CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Cement in general sense of the word, can be describe as the material with an
adhesive and cohesive properties which make it capable of bonding mineral
fragments into a compact mass. This definition encompasses a large variety of
cementing material. For constructional purposes the meaning of the term cement is
restricted to bonding material used with stones, brick, blocks etc. Cement is the most
important material in structural construction at it is used at different stages of
construction in form of concrete block and concrete.

In the last decade, the production of aluminum in spite of some stagnancy and set
back periods have shown a study rise of about 1℅. The ecological consequences of
aluminum production are well known; threatening of surface and underground water
and air pollution by waste gases from aluminum electrolysis plant and rolling mills.
The degree of damage inflicted to ground water and air during the single production
stages from bauxite to aluminum depends on a couple of tact of which those
connected with the alumina winning and red mud disposal.

1.2. HISTORY
In India there is a great demand of cement mainly from civil engineering
industry for road and concrete construction. But now days it is a very difficult
problem to avail of cement so researchers have developed waste management
strategies to apply in replacement of cement for specific need. Natural resources are
depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated by product from the
industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction
involves the use of non-conventional and innovative materials, and recycling of

1
waste material in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find
alternative ways conserving the environment.

1.2.1. RED MUD

Red mud is the iron rich residue from the digestion of bauxite. It is one of the
major by product coming from Bayer process of alumina production. In general,
about 2 - 4 tons of bauxite required for production of each ton of alumina Al 2O3 and
about one ton is generated. Since the red mud is generated in bulk it has to be stored
in large confined and impervious ponds, therefore the bauxite refining is gradually
encircled by the storage pond. At present about 60 million tons of red mud are
generated annually worldwide which is not being disposed or recycled satisfactorily.
Red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing
impurities and present one of the aluminum industry has most important disposal
problems. The red color is caused by the oxidized iron present, which can make up
to 60% of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles
include silica, unbleached residual aluminum, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot
be disposed of easily. As a waste product of the Bayer process the mud is highly
basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13.

Table 1.1 - Composition of red mud

Component Weight [%]

Al2O3 20-22
SiO2 12-15
Fe2O3 40-45
TiO2 1.8-2.0
CaO2 1.0-2.0
Na2O 4.0-5.0

2
1.3. UTILIZATION OF RED MUD

As to the resource utilization of red mud, alumina companies have been

carrying out many technical researches on production of construction material,
especially cement production, glass production and production of road base. And
they have made some progress, especially in the production of cement using red
mud.
1.4. DEMAND

World cement demand at a glance (million metric tons)

Table 1.2 - World Cement Demand

Annual
Item 2010 2015 2016 Growth

05/00 10/05
Cement 1630.0 2250.0 2830.0 6.7 4.7
Demand
North 149.6 170.0 196.0 2.6 2.9
America
Western 208.5 233.0 233.0 1.1 2.2
Asia/Pacific 954.5 1470.0 9.0 9.0 5.2
Other 328.2 401.5 506.6 4.1 4.7
region

3
 CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

➢ AN OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL PROCESS TO MANUFACTURE RED

MUD CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS: K. Deepika, S. Ananthakumar, R.
Mariadoss, J. Nanthagopal

Major deposits of red mud are in highly populated emerging economic

regions. Recycling red mud as construction materials is important to these countries
for economic. Room-temperature-setting chemical reactions to solidify red mud into
construction products may be one way to recycle red mud. We present two methods
developed by us, one in Jamaica and the other in U.S.A. The first method
(Geopolymeric method) takes advantage of the high alkalinity and high alumina
content in red mud. Adding sodium silicate, we developed sodium alumina-silicate
binding phases in red mud. Using this process, Jamaica Bauxite Institute constructed
a demonstration sports pavilion with red mud bricks. The second process is a by-
product of “Ferro-Ceramicrete” developed in Argonne National Laboratory for
immobilization of nuclear weapons legacy waste. In this process, we took advantage
of high content of iron oxide (hematite) in red mud, and partially reduced a small
portion of it to initiate activation reaction with an acid-phosphate. This process
produces rapid-setting alternative red mud cement that can be used to manufacture
concrete, bricks, and building blocks. Both processes have been proven and used in
other fields.
Strengths of Red Mud
It is evident from the literature survey that red mud increases the strengths of
concrete to a considerable extent. It reduces the capillary pores of concrete and hence
reduces permeability. Red mud’s pH value varies from 10 to 12 and as a result of
which it prevents corrosion of reinforcement. Use of red mud proves to be
4
economical as it comes free of cost. Red mud also serves as a decorative material. It
prevents early fading of colour. It serves as a good binder material.

Weaknesses of Red Mud

Due to its high alkalinity it damages agricultural lands, For disposing it should
be washed seven times. There are chances of leakages from red mud lake. It
contaminates the ground water table in case it is disposed underground from the
previous discussion we can come to the conclusion that red mud on being replaced
with cement improves its mechanical properties and proves to be economical. On
the basis of literature survey, it is evident that red mud serves as a good binder
material and has proved to be a good cementations material. Red mud reduces the
capillary pores of concrete and hence as the percentage of red mud in concrete
increases there is a consequent decrease in the percentage of water absorbed. Red
mud contains components that in combination with lime produce calcium
aluminates hydrates. These reaction products are able to develop strength. Thus, for
the purpose of economical construction and for increasing the mechanical properties
of concrete red mud has proved to be effective in all respects.
A simple mixing of 70% red mud and 30% CaO gives a product with
compressive strength of 7MPa. The hydrates formed after 4 days are Ca(OH) 2
C4AH13 and C4AH11.by addition of 10% gypsum a compressive strength of 15 MPa
is obtained after 21 days. At later ages, etteringite expansion will occur. These
results have been confirmed by more recent experiments. Cements prepared by
mixing red mud with and or portlandite show a decrease of the flexural strength as
function of time. Red mud does not impart much compressive strength when
compared to fly ash, but it has been observed that flexural strength and resistance to
permeability increases in red mud cement concrete. Although using red mud is less

5
feasible than using fly ash but it is necessary to use or recycle red mud as it has many
harmful environmental effects.

