Water Supply and

treatment
(Ceng 4181)

for 4th years civil engineering

students.
2023
 Chep 10

•Collection and Distribution of

Water

3
 Water conveyance Systems
Deals with the transport of water from the source through
the treatment plant to the consumers.
• It requires
▫ intake structures,
▫ transmission lines,
▫ distribution pipe networks & other essential
accessories.
The components of a water supply system can be divided
into two major parts:
1.Transmission Line or Transmission Main: Pipeline from
intake to reservoir tank.
2.Distribution Line: Pipeline from reservoir tank to tap stand
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 Key requirements of intake
• Reliability

• Of adequate size to provide the required quantity of water.

• Located to obtain the best quality water.

• Protected from objects that may damage equipment.

• Easy to inspect and maintain.

• Designed to minimize damage to aquatic life.

• Located to minimize navigational hazards.

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 Location for intake structures
• Avoid wastewater discharge points and pollution hazard
•Enable withdrawal of water from a range of levels
•Magnitude and direction of stream or current velocities
should not affect the function and stability of the intake
structure.
•Reliable access roads and power sources should be
available
•should be near to treatment plant
•Major environmental impacts should be avoided
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•.

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Unprotected river intake

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Pumped river intake

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 Design Criteria for intakes

• Design capacity = Q max-day

• Intake velocity should be ≤ 8 cm/s
• vertical positions intake ports should be such that good
quality water is withdrawn.
• Locate the top intake port at a distance not less than 2
m from the normal water level and the bottom port at
least 1 m above the bottom 21
 Intake design

• Volume of pump detention time. A detention time of at

least 20min is recommended.
• At least two pumps to avoid interruption of service.
• Height (with a freeboard about 0.5m)
• Location of the bottom of the pump should be > 1.5m
below the lowest stream level or > 1m below stream
bed. 22
 Example 1: Canal Intake design

1. Design course screen and bell mouth canal intake for a

city of 75,000 persons, drawing water from a canal which
runs only for 10 hours a day with a depth of 1.5m. Also
calculate the head loss in the intake conduit if the treatment
works are 0.25km away. Given average consumption per
person=150l/day. Assume the velocity through the course
screens and bell mouth to be less than16cm/sec and
32cm/sec respectively. 23
 Example 1 Solution
Solution

Discharge required by the city=150 l/d x75000 =11250000l/d=11.25Ml/d

Since canal runs only for 10hrs a day, this whole daily flow is required to be drawn in 10
hours
11.25
Therefore intake load per hour= Ml / hr  1.125 Ml / hr  0.3125 m 3 / sec
10

Design of coarse screen –area of coarse screen( which may be made as vertical iron bars of
20mm ф @ 3 to 5cm centre to centre),

disch arg e  entering  the  well  through  this  coarse  screen

=
velocity  through  the  screen 24
 Example 1 Solution
Max velocity through this screen is 0.16m/sec.
0.3125 2
Therefore minimum area of screen required= m  1.95m 2
0.16

Height of screen provided =1.5-0.15-0.3*assuming the min WL in canal to be 0.3m below

FSL)

=1.05m

Therefore minimum length of screen required =1.95/1.05=1.86 (neglecting area of bars)

Hence provide 2m length of coarse screen in the intake well. 25

Design of bell mouth entry:

Area of bell mouth entry

disch arg e 0.3125 2
=  m
velocity  through  bell  mouth 0.32

if d is the dia. Of the bell mouth entry, then

 2 0.98 x4
.d  0.98  d   1.12m say 1.2m ф bell mouth provided with
4 
perforations for fine screen. 26
 Design of intake conduit
Assuming the flow velocity in conduit as 1.5m/s, we have
disch arg e 0.3125
The area of conduit required =   0.208 m 2
velocity 1.5
Diameter of pipe is give by:
 0.208
D 2  0.208  D  X 4  0.515 m  say  0..5m
4 
We may hence use 0.5m diameter conduit

4 x 0.3125
Flow velocity through this 0.5m diameter conduit will then be=  1.59 m / s
 .(0.5) 2

Head loss through the conduit up to treatment works is calculated by Hazen-William

equation

V=0.85CH.R0.63.S.0.54

Where CH=130 for cast iron pipe R=0.5/4=0.125m, V=1.59m/s, S slope of energy line.

