New Sec System

MUMBAI.
MAY 3, 2011
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION-2011
The New SEC system
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
What is the
new SEC system?

How do we classify
01
a household
in the new SEC system?
02
What are the
advantages/ drawbacks
of the new SEC system? How was the new SEC system
03
created?
What are the
04
other systems
that we considered? What is
05
the performance
of the new SEC system?
06 07
Conclusion
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
01
What is the new
SEC system?
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
The new SEC system is used to classify households in India. Its based on two variables:
Education of chief earner Number of consumer durables ( from a predefined
list)- owned by the family. The list has 11 items, ranging from electricity connection and agricultural land- to cars and air conditioners We have 12 grades in the new SEC system, ranging from A1 to E3
4
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS
India ( urban + rural )

New SEC System
18.4
14.7 11.4 9.7 7.5 3.2 1.8 0.4 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3 7.9 5.3 15.4
4.3
*Figures in percentage
This round of analysis has been conducted using data from IRS 2008 (round 20)*. We have drawn a sub-sample of 39,441
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Urban
New SEC System
12.9 11.6 10.2 7.6 5.1 8.6 13.2 12.6 9.8
4.7 2.6
1.1
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E1
E2
E3
Current Urban SEC system The current urban SEC system has 8 grades, and is based on occupation and education of chief earner
24 20.5 18.2 11.9 6.6 7.9 8
2.8
A1
6
A2
B1
B2
E1
E2
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Rural
New SEC System
22.2
20.1
15.6 12.8 10.7 5.1 0.04 A1 0.4 A2 1.3 A3 2.3 3.2 6.2
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E1
E2
E3
Current Rural SEC system The current rural SEC system has 4 grades, and is based on education of chief earner and material used in construction of dwelling
40.3 43
12.3 4.3
R1
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
R2
R3
R4
7
02
How do we classify
a household
in the new SEC system?
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Just two questions

THAT NEED TO BE ASKED
SHOW CARD/READ OUT
Q1a Please take a look at this list and tell me which of these items do you have at
home? (It could be owned by you, your family, or provided by the employer or it could be available in the house you live in; but it should be for the use of just you or your family)
EXPLAIN, IF NECESSARY: We have a standard list of items that we use in all kinds of cities and villages. So dont worry if an item appears irrelevant for you, or too ordinary- just go ahead and tell me which items you do have. We need this information just for survey purpose only.
Do you have a(ITEM) in your home (which is in working condition)?

CIRCLE ITEMS OWNED/HAVE AT HOME. TICK THE ITEM IF OWNED. ADD THE NO. OF TICKS IN THE BOX.
Q1b
Does your family own any agricultural land, by agricultural land I mean land that is currently under cultivation or plantation?
SHOW CARD/READ OUT
Q2
Could you tell me something about the person who makes the biggest contribution to the running of the household. To what level has he studied?
RECORD IN GRID. USE GRID TO DETERMINE NEW SEC.
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
RECORDING
The grid 01
Items owned / have access at home Electricity Connection Ceiling Fan LPG Stove Two Wheeler Colour TV 1a Refrigerator Washing Machine Personal Computer/ Laptop Car/Jeep/Van Air Conditioner Circle 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Tick
1b
Agricultural Land NUMBER OF STANDARD 11 OWNED
11
10
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
RECORDING
The grid
Chief Earner: Education (Q2)
02
No. of Durables (TRANSFER FROM Q1)
Illiterate
Literate but no formal schooling/ SchoolUpto 4 years 2

E2 E1 E1 D2 C2 C1
School- 5 to 9 years
SSC/ HSC
Some College (incl a Diploma) but not Grad 5

E2 D2 D1 C2 C1 B1
Graduate/ Post Graduate: General
Graduate/ Post Graduate: Profession al
1 None 1
E3 E2 E1 D2 D1 C2
3
E2 E1 D2 D1 C2 C1
4
E2 E1 D2 D1 C1 B2
6
E1 D2 D1 C2 B2 B1
7
D2 D2 D1 C2 B2 B1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9+
11 THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
C1
C1 B1 B1
B2
B1 A3 A3
B2
B1 A3 A3
B1
A3 A3 A2
A3
A3 A2 A2
A3
A2 A2 A1
A3
A2 A2 A1
What sort of people are these?