➢ USE OF RED MUD AS RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION

Chandana Sukesh, P. Syam Sai.
Beyond applications of red mud in the production of clinker and composite
cements, another interesting direction for the utilization of red mud in the cement
industry is the preparation of alkali-activated cement. Pan et al. (2002, 2003)
conducted an investigation of using sintering- process red mud, blast-furnace slag
and solid alkali activator such as solid water glass and sodium aluminate clinkers to
produce alkali-activated cement. This kind of alkali-activated cement belongs to
clinker-free cementitious material. They reported that the alkali-activated red mud–
slag cement possessed high compressive strength (56 MPa at 28 days and 65 MPa
at 90 days) and excellent resistance against chemical attacks and freezing–thawing
cycles, mainly due to the denser microstructure and lower total porosity in the
hydrated paste in comparison with those of the reference PPC paste. It was found
that the hydration products of the produced alkali activated cement were primarily
amorphous C–S–H gel with low Ca/Si ratio in the range of 0.8–1.2 without any
detection of crystallized Ca(OH)2, ettringite and zeolite-like phases.

➢ UTILIZATION POTENTIAL OF RED MUD IN THE CEMENT

INDUSTRY: Mahin Sha O B, Remya C P, Salja P A, Shifal K S

In Greece, 0.7 Mt of red mud is produced annually. Considering that 22 Mt of

raw materials are used every year in Greece for cement production (about 15 Mt
year) addition up to 3 wt.% will basically allow all the produced red mud to be
accepted by the cement industry. In China, nearly 30 Mt of red mud is produced each
year, and the output of cement in 2009 was 1.6 Bt. Considering that 2.4 Bt of raw
materials are needed for cement production (1.6 Bt year ) in China, additions up to
6
1–2 wt.% will result in the consumption of all the produced red mud by the cement
industry. The world total production of cement in 2009 was 2.8 Bt, and the
worldwide alumina industry produces 70 Mt of red mud annually. Considering that
4.1 Bt of raw materials are used for the cement output of 2.8 Bt year, the addition of
up to 2 wt.% will make all the produced red mud to be accepted by the cement
industry globally. As reviewed in the section entitled ‘Production of Portland cement
clinker from red mud’ above, small additions of red mud (3–5 wt%) in the raw meals
for producing Portland cement clinker does not negatively affect the properties of
the final PPC. In ideal circumstances, additions of 2–3 wt.% red mud into the raw
meals could allow all the produced red mud to be accepted by the PPC
manufacturing annually.
However, only a small amount of red mud is actually being used in the cement
industry, and large quantities of red mud are still piled up in the large ponds. One of
the main factors limiting the utilization of red mud in the cement industry is transport
cost, since the location of alumina plants is relatively concentrated whereas the
cement plants are dispersed. As the red mud is generally acquired for free and the
countable transportation cost is currently RB 0.5 t in China, it is feasible to decrease
the cost of cement production if the saved cost for using red mud as the raw meal is
greater than the transportation cost. Another main constraint to a large utilization of
red mud in PPC production is the high alkalinity (pH 10–12.5) characteristic of red
mud. From Table 1, it can be seen that the content of Na 2O in the worldwide red
mud ranges from 1 to 10%. Currently in China, the entire utilization ratio of red mud
is only 4% with even lower utilization ratio in cement and concrete. As a successful
example of applying red mud in the cement industry, Shandong Alumina Company
owned a cement plant which was built in 1958. In this cement plant, wet processing
was adopted for the production of PPC clinker. The washed red mud was first filtered
and then transported into the cement plant through a slurry pump. Subsequently, the

7
red mud was used instead of clay and incorporated with other materials such as
limestone and sandstone, etc. to prepare cement clinker. Under the wet processing
technique, the total output of cement was 30 Mt with consumption of red mud over
8 Mt in Shandong Alumina Cement Plant. In recent years, with the implementation
of Chinese new cement standards in which the alkali content (Na 2O3 0.658K2O) in
cement is strictly limited to no more than 0.6%, the wet processing production line
of Shandong Alumina Cement Plant has been closed down. In order to push ahead
with the red mud utilization, Shandong Alumina Company built a new cement
clinker production line (dry processing) in 2003.
Currently, the capacity of cement produced from this dry processing line is 3
Mt year. However, because of the constraint of alkali content required by the cement
standard, the addition of red mud into the raw meals of clinker production has largely
decreased. High alkali content in cement is a main factor to generate alkali-aggregate
reaction and this reaction can cause expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to
spalling and loss of strength of the concrete. Considering the high content of Na2O
occurring in the red mud, solidification of Nap in red mud-containing cement to
avoid alkali-aggregate reaction of concrete could be an effective method to improve
the utilization ratio of red mud in cement production, and deep research into the
solidification mechanics of Nap in red mud-containing cement is also required.
Additionally, the red color of red mud has also to be considered as a potential
constraint during the red mud utilization in cement production, especially when red
mud is added in a large percentage. However, since the current mixed content of red
mud in cement production is relatively low (2–3 wt.%), it is thought that the issue of
dark color for the red mud utilization in cements can be negligible.
Utilization of red mud for the production of cement is an efficient method of
large-scale recycling for this bauxite residue. This review clearly points out three
directions for the use of red mud in cement production, namely the preparation of

8
cement clinkers, the production of composite cements as well as alkali-activated
cements. The studies conducted on these three aspects are overviewed in detail. Due
to the super- fine particle characteristics of red mud, the produced cement containing
red mud generally exhibits slightly high normal consistency, but this does not affect
the good fluidity of red mud-containing cement. Tests demonstrate that good
physical properties and excellent mechanical properties can be obtained for those
products with proper proportion design, and they are also safe to the environment.

➢ USE OF RED MUD AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN

CONCRETE OF NEUTRALIZATION OF RED MUD: Ramesh R. Rathod,
Nagesh T. Suryawanshi, Pravin D. Memade
It is found from digital ph meter, that the ph of red mud procured from site is
alkaline with ph value ranges from 10 to 11.58. Since the alkalinity is determined to
the life of cement and concrete, they propose to reduce the alkalinity of red mud
(pH=10.58), so that it can be used as cement replacement material and may improve
the strength characteristics of cement and concrete.
Commercially available of normality in hydrochloric acid has been used for
present neutralization process, because it enriches the silicon oxide and aluminum
oxide content of red mud and it also eliminates harmful sodium oxide.

