Tối ưu hóa - GSM

Nhm 1_CN Tin K9
1 GII THIU CHUNG V MNG GSM

LI NI U
Trong cuc sng hng ngy thng tin lin lc ng mt vai tr rt quan trng
v khng th thiu c. N quyt nh nhiu mt hot ng ca x hi, gip con
ngi nm bt nhanh chng cc thng tin c gi tr vn ho, kinh t, khoa hc k
thut rt a dng v phong ph.
Ngy nay vi nhng nhu cu c v s lng v cht lng ca khch hng s
dng cc dch v vin thng ngy cng cao, i hi phi c nhng phng tin
thng tin hin i nhm p ng cc nhu cu a dng ca khch hng mi lc, mi
ni m h cn.
Thng tin di ng ngy nay tr thnh mt dch v kinh doanh khng th
thiu c ca tt c cc nh khai thc vin thng trn th gii. i vi cc khch
hng vin thng, nht l cc nh doanh nghip th thng tin di ng tr thnh
phng tin lin lc quen thuc v khng th thiu c. Dch v thng tin di ng
ngy nay khng ch hn ch cho cc khch hng giu c na m n ang dn tr
thnh dch v ph cp cho mi i tng vin thng.
Trong nhng nm gn y, lnh vc thng tin di ng trong nc c
nhng bc pht trin vt bc c v c s h tng ln cht lng phc v. Vi s
hnh thnh nhiu nh cung cp dch v vin thng mi to ra s cnh tranh
thu ht th phn thu bao gia cc nh cung cp dch v. Cc nh cung cp dch v
lin tc a ra cc chnh sch khuyn mi, gim gi v thu ht c rt nhiu
khch hng s dng dch v. Cng vi , mc sng chung ca ton x hi ngy
cng c nng cao khin cho s lng cc thu bao s dng dch v di ng
tng t bin trong cc nm gn y.
Cc nh cung cp dch v di ng trong nc hin ang s dng hai cng
ngh l GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication - H thng thng tin di
ng ton cu) vi chun TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access - a truy cp
phn chia theo thi gian) v cng ngh CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access - a
truy cp phn chia theo m). Cc nh cung cp dch v di ng s dng h thng

2 Ti u ha mng GSM
thng tin di ng ton cu GSM l Mobiphone, Vinaphone, Viettel v cc nh cung
cp dch v di ng s dng cng ngh CDMA l S-Fone, EVN, Hanoi Telecom.
Cc nh cung cp dch v di ng s dng cng ngh CDMA mang li nhiu
tin ch hn cho khch hng, v cng ang dn ln mnh. Tuy nhin hin ti do nhu
cu s dng ca khch hng nn th phn di ng trong nc phn ln vn thuc v
cc nh cung cp dch v di ng GSM vi s lng cc thu bao l p o. Chnh
v vy vic ti u ha mng di ng GSM l vic lm rt cn thit v mang mt
ngha thc t rt cao.
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n ging vin L c Nhng, thy
cho chng em nhng kin thc qu bu, tn tnh ch bo, hng dn chng em
trong sut qu trnh hc tp v hon thnh ti ny.

Hi Phng, Ngy Thng Nm 2012
Sinh vin thc hin
V Th Hoa.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng.
Nguyn Th Ngn.
Phm Th Nhung.
ng Th Thy

Nhm 1_CN Tin K9

MC LC

LI NI U ........................................................................................................................ 1
DANH SCH T VIT TT ................................................................................................. 6
PHN M U ................................................................................................................... 12

PHN I
TNG QUAN V MNG GSM

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG V MNG GSM

1.1. LCH S PHT TRIN CA MNG GSM................................................................. 14
1.2. CU TRC A L CA MNG ................................................................................ 15
1.2.1. Vng phc v PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) ................................................ 16
1.2.2. Vng phc v MSC ..................................................................................................... 17
1.2.3. Vng nh v (LA - Location Area) ............................................................................. 17
1.2.4. Cell (T bo hay ) ..................................................................................................... 17

CHNG 2: H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM

2.1. M HNH H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM ................................................. 19
2.2. CC THNH PHN CHC NNG CA H THNG ............................................... 20
2.2.1. Trm di ng (MS - Mobile Station) .......................................................................... 20
2.2.2. Phn h trm gc (BSS - Base Station Subsystem) .................................................... 21
2.2.2.1. Khi BTS (Base Tranceiver Station): ................................................................ 21
2.2.2.2. Khi TRAU (Transcode/Rate Adapter Unit): .................................................... 21
2.2.2.3. Khi BSC (Base Station Controller): ................................................................ 21
2.2.3. Phn h chuyn mch (SS - Switching Subsystem) .................................................... 22
2.2.3.1. Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC: ............................................................. 23

4 Ti u ha mng GSM
2.2.3.2. B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR - Home Location Register): ........................... 24
2.2.3.3. B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR - Visitor Location Register): .............................. 25
2.2.3.4. Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR - Equipment Identity Register): .................. 25
2.2.3.5. Khi trung tm nhn thc AuC (Aunthentication Center)................................. 26
2.2.4. Phn h khai thc v bo dng (OSS) ..................................................................... 26
2.2.4.1. Khai thc v bo dng mng: .......................................................................... 26
2.2.4.2. Qun l thu bao: ............................................................................................... 27
2.2.4.3. Qun l thit b di ng: .................................................................................... 27
2.3. GIAO DIN V TUYN S ......................................................................................... 27
2.3.1. Knh vt l .................................................................................................................. 28
2.3.2. Knh logic .................................................................................................................. 29
2.4. CC M NHN DNG S DNG TRONG H THNG GSM ................................................ 31
PHN II:
TI U HA MNG GSM

CHNG 3: TNH TON MNG DI NG GSM

3.1. L THUYT DUNG LNG V CP DCH V ................................................ 36
3.1.1. Lu lng v knh v tuyn ng trc ..................................................................... 36
3.1.2. Cp dch v - GoS (Grade of Service) ................................................................... 37
3.1.3. Hiu sut s dng trung k (ng trc) ................................................................... 39
3.2. CC YU T NH HNG TI CHT LNG PH SNG ................................. 40
3.2.1. Tn hao ng truyn sng v tuyn ......................................................................... 40
3.2.1.1. Tnh ton l thuyt ............................................................................................. 40
3.2.1.2. Cc m hnh chnh lan truyn sng trong thng tin di ng: ............................ 44
3.2.2. Vn Fading ............................................................................................................ 46
3.2.3. nh hng nhiu C/I v C/A ...................................................................................... 46
3.2.3.1. Nhiu ng knh C/I: ........................................................................................ 47
3.2.3.2. Nhiu knh ln cn C/A:.................................................................................... 49
3.2.3.3. Mt s bin php khc phc .............................................................................. 49
3.2.4. Phn tn thi gian ...................................................................................................... 51
3.2.4.1. Cc trng hp phn tn thi gian .................................................................... 52

Nhm 1_CN Tin K9

3.2.4.2. Mt s gii php khc phc ............................................................................... 53

CHNG 4: CC CH TIU CHT LNG H THNG

4.1. KHI NIM V CHT LNG DCH V QOS......................................................... 56
4.2. CC I LNG C TRNG ................................................................................. 56
4.2.1. T l thit lp cuc gi thnh cng CSSR (Call Setup Successful Rate) .................... 56
4.2.2. T l rt cuc gi trung bnh (Average Drop Call Rate - AVDR) .............................. 57
4.2.3. T l rt mch trn TCH (TCH Drop Rate - TCDR) .................................................. 57
4.2.4. T l nghn mch TCH (TCH Blocking Rate - TCBR) ............................................... 58
4.2.5. T l rt mch trn SDCCH (SDCCH Drop Rate - CCDR) ....................................... 61
4.2.6. T l nghn mch trn SDCCH (SDCCH Blocking Rate - CCBR) ............................ 61
4.2.7. Mt s i lng c trng khc ............................................................................... 62
4.2.7.1. S knh hot ng (Available Channels) .......................................................... 62
4.2.7.2. T l thnh cng handover n (Incoming HO Successful Rate - IHOSR) ...... 62
4.2.7.3. T l thnh cng handover ra (Outgoing HO Successful Rate - OHOSR) ........ 63
4.2.7.4. EMPD ................................................................................................................ 64
4.2.7.5. Thi gian chim mch trung bnh (MHT - Mean Holding Time) ..................... 64
KT LUN .......................................................................................................................... 65
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................... 66

6 Ti u ha mng GSM
DANH SCH T VIT TT
A
ACCH Associated Control Channel Knh iu khin lin kt
AGCH Access Grant Channel Knh cho php truy nhp
ARFCH Absolute Radio Frequency Knh tn s tuyt i
Channel
AUC Authentication Center Trung tm nhn thc
AVDR Average Drop Call Rate T l rt cuc gi trung bnh

B
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel Knh iu khin qung b
BCH Broadcast Channel Knh qung b
BER Bit Error Rate T l li bt
Bm Full Rate TCH TCH ton tc
BS Base Station Trm gc
BSC Base Station Controller B iu khin trm gc
BSIC Base Station Identity Code M nhn dng trm gc
BSS Base Station Subsystem Phn h trm gc
BTS Base Transceiver Station Trm thu pht gc

C
C/A Carrier to Adjacent T s sng mang/nhiu knh ln
cn
CCBR SDCCH Blocking Rate T l nghn mch trn SDCCH
CCCH Common Control Channel Knh iu khin chung
CCDR SDCCH Drop Rate T l rt mch trn SDCCH
CCH Control Channel Knh iu khin

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

CCS7 Common Channel Signalling N
o
7 Bo hiu knh chung s 7
CCITT International Telegraph and U ban t vn quc t v in thoi v
Telephone Consultative Committee in bo
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
Cell Cellular (t bo)
CI Cell Identity Nhn dng ( xc nh vng LA )
C/I Carrier to Interference T s sng mang/nhiu ng knh
C/R Carrier to Reflection T s sng mang/sng phn x
CSPDN Circuit Switch Public Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch
Data Network gi
CSSR Call Successful Rate T l cuc gi thnh cng

D
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel Knh iu khin dnh ring

E
EIR Equipment Identification B ghi nhn dng thit b
Register
ETSI European Telecommunications Vin tiu chun vin thng
Standard Institute Chu u

F
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
Access
FACCH Fast Associated Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh
Control Channel
FCCH Frequency Correction Channel Knh hiu chnh tn s

8 Ti u ha mng GSM

G
GMSC Gateway MSC Tng i di ng cng
GoS Grade of Service Cp phc v
GSM Global System for Mobile Thng tin di ng ton cu
Communication

H
HLR Home Location Register B ng k nh v thng tr
HON Handover Number S chuyn giao

I
IHOSR Incoming HO Successful Rate T l thnh cng Handover n
IMSI International Mobile S nhn dng thu bao di ng
Subscriber Identity quc t
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Mng s a dch v
Network

L
LA Location Area Vng nh v
LAC Location Area Code M vng nh v
LAI Location Area Identifier S nhn dng vng nh v
LAPD Link Access Procedures Cc th tc truy cp ng
on D channel truyn trn knh D
LAPDm Link Access Procedures Cc th tc truy cp ng
on Dm channel truyn trn knh Dm

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

Lm Haft Rate TCH TCH bn tc

M
MCC Mobile Country Code M quc gia ca mng di ng
MNC Mobile Network Code M mng thng tin di ng
MS Mobile station Trm di ng
MSC Mobile Service Tng i di ng
Switching Center
MSIN Mobile station Identification S nhn dng trm di ng
Number
MSISDN Mobile station ISDN Number S ISDN ca trm di ng
MSRN MS Roaming Number S vng lai ca thu bao di ng

N
NMC Network Management Center Trung tm qun l mng
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone in thoi di ng Bc u

