I HC NNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA ---------------------- ---------------------

TRANG B CNG NGH V CP PHI T NG

CHU MNH LC, PHM VN SONG

NNG 2003

I HC NNG
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA ---------------------- ---------------------

CHU MNH LC, PHM VN SONG

TRANG B CNG NGH V CP PHI T NG

NNG 2003

Mc lc Mc lc Chng 1 1-1. Khi nim. 1-2. nh ngha v cng dng ca g gia cng. 1-2-1. nh ngha. 1-2-2. Cng dng ca g gia cng. 1-3. Phn loi g gia cng trn my ct kim loi. 1-3-1. Cn c vo phm vi s dung. 1-3-2. Cn c vo my s dng. 1-3-3. Cn c vo ngun sinh lc kp cht. 1-3-4. Cn c vo s chi tit ng thi gia cng. 1-4. Yu cu i vi g. 1-5. Cc thnh phn ca g. Chng 2 NH V V NH V 2-1.Yu cu i vi nh v. 2-1-1. nh ngha 2-1-1. Yu cu i vi nh v 2-2. nh v chi tit khi chun nh v l mt phng 2-2-1. Cht t c nh . 2-2-2. Cht t iu chnh. 2-2-3. Cht t t la . 2-2-4. Cht t ph. 2-2-5. Phin t . 2-2-6. Sai s chun. 2-3. nh v khi chun l mt tr ngoi . 2-3-1. Khi V . 2-3-2. Mm cp . 2-3-3. ng kp n hi 2-4. nh v khi chun l mt tr trong. 2-4-1.Cc loi cht g. 2-4-2. Cc loi trc g. 2-4-3. Sai s chun khi nh v bng mt trong. 2- 5. nh v bng hai l tm . 2-5-1. Mi tm cng. 2-5-2. Mi tm ty ng. 2-5-3. Mi tm quay. 2-6. nh v kt hp. Phn 1 TRANG B CNG NGH G GIA CNG

Trang 2 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 16 18 18 18 18 20 20 22 22 23 23 24

2-6-1. nh v bng mt mt phng v hai l vung gc vi mt phng 24 2-6-2. nh v bng mt mt phng v mt cht vt c ng tm song song vi mt phng. 29 2-7. nh v bng b mt c bit. 29 2-7-1.nh v bng mt ln ca bnh rng 29 2-7-2. nh v bng mt dn hng. 30 31 Chng 3 KP CHT V C CU KP CHT
2

3-1. Khi nim. 3-2. Phng, chiu, im t v tr s lc kp. 3-2-1. Phng v chiu lc kp. 3-2-2. im t ca lc kp. 3-2-3. Tnh lc kp cht cn thit W . 3-2-4. Cc loi c cu kp cht phi. 3-3. Kp cht bng chm. 3-3-1. Khi nim. 3-3-2. Tnh lc kp ca c cu chm. 3-3-3. Tnh ton iu kin t hm ca chm. 3-3-4. Tnh lc cn thit ng chm ra. 3-3-5. Tnh chm phi hp vi con ln. 3-3-6. Tnh chm c cht. 3-4. Kp bng ren vt. 3-4-1. Khi nim. 3-4-2. Kt cu. 3-4-3.Tnh ton lc kp ca c cu kp ren vt. 3-4-4. Kp ren vt vi n. 3-5. Kp bng bnh lch tm ( kp cht bng cam ). 3-5-1. Khi nim. 3-5-2. Bnh lch tm trn. 3-5-3. Bnh lch tm ng cong Ac-si-met. 3-5-4. Bnh lch tm ng cong l ga rt. 3-5-5. Kt cu bnh lch tm. 3-6. C cu phng i lc kp. 3-6-1. C cu phng i lc kp bng thanh truyn. 3-6-2. C cu phng i lc kp hai thanh truyn kp mt pha. 3-6-3. C cu phng i lc kp hai thanh truyn kp hai pha. 3-6-4. C cu phng i lc kp bng kh nn- du p. Chng 4 C CU T NH TM 4-1. khi nim. 4-2. C cu t nh tm bng ren c tri chiu nhau . 4-3. T nh tm bng chm. 4-4. T nh tm bng n by . 4-5. T nh tm bng cc ng cong. 4-6. T nh tm bng khe chm. 4-7. T nh tam bng l xo a 4-8. T nh tm bng ng kp co bp n hi. 4-9. T nh tm bng cht do. Chng 5 CC C CU SINH LC 5-1. C cu sinh lc bng kh nn . 5-1-1. Xi lanh piston. 5-1-2. Xi lanh mng. 5-2. C cu sinh lc bng du p. 5-3. C cu sinh lc kh nn -du p.

