Adenosine Tri-Phosphate is the only energy source that people can use immediately, its stored in the body,

inside the muscle cells. There are other sources of energy within our bodies such as glycogen, but these need to be broken down into adenosine tri phosphate to actually work and be dispersed throughout the body. Inside our body we have about 85 g of adenosine tri phosphate, unfortunately this can only sustain a small amount of exercise, the amount of exercise that this can sustain is a whole two seconds! The structure of adenosine tri phosphate is the diagram below, its called adenosine tri phosphate because there are three phosphates within it, so when they break up, this turns into adenosine di-phosphate, di meaning two. Reactions for tri phosphate and di phosphate look like this: ATP>ADP + P + ENERGY (exothermic) ADP +P + ENRGY (endothermic) Adenosine Adenosine P Energy

As said in the previous slide, Adenosine Tri Phosphate can only provide us with two seconds of energy at the absolute maximum, Adenosine Tri Phosphate therefore has to be re-synthesised and recycled throughout the energy system. There are three main energy systems used to re-synthesise adenosine tri phosphate , these systems are known as : The phosphocreatine system The lactic acid system The aerobic system

This system uses phosphocreatine to provide the energy to combine Adenosine Di Phosphate and Phosphate, This system is anaerobic as oxygen isnt present within the system. PC = P + C + ENERGY (exothermic) ENERGY + ADP + P = ATP (endothermic) This is known s a coupled reaction as the energy from one system is combined into another system, like a bond. A sporting example for when this energy system will be used is short sprints, or possibly serving a tennis ball. So an athlete that would use this system to its best would be Rafael Nadal .

The phosphocreatine system is an anaerobic system, it will provide energy for a maximum of ten seconds, one molecule of Adenosine Tri Phosphate is resynthesised from.

The lactic acid system is another anaerobic system, the energy that fuels the system is carbohydrates, although these carbohydrates are stalled as glycogen, which you can get from things like lucozade because its glucose that isnt used so it stores itself for the next time you need to exercise, but if you dont use it for 3 days or so then it becomes tri-glyceride which are 3 molecules of glucose which form a bond, tri-glyceride is also known as fat. The glycogen used for this system is stored in the muscles and the liver, and the carbohydrates are converted into glycogen via the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase . Glucose is then broken down through a system called anaerobic glycolysis, which is then converted to pyruvic acid, which is where the energy is formed. The pyruvic acid, is what's turned into lactic acid, this is due to the lack of oxygen received in the muscles. The whole system/process looks something along these lines: carbohydrates

Glycogen

Glucose

Pyruvic acid
Glucose broken down into pyruvic acid, by the enzyme phosphofructinase. The reaction causes 2 molecules of adenosine tri-phosphate to be resynthesised

Lactic acid
Due to the lack of oxygen , pyruvic acid is broken into lactic acid, by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenise.

Glycogen broken down into glucose by the enzyme glycogen phosphoralyze, this process is anaerobic glycolysis.

Theres a large amount of glycogen in our bodies, so this system provides more energy than the phosphocreatine system, the lactic acid system is initiated when the body detects a drop in phosphocreatine levels. The lactic acid system, can re-synthesis enough energy for high intensity exercises such as the 400 metre race, because the lactic acid system produces enough energy for it to last between 10-180 seconds. Because oxygen is not needed, the energy can be produced straight away without any oxygen having to be taken in from the lungs. Although the system takes longer than the phosphocreatine system it also more effective than the phosphocreatine system, the reason it takes longer is because more reactions take place. An athlete that uses this system would be Oscar Pistorius , known as the fastest man with no legs or simply blade runner .

Within the aerobic system in total there are 38 molecules of adenosine tri phosphate that get re-synthesised from just one molecule of glucose. The amount of exercise you get is the longest within any of the systems, exercise using the aerobic system can last for a few hours. There are no harmful by products unlike the lactic acid system. This system only usually takes 3 minutes to start up and begin to able to be used , therefore there is a delay before oxygen actually reaches the muscles. Once the intensity gets too high for this particular energy system, the system will naturally switch back to the lactic acid system, because the exercise will become too exhausting. Pyruvic acid
This process
produces 2ATP.

Glucose

Acetyl coenzyme A
2 ATP Produced If however fat is being used as a fuel it enters the Krebs cycle here. Fats are broken down into fatty acids and then Acetyl CoA where it follows the same path as glucose.

The Krebs cycle

2 CO2 Produced as waste product and breathed out via the lungs Hydrogen then leaves the Krebs cycle.

This stage is called slow glycolysis and is exactly the same as the lactic acid system. The only difference is because oxygen is present lactic acid isnt produced.