Redefining the Archetype, Facing North (and West) from African Lands

(IMAGE 1) (IMAGE 2)

Khary Pestaina ID# 1087487 FALL TERM 2010 THE AMERICAS 1492 1763 Prof. Frank Luca

Redefining the Archetype

My Power Point Presentation attempts to recreate and display African diversity as it applies to traditions and culture that developed in the Americas. Through it, I plan to challenge students notion of race as it is related to their understanding of slavery. With the risk of complicating the archetypical black & white linear understanding expressed by many students nave to historical documents which prove a greater diversity, this presentation aims to redefine and possibly reverse the mental imaging of many students. My goal is to produce a more mature, nuanced view of Africas immense cultural and political diversity as a window for the American cultural traditions that develop.

Redefining the Archetype

The Question of Race

READ THISIn February, I730, Job's father hearing of an English ship at Gambia River, sent him, with two servants to attend him, to sell two Negroes, and to buy paper, and some other necessaries

QUESTION- Who is Job? What is his race?

Bluett, Thomas, The Life of Job, the Son of Solomon the High Priest of Boonda in Africa (London, 1734), Retrieved from https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~aholton/121readings_html/bluett1.html.

Redefining the Archetype

AnswerThe Question of Race
Job, by modern description and in todays context, would more than likely be described as a Black man or as an African American. Yet in the Bluett account, a distinction is made between Jobs Futa ethnic group and the Negroes his father has assigned him to sell. Bluetts account goes on to describe state/ethnic conflict between the Futa and the Mandingoes who live over the [Gambia] river, the country of the Mandingoes, enemies to the people of Futa, lies on the other side.

Question- What are the implications? Why is this important?

Bluett, Thomas, The Life of Job, the Son of Solomon the High Priest of Boonda in Africa (London, 1734), Retrieved from https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~aholton/121readings_html/bluett1.html.

This rendition of Job Ben Solomon first appeared in Gentlemans Magazine 1750. Note skin tone, hair texture & dress. (IMAGE 3)

Redefining the Archetype

AFRICAN DIVERSITY
Futa Jallon Mandingo (IMAGE 4)

Answer-

West Africa, amongst other African regions is a land of immense geographical and human diversity. With more than 500 spoken languages in West Africa alone and dozens of distinct ethnic groups, West African diversity carried over to the Americas. This map represents the dispersal of West Africas traditional ethnic and political diversity.

Redefining the Archetype

Carte de la Barbarie De La Negritie Et De La Guinee 16751675Guillaume de lIsle (IMAGE 5)

Approximate views of 17th Century African feudal states

(IMAGE 5a)

QUESTION- What do the colors used on the map mean? Are they significant?
(IMAGE 5b)

Redefining the Archetype

Diversity in the Americas
(IMAGE 6)

Note that category Origin Not Known accounts for the largest percentage of Enslaved Africans, and that the other categories denote a total of 228,688 people.

QUESTION- How do ethnic origins of Africans compare in various colonial regions?

Redefining the Archetype

AFRICAN DIVERSITY- Source of American Slaves
(IMAGE 7)

Note the comparatively low numbers of Africans destined for the Americas in the early Colonial period versus the huge increases in enslaved Africans post 1750. Compare the sources of pre 1750 Africans.

QUESTION- What might account for differences, amongst West African regions, in the numbers of enslaved Africans from each, pre 1750?

Redefining the Archetype

AFRICAN DIVERSITY- Politics
(IMAGE 8) King Alvaro of the Central African Kingdom/Feudal State- KONGO entertains Dutch traders in 1642. In the mid 1700s the Portuguese and Dutch were competing for West & Central African partner kingdoms. These partnerships determined which political areas/ethnic groups would be targeted as prisoners to trade for European goods. Note the Kongo rulers nameAlfonso.

Question- What can you infer about African-European economic/political relationships during the early colonial era? Note the rulers name/scene.

Redefining the Archetype

AFRICAN DIVERSITY- Politics
(IMAGE 9) Africas Pre-Colonial Political History incorporates a collection of distinct feudal states.

QuestionWhich African Kingdoms and Empires existed during the American colonial era?