New SEC System A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Have Electricity Have Fan Owns Owns Colour Pressure Cooker TV Use Utensil Cleaner Have Two Wheeler Have Refrigerator Have Have Kitchen Sink Dining Table Have AC
03
What are
the advantages
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Advantages
OF THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
More discrimination as compared with current systems A single system for urban and and rural India Less subjectivity- as we no longer use occupation Its simple - easy to answer, not very time consuming, easy
to classify
14
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
03
Are there any
drawbacks
to the new SEC system?
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
There are no serious problems. But
We need to be better prepared to handle minor changes to the system, because consumer durables penetration will change faster than education or occupation The questioning can appear intrusive to people who are unaccustomed to market research. Its not a problem elsewhere
16
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
04
How did we go about
creating the new system?
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
How we created the new system
Extensive analysis based on data drawn from the IRS, made available by the MRUC- various rounds, from 2005 to 2008 Have also drawn on data from MarketPulse, IMRBs Household panel, supplemented by a special survey
18
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
The building blocks that were available to us

Demographic variables: e.g. occupation of chief earner, education of chief earner, education of housewife, claimed monthly household income Dwelling type and amenities: e.g. construction material, tap, bathroom, number of rooms Ownership of consumer durables
19
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
How we arrange the blocks
A scoring system called LIFE; which takes into account whether a household owns or uses a wide-ranging products ranging from material of wall, roof, mode of transportation, use of toilet soap, use of ghee, biscuits, etc.
The LIFE score is used to decide the order of groups defined by two or more variables
In all we used 34 items: giving weights in inverse proportion to usage/ownership
20
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
How the LIFE scores are used an example

Chief Earner: Education
Literate but no We compute the average formal School- 5 to 9 Illiterate schooling/ SSC/ HSC No. of years LIFE* score for each cell School- Upto Durables defined by number of 4 years Some College (incl a Diploma) but not Grad Graduate/ Post Graduate: General Graduate/ Post Graduate: Professional
durables x education
1 None 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ 81 120 157 193 232 260 294 2 98 133 166 211 250 286 338 3 111 145 185 225 271 313 344 4 125 160 199 247 298 341 377 5 130 165 222 265 319 370 438 6 134 178 215 278 343 391 425 7 217 115 263 268 338 394 447
307
366
384
429
373
411
415
455
456
497
470
500
483
510
592
487
495
558
575
* Excluding durables
How the LIFE scores are used an example

Chief Earner: Education
Literate but no formal School- 5 to 9 And then group the cells Illiterate schooling/ SSC/ HSC No. of years Schoolwith Durablesa similar scoreyears Upto 4 Some College (incl a Diploma) but not Grad Graduate/ Post Graduate: General Graduate/ Post Graduate: Professional
1 None 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ 81 120 157 193 232 260 294
2 98 133 166 211 250 286 338
3 111 145 185 225 271 313 344
4 125 160 199 247 298 341 377
5 130 165 222 265 319 370 438
6 134 178 215 278 343 391 425
7 217 115 263 268 338 394 447
307
366
384
429
373
411
415
455
456
497
470
500
483
510
592
487
495
558
575
Each group is assigned a grade

SEC Grades A1
* Excluding durables
A2
A3
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E1
E2
E3
The basis of measuring the discrimination

We used the Lorenz curve, and the associated Gini coefficient, as a basis for measuring discrimination or inequality
We assume that the system that throws up more inequality is more discriminating. In other words, the system that shows a bigger difference in ownership/consumption between the top half and the bottom half is the better one
23
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
05
What were the
other systems
that we considered?
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Weve evaluated many options
Point based system using education of highest educated individual, press exposure of housewife, and ownership of durables plus other aspects
A system based on occupation and education of chief earner and the number of consumer durables owned
A system based on and education of chief earner and the best type of consumer durables owned
25
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
What we learnt from analysis and fieldwork

Two kinds of variables are better than one. But the gains from using three sets of variables is small
Systems that call for multiple grids or adding up points are time consuming; errors in classifying can occur
A system that requires cards to be shown is not a good idea- its hard to manage this at the doorstep Occupation is a weak discriminator Systems based on consumer durables offer good discrimination
26
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Our conclusions at the end of earlier rounds

