A cycle with cooling uses CO2 as cooling medium.

The cycle consists of 4 steps: a) Adiabatic compression: Saturated vapour at -45C/8bar (state 1) is compressed to 40 bar (state 2 that is gas) b) Gives heat to surroundings (QH): Cooling/condensating at constant pressure to 0C (state 3 that is liquid) c) Choke: Expansion to 8 bar (state 4 that consists mostly of liquid) d) Takes heat from the surroundings (QC): vaporization at constant pressure (from state 4 to state 1) Assume that the compressor has a efficiency of 85% (i) Determine changes of enthalpy in every step (a,b,c,d) for each kg cooling medium that goes through the cycle. What is the temperature in state 2? We read of pressure enthalpy diagram change in enthalpy from 8 bar to 40 bar by using that change in entropy is 0 for adiabatic process:

We know that in the compression only 0.85 of the work from the gas is used so that is larger. We find it to be:

After a temperature from diagram is 50C

Expansion in the valve to state 4 (8 bar). From definition of valve (ventil) we know that for both real and ideal gases even though change in T=0 for ideal but happens for real gases. So for this real gas: We know that ( ) ( )

Since it is a cycle and we are going back to -50C and 8 bar (ii) What is the cooling effect (Qc) when the effect in the compressor is W=10kW and what stream of cooling medium do we have then 10 kJ/s added in the compression means that it can deal with compressing

So when we get to cooling we multiply this amount of kg/s with enthalpy/kg:

(iii)

What is the cooling factor Qc/W

(iv)

QUESTION1: Why is there only performed work in the compression? Since it is real conditions I am a bit confused What is the theoretical highest cooling factor if the hot surroundings (which in this case is another colling circle) is at -5C and the cold environment (an example could be a place to cool fish) is at -45C. What is the thermodynamical efficiency for the cooling cycle? What is the reason that this is not 100% (that is what is the reason for the difference between real and theoretical cooling factor)? We then get

And we have -45C We get (

Still effect in the compressor is W=10kW so we still can from

But we assume 100% so

See we send (

of CO2 so )

Because some of the compression in the first step a is not used to compress we get more and W is larger for less stream of CO2 in compression

for a

QUESTION2: What I have done above is not right but I dont know why. Is it possible to tell what I do wrong? Answer from answer sheet: Since entropy is a state function we get:

From definition of entropy of system and surroundings

From first law:

QUESTION3: I thought first law was ?

QUESTION4: Why is this the way to find the theoretical highest cooling factor?