Redefining the Archetype

The African Feudal State
The promotion of a soldier to the rank of General in the Akwamu region of West Africa, as witnessed by present Danish traders in1784. Africans from this part of West Africa account for the 5th largest group of Africans brought to the Americas. (IMAGE 10)

QuestionWhich group has the power in this pictureDanes or the Akwamu?

Redefining the Archetype

The African Feudal State
The Edo people of modern day Nigeria and Benin in West Africa and their Oba (King) at the capital city of their feudal state- Benin City. (IMAGE 11)

QUESTIONHow does the architecture of Benin City compare to 17th century European cities? What event is being depicted?

Redefining the Archetype

Europes view of African Culture
Europeans arrive on the shores of Africa and are greeted by blacks with birds, tusks, parrots, cages, and fruit. Includes an elephant, boat, ships, casks, feathered headdress, and monkey. (IMAGE 12)

QUESTION- What can you infer about African attitudes toward their Europeans guests? Does this painting suggest familiarity or strangeness? Explain.

Redefining the Archetype

Europes view of African Culture
African men, women, and children sit in front of their dwellings. A woman feeds her baby from a bowl. Includes waterfall, bridge, monkeys, birds, ships, and domestic animals such as turkeys, chickens, pigs, sheep, and cows. (IMAGE 13)

QUESTION- What does this painting suggest about African daily life? Farming? Ranching? Leisure activities?

Redefining the Archetype

Europes view of African Culture
African men, women, and children celebrate a marriage. The wedding guests dance, play games, and converse. Includes baskets with food, cacti, monkeys, bird, dog, dwellings, musical instruments such as a tambourine, drum, and flute or pipes (IMAGE 14)

QUESTION- What does this painting suggest about African marriage traditions? Family roles? Living arrangements?

Redefining the Archetype

Europes view of African Culture
African men, women, and children worship before an image on a column. Includes offerings of food in baskets, musical instruments such as drums and flute or pipe, dwellings, and domestic animals (IMAGE 19)

QUESTION- What does this painting suggest about African religious/spiritual systems? Family interaction?

Redefining the Archetype

(IMAGE 15) African Musical Traditions (IMAGE 17) (IMAGE 18)

Percussion, strings and wind instruments made up a cacophony of traditional African sounds that varied by African region (IMAGE 16) The source

QUESTION- In
what other ways has African musical tradition translated to the new world?

Redefining the Archetype

TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP with Morocco Article#21 If a Citizen of 1787(1777) shall bring Citizens of the the United States should United States or their (IMAGE 20) kill or wound a Moor, or Article#6 If any Moor
Effects to His Majesty, the Citizens shall immediately be set at Liberty and the Effects restored, and in like Manner, if any Moor not a Subject of these Dominions shall make Prize of any of the Citizens of America or their Effects and bring them into any of the Ports of His Majesty, they shall be immediately released, as they will then be considered as under His Majesty's Protection. on the contrary if a Moor shall kill or wound a Citizen of the United States, the Law of the Country shall take place and equal Justice shall be rendered, the Consul assisting at the Trial, and if any Delinquent shall make his escape, the Consul shall not be answerable for him in any manner whatever.

In 1777, Morocco became the first nation to officially recognize the newly declared independent United States of America. The treaty is an example of an African NationState dealing with a European/American power on a 1-to-1 basis, far from the colonizer/conqueror model inferred by most students.

Redefining the Archetype

The Moors of Morocco In Northern and St.BenedictSt.Benedict- an Western Africa, several Moors introduce Chess to Europe important Catholic ethnicities coalesced Saint, a Moor into 4 distinct Moorish dynasties. These kingdoms embarked on an expansionist campaign of conquest in Europe. Beginning with the Moorish invasion (IMAGE 21) (IMAGE 22) and of Iberia in 711, their influence lasted Moorish University of Salamanca until the fall of the last Moorish Astrolabe Moorish stronghold in Granada, Spain in 1492. The Moors introduced scientific, architectural, and cultural innovations to Europe which primed Europe for later world exploration. (IMAGE 23) (IMAGE 24)

Redefining the Archetype

The Moors of Spain & Portugal (Iberia) (IMAGE 25) (IMAGE 26)

Estavanico, from the Granger Collection

Juan De Parea, from Metropolitan Museum of Art

QUESTION- Were Africans, rather than Europeans, the first non-native settlers?