Neutralization of Red Mud-Experimental Procedure:

About 5 kg of red mud was mixed with 10 liters of tap water in an aluminum
container and is stirred continuously for about half an hour to make the solution
homogeneous. The acid was slowly mixed in the solution till pH value of solution
becomes 7.0.
After neutralization the container was kept at room temperature for settlement
of solids for about 5 hours. The water with other dissolved materials was decanted
and the settled red mud was sundried first and then oven dried. The material was
9
cooled in oven up to room temperature then taken out from it. This material was then
reduced into powder by hand.

➢ DISCUSSION ON EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

CEMENT BY RED MUD (EXPERIMENTAL WORK): Mr.
Bhaveshkumar M. Kataria, Mr. Sandip U. Shah
Pozzolana cements are obtained by blending or intergrading a mixture of
portland pozzolana cement and a Portland pozzolana confirming to IS: 1489-1976
in proportion not less than 10% and not exceeding 25% by weight of cement.
Pozzolana have been defined as a natural or artificially material containing
silica in reactive form a more formal definition of pozzolana is siliceous or aluminum
material which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but will in finely
divide form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious
properties.
First the physical and chemical analysis of a red mud is carried out. Then the
effect of the presence of different percentages of neutralized red mud in cement and
cement concrete were studied with respect to following properties.

• Standard consistency of cement

• Initial setting time of cement
• Test on cement
• Final setting time of cement
• Compressive strength of neutralize
• Test on hardened concrete

10
Effect of Neutralized Red Mud on Standard Consistency of Cement:
The affinity of water increases by 2.50 %, 5.50 %, 8.00 %, 10.5 % & 12.75 %
with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of replacement of cement by neutralized red mud
respectively, compared with that of water required for standard consistency of
Portland pozzolana cement. In general it is observed that with the increase in
neutralized red mud content in the mix the water required for standard consistency
increases and this increased requirement of water shows almost a linear relationship
with standard consistency. This increase may be due to the fact that the neutralized
red mud being slightly lighter in weight has more finer particles and occupies more
volume which needs more water for the same consistency.

Effect of Neutralized Red Mud on Initial Setting Time of Cement:

As per IS: 269-1976 specification the minimum initial setting time for
Portland pozzolana cement is 30 minutes. The initial setting time for the cement used
in the present studies is 90 minutes. It is observed from the table no. The initial
setting time for 5% and 10% replacement by neutralized red mud gradually reduces
whereas for 15% of replacement by neutralized red mud the initial setting is nearly
the same as that of Portland pozzolana cement. Future increase in neutralized red
mud i.e. for 20% and 25% increases the initial setting time.
The decrease in initial setting time at 5% and 10% may be due to the light
weight of neutralized red mud and finer particles of mud which fills the voids of the
cement by which there may be increase in the density of the mix. Beyond 10% of
neutralized red mud cement initial setting time increases may be due to reduction in
the density of mix.

11
 The effect of replacement of cement by neutralized red mud has been studied
on design mix concrete of grade M-50. The water-cement ratio 0.36 is kept constant
for different percentage replacement of cement by neutralized red mud.
It is observed that the rate of gain in strength decreases with increases in
neutralized red mud content at 7 days curing period compared to 7 days strength of
pure cement concrete.
For M-25 concrete mix the optimum replacement is 15 %. It is interesting to
note that the particular variation in average compressive strength of cement concrete
with different proportions of neutralized red mud in place of cement. It is observation
that the average compressive strength decreases with increase in neutralized red mud
content except for few percentage of replacement.

➢ STOCKPILING OF RED MUD: J. Nanthagopal, V. Saravanakumar

The stocking method of red mud can be divided into two types: wet stocking
and dry stocking. As to wet stocking, red mud is transported into the yard as slurry
and then is stocked after precipitation. Contrariwise, dry stocking involves the
transport of desiccative red mud into the yard, where the red mud obtains
accumulation capacity by the effect of solar and air drying. Wet stockpiling capacity
can be increased in this way and it is suitable for the sintering process of red mud.
But it has high requirements on the yard, especially on the initial dam, the
construction and maintenance of which is costly. Because the red mud is slurry, the
dam should be more firm and impermeable. Compared with the wet stockpiling, dry
stockpiling does not require such initial damming, causes little pollution and is
suitable for stockpiling Bayer process of red mud.
Qiao and Sun proposed and developed a stockpiling technique known as
“mixed stocking”, which is an intermediate method between the “dry” and “wet”
methods. It is a novel method using sintering red mud and Bayer red mud in the

12
initial dam and Bayer red mud in the sub-dams. The “mixed stocking” method
combines the advantages of both, with small investment of the initial dam and sub-
dam and uncomplicated operation management. So, the design of the yard depends
upon specific conditions. The schematic diagram of the “mixed stocking” method.
In the last decade, the production of aluminum in spite of some stagnancy and
set back periods has shown a steady rise of about 1%. The ecological consequences
of aluminum production are well known; threatening of surface and underground
water and air pollution by waste gases from aluminum electrolysis plant and rolling
mills. The degree of damage inflicted to ground water and air during the single
production stages from bauxite to aluminum depends on a couple of tact of which
those connected with the alumina winning and red mud disposal.
As to the resource utilization of red mud, alumina companies have been
carrying out many technical researches on production of construction material,
especially cement production, glass production and production of road base. And
they have made some progress, especially in the production of cement using red
mud.