O
OHOSR Outgoing HO Successful Rate T l thnh cng Handover ra
OSI Open System Interconnection Lin kt h thng m
OSS Operation and Support Phn h khai thc v h tr
Subsystem
OMS Operation & Maintenace Phn h khai thc v bo dng.
Subsystem

10 Ti u ha mng GSM
P
PAGCH Paging and Access Grant Knh chp nhn truy cp
Channel v nhn tin
PCH Paging Channel Knh tm gi
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng mt t cng cng
PSPDN Packet Switch Public Mng s liu cng cng
Data Network chuyn mch gi
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng
Network cng

R
RACH Random Access Channel Knh truy cp ngu nhin
Rx Receiver My thu

S
SACCH Slow Associated Knh iu khin lin kt chm
Control Channel
SDCCH Stand Alone Dedicated Knh iu khin dnh ring
Control Channel ng mt mnh (c lp)
SIM Subscriber Identity Modul M un nhn dng thu bao
SN Subscriber Number S thu bao

T
TACH Traffic and Associated Channel Knh lu lng v lin kt
TCBR TCH Blocking Rate T l nghn mch TCH

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

TCDR TCH Drop Rate T l rt mch trn TCH
TCH Traffic Channel Knh lu lng
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo
thi gian
TRAU Transcoder/Rate Adapter Unit B thch ng tc v chuyn m
TRX Tranceiver B thu pht

12 Ti u ha mng GSM
PHN M U

ti c chia thnh hai phn:
Phn I: TNG QUAN V MNG DI NG GSM
Phn II: TI U HA MNG DI NG GSM
Phn I ca ti s cp ti nhng khi nim c bn nht v h thng
thng tin di ng GSM.
Phn II trnh by cc tnh ton mng GSM cng vi cng tc ti u ha h
thng.
Ni dung chnh c trnh by trong cc chng nh sau:
Chng I: Gii thiu v lch s pht trin mng GSM v cu trc a
l ca mng.
Chng II: Trnh by v cc thnh phn chc nng trong h thng.
Chng III: Trnh by cc tnh ton mng GSM v dung lng v cc
yu t nh hng ti cht lng ph sng.
Chng IV: Cc ch tiu cht lng h thng.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9


Phn I
TNG QUAN V MNG GSM

Chng I
GII THIU CHUNG V MNG GSM

H thng thng tin di ng ton cu (ting Php: Groupe Spcial Mobile
ting Anh: Global System for Mobile Communications; vit tt GSM) l mt cng
ngh dng cho mng thng tin di ng. Dch v GSM c s dng bi hn 2 t
ngi trn 212 quc gia v vng lnh th. Cc mng thng tin di ng GSM cho
php c th roaming vi nhau do nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc
mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii.
GSM l chun ph bin nht cho in thoi di ng (TD) trn th gii.
Kh nng ph sng rng khp ni ca chun GSM lm cho n tr nn ph bin trn
th gii, cho php ngi s dng c th s dng TD ca h nhiu vng trn
th gii. GSM khc vi cc chun tin thn ca n v c tn hiu v tc , cht
lng cuc gi. N c xem nh l mt h thng TD th h th hai (second
generation, 2G). GSM l mt chun m, hin ti n c pht trin bi 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
ng v pha quan im khch hng, li th chnh ca GSM l cht lng
cuc gi tt hn, gi thnh thp v dch v tin nhn. Thun li i vi nh iu
hnh mng l kh nng trin khai thit b t nhiu ngi cung ng. GSM cho php
nh iu hnh mng c th kt hp chuyn vng vi nhau do vy m ngi s dng
c th s dng in thoi ca h khp ni trn th gii.

14 Ti u ha mng GSM
1.1. Lch s pht trin mng GSM
Nhng nm u 1980, h thng vin thng t bo trn th gii ang pht
trin mnh m c bit l Chu u m khng c chun ha v cc ch tiu k
thut. iu ny thc gic Lin minh Chu u v Bu chnh vin thng CEPT
(Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications) thnh lp nhm c trch
v di ng GSM (Groupe Spcial Mobile) vi nhim v pht trin mt chun thng
nht cho h thng thng tin di ng c th s dng trn ton Chu u.
Ngy 27 thng 3 nm 1991, cuc gi u tin s dng cng ngh GSM c
thc hin bi mng Radiolinja Phn Lan (mng di ng GSM u tin trn th
gii).
Nm 1989, Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute) quy nh chun GSM l mt tiu chun
chung cho mng thng tin di ng ton Chu u, v nm 1990 ch tiu k thut
GSM phase I (giai on I) c cng b.
Nm 1992, Telstra Australia l mng u tin ngoi Chu u k vo bin
bn ghi nh GSM MoU (Memorandum of Understanding). Cng trong nm ny,
tha thun chuyn vng quc t u tin c k kt gia hai mng Finland
Telecom ca Phn Lan v Vodafone ca Anh. Tin nhn SMS u tin cng c
gi i trong nm 1992.
Nhng nm sau , h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM pht trin mt
cch mnh m, cng vi s gia tng nhanh chng ca cc nh iu hnh, cc mng
di ng mi, th s lng cc thu bao cng gia tng mt cch chng mt.
Nm 1996, s thnh vin GSM MoU ln ti 200 nh iu hnh t gn 100
quc gia. 167 mng hot ng trn 94 quc gia vi s thu bao t 50 triu.
Nm 2000, GPRS c ng dng. Nm 2001, mng 3GSM (UMTS) c i
vo hot ng, s thu bao GSM vt qu 500 triu. Nm 2003, mng EDGE i
vo hot ng.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

Cho n nm 2006 s thu bao di ng GSM ln ti con s 2 t vi trn
700 nh iu hnh, chim gn 80% th phn thng tin di ng trn th gii. Theo d
on ca GSM Association, nm 2007 s thu bao GSM s t 2,5 t.
1.2. Cu trc a l ca mng
Mi mng in thoi cn mt cu trc nht nh nh tuyn cc cuc gi
n tng i cn thit v cui cng n thu bao b gi. mt mng di ng, cu
trc ny rt qun trng do tnh lu thng ca cc thu bao trong mng. Trong h
thng GSM, mng c phn chia thnh cc phn vng sau (hnh 1.2):

Hnh 1-1 Phn cp cu trc a l mng GSM

16 Ti u ha mng GSM

Hnh 1-2 Phn vng v chia
1.2.1. Vng phc v PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
Vng phc v GSM l ton b vng phc v do s kt hp ca cc quc gia
thnh vin nn nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau
c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii.
Phn cp tip theo l vng phc v PLMN, c th l mt hay nhiu vng
trong mt quc gia ty theo kch thc ca vng phc v.
Kt ni cc ng truyn gia mng di ng GSM/PLMN v cc mng khc
(c nh hay di ng) u mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc
cuc gi vo hay ra mng GSM/PLMN u c nh tuyn thng qua tng i v
tuyn cng G-MSC (Gateway - Mobile Service Switching Center). G-MSC lm
vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho GSM/PLMN.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

1.2.2. Vng phc v MSC
MSC (Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng, gi tt l tng i di
ng). Vng MSC l mt b phn ca mng c mt MSC qun l. nh
tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng. Mi thng tin nh tuyn cuc gi
ti thu bao di ng hin ang trong vng phc v ca MSC c lu gi trong b
ghi nh v tm tr VLR.
Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v
MSC/VLR.
1.2.3. Vng nh v (LA - Location Area)
Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v LA.
Vng nh v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR, m mt trm di ng
c th chuyn ng t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i
MSC/VLR iu khin vng nh v ny. Vng nh v ny l mt vng m
thng bo tm gi s c pht qung b tm mt thu bao di ng b gi. Vng
nh v LA c h thng s dng tm mt thu bao ang trng thi hot ng.
H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng
nh v LAI (Location Area Identity):
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC (Mobile Country Code): m quc gia
MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng di ng
LAC (Location Area Code) : m vng nh v (16 bit)
1.2.4. Cell (T bo hay )
Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s m khi MS di chuyn trong th
khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr vi mng. Cell l n v c s ca mng, l
mt vng ph sng v tuyn c nhn dng bng nhn ng ton cu (CGI).
Mi c qun l bi mt trm v tuyn gc BTS.
CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
CI (Cell Identity): Nhn dng xc nh v tr trong vng nh v.

18 Ti u ha mng GSM
Trm di ng MS t nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm
gc BSIC (Base Station Identification Code).

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

19 H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM
Chng II
H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM
2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin di ng GSM

Hnh 2-1 M hnh h thng thng tin di ng GSM
Cc k hiu:
OSS : Phn h khai thc v h tr BTS : Trm v tuyn gc
AUC : Trung tm nhn thc MS : Trm di ng
HLR : B ghi nh v thng tr ISDN : Mng s lin kt a dch v
MSC : Tng i di ng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network):
BSS : Phn h trm gc Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng
BSC : B iu khin trm gc PSPDN : Mng chuyn mch gi cng cng
OMC : Trung tm khai thc v bo dng CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network):
SS : Phn h chuyn mch Mng s liu chuyn mch knh cng cng
VLR : B ghi nh v tm tr PLMN : Mng di ng mt t cng cng
EIR : Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b

20 Ti u ha mng GSM
2.2. Cc thnh phn chc nng trong h thng
Mng thng tin di ng cng cng mt t PLMN (Public Land Mobile
Network) theo chun GSM c chia thnh 4 phn h chnh sau:
Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station)
Phn h trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem)
Phn h chuyn mch SS (Switching Subsystem)
Phn h khai thc v h tr (Operation and Support Subsystem)
2.2.1. Trm di ng (MS - Mobile Station)
Trm di ng (MS) bao gm thit b trm di ng ME (Mobile Equipment)
v mt khi nh gi l moun nhn dng thu bao (SIM-Subscriber Identity
Module). l mt khi vt l tch ring, chng hn l mt IC Card hoc cn gi
l card thng minh. SIM cng vi thit b trm (ME-Mobile Equipment) hp thnh
trm di ng MS. SIM cung cp kh nng di ng c nhn, v th ngi s dng c
th lp SIM vo bt c my in thoi di ng GSM no truy nhp vo dch v
ng k. Mi in thoi di ng c phn bit bi mt s nhn dng in thoi di
ng IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Card SIM cha mt s nhn
dng thu bao di ng IMSI (International Subcriber Identity) h thng nhn
dng thu bao, mt mt m xc thc v cc thng tin khc. IMEI v IMSI hon
ton c lp vi nhau m bo tnh di ng c nhn. Card SIM c th chng vic
s dng tri php bng mt khu hoc s nhn dng c nhn (PIN).
Trm di ng GSM thc hin hai chc nng:
Thit b vt l giao tip gia thu bao di ng vi mng qua ng v
tuyn.
ng k thu bao, chc nng th hai ny mi thu bao phi c mt th
gi l SIM card. Tr mt s trng hp c bit nh gi cp cu thu bao ch c
th truy nhp vo h thng khi cm th ny vo my.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

2.2.2. Phn h trm gc (BSS - Base Station Subsystem)
BSS giao din trc tip vi cc trm di ng MS bng thit b BTS thng
qua giao din v tuyn. Mt khc BSS thc hin giao din vi cc tng i phn
h chuyn mch SS. Tm li, BSS thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh
vy u ni nhng ngi s dng cc trm di ng vi nhng ngi s dng vin
thng khc. BSS cng phi c iu khin, do n c u ni vi phn h vn
hnh v bo dng OSS. Phn h trm gc BSS bao gm:
TRAU (Transcoding and Rate Adapter Unit): B chuyn i m v
phi hp tc .
BSC (Base Station Controler): B iu khin trm gc.
BTS (Base Transceiver Station): Trm thu pht gc.
2.2.2.1. Khi BTS (Base Tranceiver Station):
Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b thu /pht tn hiu sng v tuyn, anten v b
phn m ha v gii m giao tip vi BSC. BTS l thit b trung gian gia mng
GSM v thit b thu bao MS, trao i thng tin vi MS qua giao din v tuyn.
Mi BTS to ra mt hay mt s khu vc vng ph sng nht nh gi l t bo
(cell).
2.2.2.2. Khi TRAU (Transcode/Rate Adapter Unit):
Khi thch ng v chuyn i m thc hin chuyn i m thng tin t cc
knh v tuyn (16 Kb/s) theo tiu chun GSM thnh cc knh thoi chun (64 Kb/s)
trc khi chuyn n tng i. TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii
m ting c th ring cho GSM c tin hnh, ti y cng thc hin thch ng
tc trong trng hp truyn s liu. TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nhng cng
c th c t cch xa BTS v thm ch cn t trong BSC v MSC.
2.2.2.3. Khi BSC (Base Station Controller):
BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu
khin t xa. Cc lnh ny ch yu l lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v