Moors like Juan De Parea not only influenced Europe, but they were the first non-native American settlers. Iberian Africans (aka Moors), in many cases, became the first Mediterranean peoples to learn Native American languages and both adopt and teach customs. Moors like Estavanico were amongst the first Afro-European explorers.

Redefining the Archetype

Afro Brazilian Culture Capoeria, an African martial art transported to the Americas (IMAGE 27)

(IMAGE 30) Candomble, a new world religion with African roots (IMAGE 28) Afro Brazilian female hairstyles (IMAGE 29) African culture, preserved in Brazil

As the Portuguese established colonies in Brazil, they brought millions of African slaves to the Americas. of all enslaved Africans went to Brazil. African culture and tradition blended with Amerindian and Portuguese to form a new unique cultural milieu.

Redefining the Archetype

African resistance in South America

Throughout South America, Africans merged with Amerindian groups to form viable Maroon communities (colonies) which resisted European domination and colonization. In Northern Brazil, Southern Suriname, Guiana and Colombia free African communities emerged and maintained various levels of sovereignty.

(IMAGE 31)

QUESTION- How common were African revolts like the one

being depicted? Do rates of successful revolts differ based on American region?

Redefining the Archetype

Africans in the Dutch Colony- Suriname

Graman Quasy (aka Kwasimukamba), was an African-born healer so widely respected by both blacks and whites that he was able to traverse the tense racial divide between Dutch colonists in Surinam and free Africans who created a semi-independent maroon state in the Guiana Highlands and rainforest.

(IMAGE 32)

QUESTIONHow common were Africans like Quasy in the Americas? Did Africans in South America have more opportunities for freedom than those in North America? The Caribbean?

Redefining the Archetype

Africans in French colonies

In the French colonies along the Mississippi, Africans (disproportionately from the Senegambia region), used the river cultures of their homeland to settle the Illinois territory in the name of France. Jean Baptiste Du Sable, a Haitian trapper and trader, negotiated terms with Native Americans and is credited as founding the city of Chicago on the southern banks of Lake Michigan.
(IMAGE 34) (IMAGE 33)

QUESTION- How come Du Sables story is not as widely known

as John Smiths or Lewis & Clarks?

Redefining the Archetype

European views of Africa
Note the difference in relative sizes between Europe and Africa A true hydrographical description of so much of the world as hath beene hetherto discouered, and is come to our knowledge ... By Edward Wright, 1588. Afric: Nova Descriptio by Willem Janszoon Blaeu, 1600.

(IMAGE 36) Note the names ascribed to various African regions

(IMAGE 35)

QUESTION- How do these European views of the African continent compare? What can be gleaned regarding European attitudes towards Africa?

QUESTIONUpon closer inspection, what can you surmise about European interest in Africa? What are they focused on learning through this map?

Redefiningviews of Africa the Archetype European

(IMAGE 36a) Afric: Nova Descriptio by Willem Janszoon Blaeu, 1600 (IMAGE 36b)

(IMAGE 36c)

A closer look

(IMAGE 36d)

Redefining the Archetype

European views of Africa
4th century BC Greek philosophers and scientists referred to the southern Atlantic ocean as Oceanus Aethiopicus. The terms usage lasted up until the 16th century when a new group of European cartographers renamed the entire body of water- the Atlantic Ocean. Africae Nova Tabula by Jodicus Hondius, pub 1640

(IMAGE 37)

QUESTION- What does the

name- Oceanus Aethiopicus imply? Why would a European cartographer label a map as such?

(IMAGE 37a)

European views of Africa

Mar di Aethiopia vulgo Oceanus Aethiopicus by Jan Jannsoon 1650. (IMAGE 38)

The ocean connecting Africa to South America was called OCEANUS ETHIOPICUS by the Ancient Greeks.