31 32 32 32 32 38 40 40 42 43 44 44 45 47 47 47 50 54 55 55 55 58 59 60 61 66 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70

5-4. C cu sinh lc bng c kh- in. 5-5. C cu sinh lc bng in t. 5-5-1. Nguyn tc lm vic . 5-5-2. Trnh t tnh ton. 5-6. C cu sinh lc bng lc li tm. 5-7. C cu sinh lc bng chn khng. 5-8. C cu sinh lc v nh tm bng cht do. Chng 6 CC C CU KHC CA G GIA CNG 6-1.C cu dn hng v kim tra v tr ca dng c ct. 6-1-1. Bc dn. 6-1-2. Phin dn. 6-1-3. C cu dn hng dao khi chut 6-2. C cu xc inh v tr dao. 6-3. C cu nh v g trn my ct gt kim loi. 6-3-1. C cu nh v g trn my phay, my doa . 6-3-2. C cu nh v g trn my tin. 6-4. C cu phn . 6-5. C cu chp hnh. 6-5-1.C cu chp hnh bng c kh. 6-5-2. C cu chp hnh kh nn - du p. 6-6. Thn g. Chng 7 TRNH T THIT K G CHUYN DNG GIA CNG CT GT 7-1. Yu cu. 7-2. Cc bc tin hnh. 7-3. Xy dng bn v lp chung g . 7-4. chnh xc v nng sut g t ca g . 7-4-1. cng vng v chnh xc cn thit ca g gia cng ct gt 7-4-2. Nng sut g t v thao tc g. 7-5. Yu cu c th vi cc loi g gia cng ct gt. 7-5-1. g khoan. 7-5-2. g phay. 7-5-3. g tin. 7-5-4. g mi . 7-5-5. g chut. 7-6. Tiu chun ho v vn nng ho cc trang b cng ngh. 7-6-1. Vai tr v ngha ca tiu chun ho v vn nng ho... 7-6-2. Phng hng v ni dung ca tiu chun ho cc TBCN. 7-6-3. Cc giai on tiu chun ho trang b cng ngh. 7-6-4. Cc phng hng c bn vn nng ho v xc lp... 7-7. Phn tch tnh kinh t khi thit g. 7-7-1. Xc nh hiu qu kinh t do trang b cng ngh mang li. 7-7-2. Xc nh chi ph thit k v ch to trang b cng ngh.

70 70 70 71 72 73 74 75 75 75 78 79 81 82 82 83 84 85 85 86 87 88 88 88 89 89 90 93 94 94 97 97 98 98 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 102