22 Ti u ha mng GSM
chuyn giao. Mt pha BSC c ni vi BTS, cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca phn
h chuyn mch SS. Giao din gia BSC v MSC l giao din A, cn giao din gia
BTS v BSC l giao din A.bis.
Cc chc nng chnh ca BSC:
1. Qun l mng v tuyn: Vic qun l v tuyn chnh l qun l cc cell v
cc knh logic ca chng. Cc s liu qun l u c a v BSC o c v
x l, chng hn nh lu lng thng tin mt cell, mi trng v tuyn, s lng
cuc gi b mt, cc ln chuyn giao thnh cng v tht bi...
2. Qun l trm v tuyn gc BTS: Trc khi a vo khai thc, BSC lp cu
hnh ca BTS ( s my thu/pht TRX, tn s cho mi trm... ). Nh m BSC c
sn mt tp cc knh v tuyn dnh cho iu khin v ni thng cuc gi.
3. iu khin ni thng cc cuc gi: BSC chu trch nhim thit lp v gii
phng cc u ni ti my di ng MS. Trong qu trnh gi, s u ni c BSC
gim st. Cng tn hiu, cht lng cuc u ni c my di ng v TRX
gi n BSC. Da vo m BSC s quyt nh cng sut pht tt nht ca MS v
TRX gim nhiu v tng cht lng cuc u ni. BSC cng iu khin qu
trnh chuyn giao nh cc kt qu o k trn quyt nh chuyn giao MS sang
cell khc, nhm t c cht lng cuc gi tt hn. Trong trng hp chuyn
giao sang cell ca mt BSC khc th n phi nh s tr gip ca MSC. Bn cnh
, BSC cng c th iu khin chuyn giao gia cc knh trong mt cell hoc t
cell ny sang knh ca cell khc trong trng hp cell ny b nghn nhiu.
4. Qun l mng truyn dn: BSC c chc nng qun l cu hnh cc ng
truyn dn ti MSC v BTS m bo cht lng thng tin. Trong trng hp c
s c mt tuyn no , n s t ng iu khin ti mt tuyn d phng.
2.2.3. Phn h chuyn mch (SS - Switching Subsystem)
Phn h chuyn mch bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:
Trung tm chuyn mch nghip v di ng MSC
Thanh ghi nh v thng tr HLR
Thanh ghi nh v tm tr VLR

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

Trung tm nhn thc AuC
Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR
Phn h chuyn mch (SS) bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca
mng GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di
ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi
s dng mng GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc.
2.2.3.1. Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC:
Tng i di ng MSC (Mobile services Switching Center) thng l mt
tng i ln iu khin v qun l mt s cc b iu khin trm gc BSC. MSC
thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh, nhim v chnh ca MSC l to kt
ni v x l cuc gi n nhng thu bao ca GSM, mt mt MSC giao tip vi
phn h BSS v mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi qua tng i cng GMSC
(Gateway MSC).
Chc nng chnh ca tng i MSC:
X l cuc gi (Call Processing)
iu khin chuyn giao (Handover Control)
Qun l di ng (Mobility Management)
Tng tc mng IWF(Interworking Function): qua GMSC

Hnh 2-2 Chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC

24 Ti u ha mng GSM
(1): Khi ch gi quay s thu bao di ng b gi, s mng dch v s lin kt
ca thu bao di ng, s c hai trng hp xy ra :
(1.a) Nu cuc gi khi u t mng c nh PSTN th tng i sau
khi phn tch s thoi s bit y l cuc gi cho mt thu bao di
ng. Cuc gi s c nh tuyn n tng i cng GMSC gn
nht.
(1.b) Nu cuc gi khi u t trm di ng, MSC ph trch m
trm di ng trc thuc s nhn c bn tin thit lp cuc gi t MS
thng qua BTS c cha s thoi ca thu bao di ng b gi.
(2): MSC (hay GMSC) s phn tch s MSISDN (The Mobile Station ISDN)
ca thu bao b gi tm ra HLR ni MS ng k.
(3): MSC (hay GMSC) s hi HLR thng tin c th nh tuyn n
MSC/VLR qun l MS.
(4): HLR s tr li, khi MSC (hay GMSC) ny c th nh tuyn li cuc
gi n MSC cn thit. Khi cuc gi n MSC ny, VLR s bit chi tit hn v v
tr ca MS. Nh vy c th ni thng mt cuc gi mng GSM, l chc nng
x l cuc gi ca MSC.
kt ni MSC vi mt s mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im
truyn dn ca mng GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng ny gi l chc nng
tng tc IWF (Inter Networking Function). IWF bao gm mt thit b thch ng
giao thc v truyn dn. IWF c th thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c
th thit b ring, trng hp hai giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m.
2.2.3.2. B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR - Home Location Register):
HLR l c s d liu tham chiu lu gi lu di cc thng tin v thu bao,
cc thng tin lin quan ti vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng. HLR khng ph
thuc vo v tr hin thi ca thu bao v cha cc thng tin v v tr hin thi ca
thu bao.
HLR bao gm:
Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

Cc thng tin v thu bao
Danh sch cc dch v m MS c s dng v b hn ch
S hiu VLR ang phc v MS
2.2.3.3. B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR - Visitor Location Register):
VLR l mt c s d liu cha thng tin v tt c cc MS hin ang vng
phc v ca MSC. Mi MSC c mt VLR, thng thit k VLR ngay trong MSC.
Ngay c khi MS lu ng vo mt vng MSC mi. VLR lin kt vi MSC s yu
cu s liu v MS t HLR. ng thi HLR s c thng bo rng MS ang vng
MSC no. Nu sau MS mun thc hin mt cuc gi, VLR s c tt c cc thng
tin cn thit thit lp mt cuc gi m khng cn hi HLR, c th coi VLR nh
mt HLR phn b. VLR cha thng tin chnh xc hn v v tr MS vng MSC.
Nhng khi thu bao tt my hay ri khi vng phc v ca MSC th cc s liu lin
quan ti n cng ht gi tr.
Hay ni cch khc, VLR l c s d liu trung gian lu tr tm thi thng
tin v thu bao trong vng phc v MSC/VLR c tham chiu t c s d liu
HLR.
VLR bao gm:
Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN, TMSI.
S hiu nhn dng vng nh v ang phc v MS
Danh sch cc dch v m MS c v b hn ch s dng
Trng thi ca MS ( bn: busy; ri: idle)
2.2.3.4. Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR - Equipment Identity Register):
EIR c chc nng kim tra tnh hp l ca ME thng qua s liu nhn dng
di ng quc t (IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identity) v cha cc s liu
v phn cng ca thit b. Mt ME s c s IMEI thuc mt trong ba danh sch sau:
1. Nu ME thuc danh sch trng ( White List ) th n c quyn truy nhp
v s dng cc dch v ng k.

26 Ti u ha mng GSM
2. Nu ME thuc danh sch xm ( Gray List ), tc l c nghi vn v cn
kim tra. Danh sch xm bao gm nhng ME c li (li phn mm hay li sn xut
thit b) nhng khng nghim trng ti mc loi tr khi h thng
3. Nu ME thuc danh sch en ( Black List ), tc l b cm khng cho truy
nhp vo h thng, nhng ME thng bo mt my.
2.2.3.5. Khi trung tm nhn thc AuC (Aunthentication Center)
AuC c ni n HLR, chc nng ca AuC l cung cp cho HLR cc tn s
nhn thc v cc kho mt m s dng cho bo mt. ng v tuyn cng c
AuC cung cp m bo mt chng nghe trm, m ny c thay i ring bit cho
tng thu bao. C s d liu ca AuC cn ghi nhiu thng tin cn thit khc khi
thu bao ng k nhp mng v c s dng kim tra khi thu bao yu cu
cung cp dch v, trnh vic truy nhp mng mt cch tri php.
2.2.4. Phn h khai thc v bo dng (OSS)
OSS (Operation and Support System) thc hin 3 chc nng chnh:
1) Khai thc v bo dng mng.
2) Qun l thu bao v tnh cc.
3) Qun l thit b di ng.
2.2.4.1. Khai thc v bo dng mng:
Khai thc:
L hot ng cho php nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi ca mng nh
ti ca h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao gia hai cell.v.v.. Nh vy nh
khai thc c th gim st c ton b cht lng dch v m h cung cp cho
khch hng v kp thi nng cp. Khai thc cn bao gm vic thay i cu hnh
gim nhng vn xut hin thi im hin thi, chun b tng lu lng
trong tng lai v m rng vng ph sng. h thng vin thng hin i, khai
thc c thc hin bng my tnh v c tp trung mt trm.
Bo dng:

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

C nhim v pht hin, nh v v sa cha cc s c v hng hc, n c mt
s quan h vi khai thc. Cc thit b h thng vin thng hin i c kh nng t
pht hin mt s cc s c hay d bo s c thng qua kim tra. Bo dng bao
gm cc hot ng ti hin trng nhm thay th cc thit b c s c, cng nh
vic s dng cc phn mm iu khin t xa.
H thng khai thc v bo dng c th c xy dng trn nguyn l ca
TMN (Telecommunication Management Network - Mng qun l vin thng). Lc
ny, mt mt h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni n cc phn t ca mng
vin thng (MSC, HLR, VLR, BSC, v cc phn t mng khc tr BTS). Mt khc
h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni ti my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip
ngi - my. Theo tiu chun GSM h thng ny c gi l trung tm vn hnh v
bo dng (OMC - Operation and Maintenance Center).
2.2.4.2. Qun l thu bao:
Bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp
v xo thu bao khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm
nhiu dch v v cc tnh nng b sung. Nh khai thc c th thm nhp c cc
thng s ni trn. Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh cc cc
cuc gi ri gi n thu bao. Khi HLR, SIM-Card ng vai tr nh mt b
phn qun l thu bao.
2.2.4.3. Qun l thit b di ng:
Qun l thit b di ng c b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR thc hin.
EIR lu tr ton b d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS. EIR c ni n MSC
qua ng bo hiu kim tra tnh hp l ca thit b. Trong h thng GSM th
EIR c coi l thuc phn h chuyn mch NSS.
2.3. Giao din v tuyn s
Cc knh ca giao din v tuyn bao gm cc knh vt l v cc knh logic.

