis, it will be zigzag type. 6) If the armchair and zigzag vector is not perpendicular to tube axis, it will be chiral type.

1) SWNT
A) Armchair type

tube axis

armchair vector

1) SWNT
tube axis

B) Zigzag type
zigzag vector

armchair vector

1) SWNT
tube axis

C) Chiral type
zigzag vector

chiral vector

armchair vector

2) MWNT
A) Swiss roll type

2) MWNT
B) Russian doll type

Synthesis of CNT
1) Solid carbon source-based production techniques for CNTs:(laser ablation, solar energy and electric arc). 2) Gaseous carbon source-based production techniques for CNTs:(Thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD)). (Plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD)). 3) Synthesis of aligned CNTs. 4) Miscellaneous techniques.

1) Solid (Arc-Discharge)
In arc-discharge, carbon atoms are evaporated by plasma of helium gas ignited by high currents passed through opposing carbon anode and cathode.

1) Solid (Arc-Discharge)
The optimal conditions for nanotube generation involve passage of a direct current (80100 A) through two high purity graphite (610 mm.) electrodes (separation about 12 mm) in a helium atmosphere (500 torr).

1) Solid (Arc-Discharge)
Arc-discharge has been developed into an excellent method for producing both high quality multi-walled nanotubes and single-walled nanotubes.

1) Solid (Arc-Discharge)
MWNTs can be obtained by controlling the growth conditions such as the pressure of inert gas in the discharge chamber and the arcing current.

In 1992, a breakthrough in MWNT growth by arc-discharge was first made by Ebbesen and Ajayan who achieved growth and purification of high quality MWNTs at the gram level.

The synthesized MWNTs have lengths on the order of ten microns and diameters in the range of 5-30 nm. The nanotubes are typically bound together by strong van der Waals interactions and form tight bundles.

1) Solid (Arc-Discharge)
MWNTs produced by arc-discharge are very straight, indicative of their high crystallinity. For as grown materials, there are few defects such as pentagons or heptagons existing on the sidewalls of the nanotubes. The by-product of the arcdischarge growth process are multi-layered graphitic particles in polyhedron shapes. Purification of MWNTs can be achieved by heating the as grown material in an oxygen environment to oxidize away the graphitic particles. The polyhedron graphitic particles exhibit higher oxidation rate than MWNTs; nevertheless, the oxidation purification process also removes an appreciable amount of nanotubes.

1) Solid (Arc-Discharge)
For the growth of single-walled tubes, a metal catalyst is needed in the arc-discharge system. The first success in producing substantial amounts SWNTs by arc-discharge was achieved by Bethune and coworkers in 1993 They used a carbon anode containing a small percentage of cobalt catalyst in the discharge experiment, and found abundant SWNTs generated in the soot material. In SWNT growth by arc-discharge and laser ablation, typical by-products include fullerenes, graphitic polyhedrons with enclosed metal particles, and amorphous carbon in the form of particles or overcoating on the sidewalls of Nanotubes

1) Solid (Arc-Discharge)
A purification process for SWNT materials has been developed by Smalley and coworkers and is now widely u sed by many researchers. The method involves refluxing the as-grown SWNTs in a nitric acid solution for an extended period of time, oxidizing away amorphous carbon species and removing some of the metal catalyst species.

2) Gaseous (CVD)
The growth process involves: 1) Heating a catalyst material to high temperatures in a tube furnace. 2) Flowing a hydrocarbon gas through the tube reactor for a period of time. 3) Materials grown over the catalyst are collected upon cooling the system to room temperature.

2) Gaseous (CVD)
Source of carbon atoms usually comes from an organic compound Mixed with a metal catalyst and inert gas Atomized and sprayed into reactor with temperatures ranging from 600C to 1200C Pyrolysis of organic compound deposits carbon (as soot) and carbon nanotubes on reactor wall (usually a tube constructed from quartz)

2) Gaseous (CVD)

2) Gaseous (CVD)
Sources of Carbon:1) Typical Organic/Catalyst Mixtures: Xylene/ ferrocene (Andrews et al.). Toluene, benzene, xylene, mesitylene, and n-hexane/ ferrocene (Vivekchand et al.). Ethylene and ethanol/Fe, Co, and Mo alloys (K. Mizuno et al.). 2) Typical Carrier Gases: Argon. Hydrogen.

2) Gaseous (PECVD)
Alumina substrate (Al2O3) is coated with ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)3 6H2O] (the catalyst). Methane and hydrogen are introduced to the vacuum chamber (total pressure of 15 torr). The chamber is then heated to 850C-900C with a input microwave power of 600W. Nanotubes are grown from the substrate material.

3) Synthesis of aligned CNTs

Several applications (such as field emission-based display, require that carbon nanotubes grow as highly aligned bunches, in highly ordered arrays, or located at specific positions.

3) Synthesis of aligned CNTs

In that case, the purpose of the process is not mass production but controlled growth and purity, with subsequent control of nanotube morphology, texture, and structure

3) Synthesis of aligned CNTs

Controlled growth by CVD Methane +Porous Si +Fe pattern CVD Aligned MWNTs High magnification SEM image showing aligned nanotubes.

4) Miscellaneous techniques
In addition to the major techniques described before many attempts can be found in literature to produce nanotubes by various ways, with a generally specific goal, such as looking for a low-cost or a catalyst-free production process.

Applications of CNT
Electrical Field emission in vacuum electronics Energy storage Lithium batteries Hydrogen storage High Strength Composites 100 times as strong as steel and 1/6 the weight Biological Bio-sensors Functional AFM tips DNA sequencing Catalytic & biomedical supports Solar cells

Applications of CNT