Chng 8 G KIM TRA 8-1. Khi nim chung. 8-2. Thnh phn ca g kim tra. 8-2-1. C cu nh v. 8-2-2. C cu kp cht. 8-2-3. C cu o. 8-2-4. C cu ph. 8-2-5. Thn g. 8-2-6. Mt s v d g kim tra Chng 9 G LP RP 9-1. Khi nim. 9-1-1. g lp rp vn nng. 9-1-2. g lp rp chuyn dng. 9- 2. Thnh phn ca g lp rp. 9-2-1. Chi tit (c cu) nh v. 9-2-2. Chi tit (c cu) kp cht. 9-2-3. C cu ph. 9-3. c im thit k g lp rp chuyn dng. 9-3-1. Ti liu ban u thit k g lp rp bao gm. 9-3-2. Trnh t thit k. 9-3-3. chnh xc lp rp . 9-4. g thay i v tr i tng lp. Chng 10 DNG C PH 10-1. Khi nim chung. 10-2. Dng c ph dng trn my khoan. 10-2-1. C cu thay dao nhanh. 10-2-2. g dao tin rnh mt trong. 10-2-3. u khoan nhiu trc. 10-2-4. Tnh u khoan nhiu trc. 10-3. C cu kp dao trn my tin. 10-4. C cu kp dao trn my phay. Phn II CP PHI T NG Chng 11. KHI NIM 11.1. Khi nim 11.2 Phn loi 11.3. ngha Chng 12. H THNG CP PHI T NG 12.1. Cc thnh phn ch yu ca h thng cp phi t ng 12.2. Phu cha phi

103 103 103 104 105 106 107 108 110 111 111 111 111 113 113 113 113 114 114 114 114 117 119 119 119 119 120 121 124 129 130

132

135 138 140 141 141 145

12.2.1. cp phi thanh hoc phi cun 150 12.2.2. Phu cp phi ri 155 12.2.3. Mt s kt cu phu cha phi 160 12.3. Mng chuyn phi 161 12.3.1. Cc dng mng c s dng chuyn phi 161 12.3.2. Tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca mng. 165 12.4. B phn lm ph hp tc phi, phn chia v chuyn hng phi 12.4.1. C cu lm ph hp tc phi 170 12.4.2. B phn phn chia phi v chuyn hng 172 12.5. C cu nm bt phi 175 TI LIU THAM KHO 176

Phn I

TRANG B CNG NGH

Chng 1 1-1. Khi nim : Cht lng sn phm c kh, nng sut lao ng v gi thnh l nhng ch tiu kinh t k thut quan trng trong sn xut c khi. m bo cc ch tiu trn, trong qu trnh ch to cc sn phm c kh, ngoi my ct kim loi (my cng c) v dng c ct, chng ta cn cn c cc loi g v dng c ph (gi l trang b cng ngh). Trang b cng ngh ng mt vai tr rt quan trng, nh n sn xut c kh c th m bo v nng cao cht lng, tng nng sut v h gi thnh ch to sn phm. Trang b cng ngh (i vi gia cng c kh), l ton b cc ph tng km theo my cng c nhm m rng kh nng cng ngh ca my, to iu kin cho vic thc hin qu trinh cng ngh ch to c kh vi hiu qu kinh t v k thut cao. Theo kt cu v cng dng, trang b cng ngh c phn thnh hai loi: trang b cng ngh vn nng v trang b cng ngh chuyn dng. c im ca trang b vn nng l khng ph thuc vo i tng gia cng nht nh v c s dng ch yu vo dng sn xut n chic v lot nh. Cn trang b cng ngh chuyn dng th kt cu v tnh nng ca n ph thuc vo mt hoc mt nhm i tng gia cng nht nh, n c dng ch yu trong sn xut hng khi v lot ln, c bit trong sn xut nh v n chic yu cu c chnh xc cao hoc i vi nhng chi tit khng dng chng th khng th gia cng c. i vi gia cng c kh, ngi ta thng s dng hai loi trang b cng ngh l g ( g gia cng, g kim tra, g lp rp) v dng c ph . - g: l nhng trang b cng ngh cn thit c dng trong qu trnh gia cng c ( g gia cng), qu trnh kim tra ( g kim tra) v qu trnh lp rp sn phm c kh ( g lp rp). g gia cng chim ti 8090 % g . - Dng c ph ( g dao): l mt loi trang b cng ngh dng g t dng c ct trong qu trnh gia cng.Tu theo yu cu s dng m kt cu cc loi dng c ph c th l vn nng hoc chuyn dng Trong ngnh ch to my trang b cng ngh ng mt vai tr rt quan trng v s mang li hiu qu kinh t cao nu n c s dng mt cch hp l. S dng trang b cng ngh c nhng li ch sau : 1. D t c chnh xc yu cu do v tr ca chi tit gia cng v dao c iu chnh chnh xc. 2. chnh xc gia cng t ph thuc vo tay ngh ca cng nhn.