28 Ti u ha mng GSM
2.3.1. Knh vt l
Knh vt l t chc theo quan nim truyn dn. i vi TDMA GSM, knh
vt l l mt khe thi gian mt tn s sng mang v tuyn c ch nh.
GSM 900 nguyn thy
Di tn s: 890 915 MHz cho ng ln uplink (t MS n BTS).
935 960 MHz cho ng xung downlink (t BTS n MS).
Di thng tn ca mt knh vt l l 200KHz. Di tn bo v bin cng
rng 200KHz.
F
ul
(n) = 890,0 MHz + (0,2 MHz) * n
F
dl
(n) = F
ul
(n) + 45 MHz
Vi 1 s n s 124
Cc knh t 1 124 c gi l cc knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i ARFCN
(Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number). Knh 0 l di phng v.
Vy GSM 900 c 124 tn s bt u t 890,2MHz. Mi di thng tn l mt
khung TDMA c 8 khe thi gian. Nh vy, s knh vt l GSM 900 l s 992
knh.
EGSM (GSM m rng E : extended)
H thng GSM nguyn thy c m rng mi bng tn thm 10 MHz
(tng ng 50 knh tn s) th c gi l EGSM:
Di tn s: 880 915 MHz uplink.
925 960 MHz downlink.
F
ul
(n) = 880 MHz +(0,2 MHz)*n
F
dl
(n) = F
ul
(n) + 45 MHz.
Vi n=ARFCN , 1 s n s 174 . Knh 0 l di phng v.
DCS 1800:
DCS 1800 c s knh tn s tng gp 3 ln so vi GSM 900
Di tn s: 1710 1785 MHz uplink.
1805 1880 MHz downlink.
F
ul
(n) = 1710MHz + (0,2 MHz)*(n - 511)

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

F
dl
(n) = F
ul
(n) + 95 MHz
Vi 512 s n s 885.
2.3.2. Knh logic
Knh logic c t chc theo quan im ni dung tin tc, cc knh ny c
t vo cc knh vt l. Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia
BTS v MS.
C th chia knh logic thnh hai loi tng qut: cc knh lu lng TCH v
cc knh bo hiu iu khin CCH.

Hnh 2-3 Phn loi knh logic

a. Knh lu lng TCH: C hai loi knh lu lng:
Bm hay knh lu lng ton tc (TCH/F), knh ny mang thng tin ting
hay s liu tc 22,8 kbit/s.

30 Ti u ha mng GSM
Lm hay knh lu lng bn tc (TCH/H), knh ny mang thng tin tc
11,4 kbit/s
b. Knh iu khin CCH (k hiu l Dm): bao gm:
Knh qung b BCH (Broadcast Channel).
Knh iu khin chung CCCH (Common Control Channel).
Knh iu khin ring DCCH (Dedicate Control Channel).
Knh qung b BCH: BCH = BCCH + FCCH + SCH.
FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel): Knh hiu chnh tn s cung cp
tn s tham chiu ca h thng cho trm MS. FCCH ch c dng cho ng
xung.
SCH (Synchronous Channel): Knh ng b khung cho MS.
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel): Knh iu khin qung b cung cp
cc tin tc sau: M vng nh v LAC (Location Area Code), m mng di ng
MNC (Mobile Network Code), tin tc v tn s ca cc cell ln cn, thng s di
qut ca cell v cc thng s phc v truy cp.
Knh iu khin chung CCCH: CCCH l knh thit lp s truyn thng
gia BTS v MS. N bao gm: CCCH = RACH + PCH + AGCH.
RACH (Random Access Channel), knh truy nhp ngu nhin. l
knh hng ln MS a yu cu knh dnh ring, yu cu ny th hin trong bn
tin u ca MS gi n BTS trong qu trnh mt cuc lin lc.
PCH (Paging Channel, knh tm gi) c BTS truyn xung gi MS.
AGCH (Access Grant Channel): Knh cho php truy nhp AGCH, l
knh hng xung, mang tin tc phc p ca BTS i vi bn tin yu cu knh
ca MS thc hin mt knh lu lng TCH v knh DCCH cho thu bao.
Knh iu khin ring DCCH: DCCH l knh dng c hng ln v
hng xung, dng trao i bn tin bo hiu, phc v cp nht v tr, ng k v
thit lp cuc gi, phc v bo dng knh. DCCH gm c:
Knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh SDCCH dng cp nht v
tr v thit lp cuc gi.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH, l mt knh hot ng lin tc
trong sut cuc lin lc truyn cc s liu o lng v kim sot cng sut.
Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH, n lin kt vi mt knh TCH
v hot ng bng cch ly ln mt khung FACCH c dng chuyn giao cell.
2.4. Cc m nhn dng s dng trong h thng GSM
Trong GSM, mi phn t mng cng nh mi vng phc v u c a
ch ho bng mt s gi l m (code). Trn phm vi ton cu, h thng m ny l
n tr (duy nht) cho mi i tng v c lu tr ri rc trong tt c cc phn t
mng.
M xc nh khu vc LAI ( Location Area Identity ): LAI l m quc t
cho cc khu vc, c lu tr trong VLR v l mt thnh phn trong m nhn dng
t bo ton cu CGI (Cell Global Identity). Khi mt thu bao c mt ti mt vng
ph sng no , n s nhn CGI t BSS, so snh LAI nhn c trc xc
nh xem n ang u. Khi hai s liu ny khc nhau, MS s np LAI mi cho b
nh. Cu trc ca mt LAI nh sau:

MCC MNC LAC
Trong :
MCC (Mobile Country Code): m quc gia ca nc c mng GSM.
MNC (Mobile Network Code): m ca mng GSM, do quc gia c
mng GSM qui nh.
LAC (Location Area Code): m khu vc, dng nhn dng khu vc
trong mng GSM.

Cc m s a dch v ton cu (International ISDN Numbers): Cc phn
t ca mng GSM nh MSC, VLR, HLR/AUC, EIR, BSC u c mt m s tng

32 Ti u ha mng GSM
ng a dch v ton cu. M cc im bo hiu c suy ra t cc m ny c s
dng cho mng bo hiu CCS7 trong mng GSM.
Ring HLR/AUC cn c mt m khc, gm hai thnh phn. Mt phn lin
quan n s thu bao a dch v ton cu - MSISDN (International Mobile
Subscriber ISDN Number) c s dng trong vic thit lp cuc gi t mt mng
khc n MS trong mng. Phn t khc lin quan n m nhn dng thu bao di
ng quc t - IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) c lu gi trong
AUC.

M nhn dng t bo ton cu CGI: CGI c s dng cc MSC v
BSC truy nhp cc t bo.
CGI = LAI + CI.

CI (Cell Identity) gm 16 bit dng nhn dng cell trong phm vi ca LAI.
CGI c lu gi trong c s d liu ca MSC/VLR.

M nhn dng trm gc BSIC (Base Station Identity Code):
Cu trc ca m nhn dng trm gc nh sau:
NCC (3 bits) BCC (3 bits)
Trong :
NCC (Network Color Code): m mu ca mng GSM. c s dng
phn bit vi cc mng khc trong nc.
BCC ( BTS Color Code ): m mu ca BTS. Dng phn bit cc knh s
dng cng mt tn s ca cc trm BTS khc nhau.

S thu bao ISDN ca my di ng - MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN
Number):
Mi thu bao di ng u c mt s my MSISDN c ghi trong danh b
in thoi. Nu mt s dng cho tt c cc dch v vin thng lin quan n thu

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

bao th gi l nh s duy nht, cn nu thu bao s dng cho mi dch v vin
thng mt s khc nhau th gi l nh s m rng.
MSISDN c s dng bi MSC truy nhp HLR khi cn thit lp cuc
ni. MSISDN c cu trc theo CCITT, E164 v k hoch nh s ISDN nh sau:
CC NDC SN
Trong :
CC (Country Code): m nc, l ni thu bao ng k nhp mng (Vit Nam
th CC = 84).
NDC (National Destination Code): m mng GSM, dng phn bit cc
mng GSM trong cng mt nc.
SN (Subscriber Number): s thu bao, ti a c 12 s, trong c 3 s
nhn dng HLR.

Nhn dng thu bao di ng ton cu IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity):
IMSI l m s duy nht cho mi thu bao trong mt vng h thng GSM.
IMSI c ghi trong MS v trong HLR v b mt vi ngi s dng. IMSI c cu
trc nh sau:
MCC MNC MSIN

Trong :
MCC (Mobile Country Code): m nc c mng GSM, do CCITT qui nh
nhn dng quc gia m thu bao ang c mt.
MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng GSM.
MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identification Number): s nhn dng thu bao di
ng, gm 10 s c dng nhn dng thu bao di ng trong cc vng dch v
ca mng GSM, vi 3 s u tin c dng nhn dng HLR.

34 Ti u ha mng GSM
MSIN c lu gi c nh trong VLR v trong thu bao MS. MSIN c
VLR s dng khi truy nhp HLR/AUC to lp H khu thng tr cho thu
bao.

Nhn dng thu bao di ng cc b - LMSI (Location Mobile subscriber
Identity):
Gm 4 octet. VLR lu gi v s dng LMSI cho tt c cc thu bao hin
ang c mt ti vng ph sng ca n v chuyn LMSI cng vi IMSI cho HLR.
HLR s dng LMSI mi khi cn chuyn cc mu tin lin quan n thu bao tng
ng cung cp dch v.

Nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi - TMSI (Temporaly Mobile
subscriber Identity):
TMSI do VLR t to ra trong c s d liu ca n cng vi IMSI sau khi
vic kim tra quyn truy nhp ca thu bao chng t hp l. TMSI c s dng
cng vi LAI a ch ho thu bao trong BSS v truy nhp s liu ca thu bao
trong c s d liu ca VLR.

S vng lai ca thu bao di ng - MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming
Number ):
MSRN do VLR tm thi to ra yu cu ca HLR trc khi thit lp cuc gi
n mt thu bao ang lu ng n mng ca n. Khi cuc gi kt thc th MSRN
cng b xo. Cu trc ca MSRN bao gm CC, NDC v s do VLR tm thi t to
ra.

S chuyn giao HON (Handover Number):
Handover l vic di chuyn cuc ni m khng lm gin on cuc ni t t
bo ny sang t bo khc (trng hp phc tp nht l chuyn giao nhng t bo
thuc cc tng i MSC khc nhau). V d khi thu bao di chuyn t MSC1 sang

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

MSC2 m vn ang s dng dch v. MSC2 yu cu VLR ca n tm thi to ra
HON gi cho MSC1 v MSC1 s dng HON chuyn cuc ni sang cho
MSC2. Sau khi ht cuc thoi hay thu bao ri khi vng ph sng ca MSC1 th
HON s b xo.

Nhn dng thit b di ng quc t - IMEI (International Moble
Equipment Identity):
IMEI c hng ch to ghi sn trong thit b thu bao v c thu bao
cung cp cho MSC khi cn thit. Cu trc ca IMEI:
TAC FAC SNR

Trong :
TAC (Type Approval Code): m chng nhn loi thit b, gm 6 k t, dng
phn bit vi cc loi khng c cp bn quyn. TAC c qun l mt cch
tp trung.
FAC (Final Assembly Code): xc nh ni sn xut, gm 2 k t.
SNR (Serial Number): l s Seri, dng xc nh cc my c cng TAC v
FAC.