Following are the objectives derived by exhaustive study of literature:

• To Investigate the Utilization of Red mud as Supplementary Cementitious
Material (SCM) and influence of this Red mud on the Strength Parameters
of concrete block.
• To Study the Effect of Red mud & Copper Slag (Replacement to Fine
Aggregate) on Compressive strength of concrete block.
• Overall, the comprehensive utilization of red mud generated in the process
of industrial production of alumina is still a worldwide problem.
At current levels technology and practice, the capacity of consumption and
secondary utilization is seriously insufficient. The secure stockpiling of red mud has
13
to see a reduction of stockpiling costs and improvement of efficiency. So stockpiling
is not a fundamental way to resolve the problems of red mud. Only through
economical and viable comprehensive utilization can people resolve them
effectively in the long term. As to the recovery of components from red mud, there
are a lot of problems making for significant increases in recycling process costs and
energy consumption, becoming serious impediments to industrial development.
Therefore, we need to promote the industrialization of precious metal recovery
processes, optimize complex processes and develop new ones. Although the added
value is relatively low, the resources utilization of red mud is the most widely used
way and the most effective way to resolve the red mud stockpiling problem. Red
mud can also be used to produce other construction materials. A mature, relevant
technology would greatly promote the consumption of red mud. Applying red mud
as an environmental remediation material is a new hot point in terms of utilization.
Due to the simple process, low cost, it is worth promoting its application in the field
of environmental protection. However, there is a risk of introducing new
contamination, and a difficulty of recycling it after the application. Therefore, more
in-depth studies are needed and a comprehensive assessment of chemical and
biological effects.

14
 CHAPTER – 3
METHODOLOGY

MATERIAL SELECTION

BASIC TESTS ON MATERIALS

DESIGN MIX

PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS

CASTING AND CURING OF SPECIMENS

TESTING ON SPECIMENS

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

15
 CHAPTER - 4
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

Material used in the experiment work:

A. Portland pozzolana cement

B. Red mud
C. Aggregate
D. Water

4.1. Portland pozzolana cement

Portland pozzolana cement confirming to IS: 269-1976 was used throughout the
investigation. Different tests were performed on the cement to ensure that it confirms
to the requirements of the IS specifications. The physical properties of the cement
were determined as per IS: 4031-1968 and are presented in Table 3.

Table. 4.1 - Properties of Cement

Sl. No. Characteristics Values

1 Standard consistency 53

2 Initial setting time 30minutes

3 Specific gravity 3.09

16
 Table. 4.2 - Chemical Properties of Cement

Sl. no. Components Weight

1 Lime(CaO) 63%

2 Silica(SiO2) 22%

3 Alumina(Al2O3) 6%

4 Iron oxide(Fe2O3) 3%

5 Magnesium oxide(MgO) 2.5%

6 Sulphurtrioxide & loss 1.5%

of ignition(SO3)

7 Alkalies 0.5%

Fig. 4.1 - Portland pozzolana cement

17
4.1.1. Test of cement
There are following are the quality tests on cement before used,
a. Color test
b. Presence of lumps
c. Adulteration test
d. Temperature test
e. Float test
f. Strength test
g. Setting test
h. Date of packing
4.2. Red Mud
The characteristics of Red mud depend on the nature of the bauxite ore used.
Dicalcium silicate in red mud is also one of the main phases in cement clinker, and
red mud can play the role of crystallization in the production of cement clinker. Fly
ash is mainly composed of SiO2 and Al2O3, thus can be used to absorb the water
contained in the red mud and improve the reactive silica content of the cement.
Scientists conducted a series of studies into the production of cement using red mud,
fly ash, lime and gypsum as raw materials. Use of red mud cement not only reduces
the energy consumption of cement production, but also improves the early strength
of cement and resistance to sulfate attack.

4.2.1. Composite of red mud

Red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing
impurities and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal
problems. The red colour is caused by the oxidized iron present, which can make up
to 60% of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles
include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot

18
be disposed of easily. As a waste product of the Bayer process the mud is highly
basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13.

Table. 4.3 - Chemical properties of the Dry Red Mud

Compound Weight (%)

Al2O3 14.14

SiO2 11.53

Fe2O3 48.50

TiO2 5.42

CaO 3.96

V2O5 0.116

MgO 0.049

ZnO 0.027

Na2O 7.50

P2O5 0.297

MnO 0.17

K2O 0.058

L.O.I 7.25

19
 Fig. 4.2 - Red mud

4.2.2. Engineering Properties:

Permeability test: It is carried out as per the IS: 2720 (Part XVII). The coefficient
of permeability of the red mud specimen is found out using falling head method.
Coefficient of permeability was found to be 5.786e-7cm/s.
Triaxial Compression: Test is best suited for Clayey soil. The sample of size 38mm
dia. x 76mm height. After applying confining pressure (e.g. 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 kg/cm2) deviator
stress is applied till failure. Having minimum two readings Mohr’s stress circles are plotted.
A line tangent to the Mohr’s circles is failure envelope and shear parameters: Cohesion and
Angle of Internal Friction. Results are shown in the table 6.
Unconfined Compressive strength: The samples of sizes 38 mm diameter and
height of 76 mm were prepared by static compaction method to achieve maximum dry
density at their optimum moisture contents. Unconfined compressive strength tests were
conducted at a strain rate of 1.25 mm/min. The results obtained are tabulated in table 6.

20
California Bearing ratio test: The sample of nearly 4.5 to 5 kg was compacted in a mould
of volume 2250cc with 5 layers and 56 blows were given for each layer. For soaked CBR
value, the different sample of identical size is prepared and kept soaking for 4 days with
the surcharge. This test was conducted as per IS: 2720 (Part XXXI). The test results are
entered in the table 6.

Table. 4.4 - Characteristics of red mud

Sl. No. Property Value

1 Specific gravity 3.04

2 pH 10-12.5

3 Maximum dry Density 1.53

(g/cc)

4 Cohesion (kg/cm2) 0.123

5 Angle of internal friction (in 26.8

Degree’s)

6 CBR (%) Soaked 4.2

Unsoaked 7.8

21
4.3. Aggregate:
Aggregate is a collective term for the mineral materials such as sand, gravel and
crushed stone that are used with a binding medium (such as water, bitumen, Portland
cement, lime, etc.) to form compound materials (such as asphalt concrete and Portland
cement concrete). Aggregate is also used for base and subbase courses for both flexible and
rigid pavements. Aggregates can either be natural or manufactured. Natural aggregates are
generally extracted from larger rock formations through an open excavation (quarry).
Extracted rock is typically reduced to usable sizes by mechanical crushing. Manufactured
aggregate is often the by-product of other manufacturing industries.