Consumer durables (number owned) combined with education of chief earner is a satisfactory system
Easy to administer- takes only about 20 seconds more than the current urban system Discrimination as good or better than urban SEC
Discrimination much better than rural SEC
The focus then was to optimize this system- adding or dropping consumer durables, if needed
Many versions of this system have been explored before arriving at the current system
27
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
06
Performance
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Penetration of Selected items

BY THE NEW SEC SYSTEM (U+R)
100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3 4 0 0 20 43 99
Color TV
99 96 91 87 77 100 90 80 93
Automobile (car /van/ jeep)
70 60 50 40 30
20 10 0 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3 11 4 33
Purchased in Past 6 Months - Jam

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3 42 32 21 11 7 6 3 2 1 0 0 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A1 91
Purchased in Past 6 Months - Toilet Cleaners
79 65 50 38 26 19 12 5 D2 2 E1 1 E2 0 E3
A2
A3
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
MRUC/Hansa Research IRS 2008 (round 20)
29
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
PENETRATION
New vs Current system (urban)

Have internet access at home
60 50 54 60 50
Have internet access at home
40 30
20 10 0 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3 13 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 30
20 10 0 A1 A2 B1 B2 C D E1 E2 19 9 4 2 1 0 0 0
Household subscribe any Newspaper

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3 96 82 68 54 38 23 15 12 5 2 3 1 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A1 84
Household subscribe any Newspaper
71 56 43 30 13 10 3 A2 B1 B2 C D E1 E2
30
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
PENETRATION
New vs Current system (urban) (CONTD.)

Receive Cable & Satellite
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 98 92 90 85 83 80 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 86
Receive Cable & Satellite

84 80
74 49 35 16 5 1 E3
76
69 58 49 33
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E1
E2
A1
A2
B1
B2
E1
E2
Purchased in Past 6 Months - Ketchup / Sauces

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3 37 23 19 13 9 7 5 5 2 3 53 72 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Purchased in Past 6 Months - Ketchup / Sauces
55
40 28 19 16 9 7 5
A1
A2
B1
B2
E1
E2
31
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
PENETRATION
New vs Current system ( urban ) (CONTD.)

Purchased in Past 6 Months - Instant Noodles
60 50 40 30 20 59 47 40 28 22 18 14 60 50 40 30 20 10 7 5 2 E2 2 E3 10 0 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 A1 A2 B1 B2 C D E1 E2
Purchased in Past 6 Months - Instant Noodles

48
38 33 26 18 13 9 4
10
0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 81 69 60 47 37 22 18 9
92
82 69 58 46 33 27 19 10 5 E1 2 E2 1 E3
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
A1
A2
B1
B2
E1
E2
32
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE ON DISCRIMINATION
India ( u + r )
Gini coefficients for New SEC system compared with benchmark
Penetration
Own Microwave oven

Own Internet access at home - Through PC / TV Own PC at home Own Camera (still/ digital) Housewife have read a magazine in the last 7 days Own DVD player Own Kitchen Sink Own - Mobile / Cellular Phone Own Telephone Receive Cable & Satellite
0.4 0.7 1.6 3.5 5.8 6.8 8.2 12.4 12.6
31.2 37.0
Own Pressure cooker
0
New System Benchmark System (MHI)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Gini Values
Data Source: MRUC/ Hansa Research - IRS 2008 (Round 20)
33
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
India ( u + r ) (CONTD.)
Penetration
Jam Ketchup / Sauces Chocolates Instant Noodles Floor Cleaners Toilet Cleaners Soft drinks/Fruit Juices Skin Creams/Lotions Utensil cleaners Fabric whiteners / blues Toothpaste Shampoo Bathing Soaps / Liquid Soaps
3.3 5.3 6.6 6.7 11.6 14.1 15.8 21.4 29.7 49.8 57.7 75.1 95.8
0
New System Benchmark System (MHI)
0.2
0.4
Gini Values
0.6
0.8
*Purchased in the last 6 months except soft drinks, skin creams and chocolates Data Source: MRUC/ Hansa Research - IRS 2008 (Round 20) 34
GINI CO-EFFICIENTS
Urban
Penetration
Own Microwave oven Own Internet access at home - Through PC / TV Own PC at home Own Camera (still/ digital) Housewife have read a magazine in the last 7 days Own DVD player Own Kitchen Sink Own Telephone Own - Mobile / Cellular Phone Receive Cable & Satellite Own Pressure cooker
1.0 1.9 4.5 8.5 12.7 15.7 20.9 23.8 25.9 60.0 69.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Gini Values
New System Current System