36 Ti u ha mng GSM
Phn II
TI U HA MNG GSM

Chng III
TNH TON MNG DI NG GSM
3.1. L thuyt dung lng v cp dch v
Trong qu trnh pht trin mng, tng cng dung lng ca mng l mt
nhu cu cp thit. Tuy nhin, cng cn xc nh dung lng cn tng l bao nhiu
ph hp vi tng giai on pht trin ca mng v ph hp vi yu cu v mt
k thut v kinh t hin ti.
3.1.1. Lu lng v knh v tuyn ng trc
Trong lnh vc giao thng vn ti, ng trc cho nhiu xe c i n mi
ni. Hiu qu s dng ca ng trc ln hn nhiu so vi ng ct (ch ni vi
mt x vng su chng hn). Nu lin lc v tuyn bng knh v tuyn dnh ring
PRM (Private Mobile Radio), th phn ln thi gian knh v tuyn khng c
s dng. Ti nguyn knh v tuyn l rt hn ch, nn phi qun l n trn phm vi
quc gia v quc t. T , xu hng l knh v tuyn ng trc dng chung.
H thng thng tin di ng cellular p dng knh v tuyn ng trc: Mi
BTS c mt s knh v tuyn dng chung cho nhiu ngi. T l ngi dng trn
s knh dng chung cng cao th hiu qu s dng ng trc cng cao. Hiu sut
s dng ph tn s li cng cao khi cng mt tn s m c dng li nhiu ln
cc cell cch xa nhau.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

37 TNH TON MNG DI NG GSM
Lu lng: Trong h thng vin thng, lu lng l tin tc c truyn dn
qua cc knh thng tin.
Lu lng ca mt thu bao c tnh theo cng thc:
A =
3600
*t C

Trong :
C : s cuc gi trung bnh trong mt gi ca mt thu bao.
t : thi gian trung bnh cho mt cuc gi.
A : lu lng thng tin trn mt thu bao (tnh bng Erlang).
Theo s liu thng k in hnh th:
C = 1 : trung bnh mt ngi c mt cuc gi trong mt gi.
t = 120s : thi gian trung bnh cho mt cuc gi l 2 pht.
A =
3600
120 * 1
~ 33 mErlang/ngi s dng
Nh vy, phc v cho 1000 thu bao ta cn mt lu lng l 33 Erlang.
3.1.2. Cp dch v - GoS (Grade of Service)
Nu mt knh b chim ton b thi gian, th knh t c dung lng
cc i 1 Erl. V ngi s dng truy cp knh v tuyn theo kiu ngu nhn, nn
khng th trnh khi nhng khong thi gian trng knh v tuyn , do vy
knh v tuyn khng t c dung lng l tng (1 Erl). Khi s ngi dng tng
ln, s cuc gi i qua knh cng tng, nn thng lng tng ln.C th xy ra tnh
hung nhiu ngi dng ng thi truy cp mt knh v tuyn, khi ch c mt
ngi c dng knh, nhng ngi khc b tc nghn.

Hnh 3-1 Lu lng: Mun truyn, c truyn, nghn

38 Ti u ha mng GSM
Lu lng mun truyn = Lu lng c truyn + Lu lng nghn.
Offered Traffic = Carried Traffic + Blocked Traffic

Cp phc v (GoS = Grade of Service):
mt knh ng trc c cht lng phc v cao th xc sut nghn phi
thp. Vy nn s ngi dng c th phi b gii hn, tc l lu lng mun truyn
phi gi trong dung lng knh. Nu chp nhn mt cp phc v thp hn, tc l
xc sut nghn ln hn, th tng ng tng c dung lng mun truyn (tng s
ngi dng). GoS cng mt ngha vi xc sut nghn:
Lu lng mun truyn: A (lu lng mun truyn)
Lu lng b nghn : A*GoS (lu lng mt i)
Lu lng c truyn : A*(1 - GoS) (lu lng pht ra)
Theo thng k cho thy th cc thu bao c nhn s khng nhn ra c s
tc nghn h thng mc di 10%. Tuy nhin mng hot ng vi hiu sut
cao th mng cellular thng c GoS = 2 % ngha l ti a 2% lu lng b nghn,
ti thiu 98% lu lng c truyn.

M hnh ERLANG B:
y l m hnh h thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu tiu hao. Thu bao
khng h gi li khi cuc gi khng thnh. ng thi gi thit rng: Xc sut cuc
gi phn b theo lut ngu nhin Poisson, s ngi dng rt ln so vi s knh
dng chung, khng c knh d tr dng ring, cuc gi b nghn khng c gi li
ngay.

Hnh 3-2 Xc sut nghn GoS

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

M hnh Erlang B l m hnh thch hp hn c cho mng GSM. T cc cng
thc ton hc, ngi ta lp ra bng Erlang B cho tin dng (phn Ph lc).
V d: S knh dng chung l 10, GoS l 2%. Tra bng Erlang B ta c lu
lng mun truyn l A = 5,084 Erl. Vy lu lng c truyn l:
A*(1 - GoS) = 5,084*(1 0,02) = 4,9823 Erl.
3.1.3. Hiu sut s dng trung k (ng trc)
Hiu sut s dng trung k l t s gia lu lng c truyn vi s knh
ca ng trc.
v d trn, ta ang xt trung k c s knh dng chung n = 10, GoS = 2 %,
nn lu lng c truyn s l 4,9823 Erl. Ta c:
Hiu sut s dng trung k = % 100 *
10
9823 , 4
= 49,823 %
Hiu sut c v thp ny tng ng vi GoS tt (Xc sut nghn thp).
Chng hn, nu GoS = 10 % (ti hn) th lu lng mun truyn l 7,511 Erl, tng
ng lu lng c truyn l: 7,511*(1 0,1) = 6,7599 Erl. Khi , hiu sut s
dng trung k ln n % 100 *
10
7599 , 6
= 67,599 %.
GoS cng tt th hiu sut s dng trung k cng thp, cn phi c nhiu
knh v tuyn cho lu lng mun truyn cho. GoS cng km th vi mt lu
lng cho th ch cn s knh v tuyn l t hn.
Vi cng mt cp phc v, trung k cng ln (s knh dng chung ln) th
hiu qu s dng trung k cng cao.
S knh
TCH
Lu lng c truyn
(GoS = 2%)
Hiu sut s dng
trung k
6 2,2305 Erlang 37 %
10 4,9823 Erlang 49,82 %
15 8,8300 Erlang 58,86 %
25 17,155 Erlang 68,62 %
40 30,377 Erlang 75,94 %

40 Ti u ha mng GSM
3.2. Cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng ph sng
3.2.1. Tn hao ng truyn sng v tuyn
H thng GSM c thit k vi mc ch l mt mng t ong dy c v
bao trm mt vng ph sng rng ln. Cc nh khai thc v thit k mng ca mnh
cui cng t c mt vng ph lin tc bao tt c cc vng dn c ca t
nc. Vng ph sng c chia thnh cc vng nh hn l cc cell. Mi cell c
ph sng bi mt trm pht v tuyn gc BTS. Kch thc cc i ca mt cell
thng thng c th t ti bn knh R = 35 km. V vy, suy hao ng truyn l
khng th trnh khi.
Vi mt anten cho trc v mt cng sut pht bit, suy hao ng truyn
t l vi bnh phng (d.f), trong d l khong cch t trm thu n trm pht gc
BTS. Trong mi trng thnh ph, vi nhiu nh cao tng, suy hao c th t l vi
lu tha 4 hoc cao hn na.
D on tn hao ng truyn trong thng tin di ng GSM bao gm mt
lot cc vn kh khn, m l do chnh bi v trm di ng lun lun di ng v
anten thu thp. Nhng l do thc t ny dn n s thay i lin tc ca a hnh
truyn sng, v vy trm di ng s phi vo nhng v tr tt nht thu c cc
tia phn x.
3.2.1.1. Tnh ton l thuyt
Cch c bn m n gin ta coi khng gian truyn sng l khng gian t do.
Gi thit rng khng c tia phn x v sng v tuyn c truyn trong khng gian
t do. Vi anten v hng, ta c cng thc suy hao ng truyn trong khng gian
t do:
L
f
= 20log(4td /) [dB]
Cng thc ny c th c vit li nh sau:
L
f
= 32,5 + 20logd + 20logf [dB]
Trong :
d = khong cch t anten pht n anten thu [km].

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

f = tn s lm vic [MHz].
Nhng cng thc l thuyt n gin v trn vn trn khng cn ph hp
trong mi trng di ng na, ni m truyn sng do nhiu ng l ch yu.
Nhng sng ny cng b tn x, nhiu x, suy gim do nhiu trng thi khc nhau
ca c vt th c nh v vt th chuyn ng. Hn na, s khc x tng i lu
lm ng truyn sng b un cong.

M hnh mt t bng phng:
M hnh mt t c trnh by trong hnh 3.3 cho thy tng tn hiu n
trong my thu bao gm thnh phn n trc tip cng vi thnh phn phn x t
mt t (thnh phn ny c th c coi nh l tn hiu gc t mt anten o trong
lng t). Hai sng ny cng nhau to thnh sng khng gian (Space Wave).

Hnh 3-3 Truyn sng trong trng hp coi mt t l bng phng

Ta c cng thc sau tnh suy hao ng truyn:
L = 20.log(d
2
/h
1
.h
2
)
Nhng trong thc t, khong khng gian gia my thu v my pht thng
c cc vt chn (hnh 3.4). Theo l thuyt v truyn sng v tuyn, mt chng

42 Ti u ha mng GSM
ngi vt s lm suy gim cng ca tn hiu truyn thng. S suy gim ny ph
thuc vo vt chn trong tm nhn thng ca vt chn.

Hnh 3-4 Vt chn trong tm nhn thng

Cng thc sau dng tnh ton s suy gim do vt chn gy ra:
V =
h
d d
d d
2 1
2 1
) ( 2 +

Trn thc t cc loi a hnh truyn sng rt phc tp, khng mt cng thc
no c th cp c ht cc loi a hnh ny. V vy, xut hin nhng m
hnh truyn sng nh nhng o c thc t ca cc nh khoa hc. Nhng kt qu t
nhng php o c chuyn thnh nhng th ch ra mi quan h gia cng
trng v khong cch vi mt s bin nh: chiu cao anten, loi a hnh...

Phng php o cng trng:
Nm 1968, Y. Okumura l mt k s ngi Nht Bn a ra rt nhiu s
liu v vic o cng trng tham kho. ng chia a hnh thnh 5 loi chnh
1. Vng hu nh bng phng
2. Vng nhiu i
3. Vng c chm ni c lp
4. Vng c a hnh dc

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

5. Vng ranh gii gia t v nc (b sng, b bin...)
ng a ra nhng th nghim trn tt c cc loi a hnh trn ti nhng tn
s khc nhau, vi nhng cao anten khc nhau v s dng cc cng sut pht
khc nhau. i vi mi loi a hnh c mt biu tng ng ch ra tn hao ng
vi loi a hnh (hnh 3.5).

Hnh 3-5 Biu cng trng ca OKUMURA

Ta thy rng s o lng ca Okumura ch cho thy s suy gim ca cng
tn hiu theo khong cch, nhng n gim nhanh hn nhiu so vi nhng g ta
bit trong khng gian t do.

44 Ti u ha mng GSM
3.2.1.2. Cc m hnh chnh lan truyn sng trong thng tin di ng:
M hnh truyn sng Hata:
Vo khong nm 1980, M.Hata gii thiu m hnh ton hc trong vic
tnh suy gim ng truyn da trn nhng phn tch d liu ca Okumula.

Cng thc Hata:
Lp( th ) = 69,55 + 26,16.logf 13,82.log(h
b
) a(h
m
) + [44,9 6,55log(h
b
)].logd
Trong :
Lp( th) : suy hao ng truyn i vi th ng dn [dB]
f : tn s sng mang (1501500) MHz
h
b
: chiu cao ca anten trm gc (30200) m
h
m
: chiu cao anten my di ng (120) m
d : khong cch t trm gc n my di ng (120) km
H s hiu chnh anten a(h
m
) :
a(h
m
) = (1,1.logf 0,7).h
m
(1,56.logf 0,8)
V cng thc tnh suy hao cho vng ngoi th:
Lp(ngoi ) = Lp( th) 2.[log(f/28)]
2
5,4
Lp(nng thn) = Lp( th) 4,78(logf)
2
+ 18,33.logf 40,94
M hnh Hata c s dng rng ri nhng trong cc trng hp c bit
nh nh cao tng phi s dng Microcell vi anten lp t di mi nh cn phi s
dng m hnh khc c gii thiu tip theo.