4.3.1. Classification of Aggregates:

Classification of the aggregate is based on two main methods;

A. Classification of Aggregates Based on Shape.

B. Classification of Aggregates Based on Size.

22
 Flowchart of classification of Aggregate

Aggregate

On the Basis of shape On the basis of size

• Rounded aggregates
• Fine aggregate
• Irregular or partly rounded
• Coarse aggregate
aggregates
• Angular aggregates
• Flaky aggregates
• Elongated Aggregates
• Flaky and elongated
aggregates

23
Aggregates Based on Size
Aggregates are available in nature in different sizes. The size of aggregate used may be related
to the mix proportions, type of work etc. the size distribution of aggregates is called grading of
aggregates.
Following are the classification of aggregates based on size:
Aggregates are classified into 2 types according to size
• Fine aggregate
• Coarse aggregate
Fine Aggregate
When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate passed through it called
as fine aggregate. Natural sand is generally used as fine aggregate, silt and clay are also come
under this category. The soft deposit consisting of sand, silt and clay is termed as loam. The
purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability
agent.

Table. 4.5 - Fine aggregate size

Fine aggregate Size variation

Coarse Sand 2.0mm – 0.5mm

Medium sand 0.5mm – 0.25mm

Fine sand 0.25mm – 0.06mm

Silt 0.06mm – 0.002mm

Clay <0.002
24
 Fig. 4.3 - Fine aggregate

Table. 4.6 - Properties of fine aggregate

Property Value

Specific gravity 2.41

Water absorption 1.2%

Silt content 4.5%

25
Coarse Aggregate:
When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate retained is called coarse
aggregate. Gravel, cobble and boulders come under this category. The maximum size aggregate
used may be dependent upon some conditions. In general, 40mm size aggregate used for normal
strengths and 20mm size is used for high strength concrete. the size range of various coarse
aggregates given below
Table. 4.7 - Coarse aggregate size

Coarse aggregate Size

Fine gravel 4mm – 8mm

Medium gravel 8mm – 16mm

Coarse gravel 16mm – 64mm

Cobbles 64mm – 256mm

Boulders >256mm

Fig. 4.4 - Coarse aggregate

26
 Table. 4.8 - Properties of coarse aggregate

Property Value

Specific gravity 2.69

water absorption 0.48

4.3.2. TESTS ON AGGREGATE

Aggregate plays an important role in pavement construction. Aggregates influence,

to a great extent, the load transfer capability of pavements. Hence it is essential that
they should be thoroughly tested before using for construction. Not only that
aggregates should be strong and durable, they should also possess proper shape and
size to make the pavement act monolithically.
Aggregates are tested for strength, toughness, hardness, shape, and water
absorption.
In order to decide the suitability of the aggregate for use in pavement
construction, following tests are carried out:
1. Crushing test

2. Abrasion test

3. Impact test

4. Soundness test

5. Shape test

6. Specific gravity and water absorption test

7. Bitumen adhesion test

27
4.4. Water
The water used in the mix design was potable drinking water, locally available
and it’s free from organic materials and suspended solids, which might have affected
the properties of the fresh and hardened concrete.
Fresh and clean water is used for casting and curing of specimen. The water
is relatively free from organic matters, silt, oil, sugar, chloride and acidic material as
per requirements of Indian standard. Combining water with a Cementous material
forms a cement paste by the process of hydration. A cement paste glues the aggregate
together fills voids within it and makes floor freely.

4.5. TEST ON MATERIALS

4.5.1. TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE:
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:
AIM:
To determine the specific gravity of fine aggregate.
APPARATUS:
1. Pycnometer
2. IS Sieve
3. Weight balance
4. oven
PROCEDURE:
• Dry the pycnometer and weight it with its cap (W1).
• Take about 200gm of oven dried aggregate passing through below 4.75mm
sieve into the pycnometer and weight again (W2).
• Add sufficient de aired water to cover the aggregate and screw the cap.
• Shake the pycnometer well and removed the entrapped air.
• After the air has been removed the pycnometer with water completely.

28
 • Through dry the pycnometer by washing thoroughly.
• Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water up to top with the cap
screw on.
• Weight the pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4).
• Repeat the procedure for three samples and obtain the average value of
specific gravity.
• And thus, the average value is fixed as the specific gravity of fine aggregate.

CALCULATION:
(W2−W1)
Specific gravity = (W2−W1)−(W3−W4)

W1= empty weight of pycnometer.

W2= weight of pycnometer + oven dry sand
W3= weight of pycnometer +oven dry sand + water
W4= weight of pycnometer + water

Table. 4.9 - Specific gravity of fine aggregate

Specifications Weight (grams)
W1 580
W2 1256
W3 1902
W4 1460

RESULT:
Specific gravity of fine aggregate G = 2.80.

29
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY SIEVE ANALYSIS:
AIM:
To determine the grain size distribution of the given soil by dry analysis (sieve
analysis).
APPARATUS:
1. Set of nine Indian standard sieves (4.75 mm to 75µ)
2. Balance
3. Sieve cleaning
4. Brush
5. Sieve shaker
6. Pan
PROCEDURE:
• Arrange the set of sieves one above the other even that 4.75mm sieve is at the
top and the 75µ at the bottom.
• Take 1000g of the given sand in the top most sieve and fix the cover.
• Shake the sieve on mechanical sieve shaker or by hand holding the lid and pan
between the hands lightly for about 10 minutes.
Percentage of weight retained = (wt retained on sieve \ total wt taken) × 100

TABLE. 4.10 - Particle size distribution by sieve analysis

S.no IS sieve Wt retained % of wt Cumulative % fineness
Size (kg) retained (%) (%)
1 4.75mm Nil Nil Nil Nil
2 2.36 mm 0.018 3.6 3.6 96.4
3 1.18 mm 0.056 11.2 14.8 85.2
4 600 µ 0.101 20.2 35 65
30
 5 425 µ 0.193 38.6 73.6 26.4
6 300 µ 0.056 11.2 84.8 15.2
7 150 µ 0.057 11.4 96.2 3.8
8 75 µ 0.016 3.2 96.4 3.6
9 Pan 0.03 0.6 100 0

CALCULATION:
Fineness modulus = sum of cumulative % retained (without pan)/100
= 504.4/100
= 5.04%
RESULT:
The particle size distribution of fine aggregate (fineness modulus) = 5.04%

4.5.2. TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE:

TEST FOR FINE MODULUS OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
AIM:
To determine the fineness modulus of given coarse aggregate.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Balance
Is sieve [40mm, 20mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm]
PROCUDURE:
• Take sieve 5000ms of coarse aggregate through IS 40mm and weight the
residue last behind on it and record it.
• The residue is taken sieved through is 20mm sieve and left over is weighted
and recorded.
• The above procedure is repeated for the rest at the sieve.