Using the above data S=4.41x10-3

HL Head  loss
S=   H L  1.1025 m 27
L length
 Assignment=1
1. Design two circular penstocks with screens of river intake
for a city of 80,000 persons drawing water from a river with a
depth of 1.8m. Also calculate the Head loss in the intake
conduit if the treatment works are ½ km away. Draw a neat
sketch of the river intake. Assume average consumption per
person=160l/day. Assume the velocity through the circular
penstocks to be less than 8cm/s and also use CH=100 for
calculating the head loss. 28
 Pipelines and appurtenances
The selection of pipe materials is based on

• carrying capacity

• strength

• ease of transportation and handling

• availability

• quality of water

• cost (initial and maintenance )

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Different type of pipe

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Gate and butterfly valves

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Pressure reducing valves (PRV).

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 Distribution systems
• Depending upon the level of the source of water and
the city, topography of the area, and other local
considerations, Gravitational system,

• Pumping without storage, and

• Pumping with storage

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Pipeline layout options

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DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS

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 Purpose of Distribution reservoirs
• Equalizing supply and demand
• Providing water during source or pump failure
• Providing water to meet fire demands
• Increase detention times
• Increasing operating convenience
• Leveling out pumping requirements
• Maintaining pressure levels within acceptable ranges
• Blending water sources 36
Equalizing demand and supply

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Elevated tank location

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Distribution reservoir types
1.Ground reservoir

2.Elevated reservoir

3.Stand pipes reservoir

Can be made of
• Concrete or masonry
• Steel tank

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Capacity Reservoir=Equalizing storage + Emergency reserve
(about 25%) + Fire storage.

• Aesthetics

• Ventilation

• Security and safety

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Reservoir capacity
Size (m3) Depth of water
(m)
Up to 3500 2.5 – 3.5
3500 – 15 000 3.5 – 5.0
Over 15 000 5.0 – 7.0
For rectangular concrete tank

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Example=1
1. Design a service reservoir if Qday-max is 2400 m3. Two
pumps are working at constant rate of 150 m3/hr. Determine
for how many hours pumping should be done.

• Solution

Step 1. Determine pumping hours Pumping hour = Qdmax/(2 x

pumping capacity)
= 2400/(2 x 150)
= 8 hrs for each pump 42
Step 2. Determine reservoir capacity Balancing
requirement Pumping is done for a total of 16 hrs = 2400 m3
But demand for 16 hrs is 2400 x 16/24 = 1600 m3

Excess that needs to be stored = 2400-1600 = 800 m3

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Emergency requirement = 0.25 x 800 = 200 m3

•Ignore fire demand = 0

Total reservoir volume = 1000 m3

Provide 2 reservoirs of each 500 m3

•Take depth of 3.0 m

•X-sectional area = 500/3.0 = 166.67 m2

•Taking circular tank diameter = 14.57 m

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 Example-2
2.A Town with a Population of 100,000 is to be supplied with water
daily at 200 liters per head. The Variation in demand is as follows
• 6 am – 9am = 40% of total

• 9am - 12 noon = 10% of total

• 12noon – 3Pm = 10% of total

• 3Pm – 6PM = 15% of total

• 6Pm – 9Pm = 25% of total

• Determine the capacity of the service reservoir assuming pumping to be at uniform rate & the
period of pumping to be from 6am – 4Pm. Neglect fire demand.

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Solution: -

Dd= V day = 100,000*200 L/head = 20Ml for ( 6am-9pm)

SS= Q day = 100,000*200 L/head = 20Ml for ( 6am-4pm)10 hrs = 20ML/10hrs = 2 ML/hrs

Period Hours Rate of demand Dd in ML comm dd. SS ML/h Comm ss Excess dd Excess ss
(1) (2) (3) (4) volume (5) (6) Q (7)ML/hr (8)
col (5)–(7)=+ col (7)–(5)= + (9)

6am – 9am 3 40% of 20ML 8 8 6 6 2 _

9am-12noon 3 10% of 20ML 2 10 6 12 _ 2

12noon-3Pm 3 10% of 20ML 2 12 6 18 _ 6

3Pm-6Pm 3 15% of 20ML 3 15 2 20 _ 5

6Pm-9Pm 3 25% of 20ML 5 20 Null 20 _ _

Total storage required = Max Excess dd + Max. Excess ss

= 2ML + 6ML = 8ML
Total Volume required = storage + 25% storage( Emergency) + Fire demand
= 8ML + 25% 8ML + 0= 10ML Answer
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 example

