MEE-2002

Strength of Materials

Dr. Benedict Thomas

School of Mechanical Engineering
 Thin cylinder and Spherical shells
INTRODUCTION:
In many engineering applications, cylinders are frequently
used for transporting or storing of liquids, gases or fluids.

Eg: Pipes, Boilers, storage tanks etc.

These cylinders are subjected to fluid pressures. When a

cylinder is subjected to a internal pressure, at any point on
the cylinder wall, three types of stresses are induced on
three mutually perpendicular planes. The three principal
Stresses in the Shell are Circumferential or Hoop Stress,
Longitudinal Stress, and the Radial Stress
Closed orthogonally-stiffened cylindrical shell
1. Hoop or Circumferential Stress (σC) – This is
directed along the tangent to the circumference and
tensile in nature. Thus, there will be increase in
diameter.
2. Longitudinal Stress (σL ) – This stress is directed
along the length of the cylinder. This is also tensile in
nature and tends to increase the length.

3. Radial pressure ( pr ) – It is compressive in nature. Its

magnitude is equal to fluid pressure on the inside wall
and zero on the outer wall if it is open to atmosphere.
A cylinder or spherical shell is considered to be thin
when the metal thickness is small compared to
internal diameter.
t 1
  Thin _ Cylinder
D 20
t 1
 Thick _ Cylinder
D 20
If the Cylinder walls are thin ,then it can be
assumed that the hoop and longitudinal stresses
are constant across the thickness, and the
magnitude of radial pressure is very small as
compared to those two stresses and can be
neglected.
 Circumferential Stress(Hoop stress)

• Consider a thin cylindrical

shell subjected to an
internal pressure.
• As a result of the internal
pressure, the cylinder has
a tendency to split up into
two troughs.

In case of thin shells, the stresses are

assumed to be uniformly distributed across
the wall thickness. In case of thick shells,
the stresses are no longer uniformly
distributed across the thickness and the
problem becomes complex.
The force exerted,
F = Internal Pressure x Projected area= p x (d x l)
The cross-sectional area resisting the force is A = 2tl
 Longitudinal Stress(axial stress)
• As a result of the internal pressure, the cylinder also has a
tendency to split into two pieces as shown in figure.

Longitudinal Stress
• The force tending to push the two parts apart,
F=
• Since hoop stress is twice the longitudinal
stress, the cylinder would fail by tearing along a
line parallel to the axis, rather than on a section
perpendicular to the axis.

• The equation for hoop stress is therefore used

to determine the cylinder thickness.

• Allowance is made for this by dividing the

thickness obtained in hoop stress equation by
efficiency (i.e. tearing and shearing efficiency)
of the joint.
Changes in dimension of Thin Cylindrical Shells
 Thin cylindrical Shell

P D
Hoop' s _ Stress   1   c 
2 t  L

P D
Longitudinal _ Stress   2   l 
4 t C
 Seam less and Reverted Pipes

http://physicsarchives.com/index.php/courses/879
 Maximum Shear Stress
At any point on the circumference of the thin cylinder, there is a set of
two mutually perpendicular stress σc and σl are available. There are
PRINCIPAL STRESSES. The plane of maximum shear stress will be at
45 degree to the Principal Plane.

pd pd

c pd
 max  l
 2t 4t 
 2 2 8t
Design of Thin Cylindrical Shell
• Condition: The maximum internal pressure
should be le ss than the Hoop Stres s
• σt is the tensile stress developed in relation to
the internal pressure of the thin shell
• The thickness of the thin cylindrical shell is

pd
t
2 t
Example 1: A cylindrical shell of 1.5 m diameter is made
up of 16 mm thick plates. Find the circumferential and
longitudinal stress in the plates, if the boiler is subjected
to an internal pressure of 2.5 MPa. Take efficiency of the
joints as 80%.
Solution :
Diameter of shell (d) = 1.5 m = 1500 mmThickness
of plates (t) = 16mm
Internal pressure (P) = 2.5 MPa
Efficiency (𝜂)= 80% = 0.8
Ex 4: A cylindrical shell of 500 mm diameter is required
to withstand an internal pressure of 4 MPa. Find the
minimum thickness of the shell, if maximum tensile
strength in the plate material is 300 MPa and efficiency
of the joints is 70%. Take factor of safety as 5.
Soln :
Cylindrical shell with hemispherical ends

t1  2  t 2
Proof
 Springs

• A spring is defined as a elastic machine element which

deflects under the action of load and returns to its orignal
shape when the load is removed. It can take any shape and
form depending on its application.

• IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS:

• 1)Springs are used to absorb shocks and vibrations.

• 2)Springs are used to store energy.
• 3)Springs are used to measure forces.
• 4)Springs are used to apply force and control motion.
 Types Of Springs

• Springs are classified according to theirshape.

• The most popular type of spring is helical spring.
• There are two types of helicalspring.

1. Compression spring
2. Extension spring
 Sub Classification of Helical Spring

• The helical springs are sometimes classified as closely-coiled

helical spring and open-coiled helical spring
• The difference between them are as follows:

1) A helical spring is said to be closely coiled spring when the

spring wire is coiled so close that the plane containing each
coil is almost at right angles to the axis of the helix. The
helix angle is very small ,it is usually less than 10 degree.
2) A helical spring is said to be open coiled spring when the
spring wire is coiled in such a way that there are large gap
between adjacent coils. In other words the helix angle is
large . In other words it is more than 10 degree.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPRESSION & EXTENSION

• (i)They are easy to manufacture .

• (ii)They are cheaper than other types of springs.
• (iii)Their reliability is high.
• (iv)The deflection of the spring is linearly propotional
to the force acting on the springs.

• It is due to the above advantage that helical spring are

popular and extensively used in a number of
application.
• Helical torsional spring
• The construction of the spring is similar to that of
compression or extension spring , the spring is loaded
by a torque about a axis of the coil. They are used to
transmit torque to a particular component in a
machine or the mechanism.
Deflection in Closely Coiled Helical Spring
Terminology of helicalspring:

Solid length- defined as the axial length of the spring which is co

compressed that the adjacent coil touch each other.
Compressed length - defined as the axial length of the spring which is
subjected to maximum compressive force.
Free length – defined as the axial length of an unloaded helical
compression spring. No external forces act on the spring.