M hnh COST 231:
COST (Collaborative studies in Science and Technology - Cng tc nghin
cu khoa hc v cng ngh) c s bo tr ca EU. COST231 bao gm mt s
vn lin quan ti v tuyn ca v nhng m hnh truyn sng. Mt Microcell
c COST231 nh ngha l mt cell nh vi phm vi t 0,5 n 1 km, trong phm
vi ny anten gc ni chung c t thp hn cao ca to nh cao nht.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

Anten trm gc ca cell ln hoc cell nh ni chung u c t pha trn
ca to nh cao nht. Cell nh ca GSM c gii hn trong phm vi bn knh
khong 13 km, tri li cell ln c th m rng phm vi bn knh ln ti 35 km.
Da trn c s ny, COST a ra m hnh Hata COST231.
M hnh Hata COST231
M hnh ny c thit k hot ng trong di tn t 15002000 MHz
th hoc ngoi , ta c cng thc:
Lp = 46,3 + 33,9.logf 13,82.logh
b
a(h
m
) + (44,9 6,55.logh
b
).logd + Cm
Trong :
Lp : suy hao ng truyn ( dB )
f : tn s hot ng ( MHz )
hb : cao anten trm gc ( m )
hm : cao anten my di ng ( m )
a(hm) : h s hiu chnh anten
d : khong cch t trm gc n my di ng ( km )
Cm = 0 dB i vi thnh ph c trung bnh hoc trung tm ngoi
= 3 dB i vi trung tm th
M hnh SAKAGAMIKUBOL:
y l m hnh c pht trin da trn kt qu ca m hnh Okumura. Kt
qu l c c mt m hnh ng quan tm bi nhng l do sau:
1. N a ra rt nhiu tham s cho mi trng th.
2. N c th p ng c trn phm vi tn s 4502200 MHz.
3. N a ra nhng qui nh hp l i vi nhng cao ca anten trm gc
thp hn nh cc to nh, to ra m hnh hu ch cho ng dng ca Microcell.
Cng thc ca m hnh ny l:
Lp = 100 7,1.logW + 0,023.| + 1,4.loghs + 6,1.log<H> [24,37
3,7.(H/hb)
2
].loghb + (43,42 3,1.loghb).logd + 20logf + exp[13(logf 3,23)]
Trong :
Lp : suy hao [dB]

46 Ti u ha mng GSM
W : b rng ca ng ti im thu ( 550 m )
| : gc gia trc ca ng vi ng thng ni t anten trm gc n
my di ng
hs : cao ca ta nh c t anten trm gc pha im thu (580 m)
<H> : cao trung bnh ca cc to nh xung quanh im thu (550 m)
hb : cao ca anten trm gc ti im thu (20100 m)
H : cao trung bnh ca cc ta nh xung quanh trm gc (H > hb)
d : khong cch gia trm gc v im thu (0,510 km)
f : tn s hot ng (4502200 MHz)
3.2.2. Vn Fading
Fading chun Loga: trm di ng thng hot ng cc mi trng c
nhiu chng ngi vt (cc qu i, to nh...). iu ny dn n hiu ng che
khut (Shaddowing) lm gim cng tn hiu thu, khi thu bao di chuyn cng
thu s thay i.
Fading Rayleigh: Khi mi trng c nhiu chng ngi vt, tn hiu thu
c t nhiu phng khc nhau. iu ny ngha l tn hiu thu l tng ca nhiu
tn hiu ging nhau nhng khc pha v bin .
gim phn no tc hi do Fading gy ra, ngi ta thng tng cng sut
pht ln to ra mt lng d tr Fading, s dng mt s bin php nh: phn
tp anten, nhy tn ...
3.2.3. nh hng nhiu C/I v C/A
Mt c im ca cell l cc knh ang s dng c th c s dng
cc cell khc. Nhng gia cc cell ny phi c mt khong cch nht nh. iu ny
c ngha l cell s b nhiu ng knh do vic cc cell khc s dng cng tn s.
Cui cng vng ph sng ca trm gc s b gii hn bi l do ny hn l do tp m
thng thng. V vy, ta c th ni rng mt h thng t ong hon thin l gii hn
c nhiu m c qui chun, loi tr c nhiu h thng. Mt vn trong

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

thit k h t ong l iu khin cc loi nhiu ny mc chp nhn c. iu ny
c thc hin mt phn bi vic vic iu khin khong cch s dng li tn s.
Khong cch ny cng ln th nhiu cng b.
cht lng thoi lun c m bo th mc thu ca sng mang mong
mun C (Carrier) phi ln hn tng mc nhiu ng knh I (Interference) v mc
nhiu knh ln cn A (Adjacent).
3.2.3.1. Nhiu ng knh C/I:
Nhiu ng knh xy ra khi c hai my pht pht trn cng mt tn s hoc
trn cng mt knh. My thu iu chnh knh ny s thu c c hai tn hiu vi
cng ph thuc vo v tr ca my thu so vi hai my pht.
T s sng mang trn nhiu c nh ngha l cng tn hiu mong mun
trn cng tn hiu nhiu.
C/I = 10log(Pc/Pi) .
Trong :
Pc = cng sut tn hiu thu mong mun
Pi = cng sut nhiu thu c.

48 Ti u ha mng GSM

Hnh 3-6 T s nhiu ng knh C/I

Hnh 3.6 trn ch ra trng hp m my di ng (cellphone) t trong xe
ang thu mt sng mang mong mun t mt trm gc phc v (Serving BS) v
ng thi cng ang chu mt nhiu ng knh do nhiu pht sinh ca mt trm gc
khc (Interference BS).
Gi s rng c hai trm u pht vi mt cng sut nh nhau cc ng
truyn sng cng tng ng (hu nh cng khng khc nhau trong thc t) v
im gia, my di ng c C/I bng 0 dB, c ngha l c hai tn hiu c cng
bng nhau. Nu my di ng i gn v pha trm gc ang phc v n th C/I > 0
dB. Nu my di ng chuyn ng v pha trm gy ra nhiu th C/I < 0 dB.
Theo khuyn ngh ca GSM gi tr C/I b nht m my di ng vn c th
lm vic tt l 9 dB. Trong thc t, ngi ta nhn thy rng gi tr ny cn thit phi
ln n 12 dB ngoi tr nu s dng nhy tn th mi c th lm vic mc C/I l
9dB. mc C/I thp hn th t l li bit BER (Bit Error Rate) s cao khng chp
nhn c v m ho knh cng khng th sa li mt cch chnh xc c.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

T s C/I c dng cho cc my di ng ph thuc rt ln vo vic quy
hoch tn s v mu ti s dng tn s. Ni chung vic s dng li tn s lm dung
lng tng ng k tuy nhin ng thi cng lm cho t s C/I gim i. Do vic
quy hoch tn s cn quan tm n nhiu ng knh C/I.
3.2.3.2. Nhiu knh ln cn C/A:
Nhiu knh ln cn xy ra khi sng v tuyn c iu chnh v thu ring
knh C song li chu nhiu t knh ln cn C-1 hoc C+1. Mc d thc t sng v
tuyn khng c chnh thu knh ln cn , nhng n vn ngh mt s p
ng nh l cho php knh ln cn gy nhiu ti knh m my thu ang iu chnh.
T s sng mang trn knh ln cn c nh ngha l cng ca sng mang
mong mun trn cng ca sng mang knh ln cn.
C/A = 10.log(Pc/Pa)
Trong :
Pc = cng sut thu tn hiu mong mun
Pa = cng sut thu tn hiu ca knh ln cn
Gi tr C/A thp lm cho mc BER cao. Mc d m ho knh GSM bao gm
vic pht hin li v sa li, nhng vic thnh cng th cng c gii hn i
vi nhiu. Theo khuyn ngh ca GSM, cho vic quy hoch tn s c tt th
gi tr C/A nh nht nn ln hn - 9 dB.
Khong cch gia ngun to ra tn hiu mong mun vi ngun ca knh ln
cn ln s tt hn cho C/A. iu ny c ngha l cc cell ln cn khng nn c n
nh cc sng mang ca cc knh cnh nhau nu C/A c c ngh trong
mt gii hn nht nh.
C hai t s C/I v C/A u c th c tng ln bng vic s dng quy
hoch cu trc tn s.
3.2.3.3. Mt s bin php khc phc
Vn can nhiu knh chung l mt thch thc ln vi h thng thng tin di
ng t bo. C cc phng php gim can nhiu knh chung nh:

50 Ti u ha mng GSM
1. Tng c ly s dng li tn s (D)
2. H thp cao anten trm gc
3. S dng Anten nh hng BTS (Sector ha)
Vi phng php th nht: vic tng c ly s dng li tn s D s lm gim
can nhiu knh chung, tuy nhin khi s cell trong mi mng mu s tng, tng
ng vi s knh tn s dnh cho mi cell s gim v nh vy th dung lng phc
v s gim xung.
Phng php th hai vic h thp anten trm gc lm cho nh hng gia
cc cell dng chung tn s s c gim bt v nh vy can nhiu knh chung cng
c gim bt. Tuy nhin, vic h thp anten s lm nh hng ca cc vt cn
(nh cao tng) ti cht lng ca h thng tr nn nghim trng hn.
Phng php th 3 c hai ch li: Mt l bin php lm gim can nhiu knh
chung trong khi c ly s dng li tn s khng i, hai l tng dung lng h thng.
Phng php ny s c trnh by trong phn sau.
Ngoi ra, cc k thut khc nh:
iu khin cng sut pht sng kiu ng
Truyn pht gin on
Nhy tn
cng lm ci thin thm ng k t s C/ I ca h thng

Mt s k thut tng cht lng h thng:
- Nhy tn:
Thc cht ca vic nhy tn l thc hin tri cc cm (burst) d liu trn cc
knh tn s khc nhau mt cch ngu nhin, nhm gim nhiu trong ton b h
thng. iu ny c ngha rt ln i vi cc mng ln m vic s dng li tn s
l cc k kh khn. nhy tn cn ch trong trng hp t hp nhy tn, s tn
s ny c th nhiu hn s trm thu/pht TRX ca cell. Khi chn cc tn s nhy
tn khc nhau s lm cho cc cm d liu nhy tn theo cc cch khc nhau v lm
gim kh nng trng tn s gia cc cm s liu trn 2 cell.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

- Truyn pht gin on _ Discontinuous Transmission (DTX):
Thc cht ca phng php DTX l BTS hay MS ch pht khi nhn c tn hiu
u vo nh c tn hiu thoi v khi kt thc tn hiu n s ngng pht. Vic pht
hay khng c thc hin trn c s tng khe thi gian. Mc ch ca phng php
ny l tit kim nng lng v gim nhiu trn knh ln cn mt cch ti a. Khi s
dng phng php truyn dn gin on ta cn thm cc thit b ph tr khc nh
VAD (Voice Active Detector) pht hin tn hiu vo v to ra ting n gi khi
mt pha no ngng cung cp tn hiu.
- iu khin cng sut thu pht ca MS v BTS: Vic iu khin tng
gim cng sut thu pht ca MS v BTS cng lm ci thin ng k t s C/ I.
3.2.4. Phn tn thi gian
Phn tn thi gian xy ra l do c nhiu ng truyn sng t my pht n
my thu. Hin tng phn tn thi gian gy ra mt s vn cho mng thng tin di
ng s. Vic s dng truyn dn s cng gy ra mt s vn khc nh: phn tn
thi gian do cc tn hiu phn x (Reflection) gy ra.
S phn tn thi gian s gy ra hin tng giao thoa gia cc k t. Gi
thit chng ta pht i mt chui bit 1 v 0. Nu tn hiu phn x i chm hn tn
hiu i thng ng 1 bit th my thu pht hin bit 1 t sng phn x ng thi cng
pht hin bit 0 t sng i thng.
Ca s thi gian c nh ngha l khong thi gian 15 ms sau khi my thu
nhn c tn hiu trc tip t my pht. Gi s cc tia phn x n my thu bn
ngoi ca s thi gian, tc l sau 15 ms, s gy phin phc cho h thng ging nh
l nhiu.Ta bit gi tr ti thiu ca C/I trong h thng GSM l 9 dB.
Chng ta c th coi gi tr ny l gi tr cc i ca phn tn thi gian. Ngha
l tt c cc tn hiu phn x m n tr hn 15 ms, bn ngoi ca s thi gian, phi
c gi tr tng nh hn 9 dB. T s ny chnh l C/R.