G GIA CNG C

3. Nng cao nng sut lao ng. 4. Gim nh c cng lao ng ca ngi cng nhn. 5. M rng c kh nng lm vic ca thit b. 6. Rt ngn c thi gian chun b sn xut mt hng mi. Hin nay khu thit k v ch to ton b trang b cng ngh cho mt sn phm c kh c th chim ti 80% khi lng lao ng ca qu trnh chun b sn xut. m bo chc nng lm vic v hiu qu s dng ca g v dng c ph v mt k thut v kinh t trc ht cn phi la chn v xc nh nhng trang b cng ngh vn nng sn c; Cn i vi trang b cng ngh chuyn dng cn phi thit k, tnh ton kt cu ng nguyn l, tho mn cc yu cu do nguyn cng t ra v cht lng, nng sut v hiu qu kinh t ca qu trnh ch to sn phm c kh trn thit b sn xut, sau phi gim st v iu hnh cht ch qu trnh ch to v th nghim cc trang b chuyn dng. Vic tnh ton thit k mt trang b cng ngh t c yu k thut, m bo nng sut cao nhm nng cao hiu qu ca qu trnh sn xut l nhim v ca ngi lm cng tc ch to my. Mun lm tt c vic phi c nhng kin thc nht nh. Trn c s phn tch qu trnh to hnh, qu trnh gy ra sai s gia cng, cng vi nhng hiu bit v thit b, dng c, v c hc trong c c hc vt rn bin dng c p dng c th vi s gia cng phn tch, tnh ton v thit k nn nhng trang b cng ngh cn thit. 1-2. nh ngha v cng dng ca g gia cng. 1-2-1. nh ngha. g gia cng c l mt loi trang b cng ngh nhm xc nh v tr chnh xc ca chi tit gia cng so vi dng c ct, ng thi gi vng v tr trong sut qu trnh gia cng. 1-2-2. Cng dng ca g gia cng. Ni chung, g gia cng c cc cng dng chnh nh sau : - Bo m chnh xc v tr ca cc b mt gia cng. Nh g g t chi tit, c th xc nh mt cch chnh xc v tr tng i ca chi tit gia cng i vi my v dao ct, hn na c th t c chnh xc v tr ny tng i cao mt cch n nh,tin cy v nhanh chng. - Nng cao nng sut lao ng. Sau khi s dng g c th loi b bc vch du v so dao, nh vy c th gim ng k thi gian ph; ngoi ra, dng g g t chi tit c th d dng kp cht ng thi nhiu chi tit, gia cng nhiu v tr, lm cho thi gian c bn trng vi thi gian ph; khi dng g c kh ha, t ng ha mc cao c th thm mt bc na gim thi gian ph, lm tng cao nng sut lao ng . - M rng phm vi s dng ca my cng c. Trn cc my ct kim loi s dng g chuyn dng c th m rng kh nng cng ngh ca my. V d, trn my tin khi s dng g chuyn dng c th tin c hnh a cnh.