31
 • After tabulating and result compute the %of material retained on each of
sieve.
• Calculate the cumulative % of material retained on each sieve and the
percentage of passing.
• Compute the fineness modulus of given aggregate sample.
• Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate = (W2/W1) ×100

TABLE. 4.11 - Fine modulus of coarse aggregate

s.no IS sieve (mm) Weight of % of Cumulation % of
retained weight of % of passing
(g) retained retained
1. 40 Nil Nil Nil Nil
2. 20 236 4.72 4.72 95.28
3. 10 4574 91.48 96.2 3.8
4. 4.75 190 3.8 100 0
5. 2.36 Nil Nil Nil Nil

CALCULATION:
W1 = 5000 gm
W2= 200.92 gm
Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate = (W2/ W1) ×100
= (200.92/5000) ×100
= 4.02%

RESULT:
Fine modulus of coarse aggregate is = 4.02%

32
TEST ON ABRASION VALUE:
AIM:
To determine the abrasive value of given aggregate samples by conducting
loss angles abrasion test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Los angles apparatus, IS sieve, weight balance.

PROCUDURE:
• Clean and dry aggregate sample conforming to the grading A to G is used for
the test.
• Aggregate weighing 5kg for grading A, B, C or D and 10kg for grading E, F
or G may be taken as test specimen and placed in the cylinder.
• The abrasion change is also charger in accordance and placed in the cylinder
of the machine and is fixed to the make dust fight.
• The machine is rotated at a speed of 30 to 33 revolution per minutes.
• The machine is rotated for 500 revolutions for grading A, B, C and D for
grading E, F and G it shall be rotated for 1000.
• Using a sieve of size large the 1.70mm IS sieve the material is first separated
into two parts and the fineness position is taken out and sieved further on a
1.7mm IS sieve.
• Let the original weight of aggregate be W1 gm, weight of aggregate retained
on 1.70mm IS sieve after the test be W2 gm.

33
 TABLE. 4.12 - Abrasion value
s.no Details of sample Trail
1. Weight of sample (W1) kg 7
2. Weight of sample after abrasion test coarse 6.2
than 1.7m IS sieve (W2) kg
3. Percentage wear = (W1 - W2)/W1 × 100 11.42

RESULT:
The average value of los angles abrasion test is = 11.42%

4.5.3. TEST ON CEMENT:

FINENESS TEST:

AIM:
To determine fineness of cement.
APPARATUS:
• 90µ sieve
• Tray
• Digital weighing balance
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Cement
PROCEDURE:
• 100 grams of cement is weighed W1.
• The weighed cement is sieved in a 90µ sieve thoroughly for five minutes.
• The residue is weighed W2 and expressed as a percentage of total weight
cement and the value is reported as the fineness of cement

34
OBSERVATION:
Weight of cement taken = W1 = 100 gm
Weight of residue after sieving = W2 = 95 gm

CALCULATION:
Fineness of cement = (W2 / W1) ×100
= (95/100) ×100
= 95%
RESULT:
The fineness of cement = 95%

4.5.4. TEST ON RED MUD:

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:
AIM:
To determine the specific gravity of Red Mud.

APPARATUS:
1. Pycnometer
2. IS Sieve
3. Weight balance
4. oven
PROCEDURE:
• Dry the pycnometer and weight it with its cap (W1).
• Take about 200gm of oven dried Red Mud passing through below
4.75mm sieve into the pycnometer and weight again (W2).
• Add sufficient de aired water to cover the Red Mud and screw the cap.
• Shake the pycnometer well and removed the entrapped air.

35
 • After the air has been removed the pycnometer with water completely.
• Through dry the pycnometer by washing thoroughly.
• Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water up to top with the cap
screw on.
• Weight the pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4).
• Repeat the procedure for three samples and obtain the average value of
specific gravity.
• The average value is fixed as the specific gravity of the Red Mud
• The formula to calculate the specific gravity of Red Mud is mentioned below.
(W2−W1)
Specific gravity = (W2−W1)−(W3−W4)

CALCULATION:
(W2−W1)
Specific gravity = (W2−W1)−(W3−W4)

W1= empty weight of pycnometer.

W2= weight of pycnometer + oven dry Red Mud
W3= weight of pycnometer +oven Red Mud + water
W4= weight of pycnometer + water
TABLE. 4.13 - Specific gravity

Specifications Weight (grams)

W1 576
W2 1248
W3 1890
W4 1472

RESULT:
Specific gravity of Red Mud G = 2.65.
36
4.6. Mix Design for M25 Grade
The mix design procedure adopted to obtain a M25 grade concrete is in
accordance with IS 10262- 2009.
The details are stipulated as below:
Table 4.14 - Mix design
MIX DESIGN

As per IS 10262:2009
A- 1 Stipulations for Proportioning

1 Grade Designation M25

2 Type of Cement PPC 53 grade confirming to IS-

12269-1987

3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate 20 mm

Size

4 Minimum Cement Content 320 kg/m3

5 Maximum Water Cement Ratio 0.45

6 Workability 100 mm (slump)

7 Exposure Condition Sever

8 Degree of Supervision Good

9 Type of Aggregate Crushed angular aggregate

10 Maximum Cement Content 450 kg/ m3

11 Chemical Admixture Type super plasticizer

37
4.7. TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS:
• Cement used: OPC 53 grade
• Specific gravity of cement: 3.14
• Specific gravity of coarse aggregate: 2.69
• Specific gravity of Fine aggregate: 2.80
Water absorption:
• Coarse aggregate: 0.48
• Fine aggregate: 1.0%
Free surface moisture:
• Coarse aggregate: nil
• Fine aggregate: nil
Sieve analysis:
• Coarse aggregate: conforming to table 2 of IS 383
• Fine aggregate: conforming to zonal of IS 383