52 Ti u ha mng GSM
3.2.4.1. Cc trng hp phn tn thi gian
Nhng mi trng nguy him: (l nhng mi trng c th gy nn vn
v phn tn thi gian).
Nhng vng ni
H su hoc nhiu nh cao tng
Nhng to nh cao c kt cu kim loi , ...
Trong tt c nhng trng hp nh vy phn tn thi gian ch c th xy ra
khi hiu qung ng gia tn hiu trc tip v tn hiu phn x t nhng chng
ngi vt k trn ln hn ca s cn bng (4,5 km).
Ni chung, s nguy him ca phn tn thi gian s tng cng vi khong
cch gia BTS v MS. Khi mt MS gn BTS c th nhn c tn hiu phn x
mnh vi hiu qung ng ln nhng vn khng nh hng g do tn hiu trc tip
mnh m bo t s C/R trn ngng ti hn. Khi MS chuyn ng ra xa BTS th
nguy c t s C/R thp s tng ln do tn hiu trc tip yu i.
Tuy nhin, mt iu cn ch l tia phn x cng l mt phn ca sng
mang cho nn vic quy hoch mt h thng cn phi ch ra c cc trng hp c
th c th xy ra hin tng giao thoa k t.

Phn tn thi gian vi cc trng hp khc nhau
Trng hp 1:

Trng hp ny: Tuy hiu s qung ng = D
R
D
0
ln (DR = D
1
+ D
2
),
nhng tn hiu trc tip mnh, tn hiu phn x yu. Do vy t s C/R trn ngng.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9


Trng hp 2:

Trng hp ny: Hiu s qung ng vn cn kh ln nn cc tn hiu phn
x nm ngoi ca s thi gian.
Trong khi tn hiu n trc tip yu i, tn hiu phn x mnh hn. T s
C/R gn hoc thp hn ngng.
y l trng hp nguy him nht, hin tng phn tn thi gian biu hin
r rng nht.
Trng hp 3:

Trng hp ny: Tn hiu phn x mnh gn nh tn hiu trc tip, t s C/R
gn hoc di ngng. Nhng do hiu qung ng nh nm trong ca s cn
bng, hay cc tn hiu phn x nm trong ca s thi gian, nn trng hp ny
khng b nh hng bi phn tn thi gian.
3.2.4.2. Mt s gii php khc phc
Nhng gii php kh thi trnh tc hi ca phn tn thi gian l:
1. Chn v tr t BTS:

54 Ti u ha mng GSM
Di chuyn BTS n cng gn vt gy phn x cng tt. iu ny s m
bo cho hiu khong cch lun nh nm trong phm vi ca s cn bng.

Hnh 3-7 t BTS gn chng ngi vt trnh phn tn thi gian

Chuyn hng anten ca BTS ra khi pha vt chng ngi gy phn x
nu BTS c t xa n. Anten nn chn c t s tng ch trc trn sau cao.

2. Thay i anten v gc nghing anten:
Nu vt phn x khng b chiu vo th s khng c hin tng phn x. Nh
vy, ta phi c gng gim phn nng lng bc x t vt phn x m c th gy ra
hin tng phn x c hi.
S dng anten down tilt l mt cch c th p dng c. Anten down tilt
vi rng bp sng vo khong 10
0
, c s dng trnh chiu vo nhng vng
ni v trong trng hp cn ph sng cho mt trc ng quc l. Vn chnh khi
s dng anten ny l chng phi c lp t tht chnh xc, sai s khng c
vt qu 1
0
.

3. iu chnh tham s cell:
Mt cch khc chng phn tn thi gian l thay i tham s ca cell.
Nu mt vng no trong mt cell c cng tn hiu thp so vi vng
cn li trong cell th cc tham s iu khin chuyn giao nn c thit lp tin
hnh cc cuc chuyn giao ra ngay khi cell ny trc khi my di ng MS i
vo vng nguy him . Cc tham s ca cc cell bn cnh cng nn c thit lp

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

sao cho cc cuc chuyn giao khng b chuyn vo nhng vng c xy ra tn sc
thi gian nm trong cell .

4. o lng:
Bin php o lng c a ra trong nhng mi trng khc nhau m
nhng chng ngi vt gy nn phn tn ch nm ngoi vng ellipe c to nn
bi v tr gia BTS v MS v phm vi ca s cn bng (hnh 3.8).
Nng lng sng phn x t l vi R
-4
ca khong cch. C ngha l n s
gim rt nhanh khi ra xa chng ngi vt. V li, nu BTS v MS nhn thy c
nhau th tn hiu trc tip s mnh hn rt nhiu so vi tn hiu phn x v tc hi
lm cho cht lng cuc kt ni khng c n nh trong thi gian phn tn thi
gian s rt nh.

Hnh 3-8 Phm vi vng Elip

56 Ti u ha mng GSM
Chng IV
CC CH TIU CHT LNG H THNG
4.1. Khi nim v cht lng dch v QOS
QOS (Quality of Service) c th xem nh l nhng ch tiu nh gi mng
li m bt c mt h thng thng tin di ng no u phi c. Ch tiu cht lng
mng li y phi l nhng tiu ch thc s cht lng chng hn nh ting
ni trong tro, t rt cuc gi v khng b nghn mch. nh gi c cht lng
mng chng ta phi xc nh nhng i lng c trng (key indicators), qua
cho php nhng ci nhn chnh xc v s hot ng ca mng li cng nh cht
lng ca mng.
4.2. Cc i lng c trng
4.2.1. T l thit lp cuc gi thnh cng CSSR (Call Setup Successful
Rate)
C th nh ngha CSSR nh l t l m ngi s dng (thu bao) thnh cng
trong vic bt u thc hin cuc gi xt trn c hai chiu gi i v gi n (lu l
nhng cuc gi c ni nhng b rt trong trng hp ny vn c coi l
thnh cng). Thnh cng y ta c th tm coi l khi ngi s dng quay s v
bm YES, cuc gi chc chn c ni (trng hp gi i). Trong trng hp gi
n, s khng thnh cng c th hiu n gin l mt ai thc s gi n thu
bao nhng thu bao vn khng nhn c mt tn hiu bo gi no mc d anh ta
vn bt my v nm trong vng ph sng. CSSR c th c tnh nh sau:
CSSR = Tng s ln thc hin (nhn) thnh cng cuc gi / Tng s ln thc
hin (nhn) cuc gi
Theo khuyn ngh Alcatel v ch tiu cht lng h thng th t l thit lp
cuc gi thnh cng CSSR cn t l 92%.

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

57 CC CH TIU CHT LNG H THNG
4.2.2. T l rt cuc gi trung bnh (Average Drop Call Rate - AVDR)
AVDR l t l s cuc gi b rt mch trn tng s cuc gi thnh cng.
AVDR c th c tnh nh sau:
AVDR = Tng s ln rt mch / Tng s ln chim mch TCH thnh cng ngoi
tr trng hp Handover
(AVDR = Total drops/ Total TCH seizures excluding TCH seizures due to HO)
i lng ny nn s dng nh gi cht lng ton mng, ch khng
nn p dng cho tng cell ring l v rng mi cell khng ch mang nhng cuc gi
c bt u t n (trn c hai ngha gi i v gi n) m n cn phi chu trch
nhim ti nhng cuc gi c handover t nhng cell khc sang - iu c ngha
l n b chim mch nhiu hn rt nhiu ln. Hn na i vi mi cell, vic mang
mt cuc gi do handover hay bnh thng l c cng mt bn cht.
4.2.3. T l rt mch trn TCH (TCH Drop Rate - TCDR)
TCDR c th tm nh ngha l t l rt mch tnh trn cc knh TCH ca
tng cell ring bit.
TCDR= Tng s ln rt mch/ Tng s ln chim mch thnh cng
(TCDR= Total TCH Drops/ Total TCH Seizures)
Tng s ln chim mch y c th xut pht t bt c nguyn nhn no,
k c Handover.
C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn rt mch, loi tr nguyn nhn do my di
ng gy ra ta c th a ra nhng nguyn nhn chnh sau y:
Do b nhiu qu nhiu hoc do cht lng knh truyn qu thp
Do tn hiu qu yu
Do li ca h thng chng hn nh phn cng trc trc
Do s dng cc gi tr khng chun ca cc tham s BSS
Do khng Handover c (thiu neighbour cell chng hn)
Nhm d dng hn cho cng tc k thut, TCDR c phn ra lm hai i
lng mi:

58 Ti u ha mng GSM
Rt mch do li h thng: TCDR-S (Drop due to System): tham s ny bao
gm tt c cc li do h thng chng hn nh software, transcoder ..c tnh theo
t l phn trm trn tng s ln rt mch. Vi mt h thng tt, t l ny l rt nh
(thng vo khong 2-5 % tng s ln rt mch).
Rt mch do li tn s v tuyn RF : TCDR-R (Drop due to RF): tham s
ny bao gm tt c cc li nh mc tn hiu km, cht lng qu km, qu nhiu,
Handover km... cng c tnh theo t l phn trm trn tng s ln rt mch.
TCDR-R + TCDR-S = 100%
4.2.4. T l nghn mch TCH (TCH Blocking Rate - TCBR)
TCBR c nh ngha nh t l chim mch khng thnh cng do nghn
knh thoi (khng c knh TCH ri) trn tng s ln h thng yu cu cung cp
knh thoi.
TCBR = Tng s ln b nghn / Tng s ln yu cu ng thng
(TCBR = Total blocks / Total TCH attempts)
T s ny phn nh mc nghn mch trn tng cell ring l hay trn ton
h thng. Khi t s ny mt cell (hay khu vc) no tr nn qu cao iu c
ngha l rt kh thc hin c cuc gi trong cell (hay khu vc) . Tuy nhin
tham s ny khng phn nh mt cch chnh xc yu cu v lu lng trn mng v
rng khi mt ngi no mun thc hin mt cuc gi trong vng mt pht chng
hn, ngi ta s c nhiu ln c th ni c mt knh thoi v nh vy s th
c th l rt nhiu ln (c th l hng chc) c th ch thc hin mt cuc gi duy
nht ko di mt pht. iu ny lm tng t l nghn mch ln rt nhanh, vt qu
c bn cht thc t ca vn . V vy nh gi mt cch chnh xc hn, ngi ta
s dng mt i lng khc l cp phc v GoS (Grade of Service).
i khi ta khng hiu ti sao m t l TCBR li rt cao mt s cell, trong
trng hp ny cch tt nht l tham kho thm cc i lng Maxbusy v
Congestion time cho cell
Maxbusy: S knh ln nht b chim ti cng mt thi im

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

Congestion time: Tng s thi gian m ton b s knh b chim ht
(Tng s thi gian nghn).

Lu lng v Grade of Service (GOS):
Lu lng mang bi h thng trong khong thi gian t c nh ngha nh
sau:
C = n*T/t
Trong
T l thi gian m thoi trung bnh
n s cuc gi trong khong thi gian t.
n v ca lu lng c tnh bng Erlang (E), nu nh thay t=3600, ta c
Eh (Erlang gi).
Mt cch hon ton n gin, ta c th tnh lu lng nh sau:
C = Tng thi gian chim mch/ Thi gian o
Lu lng ca h thng cng phn no y cho thy s hot ng ca mng.
Nu nh lu lng ca mt cell no y gim i mt cch bt bnh thng, iu
c ngha l hoc vng ph sng ca cell b thu hp li (do tt cng sut hay anten
hng) hoc mt nhm thu pht no y ca cell khng hot ng.
Lu lng ca h thng c mt tng quan tng i i vi t l nghn
TCH (TCBR) trnh by trn, khi lu lng tng vt mt gi tr no (tu
thuc vo dung lng ca cell) th t l TCBR cng tng ln rt nhanh theo n. Tuy
nhin trong mt s trng hp, ngay c khi c lu lng rt thp, t l TCBR vn
rt cao. Khi khng c mt cch l gii no tt hn l mt s khe thi gian
timeslot trn cell khng hot ng.
Gi bn ca h thng BH (busy hour) c tnh nh l gi m lu lung i
qua h thng l ln nht. V do khi thit k mt h thng no , nhm tho mn
yu cu v lu lng mt cch tt nht ngi ta thng s dng cc s liu thng
k cho gi bn.