- Khng yu cu tay ngh ca cng nhn cao v gim nh cng lao ng ca h. 1-3. Phn loi g gia cng trn my ct kim loi . Hin nay g gia cng c s dng trong sn xut c kh ht sc phong ph, c th cn c vo nhng c im khc nhau phn loi n, c th : 1-3-1. Cn c vo phm vi s dung . a/ g vn nng: l nhng g c tiu chun, c th gia cng c nhng chi tit khc nhau m khng cn thit c nhng iu chnh c bit. g vn nng c s dng rng ri trong sn xut lot nh - n chic. V d: mm cp 3 chu, mm cp 4 chu, t, u phn vn nng,bn quay, bn t... b/ g chuyn dng: l loi g c thit k v ch to cho mt nguyn cng gia cng no ca chi tit. V vy, khi sn phm thay i hoc ni dung nguyn cng thay i th g ny khng th s dng li c. Do loi g ny c s dng khi sn phm v cng ngh tng i n nh trong sn xut lot ln, hng khi. V d: g gia cng l c piston, g phay bin dng cam... c/ g vn nng lp ghp ( g t hp): Theo yu cu gia cng ca mt nguyn cng no , chn mt b cc chi tit tiu chun hoc b phn c chun b trc t hp thnh cc g. Loi g ny sau khi dng xong c th tho ra, lau chi sch s v ct vo kho tip tc s dng. S dng loi g ny c u im l gim chu k thit k v ch to g, lm gim thi gian chun b sn xut; ng thi vi mt b cc chi tit ca g c tiu chun ho c th c s dng nhiu ln, tit kim vt liu ch to g; gim cng lao ng v gim gi thnh sn phm Nhc im : cn u t vn kh ln ch to hng vn chi tit tiu chun vi chnh xc v bng cao, vt liu cc chi tit ny thng l thp hp kim, thp crm, thp niken; cng vng km hn g thng dng; nng v cng knh hn so vi g vn nng. ng dng: loi g ny dng thch hp trong dng sn xut lot nh, chng loi chi tit nhiu, c bit i vi nhng sn phm mi. - g iu chnh v g gia cng nhm: Hai loi g ny c chung mt c im l sau khi thay i hoc iu chnh mt s chi tit c bit ca g th c th gia cng nhng chi tit c hnh dng, kch thc v cng ngh gn ging nhau. Nhng i tng gia cng ca g vn nng iu chnh khng r rng v phm vi s dng tng i rng, v d mm cp hoa mai dng trn my tin, g khoan tr trt thanh rng.. . g gia cng nhm c thit k v ch to cho mt nhm chi tit no nht nh. i tng gia cng v phm vi s dng tng i r rng .

S dng cc loi g ny c th t c hiu qu nh nhau trong dng sn xut lot nh cng nh dng sn xut lot ln, l mt bin php c th ng dng ci cch thit k trang b cng ngh. 1-3-2. Cn c vo my s dng : g tin, g phay, g khoan, g mi... 1-3-3. Cn c vo ngun sinh lc kp cht : Kp bng tay, kp bng khi nn, du p, kt hp kh nn- du p , in t, chn khng... 1-3-4. Cn c vo s chi tit ng thi gia cng : Kp mt hoc nhiu chi tit cng mt lc. 1- 4. Yu cu i vi g . - Ph hp vi yu cu s dng, dng sn xut, iu kin c th ca nh my v trang thit b, trnh k thut ca cng nhn... - Bo m chnh xc quy nh: nguyn l lm vic phi ng, chi tit nh v v dn hng phi c cu to hp l v c chnh xc cn thit, chi tit kp cht phi cng vng, g phi c nh v v kp cht mt cch chnh xc trn my. - S dng thun tin: g v tho chi tit gia cng d dng, d qut dn phoi, d lp trn my, d thay th nhng chi tit b mn v h hng, nhng chi tit nh khng b ri, v tr tay quay thch hp v thun tin, thao tc nh nhng, an ton lao ng, kt cu n gin v c tnh cng ngh cao. 1-5. Cc thnh phn ca g. Chng loi v kt cu g gia cng tuy c khc nhau, nhng nguyn l lm vic ca n trn c bn ging nhau. thun tin cho vic nghin cu, trc ht chng ta cn c vo tnh nng ging nhau ca cc chi tit v c cu trong g phn loi. Cc thnh phn ch yu ca g gia cng gm : - nh v (c cu nh v): dng xc nh v tr ca chi tit trong g (cht nh vi, phin t nh v, khi V nh v, trc g,...). - kp cht (c cu kp cht): dng thc hin vic kp cht chi tit gia cng (chu kp, ren , bnh lch tm, n....) - Chi tit hoc c cu so dao, dn hng: dng xc nh v tr chnh xc ca dao i vi g (dng so dao, bc dn khoan, bc doa...). - Chi tit nh v g trn my: dng nh v g trn bn my (then nh hng g phay...) - Thn g: cc chi tit nh v, kp cht ...c lp trn n to thnh mt g hon chnh

