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Tensile stress
Compressive stress
stresses
Lever arms AB and AC - Bending stresses Hinge pin - Shear and bearing stresses. Spring - Shear stress.
Bearing stress
When a body is pressed against another, the compressive stress developed is termed bearing stress.
Shear stress
Bending stresses
Bending stress
Buckling
Example
Stress Concentration
Any such discontinuity in a member affects the stress distribution in the neighbourhood and the discontinuity acts as a stress raiser.
Belt Material
Leather Oak tanned or chrome tanned. Rubber Canvas or cotton duck impregnated with rubber. For greater tensile strength, the rubber belts are reinforced with steel cords or nylon cords. Plastics Thin plastic sheets with rubber layers Fabric Canvas or woven cotton ducks Ply of belt: The belt thickness can be built up with a number of layers. The number of layers is known as ply.
V- Belt drives
couplings
Sleeve coupling
Shear plane
Clamp coupling
Flange coupling
Oldham coupling
Universal joints
stresses
Types of loading
Factor of safety
Stress vs strain
Theories of failure
Maximum principal stress theory ( Rankine theory) Maximum principal strain theory (St. Venants theory) Maximum shear stress theory ( Tresca theory) Maximum strain energy theory ( Beltramis theory) Distortion energy theory( von Mises yield criterion)
Band brakes:
Simple band brake:
Thermit welding
Laser welding Electron beam welding
(ii) Residual stresses: due to inhomogeneous heating of the base metals, residual stresses may exist upon cooling. (iii) Metallurgical transformation: in heat affected zone (HAZ) metallurgical properties may change leading to weakening of the joint. (iv) Defects: of various kinds like incomplete penetration, porosity, slag inclusion which affect the strength of a welded joint. (v) Stress concentration: abrupt change in the geometry after welding may introduce stress concentration in the structure.
Butt joints
Square butt joint Single V-butt joint, double V-butt joint Single U-butt joint, double U-butt joint Single J-butt joint, double J-butt joint
Butt joints
Weld symbols
Welding symbol
Lap joint
Butt joint
Design of shaft
Design based on Stiffness In the context of shaft, design for stiffness means that the lateral deflection of the shaft and/or angle of twist of the shaft should be within some prescribed limit.
Torsional rigidity
Helical Springs
Commonly used spring materials Hard-drawn wire: This is cold drawn, cheapest spring steel. Normally used for low stress and static load. The material is not suitable at subzero temperatures or at temperatures above 1200C. Oil-tempered wire: It is a cold drawn, quenched, tempered, and general purpose spring steel. However, it is not suitable for fatigue or sudden loads, at subzero temperatures and at temperatures above 1800C. When we go for highly stressed conditions then alloy steels are useful. Chrome Vanadium: This alloy spring steel is used for high stress conditions and at high temperature up to 2200C. It is good for fatigue resistance and long endurance for shock and impact loads. Chrome Silicon: This material can be used for highly stressed springs. It offers excellent service for long life, shock loading and for temperature up to 2500C. Music wire: This spring material is most widely used for small springs. It is the toughest and has highest tensile strength and can withstand repeated loading at high stresses. However, it can not be used at subzero temperatures or at temperatures above 1200C.
However, for very large springs having also large coil diameter and wire diameter one has to go for manufacture by hot processes. First one has to heat the wire and then use a proper mangle to wind the coils.
Forces in spring
overview of bearings
Fluid Film bearings In fluid film bearing the entire load of the shaft is carried by a thin film of fluid present between the rotating and non-rotating elements. The types of fluid film bearings are as follows, Sliding contact type Journal bearing Thrust bearing Slider bearing
Journal Bearing
Ball bearing
has two rows of balls. Axial displacement of the shaft can be kept very small even for axial loads of varying magnitude.
It is generally used for simultaneous heavy radial load and heavy axial load. Roller bearings has more contact area than a ball bearing, therefore, they are generally used for heavier loads than the ball bearings.
It is mainly used for heavy axial loads. However, considerable amount of loads in either direction can also be applied.
For heavy radial load and high speed use, cylindrical roller bearings,
Within certain limit, relative axial displacement of the shaft and the bearing housing is permitted for this type of bearings.
Threaded Fasteners
Bolts: They are basically threaded fasteners normally used with nuts. Screws: They engage either with a preformed or a self made internal threads. Studs: They are externally threaded headless fasteners. One end usually meets
Set screws
Thread forms