Redefining the Archetype

European views of Africa
L'Afrique, ou Lybie ulterieure : ou font le Saara, 1679 (IMAGE 39) L'Afrique, ou Lybie ulterieure : ou font le Saara, created by French cartographer Nicolas Sanson in 1679, is a part of their Royal collection, inferring that intricate knowledge of political regions within Africa was important to European powers like France.

QUESTION- What regions do

the colors on this map denote? Why would a European empire be interested in regionalizing Africa this way. Does this map suggest regionalizing by parallels/latitude?

(IMAGE 39a)

Redefining the Archetype

European views of Africa
Gvinea propia, nec non Nigriti vel Terr Nigrorvm maxima pars, a European view from 1743 starts to take a more focused view on the raw materials such as Ivory within West Africa. (DETAIL 17a) Gvinea propia, nec non Nigriti vel Terr Nigrorvm maxima pars, 1743 (IMAGE 17)

QUESTION- What does

this detail of a West African village imply about the attitudes of European cartographers? What activities are the West Africans pictured engaged in?

Redefining the Archetype

West and North Africans were amongst the first non-Amerindian people to settle and cultivate the New World. Though often overlooked, diverse African political, economic, and cultural traditions shaped both the North and South American continents in many oftignored ways. Without these vital contributions, American culture and civilization would be unimaginably different. Americas history of caste and racism would be unimaginable if only the vital exploits and contributions of the first African settlers were more widely known and recognized.

Redefining the Archetype

Images Cited
#1 Riffian Pirates
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/riffanpirates.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/the-pirates-of-the-mediteranean-sea-theriffan-muurs-of-morocco-ogu-ejiofo-annu/&usg=__UGVkSEUm2YjyPKBjDxPtJOqCIk=&h=522&w=760&sz=124&hl=en&start=4&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=N8uTRP17rq2SM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=142&prev=/images%3Fq%3Driffian%2Bpirate%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1

#2

Busta Rhymes
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dbusta%2Brh ymes%26b%3D41%26ni%3D20%26ei%3DUTF-8%26xargs%3D0%26pstart%3D1%26fr%3Dyfp-t701&w=1024&h=768&imgurl=i207.photobucket.com%2Falbums%2Fbb140%2FSimmons_022%2Fbusta_rhymes_2.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2F nsteven.blogspot.com%2F2008_03_01_archive.html&size=84KB&name=busta_rhymes_2.j...&p=busta+rhymes&oid=4a77bdf7682bcd4c273009 006eb25858&fr2=&no=57&tt=113000&b=41&ni=20&sigr=11jbl4777&sigi=120ghdkjj&sigb=13dee8q8p&.crumb=eqU93Udi4fr

#3

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, New York City. Print Collection- Gentlemens Magazine 1750
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=99&id=297566&page=4&type=image

#4 #5
5a,5b

Piersen, William D., From Africa to America. Map- Ethnic Diversity of the Guinea Coast pg.5 Ch.1 The African Homelands (COPY/SCAN) Library of Congress, Digital Collection, American Memory. Carte de la Barbarie De La Negritie Et De La Guinee 1675- Guillaume de lIsle
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-in/query/D?gmd:1:./temp/~ammem_g00f::@@@mdb=gmd,klpmap,ww2map

#6

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Digital Maps, New York City Michael Siegel, Rutgers Cartography 2005. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Database on CD-ROM
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=2&id=1_004M&type=map

#7

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Digital Maps, New York City Michael Siegel, Rutgers Cartography 2005. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Database on CD-ROM
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=1&id=1_003M&type=map

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#8 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, New York City. Olfert Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, contenant les noms, la situation & les confins de toutes ses parties (Amsterdam: Wolfgang, Waesberge, Boom & van Someren, 1686)
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=3&id=211100&type=image

Images Cited

#9

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Digital Maps, New York City Michael Siegel, Rutgers Cartography 2005. Atlas of African American History
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=1&id=1_001M&type=map

#10

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, New York City. Archives and Rare Books Division Paul Erdmann Isert, Voyages en Guine et dans les les Carabes en Amrique (Paris: Maradan, 1793)
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=99&id=292417&page=3&type=image