35
GINI CO-EFFICIENTS
Urban (CONTD.)
Penetration
Processed Cheese/Cheese Products Jam Ketchup / Sauces Chocolates Instant Noodles Soft drinks/Fruit Juices Floor Cleaners Skin Creams/Lotions Toilet Cleaners Utensil cleaners Fabric whiteners / blues Toothpaste Shampoo
4.1 8.9 15.2 15.4
17.4
28.3 30.2 30.6 32.0 59.9 60.1 80.8 84.9
0
0.2
0.4
Gini Values
0.6
0.8
*Purchased in the last 6 months except soft drinks, skin creams and chocolates
Data Source: MRUC/ Hansa Research - IRS 2008 (Round 20) 36
GINI CO-EFFICIENTS
Rural
Penetration
Own Microwave oven Own Internet access at home - Through PC / TV Own PC at home Own Camera (still/ digital) Own Kitchen Sink Housewife have read a magazine in the last 7 days Own DVD player Own - Mobile / Cellular Phone Own Telephone Rural Assets - Table Fan Receive Cable & Satellite Own Pressure cooker Rural Assets - In-house toilet
0.1 0.1 0.3 1.3 2.7 2.8 2.8 6.6 7.6 13.4 18.6 22.8 30.9
0
0.2
0.4
Gini Values
0.6
0.8
37
GINI CO-EFFICIENTS
Rural (CONTD.)
Penetration
Instant Noodles Chocolates Floor Cleaners Toilet Cleaners Soft drinks/Fruit Juices Utensil cleaners Skin Creams/Lotions Fabric whiteners / blues Toothpaste Shampoo Biscuits
2.1
2.8
3.5 6.2
10.4
16.5 17.4 45.3 47.6
70.8
73.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Gini Values

*Purchased in the last 6 months except soft drinks, skin creams and chocolates Data Source: MRUC/ Hansa Research - IRS 2008 (Round 20)
Conclusion
The new SEC system is better than the current urban system , and much better than the current rural system
39
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM
Homogeneity within the grade : India (u + r)

MHI System
Level Distribution of Households % Median LIFE Inter Quartile Range (IQR) Level
New SEC System

Distribution of Households % Median LIFE Inter Quartile Range (IQR)
1 2 3 4
0.5 1.5 4.2 3.5 4.7 7.1 11.7 19.3 19.2 13.5 12.9 2.1
702 618 514 455 391 347 289 232 181 136 125 95
186 236 243 236 227 207 178 155 139 110 111 101
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2
0.4 1.8 3.2
804 687 590
116 150 173
4.3
5.3 7.5 7.9 11.4 14.7 18.4 15.4 9.7
494
430 369 319 270 222 164 117 80
172
164 142 124 117 106 90 75 65
5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
D1
D2 E1 E2
E3
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Median LIFE (Urban + Rural): 220
Homogeneity within the grade : India (u + r)

MHI System
New SEC System

1
2 3 4
0.5 1.5 4.2 3.5
702 618 514 455
186 236 243 236
A1
A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3
0.4
1.8 3.2 4.3 5.3 7.5 7.9 11.4 14.7 18.4 15.4 9.7
804
687 590 494 430 369 319 270 222 164 117 80
116
150 173 172 164 142 124 117 106 90 75 65
5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4.7
7.1 11.7 19.3 19.2 13.5 12.9 2.1
391
347 289 232 181 136 125 95
227
207 178 155 139 110 111 101
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Median LIFE (Urban + Rural): 220
Homogeneity within the grade : Urban India

Current SEC System
New SEC System

SEC A1 SEC A2 SEC B1 SEC B2 SEC C SEC D SEC E1 SEC E2
2.8 6.6 7.9 8.0 20.5 24.0 11.9 18.2
702 616 539 467 408 320 280 212
189 225 215 221 210 167 155 137
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 E3
1.1 5.1 7.6 8.6 10.2 12.9 11.6 13.2 12.6 9.8 4.7 2.6
807 704 610 532 463 399 347 300 251 194 148 112
106 132 147 158 158 136 118 113 100 92 93 80
42
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
Median LIFE (Urban India): 354
PERFORMANCE ON HOMOGENEITY
Conclusion
The new SEC system is able to reduce heterogeneity within social grade- and stretch the differences by grade
43
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
07
Conclusion
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
In Conclusion
We have a system that is simple, easy to administer. It gives us good discrimination; the social grades created are more homogenous But we do need to revisit the system at least once every two years; and make sure that when a change is needed, this is a smooth process Its easy to begin using the new system. For those who need to keep track of the old SEC for reasons of comparability, the new system means just one more question- which can be tagged on right at the end.
Thank You
46
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
08
Appendices
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
01.Variables in the LIFE scoring system

