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13

13.1 INTRODUCTION

Isoparametric Formulation

Fig. 13.1
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

Concept of mapping in isoparametric elements

b

n n

Fig. 13.1 (contd)

| z m l g f g o f g f g g g g g j i h e g p d d i s w s u q x p p v g i h q s u s r t s q w u s r t s r q s u q x u s t s q g h v u s t s r q p t q p g f   e   d   c  

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13.2 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION

Fig. 13.2 Mapping of rectangular element in natural local coordinate system to global cartesian coordinatee system
1 " ( $ # 5 " & V " % 1 0 $ 1 0 ) ( 1 0 # " @ # " ( & 4 0 " 1 8 # " 2 % 4 0 $ @ @ " ) # 5 $ ' 0 % 8 ( @ ) " D # % T 6 ) 1 ' A ' 1 " 0 $ 5 # % % 8 ( " # & 1 " 0 0 $ 5 ' ' # @ D 9 % 1 # "  ) (  1 2 % ' 1 0 $ % @ ( " 5 % 0 2 % ' 1 " 0 $ 5 # % % 8  1 # " 5 0 " ' 0 % $ 1 8 0 & 2 @ "  ' # " #  3 f  ' " 5 ' ' # @ D 9 A " ) 1 0 # % 1 1 0 ) ( 1 0 # " @ 4 0 $ @ ( " # & 1 " 0 ) # % 2 0 % $ 1 " ) # % 2 2 % ' ) # 1 0 $ 1 0 $ % @ A 0 " 1 "

Fig. 13.1 (contd)

l q= l q
) # % 2 D $ # 1 " ) 0 $ # % 6 6 6 6 6 6 f f f    6 6 6 ) ( 0 " 0 $ 1 0 $ % @ " 2 % 1 " 0 $ 5 # % % 8 0 " $ ' 1 # " ~  1 ' &   6 ) 1 ' A ' @ " ) 0 $ 5 ! $  8 " A ( ( & 2 ' ' 8 8 & ' 5 0 " ) 1 ' A ' 0 " $ ' 1 # " ~ ( " 9 % ( 4 % 1 ' 0 " # 1 1 " 0 $ 5 # % % 8 # % 2 0 % $ 1 8 0 & 2 @ "  ' 2 % ' & 5 1 ' 4 4 & ' G F E 4 $ "  0 % $ 1 8 ( 2 5 4 0 $ 0 $ 2 5 # % 2 ' 0 % $ 1 8 0 & 2 @ "  '  1 5 ' & ! "  3 # " 2 % }

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13.3 BASIC THEOREMS OF ISOPARAMETRIC CONCEPT

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Fig. 13.3
4 0 $ ' & 5 1 " # 0 4 0 $ 3 % ( ( % 2  1 3 A ( 9 " 1 $ & ' 5 ' $ ( " # 1 " ( $ # 5 " & 5 % 0 1 " f f   1 0 $ % @ 2 % 1 " 0 $   f S S f S  1 ) 1 ' A ' ( " 9 %

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0 % $ 1 " & V 1 0 ' # @ # % 1 ' "  R 6 U F 0 % $ 1 " & V 2 $ 8 0 C 8 0 % 8 8 $ # 1 ) " # " @ % ' $  1 ) % # T ' " 1 0 ) 8 " ( @ ' $ 5 ' A ( " 0 " 1 0 ) ( 1 $ 0 $ 2 0 Q 0 ) (   # " @  1

13.4 UNIQUENESS OF MAPPING

 6 0 % $ 1 " 1 0 ' # @ # 8 $ # 1 ) " # " @ % ' $ # % 2 5 ' & A ( 2 " ' " # & 1 " 0 0 $ 5 @ % ( ! 5 ' 0 % $ 1 8 0 & 2 @ "  '  

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13.5 ISOPARAMETRIC, SUPERPARAMETRIC AND SUBPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS

Fig. 13.5

Isoparametric, superparametric and subparametric elements Fig. 13.4 Non-uniqueness of mapping

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13.6 ASSEMBLING STIFFNESS MATRIX

Fig. 13.6 Typical isoparametric quadrilateral element

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R U | | | | OP | | | | QSMV | | | | | | | | T W

R U = LM SV N TW

R U | | | | OP | | | | QSMV | | | | | | | | T W

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R U = LM SV N TW

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S ' &   ) % 8 9 0 " 8 ' 1 " 0 $ 5 # % % 8  1 0 3 1 9 @ $  ' 0 % $ 1 " ( #   6 ) 1 ' A ' 0 " $ ' 1 # " ~ ( " 9 % ( 4 % 1 6 1 6 # 6 3 ' ! $ 1 " ! $ # 5  1 1 4 % 1 % 8 ( " 8 % ( % 1 1 8 @ ' #  1 $ 3 ' ! $ 1 " ! $ # 5 5 0 $ 2 % 1 A ' " ' $ 1 Q 6 ) 1 ' A ' " ! $ # 5  1 5 0 3 D $ # 1 " ) ' ' 0 2 2 $ 1 '  1 4 0 $ ( 9 ) ' ' " 0 Q