4.8. TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING:

F`ck = fck + 1.655
From table 1 standard deviation,
S= 5 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 25 + (1.65 x 5)
= 33.25 N/mm2
Selection of W/C ratio:
From table 5 of IS 456:2000
Maximum water cement ratio = 0.45
Based on experience adopt water cement ratio as 0.40
0.40 + 0.45, Hence OK

38
Selection of water content:
From table 2,
Maximum water content: 186 N/mm2
(for 25mm – 50mm slump range and for 12mm aggregate)
Estimated water content for 100mm slump
= 186 + 6 / 100 x 186
= 197.16
= 197 litres.
As super plasticizer is used. The water content can be reduced up 20 percent.
Based on trials with superplasticizer water. water reduction of 20 percent has been
achieved.
Hence the arrived water content = 197 x 0.80
= 157.6
= 157 litres.
Calculation of cement content:
Water cement ratio = 0.40
Cement content = 157/0.40
= 392 kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3
From table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement,
Moderate exposure condition =300 kg/mm3, hence OK
Proportion of volume of aggregate and fine aggregate content:
From table 3, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size
aggregate and the fine aggregate (zone I) for water cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60
Adopted water cement ratio is 0.40
Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62
Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.62
= 0.38

39
4.9. MIX CALCULATION:
The mix calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as follow,

(a). Volume of concrete = 1m3

(b). Volume of cement = (mass of cement / specific gravity of cement) x (1/100)
= (392/3.14) x (1/100)
= 0.125m3
(c). Volume of water = 197 / 1 x 1/1000
= 0.197 m3
(d). Volume of chemical admixture (super plasticizer) at 20 percent by mass of
cementitious materials
= (mass of chemical admixture / specific gravity of admixture) x (1/100)
= (7/1.145) x (1/100)
= 0.006 m3
(e). Volume of all in aggregate = [9-(b+c+d)]
= 1-(0.125+0.197)
= 0.678 m3

(f). Mass of coarse aggregate = e x volume of coarse aggregate x specific gravity

= 0.672 x 0.62 x 2.69 x 1000
= 1120 kg.
(g). Mass of fine aggregate:
= e x volume of fine aggregate x specific gravity
= 0.672 x 0.38 x 2.80 x 1000
= 715 kg.

40
 Table. 4.15 - Quantity details

MATERIAL QUANTITY

Cement 491 kg/m3

Water 197 kg/m3

Fine Aggregate 715 kg/m3

Coarse Aggregate 1120 kg/m3

Water Cement Ratio 0.40

4.10. MIX PROPORTION:

C: W: FA: CA = 1: 0.40: 1.45: 2.28

Fig. 4.5 - Mixing of Materials

41
 Table. 4.16 - Quantity for all mixes

SAMPLE REDMUD CEMENT WATER FINE COARSE

AGGREGATE AGGREGATE
0% 0 491 197 715 1120

5% 24.55 466.45 197 676 1063

10% 49.1 441.9 197 640 1007

15% 73.65 417.35 197 605 915

20% 98.2 392.8 197 569 895

25% 122.75 368.25 197 533 839

30% 147.3 343.7 197 429 783

Fig. 4.6 - Mould and Dry Mix of Concrete

42
 CHAPTER – 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 COMPRESSION TEST

The Compressive strength depends on water-cement ratio, cement strength,

quality of material, and quality control during production of concrete. Test specimen
of cube size is 150mm×150mm×150mm were casted and cured for 28 days in tap
water. After the specimens are dried in open air, subjected to Cube Compression
Testing Machine. The results were reported, the Cube Compressive Strength (𝑓𝑐𝑢 )
was computed from the fundamental principle as

Calculation:

Compressive strength is calculated using the following formula

𝒇𝒄𝒖 = load at failure / Cross sectional area
= P/As (N/𝑚𝑚2 )

Where,
P = Load at failure (N)
As = Area of the specimen (𝑚𝑚2 )

43
 Table.5.1 - Compressive Strength of Red Mud Concrete

S.No. Addition of Compressive strength (fck ) N/𝒎𝒎𝟐

Red Mud

%
7th day 14th day 28th day

1 0% 18.25 20.12 24.04

2 5% 20.13 21.45 25.12

3 15% 22.03 23.65 27.12

4 25% 21.05 22.14 26.09

14 days 28 days 7 days

27.12
26.09
25.12
24.05 23.65
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/MM2

22.03 22.14
21.45 21.05
20.12 20.13
18.25

0% 5.00% 15.00% 25.00%

PERCENTAGE OF RED MUD

Fig. 5.1 - Compressive Strength Results

44
 In 28 day curing Compressive Strength value for the control mix was 25.12
N/mm2, for adding 0.50% Red Mud the Compressive Strength value is 27.12 N/mm2,
the strength was gradually increased and reduced to 26.09 N/mm2 for 0.75% addition
of Red Mud. Strength increment is 15% more than the nominal mix when Red
Mud is added up to 25%and this percentage the strength decreases.

5.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Determination of split tensile strength of concrete specimens, and the
cylinder specimens of diameter to length ratio1:2 was selected, with diameter as 150
mm and the length as 300 mm. After the specimens are dried in open air, subjected
to split tensile test under universal testing machine. The rate of loading was adjusted
as 0.11 to 0.023 MPa/sec as per ASTM C496-90. while testing the specimens,
plywood pieces one at the top and the other at the bottom. The split tensile strength
(fsp) was obtained using the formula,

Fsp = 2P/πDL (N/mm2 )

Where,
P = load at failure (N).
D = Diameter of specimen (mm).
L = Length of specimen (mm).