1. Design a service reservoir if Qday-max is 2400 m3.

Two pumps are working at constant rate of 150 m3/hr.
Determine for how many hours pumping should be done.
• Solution
Step 1. Determine pumping hours Pumping hour =
Qdmax/(2 x pumping capacity)
= 2400/(2 x 150)
= 8 hrs for each pump 47
Step 2. Determine reservoir capacity Balancing
requirement Pumping is done for a total of 16 hrs = 2400
m3

But demand for 16 hrs is 2400 x 16/24 = 1600 m3

Excess that needs to be stored = 2400-1600 = 800 m3

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Emergency requirement = 0.25 x 800 = 200 m3

•Ignore fire demand = 0

Total reservoir volume = 1000 m3

Provide 2 reservoirs of each 500 m3

•Take depth of 3.0 m

•X-sectional area = 500/3.0 = 166.67 m2

•Taking circular tank diameter = 14.57 m

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 Assignment=1
1.A water supply system is proposed to be designed for a
small town which has a maximum daily demand of 515 m3/d.
Estimate storage requirement if pumping is done for 12 hrs.
only (from 2 to 14). Use the following demand variation data.

Time (hr) 0-4 4-8 8 - 12 12 - 16 16 - 20 20 - 24

Demand as % of total daily 6.7 9.2 20.8 28.3 25 10

demand

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Layout of distribution systems

Pipe networks :
Primary or arterial mains from the pumping stations and
from storage facilities to the various districts of the city. valved
at intervals of not ≤ 1.5 km

Secondary lines or Sub-mains run from one primary main

to another located at spacings of 2-4 blocks

Small distribution mains or branches Supply water to

every consumer and to the fire hydrants
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layout of distribution pipes generally follows the road pattern

Four types of pipe network layouts –

• dead end system or branch system,

• gridiron system,

• ring system, and

• radial system.

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Design of distribution systems
• Design flow: Max day demand + Fire demand
• Minimum main sizes:
• generally:150mm (6 in);
• high value districts: 200mm (8 in);
• major streets: 305mm (12 in);
• domestic flows only: 100mm (4 in);
• small communities: 50-75 mm
• Velocity:
• Minimum = 0.6 - 1 m/s;
• Maximum = 2.5 m/s 54
Pressure zones

Pressure reducing valves (PRV). 55

• Pressure:

• Minimum value is 140 kPa

• Maximum not to exceed 410 kPa

• P= ƍgh

• But mainly depends on pressure ratings of the pipes and

appurtenances used and regulatory requirements

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Pipe Network Geometry
iL = jL + kL - iL = no. of pipes
1 jL = no. of nodes
kL = no. of
loops

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**Simple DS Design procedures **
Assign the required demand at each node
i. Estimate the discharge flowing through the pipes

ii. Assume possible pipe diameters

iii. Calculate the head loss through the pipes

iv. Find the residual pressure at the end of the pipe.

v. Compare this terminal pressure with the desired minimum and

maximum pressures.

vi. If the required condition is not satisfied,

vii. then repeat steps (ii) through (vi) until the required conditions are met.
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 Design methods for networks
i. Trial and error method
ii. Hardy Cross Method (in flow=out flow)

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Assign the required demand at each node
i. Estimate the discharge flowing through the pipes
ii. Assume possible pipe diameters
iii. Calculate the head loss through the pipes
iv. Find the residual pressure at the end of the pipe.
v. Compare this terminal pressure with the desired
minimum and maximum pressures.
vi. If the required condition is not satisfied,
vii.then repeat steps (ii) through (vi) until the required
conditions are met.
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 Example.
Q1. A dead end type of a distribution pipe network has been
adopted for supplying water to a certain zone of the city having
different blocks and their populations, as shown in Fig.1 below.
The rate of supply is 200 litres per head per day .The R.L. of the
bottom of the elevated storage tank is 225 R.L. of points A, B, C,
D, etc are 210, 200 and 195m respectively. If the minimum
pressure head of water is to be 12m, Design suitable size of
pipes. AB and BC lengths are 500 and 400m respectively. Assume
maximum rate of demand to be 2.7 times the average demand
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below.

p=300(1) p=500(2) P=250 p=450

p=800(3) (8) (9) F

p=600(4) P=300 (10)

B
A C

P=300(5) p=500 (11)

P=500
(6) P=700(7) p=800 p=900
(12) (13) G
E 63
 At point D, total population P=Block 8+ Block 2+Block3=250+500+800=1550