60 Ti u ha mng GSM
Trong mt h thng vi mt s hu hn knh thoi v mi thu bao chim
mch ht mt thi gian trung bnh T no y, ta thy ngay rng khi s thu bao tng
ln hay ni cch khc khi m lu lng tng ln th xc sut b nghn mch cng
tng ln v khi lu lng tng ln n mt mc no th tnh trng nghn mch
khng th chp nhn c na. Vy lm sao c th nh gi mc nghn mch
ny mt cch chnh xc? Ngi ta s dng mt i lng l cp phc v GOS
thc hin iu .
GOS c th c nh ngha nh l xc sut b nghn mch cho mt thu bao
khi thc hin cuc gi trong mt khu vc c mt lu lng yu cu (offerred
traffic) xc nh no . Vn ny sinh ra l lu lng yu cu y l g? N
c th c coi nh l lu lng m h thng c th mang c trong gi bn trong
trng hp khng c nghn mch hay ni cch khc i l khi s knh thoi ca h
thng tng ln.
Ngi ta c th tnh GOS cho mt h thng vi t - knh v A - lu lng
yu cu nh sau:
GOS (t,A) = (GOS (t-1,A))
(*)
GOS (0,A) = 1.
Tuy nhin Lu lng yu cu l mt ci g c v khng thc, khng th
cn o ong m c v ngi ta ch c th o c lu lng thc mang bi
cc knh thoi m thi. V vy ngi ta tnh lu lng yu cu A nh sau:
A = C*(1+GOS)
Trong C - lu lng o c trn h thng
Nhng vn li l lm sao tnh c GOS. tnh GOS u tin ngi ta
gi s A= C, da vo cng thc (*) ta c th tnh c GOS
1
no y, v khi :
C
1
=A/(1+GOS
1
)
Nu nh C
1
va tnh c li nh hn C thc, ngi ta li tng A ln mt
cht chng hn A= C + 0,00001, li tnh theo cch trn v c nh th cho ti khi
Cn tnh c gn vi C thc nht. Khi gi tr tnh c GOSn chnh l gi tr ca

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

GOS cn tm. Khi tnh c lu lng yu cu A, ta c th d dng xc nh
s knh cn thit bng cch tra bng.
4.2.5. T l rt mch trn SDCCH (SDCCH Drop Rate - CCDR)
CCDR c nh ngha nh l t l gia tng s ln rt mch trn knh
SDCCH v tng s ln chim SDCCH thnh cng.
CCDR = Tng s ln rt trn SDCCH/ Tng s ln chim SDCCH thnh cng
(CCDR = SDCCH drops / SDCCH seizures)
CCDR cng rt quan trng, n mt phn nh gi t l thnh cng ca cuc
gi ni chung. Ni chung trong thng tin di ng GSM v v mt kha cnh no ,
t nht l trn mt tn s v tuyn RF, CCDR v TCDR c cng bn cht, nu nh
CCDR cao th t l TCDR cng cao v ngc li.
V rng thi gian chim mch trn SDCCH l rt ngn (trung bnh khong
3s) so vi thi gian chim mch trn TCH (trung bnh khong 65 s) nn CCDR
cng nh hn TCDR rt nhiu. Tuy nhin, khi CCDR tr nn ln mt cch khng
bnh thng so snh vi TCDR, iu c ngha l c mt ci g khng n hoc
l do cc tham s ca phn BSS hoc l do knh tn s c cha SDCCH qu nhiu.
4.2.6. T l nghn mch trn SDCCH (SDCCH Blocking Rate - CCBR)
CCBR c nh ngha nh l t s gia tng s ln chim SDCCH khng
thnh cng do nghn SDCCH v tng s ln yu cu cung cp knh SDCCH.
CCBR = Tng nghn SDCCH / Tng yu cu SDCCH
(CCBR = SDCCH blocks / SDCCH Attempts)
i lng ny rt quan trng i vi mt h thng GSM v trc tip nh
hng n t l thnh cng khi mt thu bao thc hin cuc gi. Nu nh t l
nghn SDCCH qu cao th kh nng thc hin cuc gi rt kh - khi bn bm Yes
s chng c g xy ra c (!), v iu nguy him nht l thu bao khng th nhn bit
c iu ny (khc vi trng hp nghn TCH, thu bao c th c bit nh m
thanh hoc nh thng ip net fail trn mn hnh ca my di ng) v rt c th
h ngh rng my ca mnh hng ??!!

62 Ti u ha mng GSM
Cng tng t nh trn TCH ta cng c th tham kho thm hai i lng
khc l Maxbusy v Congestion time cho SDCCH.
4.2.7. Mt s i lng c trng khc
Nhng i lng c trng di y tuy khng phn nh mt cch trc tip
cht lng ca h thng nhng rt cn thit cho cng tc nh gi cht lng h
thng.
4.2.7.1. S knh hot ng (Available Channels)
y l mt ch tiu rt quan trng cho nhng ngi theo di hot ng ca
mng li. Thng thng i vi mi cell trong mt h thng GSM, s knh ny
(trong trng hp bnh thng) s l 6, 7, 14, 15, 22, 23, 30 tu thuc vo cu hnh
ca cell. Tuy nhin khi theo di cc bo co v mng, i khi ta thy s knh ny l
mt s khc nhng con s trn thm ch l mt s vi du phy km theo (v d
13,2) - iu ny c ngha l trong sut thi gian m ta quan st c mt lc no y
mt s timeslots trn cell khng hot ng hoc l c ton b cell b s c.
Vic mt s timeslot khng hot ng nh hng trc tip n t l handover thnh
cng s cp n phn sau.
4.2.7.2. T l thnh cng handover n (Incoming HO Successful Rate -
IHOSR)
IHOSR c nh ngha nh l t l gia s ln nhn handover thnh cng
v tng s ln c yu cu chp nhn handover.
IHOSR = Tng handover vo thnh cng / Tng handover vo
(IHOSR = Incoming HO Success / Total Incoming HO request by BSS)
IHOSR ca mt cell rt quan trng, n nh hng trc tip n cht lng
ca khu vc c cha cell . Nu IHOSR l thp, n s lm tng t l rt mch
nhng cell xung quanh n v thm ch lm nh hng n cht lng thoi ca
cuc gi bi v nu mt ln handover khng thnh cng th cuc gi hoc s b rt

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

hoc h thng s phi thc hin mt ln handover khc v mt ln nh th lung tn
hiu thoi s b ct v lm cho ngi nghe cm gic bi t on trong m thoi.
IHOSR cn phn nh c cht lng phn cng ca cell, chng hn sleeping
TRXs trn cell.
4.2.7.3. T l thnh cng handover ra (Outgoing HO Successful Rate -
OHOSR)
OHOSR c nh ngha nh l t l gia s ln handover ra thnh cng v
tng s ln c yu cu handover.
OHOSR = Tng handover thnh cng / Tng s ln quyt nh handover
(OHOSR = HO Success / Total HO request by BSS )
Da trn OHOSR, ta c th nh gi c vic nh ngha neighbour cell l
hay cha hay cn c th nh gi cht lng ca cc cell ln cn n. Mt t l
OHOSR tt s dn dn mt t l rt mch TCDR tt v mt cht lng thoi tt.
Hn na, da trn OHOSR, ta c th nh gi c vng ph sng ca cell m do
c th a ra nhng iu chnh thch hp.
C rt nhiu nguyn nhn h thng cn nhc handover, tuy nhin ta c
th k ra mt s nguyn nhn chnh sau y:
Handover do power budget: h thng tnh ton power budget cho serving
cell v cc cell ln cn cn nhc handover
y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh.
Do mc thu qu thp, vt qu gii hn trn serving cell (downlink hoc
uplink)
Chng hn trong mi h thng ngi ta c th set mc thu danh nh,
chng hn thp hn -90dB. Nu mc thu thp hn mc ny chng hn, h
thng s quyt inh cn nhc handover.
Do cht lng trn serving cell qu thp, vt qu gii hn (downlink hoc
uplink)
Do timing advance vt qu gii hn (downlink hoc uplink)
Do qu nhiu trn serving cell (downlink hoc uplink)

64 Ti u ha mng GSM
4.2.7.4. EMPD
EMPD c nh ngha nh l t s gia traffic tnh theo pht v tng s ln
rt mch.
EMPD = 60* traffic / Tng s cuc rt
EMPD biu th s tng quan gia traffic v s rt mch, n phn nh mt
cch r rng cht lng ca h thng v c th dng lm thc o chung cho cc h
thng s dng cc thit b khc nhau v hot ng nhng khu vc c c th kinh
t khc nhau.
4.2.7.5. Thi gian chim mch trung bnh (MHT - Mean Holding Time)
MHT c nh ngha nh l thi gian chim mch trung bnh cho mt ln
chim mch. V n c th c tnh nh sau:
MHT= Tng thi gian chim mch/ Tng s ln chim mch thnh cng.
y cng l mt i lng tt tham kho khi quan st cht lng ca mt
h thng. Trong h thng GSM ca Mobifone gi tr ny trung bnh nm trong
khong 60-70 giy. Tuy nhin gi tr ca MHT cn ph thuc vo mt ca cell
trn mng: mt cell trn mng cng cao th MHT cng nh v ngc li
Nu nh mt lc no gi tr ny tr nn rt cao (v d 200 s chng hn),
iu c ngha l mt s timeslot ca cell b treo hay ni cch khc l n
b chim lin tc mc d khng c cuc gi no ang c thc hin trn n c.
Ngc li trong mt s trng hp ta li thy MHT rt thp (15 s chng hn), khi
nht nh l ta c vn vi cell - hoc gi l cht lng qu km (do nhiu
hoc phn cng) hoc vng ph sng qu hp (do cng sut tt hay hng anten).

Nhm 1_CN tin K9

KT LUN

ti ny trnh by nhng nt c bn nht v mng thng tin di ng
GSM, cng vi mt s cng tc ti u ha h thng c thc hin ti mng
VMS_MobiFone. Ti u ho l mt cng vic kh khn v i hi ngi thc hin
phi nm vng h thng, ngoi ra cng cn phi c nhng kinh nghim thc t v
s tr gip ca nhiu phng tin hin i c th gim st v kim tra ri t
mi a ra cc cng vic thc hin ti u ho.
Do thi gian c hn v nhng hn ch khng trnh khi ca vic hiu bit
cc vn da trn l thuyt l chnh nn bo co ny ca nhm chc chn khng
trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong c c nhng kin nh gi, gp ca
thyv cc bn n thm hon thin.
H Ni, Ngy thng nm 2007
Sinh vin thc hin
Nhm 1_CN Tin K9

66 Ti u ha mng GSM
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] PTS.Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng tin di ng GSM, Nh xut bn bu in,
H Ni 1999.
[2] V c Th, Tnh ton mng thng tin di ng s CELLULAR, Nh xut bn
gio dc, H Ni 1999.
[3] J. Dahlin, Ericssons Multiple Reuse Pattern For DCS 1800, in Mobile
Communications International, Nov., 1996.
[4] Asha K. Mehrotra, GSM System Engineering, Artech House, Inc Boston London
1996.
[5] GSM Association, http://www.gsmworld.com
[6] http://www.wikipedia.org
[7] http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn

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1 GII THIU CHUNG V MNG GSM

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