45
 Table. 5.2 - Split Tensile Strength of Concrete with Red Mud

S.No. Addition of Split tensile strength of concrete (fck) N/𝒎𝒎𝟐

Red mud
7th day 14th day 28th day
%

1 0% 1.70 1.94 2.13

2 0.25% 2.03 2.12 2.56

3 0.50% 2.82 3.18 3.37

4 0.75% 2.12 2.92 3.01

Fig. 5.2 - Split Tensile Strength Results

7 days 14 days 28 days

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH N/MM2

3.37
3.18
2.82 2.92 3.01
2.56

2.13 2.03 2.12 2.12

1.94
1.7

0% 5.00% 15.00% 25.00%

PERCENTAGE OF RED MUD

46
 In 28 day curing Split Tensile Strength value for the control mix was 2.56
N/mm2, for adding 0.50% Red Mud the Compressive Strength value is 3.37
N/mm2, the strength was gradually increased and reduced to 3.01N/mm2 for 0.75%
addition of Red Mud. Strength increment is 15% more than the nominal mix
when Red Mud is added up to 25%and this percentage the strength decreases.

5.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

The beam specimen of size 100mm x 100mm x 500 mm were casted to
determine the Flexural strength of concrete with various percentages of Red Mud.
Specimens were dried in open air after 28 days at curing and it is subjected to flexural
strength test. Apply the load at a rate that constantly increases the maximum stress
until rupture occurs. The fracture indicated in the tension surface within the middle
third at span length. Finally, the Flexural strength is calculated by using simple
bending equation the bending stress.

σ = Pl/𝑏𝑑 2 (N/mm2 )

Table. 5.3 - Flexural Strength of Concrete with Red Mud

S.No. Addition of Flexural strength of concrete (fck) N/𝒎𝒎𝟐

Red Mud 7th day 14th day 28th day
%
1 0% 3.0 4.0 5.2
2 0.25% 3.2 4.1 5.7
3 0.50% 4.2 4.3 6.6
4 0.75% 3.8 4.2 5.6

47
 7 days 14 days 28 days

6.6
FLEXURAL STRENGTH N/MM2

5.7 5.6
5.2

4.2 4.3 4.2

3.9 4
3.8
3.2
3

0% 5.00% 15.00% 25.00%

PERCENTAGE OF RED MUD

Fig. 5.3 - Flexural Strength Result

• In 14th day curing, the flexural strength value for the control concrete was 3.2 MPa
and Red Mud - 5% was 4.0 and beyond this percentage of adding of Red Mud,
strength was gradually increased 4.3 MPa for 15% addition of Red Mud and the
Flexural strength was gradually decreased 4.2 MPa for 25 % addition of Red Mud.

• In 28th day curing the flexural strength value for the control concrete was 5.2 MPa
and Red Mud - 5% was 5.7 MPa and beyond this percentage of adding of Red Mud,
strength was gradually increased and reaching 6.6 MPa for 15% addition of Red
Mud and the Flexural strength was gradually decreased 5.6 MPa for 25% addition
of Red Mud.

48
 CHAPTER - 6
CONCLUSION

Red Mud in concrete is 15 % as a partial replacement of cement by NRM. Red

mud can be effectively used as replacement material for cement and replacement
enables the large utilization of waste product. Red mud did not affect the cement
properties, rather improved the cement quality by reducing the setting time &
improved compressive strength. Used for road construction as an embankment
landfill is an attractive option with a high potential for large volume reuse. After
testing of 5 blended cement samples (5% to 25 % replacement of Cement by NRM)
with an increment of 5 %, it can be said that the optimum use of NRM is 15% as a
partial replacement of cement by NRM. The cost of M 30 grade NRM Concrete (i.e.
15 % Replacement) is around 7.48 % less than the Conventional Concrete, with an
increase up to 21.712 % in the 28 days Compressive strength. The percentage
economy is increased with the increase in the grade of concrete but at the same time
there is a reduction in the percentage increase in the Compressive Strength.
Replacement of 20%PPC by calcined red mud is thus possible. Calcinations
of red mud at 7000C leads to a pozzolanic material essentially reactive at early ages.
In building material industry as a raw material in manufacture of building and
pavement blocks and road surfacing. Dewatered (ferro alumina) as a raw material in
cement manufacture.

49
REFERENCES

[1] Kedar S. Shinge and Sandeep S. Pendhari. “Use of Red Mud for Partial Cement
Replacement”. International Journal of Modern Trends in
Engineering.and Research.

[2] P. Ashok and M.P. Suresh Kumar. “Experimental Studies On Concrete Utilising
Red Mud As A Partial Replacement Of Cement With Hydrated Lime”. IOSR Journal
of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE).

[3] Kiran Kumar M S and Raghavendra Naik. “Experimental Study on Utilization

of Industrial By product (Red mud and Copper slag) in concrete block and
Concrete”. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research.

[4] KIRAN KUMAR M S, RAGHAVENDRA NAIK. “Experimental Study on

utilization of industrial by product in mortor”. Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering
Department, Jain Institute of Technology, Davangere, Karnataka Assistant
Professor, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, INDIA.

[5] Mr. A. B. Sawant, Mr. Dilip B. Kamble, Ms. Triveni B. Shinde. “Utilization of
industrial waste (Red Mud) in concrete construction”.UG Student, Department of
Civil Engineering, KIT College of Engineering, Kolhapur, MS (India).

[6] Er.Vedpal Nain, Er. Mohd. Usman, Er. Ayay Kumar, Er. Sanjay Sangwan.
“Properties of Red Mud Admixed Concrete” International Journal for Research in
Applied Science & Engineering, Technology (IJRASET)”.

50
[7] BIS – IS 10262: 2009, “Indian Standard, recommended guidelines for concrete
mix designs”, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.

[8] Kusum Deelwal, Kishan Dharavath, Mukul Kulshreshtha.

“Evaluation of characteristics properties of Red Mud for possible use as a
geotechnical material in Civil Construction.” International Journal of Advances in
Engineering & Technology, July, 2014.

[9] Concrete Technology by Gambhir M.L., Second edition 1988, Tata McGraw
Hill, New Delhi.

[10] Construction techniques equipment and practices, Dr.P. Purushothama raj.

51