: V \ .

f : V V \ V

f ( x, y ) = x, y ,x,y,z V, \ ,
1.

x + y, z = x, z + y, z ,

2.

x, y = x, y ,

3.

x, y = y, x ,

4.

x, x 0,

5.

x, x = 0 x = 0.

.

.
.

: \ n . x, y
x = ( x1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) y = ( y1 , y 2 ,..., y n )
x, y = x y = x1y1 + x 2 y 2 + " + x n y n
\ n .
1: C [ a,b ]

f ,g = f ( x ) g ( x )dx.
a

:
. \ 2
x, y = x1y1 + 2x 2 y 2 .
2:
x, y = 2x1y1 + 3x 2 y 2
\ 2 .

x = ( x1 , x 2 ) y = ( y1 , y 2 ) .

3
.
x, y = y, x .
12,
x + y, z = x, z + y,z .
z = ( z1 , z 2 ) , \ 2
x + y, z = 2 ( x1 + y1 ) z1 + 3 ( x 2 + y 2 ) z 2 =
=2x1z1 + 3x 2 z 2 + 2y1z1 + 3y 2 z 2 =
= x,z + y,z .
x + y = ( x1 + y1 , x 2 + y 2 ) .45
x, x = 2x1x1 + 3x 2 x 2 = 2x12 + 3x 22 0
x, x = 0 2x12 + 3x 22 = 0 x1 = 0 x 2 = 0.
:V ,
x V. normx

x =

x, x .

1.

x 0 x = 0 x = 0.

2.
3.

x = x .
x + y x + y ()

x = 0 x = 0.

:
. \ n

x = ( x12 + x 22 + " + x n2 ) 2 .
3: x=(1,2)
\ 2
3.

x = x12 + x 22 = 1 + 4 = 5,

3
x = 2x12 + 3x 22 = 2 + 12 = 2 3.

1 : V . x, y V
CauchySchwarz
x, y x y .
x,y.
: \ n
.
d ( x, y ) = x y =

( x1 y1 ) + ( x 2 y 2 )
2

+ " + ( x n yn )
2

x,y.

x, y V

my ) , x 0 y 0
x y = x y cos ( x,
x, y =

0, x=0 y=0

:V.
x, y
,

x y x, y = 0.
:V.
S
.
:V.
S
.
: \ 2 ,

{(1,0 ) , ( 0,1)}

GramSchmidt
: V

.
: V .
V1 = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n } V. V1
V2 = {u1 ,u 2 ,...,u n } :
1.

u i ,u j = 0 i j .

2. u i [ v1 , v 2 ,..., v n ] ,i=1,2,,n.
: [ V1 ] = [ V2 ] ,
V.
1: u1 = v1 .
2: u 2 = v 2 u1 , \
u 2 , u1 = 0 ,

v 2 , u1
u1

3: u 3 = v3 1u1 2 u 2 , 1 ,1 \

u 3 , u 2 = u 3 , u1 = 0 ,

1 =

v 3 , u1
u1

, 2 =

v3 , u 2
u2

u 2 ,u 3 u 2 , u 3 0 .,
{u1 , u 2 ,...,u k }
. {u1 , u 2 ,..., u k }

[ u1, u 2 ,..., u k ] = [ v1, v 2 ,..., v k ] .

{u1 , u 2 ,..., u k } V.

uk
u1 u 2
u , u ,..., u .
2
k
1

.
1
R 4 = ( \ 4 , +, \ )

V=

{v1, v2 , v3}

R 4 , v1 = (1,1,0,1) , v 2 = (1,0,0,1) , v3 = ( 0,1,1,1)

. GramSchmidt

l .
V


,
.

{1, 2 ,3} \3

1v1 + 2 v 2 + 3 v3 = 0( 4 ) , 0( 4 ) = ( 0,0,0,0 )

( \ 4 ,+ ) .

1v1 + 2 v 2 + 3 v3 = 0( 4 )

1 (1,1,0,1) + 2 (1,0,0,1) + 3 ( 0,1,1,1) = ( 0,0,0,0 )

( 1 + 2 ,1 + 3 ,3 ,1 + 2 + 3 ) = 0( 4) ,

1 + 2 = 0,
+ = 0,
1 2

1 + 3 = 0,
1 + 2 + 3 = 0,

( 1 , 2 ,3 ) = ( 0,0,0 ) .
.

(i). u1 =

v1
, v1 = 12 + 12 + 02 + 12 = 3 .
v1

v1 () u1 = 1 .

u1 =

1
1 1
1
(1,1,0,1) = , ,0, .
3
3
3 3

(ii). w 2
, v 2 (i), w 2 = v 2 u1 .
w 2 u1

v 2 u1 ,u1 = 0 v 2 ,u1 u1 ,u1 = 0 = v 2 ,u1 .

w 2 = v 2 v 2 ,u1 u1 . u 2 =

w2

w2

.
v 2 ,u1 =

(1,0,0,1) ,

1 1
1
1
1
2
,
,
,0,
+ 0 + 0 + 1
=
= 1
3
3
3
3
3 3

w 2 = v 2 v 2 ,u1 u1 = (1,0,0,1)

2 1 1
1 1 2 1
,
,0,

= , ,0, ,
3 3 3
3 3 3 3

u2 =

w2
w2
3
2
1
1
w2 =
,
,0,
=
=
.
2
2
2
w2
6
6
6
6

1 2
1
2
+ +0 +
3 3
3

(iii). w 3
, v3 (ii), w 3 = v3 v3 ,u1 u1 v3 ,u 2 u 2 .

( 0,1,1,1) ,

1 1
1
2

,
,0,
=
3
3
3 3

v3 ,u1 =

v3 ,u 2 =

(1,0,0,1) ,

1
2
1
1
,
,0,
.
=
6
6
6
6

1
1
w 3 = v3 v3 ,u1 u1 v3 ,u 2 u 2 = ,0,1, .
2
2

u3 =

w3 1
2 1
=
,0,
,
.
w 3
6
6 6

V u1 , u 2 , u 3 ,

1 1
1 1
2
1 1
2 1
,
,0,
,
,0,
,0,
,

,
,
.
3 6
6
6
6
6 6
3 3

V a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n
V ,
b1 ,b 2 ,...,b n a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n
V,

[a1,a 2 ,...,a n ] = [ b1,b2 ,...,bn ] .

V
.

1 1
1 1
2
1 1
2 1
,
,0,
,
,0,
,0,
,

,
,
= [ v1 , v 2 , v3 ] .
3 6
6
6
6
6 6
3 3