HOUSEHOLD
Electricity LPG Stove
Urban oriented items
DURABLES
Air Conditioner Personal Computer/ Laptop Mode of Transportation # Refrigerator Washing Machine Ceiling Fan TV/ Cable & satellite # Camera # Music/entertainmentl # Telephone Tractor/ Power tiller Tea/ Coffee Skin Creams/Lotions Soft drinks/Fruit Juices Fabric whiteners / blues
FMCG
Biscuits # Toothpaste/ toothpowder # Washing cakes / bars # Washing powders / liquids # Toilet Cleaners Talcum Powder
Type of accommodation # Material on roof # Material on wall #
Rural oriented items
Cooking oil: vanaspati/ edible # Ghee / Desi Ghee Toilet Soaps/bathing soaps/Liquid Soaps #
Kitchen sink Subscribe newspaper
Affluence oriented items
Travel abroad * Land ownership *
POINTS
250
300
450
48
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
# contains sub-levels ; (*): Travel abroad- Urban only / Land ownership: Rural only
02.The master set of consumer durables

S. No. Item All India 0.5 1.6 4.0 13.1 35.5 15.1 37.0 33.6 55.4 Urban 1.6 3.9 11.5 30.6 64.2 27.4 69.6 68.2 83.6 Rural 0.1 0.5 0.7 5.5 22.9 9.7 22.8 18.4 43.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Air conditioner
Automobile Washing machine Refrigerator Color TV Two wheeler Pressure cooker LPG stove Ceiling fan Electricity connection More than one car (Urban specific) Personal Computer/ laptop Agricultural Land (Rural specific) Tractor (Rural specific)
10
11 12 13 14
73.4
1.8 -
94.7
0.1 5.2 n/a n/a
64.1
n/a 0.3 35.1 1.8
* Source : MRUC/Hansa Research a sample of 39441 from IRS 2008 (Round 20)
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM
03.All India benchmark: MHI groups used
MHI Grades
MHI Groups
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Rs.20001 + Rs.12001 to Rs.20000 Rs.8001 to Rs.12000 Rs.6001 to Rs.8000 Rs.5001 to Rs.6000 Rs.4001 to Rs.5000 Rs.3001 to Rs.4000 Rs.2001 to Rs.3000 Rs.1501 to Rs.2000 Rs.1001 to Rs.1500 Rs.501 to Rs.1000 Up to Rs.500
50
THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

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MUMBAI.

The New SEC system

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

new SEC system?

What are the

What is the new

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

India ( urban + rural )

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

Just two questions

SHOW CARD/READ OUT

Do you have a(ITEM) in your home (which is in working condition)?

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

Agricultural Land NUMBER OF STANDARD 11 OWNED

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

No. of Durables (TRANSFER FROM Q1)

Literate but no formal schooling/ SchoolUpto 4 years 2

Some College (incl a Diploma) but not Grad 5

Graduate/ Post Graduate: General

Graduate/ Post Graduate: Profession al

What sort of people are these?

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

Are there any

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

There are no serious problems. But

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

How did we go about

creating the new system?

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

How we created the new system

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

The building blocks that were available to us

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

How we arrange the blocks

In all we used 34 items: giving weights in inverse proportion to usage/ownership

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

How the LIFE scores are used an example

How the LIFE scores are used an example

1 None 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ 81 120 157 193 232 260 294

2 98 133 166 211 250 286 338

3 111 145 185 225 271 313 344

4 125 160 199 247 298 341 377

5 130 165 222 265 319 370 438

6 134 178 215 278 343 391 425

7 217 115 263 268 338 394 447

Each group is assigned a grade

The basis of measuring the discrimination

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

What were the

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

Weve evaluated many options

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

What we learnt from analysis and fieldwork

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

Our conclusions at the end of earlier rounds

Discrimination much better than rural SEC

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

THE NEW SEC SYSTEM

Penetration of Selected items