At point E, population P= Block 12+ Block 7=800+700=1500

At point F, population P=Block 9=450

At point G, population P=Block 13=900

1) Design for AB

No of population served by AB= 6100=(2+3+4+5+7+8+9+10+11+12+13)

Max discharge=2.7x200x6100 l/c/d=0.038m3/s

2.112 x10 3 xLxQ 1.85

hf  Head loss by Hazen-William equation.
D 4.87

Assuming D=180mm, hf=10.60m

Head available at B= Head available at A-hf through pipe AB=225-10.6=214.40

Elevation at point B=200m

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Net head (pressure head) at B=214.4-200=14.4m>12.0m , hence it is OK!
1) Design of BC

No of population served=2150= (9+10+11+13)

Q=0.0134m3/s, assuming D=140mm

hf=4.20m

head available at C= Head available at B-hf through pipe BC

=214.4-4.20

=210.20

Elevation at point C=195m

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Net head (pressure head) at C=210.20-195=15.20>12, hence Ok!
Example
ii. Hard-Cross Method

• Determine the discharge in each of the pipes using Hard-

Cross Method

In flow = Out flow

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2.Fig. below shows one of the circuits of a distribution system, A city
has a population of 100,000 is to be served. Length AB,BC,CD,DE and
AE=600,500,650,1196 and 200m respectively.

The pressure at the start point A is 35m head of water and the min. pressure
desired at the point D is 20m head of water. Design the various pipes of this
circuit by assuming the per capita demand to be 190 l/p/day and the peak rate
of demand for design for design of distribution system as 1.8 times the avg.
assume v=1.3m/s.
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Solution
Q day-max=1.8x190l/d=342l/d=0.004l/s

At point B=15%x100,000x0.004l/s=60l/s

At point C=10%x100,000x0.004l/s=40l/s

At point D along CD=10%x100,000x0.004l/s=40l/s

At point D along ED=40%x100,000x0.004l/s=160l/s

At point E=25%x100,000x0.004l/s=100l/s

Total=400l/s
Total discharge inflow required at A= 400l/s
i.e ABCD=140 and AED=260l/s 68
• Calculate the diameter/size of pipe by using Hazen-William
formula or Nomogram graph for Cost iron pipes.

hf=2.112x10 -3 xLxQ 1.85

D 4.87

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 Q1. A dead end type of a distribution pipe network has been adopted for supplying water to a certain zone of
the city having different blocks and their populations, as shown in Fig.1 below. The rate of supply is 180
litres per head per day .The R.L. of the bottom of the elevated storage tank is 150 R.L. of points A, B, C, D,
etc are 130, 129, 131 and 128, respectively. If the minimum pressure head of water is to be 10m, Design
suitable size of pipes. AB, BC, and CD lengths are 300, 400 and 500m respectively. Assume maximum rate
of demand to be 2.7 times the average demand.

9 10
1 2 200 300 16
E F 15 500 G
300 400
700
3 11 17
700 600 600
4
600

A
B C D

5 6 12 18
750 850 700 800 20
19 1000
13 14 500
7 23
600 600 22
600 21 500
700 200
H I J
8
900

Fig. 1 70
2.Fig. below shows one of the circuits of a distribution system, A city
has a population of 400,000 is to be served. Length AB,BC,CD,DE and
AE=40,80,90,100 and 60m respectively.

The pressure at the start point A is 26m head of water and the min. pressure desired
at the point D is 12m head of water. Design the various pipes of this circuit by
assuming the per capita demand to be 60 l/p/day and the peak rate of demand for
design for design of distribution system as 1.67 times the avg. assume v=1.3m/s.
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3.A study is conducted in order to meet the demand of a rural town.
The selected site for service reservoir is located at elevation of
2031m and planned to distribute the water to a town as shown below
in Figure 2. The elevations of each node are A = 1990m, B=1980m and
elevation of C = 1971m.Calculate the size of pipe from Reservoir to A,
AB and BC by considering the minimum free head at Junctions must
be greater than 10m and less than 80mand also check the velocity.

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Use domestic demand 70 l/cap/day, For water point 30 l/cap/day, For industrial area of
500hectar; 150 l/ha/day, for school of 500 students 60l/student/day, for a hospital
having 60 beds 75l/bed/day, and for commercial area of 700ha; 120 l/ha/day.
Consider Peak Hour Factor =2.0, Minimum Velocity =0.6m/sec and maximum Velocity
= 2.5m/sec.

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