#11

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books, New York City. DivisionOlfert Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, contenant les noms, la situation & les confins de toutes ses parties (Amsterdam: Wolfgang, Waesberge, Boom & van Someren, 1686)
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=99&id=50590&page=2&type=image

#12

The John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Colibert (1795 )Arrive des Europens en Afrique. chez Depeulle, Md. d'Estampes, rue des Mathurins, aux deux Pilastres d'Or
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~2137~3330001:Arrive-des-Europens-enAfrique?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:africa;sort:IMAGE_DATE,subject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=20&trs=202

#13

The John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Colibert (1795 ) Habitation des Ngres
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~2138~3330002:Habitation-desNgres?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:africans;sort:IMAGE_DATE,subject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=2&trs=11

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Images Cited
#14 The John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Colibert (1795 ) Le Mariage des Ngres
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~2138~3330002:Habitation-desNgres?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:africans;sort:IMAGE_DATE,subject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=2&trs=11

#15 #16 #17

Questlove, of the Roots

http://blog.vilmos.com/2009/06/images/questlove.jpg

New Orleans Quartet Painting

http://www.makeitworkmom.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/new-orleans-jazz.jpg

The John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Narrative of a five years' expedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam. Italian] Viaggio al Surinam e nell' interno della Guiana ... Dalla tipografia di Giambattista Sonzogno.1818
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~4018~6320009:Instrumenti-Musicali-deiNegri?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:africa;sort:IMAGE_DATE,subject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=167 &trs=202

#18 #19

New Orleans Mardi Gras Brass Bands Album Cover

https://secure.mardigrasrecords.com/store/images/products/327.jpg

The John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Colibert (1795 ) Le Cult des Ngres
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~2140~3390005:Le-Culte-desngres?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:africans;sort:IMAGE_DATE,subject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=6&trs=11

#20

Moroccan Treaty of Peace & Friendship with the United States of America circa 1777
http://moroccanamericanstudies.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/1043630-1323282.jpg

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Images Cited
#21 #22 Moors Play Chess in Medeival Europe
http://moors.argmaur.org/Chess_Moors.jpeg

John Carter Brown Library , Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Rto. do B. Beneditto de S. Philadelfio leigo Reformado da Prov[inci]a. de Sicilia ... , Joan a Moxeno, 1744
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~3033~4820008:Rto--do-B--Beneditto-de-S-Philadel?trs=15&sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&mi=4&qvq=q%3Amoor%3Bsort%3AIMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups%3Blc%3AJC B%7E1%7E1&printerFriendly=1

#23 #24

A Hispano-Moorish Astrolabe
http://www.smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/photos/156.jpg

University of Salamanca, Spain

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Old_library_1,_University_of_Salamanca.jpg&imgre furl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Old_library_1,_University_of_Salamanca.jpg&usg=__ENHtKQDDa8EWE8U624Sld1JZ_s4=&h=972 &w=1296&sz=301&hl=en&start=9&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LkeFz5Kwch9KJM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsalamanca%2Bu niversity%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1

#25

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Fletcher and Rogers Funds, and Bequest of Miss Adelaide Milton de Groot (1876-1967), by exchange, supplemented by gifts from friends of the Museum, 1971 [1971.86]. Photograph 1981 The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Diego Rodrguez de Silva y Velzquez (1599-1660). Juan de Pareja (born about 1610-died 1670), ca. 1650
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=2&id=297481&type=image

#26

The Granger Collection, NYC Estavanico. ESTEBAN (FL. 1527-39). Moorish slave and explorer. Estevanico, exploring the American southwest. Drawing. Image No. 0007064. Credit: The Granger Collection, NYC All rights reserved.
http://www.granger.com/searchresults.asp?search=1&screenwidth=1259&pixperpage=40&searchtxtkeys=Este&lastsea rchtxtkeys=&searchphotographer=&lstformats=&lstorients=132&nottxtkeys=&captions=&randomize=&tnresize=175

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#27 #28 #29 #30 Afro Brazilian Capoeira, an African Martial Art

Images Cited

http://ucsbglobalvoices.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/rugendasroda.jpg?w=400&h=278

