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Threads and Fasteners
Threads and Fasteners
A mechanical fasteners used to join together two or more parts. Are formed by using a tapping tool for internal threads, a die for external threads, or a machine tool for either internal or external threads.
Threaded Fasteners
Applications
There are 3 major types of Threaded Fastener Applications, they are:
Joining Adjusting Power Transmission
Adjusting
The process of locating or modifying the position of a part. Examples: Drafting Compass uses a threaded rod to adjust the radial setting. Calipers, micrometers, hand wrenches, etc.
Power Transmission
The process of converting or transmitting the force exerted in one direction to force exerted in the same or a different direction. Screw Jacks and certain types of gears use screw threads to transmit power. Good example of this is a Car lift
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
External (male) thread Internal (female) thread
External thread Internal thread A thread cut on the outside of a cylindrical body. A thread cut on the inside of a cylindrical body.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Right-hand thread Left-hand thread
Thread that will assemble when turned clockwise. Thread that will assemble when turned counter-clockwise.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Crest Root Thread angle
External Thread
Thread angle
The peak edge of a thread. The bottom of the thread cut into a cylindrical body. The angle between threads faces. Internal Thread
Root Crest
Crest
Root
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Major diameter Minor diameter
External Thread
Minor dia. Major dia.
The largest diameter on an internal or external thread. The smallest diameter on an internal or external thread. Internal Thread
Minor dia.
Major dia.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Thread Form
Form is the profile shape of the thread.
Minor Dia.
Major Dia.
Operation
Die stock
Operation
Tap wrench
Pitch
Root-to-Root
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Pitch Lead
External Thread The distance between crests of threads. The distance a screw will advance when turned 360o. Internal Thread
Pitch
Pitch
Most screws have single threads. Assume single thread unless otherwise noted. Multiple threads are used where parts must screw together or apart quickly. For example, the compass adjustment bar and toothpaste tube caps have multiple threads. Notice in the picture above that:
Single Thread - The lead is equal to the pitch. Double Thread - The lead is twice the pitch Triple Thread - The lead is three times the pitch.
THREAD SERIES
Screws of the same diameter are made with different pitches (number of threads per inch) for different uses. The various combinations of diameter and pitch have been grouped into screw-thread series.
Coarse-thread Series (UNC or NC) In this series the pitch for each diameter is relatively large.
Fine-thread Series (UNF or NF) In this series, the pitch for each diameter is smaller (there are more threads per inch) than in the coarse- thread series. Example automobiles
Extra-fine-thread Series (UNEF or NEF) In this series, the pitch is even smaller than in the fine-thread series. Example airplanes and gears
CLASSES OF FITS
Screw threads are also divided into screw thread classes based on their tolerances (amount of size different from exact size) and allowances (how loosely or tightly they fit their mating parts). You can get exactly the screw thread you need by choosing both a series and a class. In brief, the classes for Unified threads are:
Class 1 has a large allowance (loose fit). They are used on parts that must be put together or taken apart quickly and easily. Class 2 is the thread standards most used for general purposes, such as for bolts, screws, nuts, and similar threaded items. Class 3 has stricter standards for fit and tolerance than the others. They are used where thread size must be more exact. Simply, a tighter fitting thread.
A Or B
The letter A following the fit class number (1,2, or 3) denotes external threads only;
the letter B following the fit class number denotes internal threads only.
1 1/4-7UNC-1A Means 1 diameter, 7 threads per inch, Unified National Course threads, class 1 fit, external threads. 7/8-14UNF-2B Means 7/8 diameter, 14 threads per inch, Unified National Fine threads, class 2 fit, internal threads
THREAD REPRESENTATION
1. Detailed representation 2. Schematic representation 3. Simplified representation
DETAILED REPRESENTATION
Use slanting lines to represent crest and root. Roots and crest are drawn in sharp Vs.
External thread
Thread runout
Internal thread
Pitch
60o
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
Use alternate long and short lines for representing crests and roots of the thread, respectively.
External thread
Internal thread
Pitch
BOLT : Terminology
Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.
Thread length
Bolt measurements
B/2
B/2
Starting position
Major
B/2
B/2
Staggered lines perpendicular to the axis of the thread represent the thread root and crests. Spacing between root and crest lines is any convenient size. Root lines are any convenient length.
Fasteners Quiz
Answers