R U R | | = | S V S | | | | | | T W T R | =S | | T

UR U | | | = VS V | | | || | WT W U | V | | W

R U | | S V | | | | T W

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LM MM = MM MM N

"

LM N

"

OP Q

OP PP PP PP Q

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LM M =M MM N

P P

R U | | = S V | | | | T W
" 9 0 " 8 D $ # 1 " ) ! % 9 "  1 1 0 $ % @ 5 $ 2 $ 8 @ ' A 0 " # % T

R U | | S V | | | | T W

O PP PQ
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p m m

R U | | S V = | | | | T W

L =M MN

R | | | | =S | | | | T

U LM | M | M | M |=M V | M | M | M | MN W

R U | | S V | | | | T W

R U OP | | PQ S V | | | | T W

R U | | OP | | | | | | PP S V Q | | | | | | | | T W
i h j j i g g l l n j l k n j m g g m

p m m

R lq = | S | T

U L |=M V M | MN W

R U | | OP | | | | S V PP | | Q | | | | | | | | T W
g m y m

LM =M MN
y v u y x v y y u w v u x y u i h j j i g h g x y w y y x y v u y e v v v u y x u u y v u y x y v v v x u y y y x u w v u t t r r q r r q q q p p p p
#  3

OP R U | | PP | | | | PP | | S V PP | | | | PP | | Q | | T W

OP R | PP | | PP | | S PP | | P| P| Q | T

R U LM | | M | | M | | M | | S V = M | | M | | MM | | M | | N T W

LM MM OP M PP MM QM MM N

LM l q=M MN

z zz

p m m

zz
v u i h

x y y x y v u v y g

U | | | | | V | | | | | W

OP PP PP P P P P Q

13.7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

z bg

Table 13.1

in Gauss Integration

Location of sampling points and weight functions

z bg

b g

= =

= =

= =

= =

b g

Fig. 13.7

Scheme of 3 point Gauss integration

Fig. 13.8

Gauss sampling points in two dimensional elements

zz b
k k k k

z
k k

b g

     
y x x u v v y w x v y w r w v u w y w v y y y u w y x y x y u x u y v y x e v v v y x u x u v y y y y v v y v u y y x u x y w y v v w v y y y u y u v u x y v y x u v u x y v y r q

"

"

R S | |

"

"

13.8 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

Fig. 13.9

b g

U b g| V | W

gb

=
y x u v v y u y u v y w v y u v w x y f u

g
+

g g

'

&

g=

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

LM =M MM N

=
k v x

g=

g=

g=

g=

g=

g=

g=

OP PP PQ

LM N

OP Q

LM N

OP = LM Q N

LM MM OP M PP MM QM MM N

LM l q=M MN

LM =M MN

p m m

LM MM MN

OP PP Q

OP Q

OP PP P P P P P P Q

"

LM =M MN
d y u

f s d d c b

Assembling Element Stiffness Matrix

s s s e q h i f f b e c d d c b b i q b f Y

OP PP PQ

OP PP Q

gb

g=b

Fig. 13.10

gb

g=

gb

g=b

gb

g=

gb

g=b

gb

g=

gb

g=b

gb

g=

=
m m

'

&

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&

= +

= +

+ +

F G H

I J K

=
=

+ +

g b

+ +

g b

+ + + +

g b

g + b + g b g + b + g b + g + b g b + g b + g + b + g + b + + + g + b + g

gb

gb

gb

gb

gb

g b
+

gb

g g

 

l q=

RU SV TW

gb

g=

gb

g=

gb

g=

gb

g=

R | | S | | T R | | S | | T

U LM | M |= V M | M | N W U R | | |=| V S | | | | W T

OP R | PP l q = | S | PQ | T U R | |l q= | | V S | | | | W T

U R | | |=| V S | | | | W T U | | V | | W

Fig. 13.11
a S S h X S S f Y h g g S f e d a S S c X S S W Y b U T Q

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U | | V | | W

gb

gb

gb

+ =

g b

gb

+ =

g b

z z

l q=

l q

l q

b g + b g

F I + F I G J G J H K H K

Rb S T

g

+

gU + R b V S W T

gU V W

"

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"

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l q=

l q

LM MM MM b MN b

OP P + gP l q PP gP Q

LM MM MMbb N

OP P + g P PP g Q

R | | S | | T

U | |= V | | W

R | | S | | T

U | | V | | W

zb

zb

R | | S | | T

U | | V | | W

R | | S | | T

U | |= V | | W

R | | S | | T

"

g +b

n s

R | | S | | T

F

U R | | |=| V S | | | | W T

U | | V | | W

U | | V | | W g
=

"

R | | S | | T

QUESTIONS

U R | | |=| V S | | | | W T

U | | V | | W

"

"

"

"

Fig. 13.12
 }

Fig. 13.13

LM N

LM =M MN

References

OP Q

OP PP Q