Afro Brazilian Candomble, an African rooted religion

http://www.suldabahiasf.org/files/images/ogum2.jpg

Afro Brazilian Hairstyles, rooted in African hairstyles

http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/disciplines/socialanthropology/visualanthropology/sales/images/americas/bailarinas.jpg

John Carter Brown Library , Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912. [top] Negres cangueiros. [bottom] Diffrentes nations ngres- Jean Baptiste Debret, 1768
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~873~970011:-top--Negres-cangueiros---bottom-D?trs=3&sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&mi=1&qvq=q%3Aafricans+brazil%3Bsort%3AIMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_grou ps%3Blc%3AJCB%7E1%7E1&printerFriendly=1

#31

John Carter Brown Library , Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912. Execution of a spy- Jacob Meurs , 1671
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~377~150014:-Execution-of-a-spy?trs=16&sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&mi=2&qvq=q%3Abrazil+african%3Bsort%3AIMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_group s%3Blc%3AJCB%7E1%7E1&printerFriendly=1

#32

John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912. Portrait of Graman Quasy- John Gabriel Stedman, 1744-1797
http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/materia%20medica/images/large/item15.jpg

#33 #34

Image- Jean Baptiste Du Sable

http://www.haitianparade.com/uploads/media/jean_baptiste.gif

Renditon of Early Chicago Settlement on the Southern shore of Lake Michigan, 1764.
http://www.lib.niu.edu/1995/ihy9512041.jpg

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Images Cited
#35 John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912. A true hydrographical description of so much of the world as hath beene hetherto discouered, and is come to our knowledge ...- Richard Hakluyt & Edward Wright circa 1598
http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~35~90005:A-true-hydrographical-descriptiono?trs=9&sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&mi=5&qvq=q%3Awright+map%3Bsort%3AIMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups%3Blc%3AJCB %7E1%7E1&printerFriendly=1

#36 36a,b,c,d #37

37a

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, General Research and Reference Division, New York City. Blaeu, Willem Janszoon (1571-1638) Cartographer, Afric: nova descriptio ca. 1600
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm?migration=1&topic=2&id=50482&type=image&metadata=show&page=

Library of Congress, Digital Collection, American Memory. Africae nova tabula / auct. Jud. Hondio ; H. Picart sculpsit, 1640
http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/query/S?ammem/gmd:@OR(@field(TITLE+@od1(Africae+nova+tabula++))+@field(ALTTITLE+@od1(Africae+nova+tabula++)))

#38

Tulane University, Digital Media Archive, Maps of Africa. Mar di Aethiopia vulgo Oceanus AethiopicusJan Jansson, 1650
http://luna.ts.tulane.edu/luna/servlet/detail/Stanford~6~1~10155~212:Mar-di-Aethiopia-vulgo-Oceanus-Aeth

#39

Library of Congress, Digital Collection, American Memory. L'Afrique, ou Lybie ulterieure : ou font le Saara, or desrt, le pays des Negres, la Guinee, et les pays circonv., tire en partie de Sanut, et de l'Arabe du Nubie- Nicolas Sanson, 1679
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g8735+ct001449))

39a

#40
40a

Library of Congress, Digital Collection, American Memory. Gvinea propia, nec non Nigriti vel Terr Nigrorvm maxima pars-Homann Erben 1743
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g8735+ct000313))

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A
THESIS: This is a top-notch presentation in terms of providing a structured argument. CONTENT: You have managed to find and harvest some excellent and informative images with which to illustrate your points, both in terms of primary visual documents and contemporary charts and graphs. My only real criticisms: Redefining the Archetype is a fine title, but I would recommend dropping it as a continuous header as it takes up space that would be better served by larger subtheme headers and more space for enlarging your images. Too many of you very fine images appear cramped and crowded together or hemmed in by too much surrounding text. If the students are to see and appreciate these images, you ought to consider separating them out into additional slides or alternatively overlap the images and then use custom animations to fade from one image to the next. Also I would avoid writing text over your images. Be more concise and to the point in your textual commentaries. Position the captions outside the borders of images or on a separate slide to precede or follow the image slide.

Images you may wish to consider as substitutes for the contemporary images on slide 17--dealing with the African roots of American musical diversity