10

- Cc chi tit v c cu khc: tha mn yu cu gia cng, trn g cn c cc chi tit v c cu khc nh c cu phn , c cu nh tm, c cu phng i lc kp, c cu sinh lc... _ %%%%% _ Chng2

NH V V NH V

2-1. nh ngha va yu cu i vi nh v.
2-1-1. nh ngha: Qu trnh nh v l s xc nh v tr chnh xc tng i ca chi tit so vi dng c ct trc khi gia cng. 2-1-2.Yu cu i vi nh v Khi nh v chi tit trn g, ngi ta dng cc chi tit hay cc b phn tip xc trc tip vi b mt dng lm chun ca chi tit, nhm m bo chnh xc v v tr tng quan gia b mt gia cng ca chi tit vi dng c ct. Cc chi tit v b phn c gi l nh v (c cu nh v, chi tit nh v ) . S dng hp l c cu nh v s mang li hiu qu kinh t thit thc v c th xc nh chnh xc v tr ca chi tit mt cch nhanh chng, gim c thi gian ph v nng cao nng sut lao ng. m bo c chc nng , c cu nh v phi tho mn nhng yu cu ch yu sau y : 1) C cu nh v cn phi ph hp vi b mt dng lm chun nh v ca chi tit gia cng v mt hnh dng v kch thc. 2) C cu nh v cn phi m bo chnh xc lu di v kch thc v v tr tng quan. 3) C cu nh v chi tit c tnh chng mi mn cao, m bo tui th qua nhiu ln g t. mn ca b mt lm vic c cu nh v c tnh nh sau:
u = N

Trong : u- mn [m]; - H s ph thuc vo vt liu v tnh cht tip xc c xc nh bng thc nghim. Thng thng, h s nm trong khong 0,20,4; N- S ln g t phi trn nh v. Vt liu lm c cu nh v, c th s dng cc loi thp 20X, 40X, Y7A,Y8A, thp 20X thm C hoc thp 45...Nhit luyn t cng 5060 HRC. nhm b mt lm vic Ra= 0,630,25; cp chnh xc IT6IT7. Tt c cc loi nh v c trnh by trong phn ny c tiu chun ho. Cc thng s hnh hc, chnh xc, kch thc v cht lng b mt c cho trong cc s tay c kh, s tay cng ngh ch to my, s tay thit k g. B mt ca chi tit gia cng c s dng lm chun nh v thng gp: - Chun nh v l mt phng. - Chun nh v l mt tr ngoi.

11

- Chun nh v l mt tr trong. - Chun nh v kt hp (hai l tm; mt mt phng v hai l vung gc vi mt phng ; mt mt phng v mt l c ng tm song song hoc thng gc vi mt phng ...). Tng ng vi cc loi chun nu trn, ta cn xc nh cc c cu nh v mt cch hp l. Sau y ta xt c th. 2-2. nh v chi tit khi chun nh v l mt phng . Thng ngi ta ly mt phng trn chi tit lm chun nh v. Khi , nh v thng dng l cht t, phin t... 2-2-1. Cht t c nh. Cht t c nh dng nh v khi chun l mt phng, gm c 3 loi nh hnh 2-1. Hnh 2-1a v b dng khi chun nh v l mt th. Hnh 2-1c dng khi chun nh v l mt tinh. Cht t c th lp trc tip ln thn g hoc thng qua mt bc lt (hnh 2-1d). Cht t c ng knh D 12mm c ch to bng thp cc bon dng c c hm lng C = 0,70,8 % v ti cng t HRC= 5060. Khi D> 12mm, c th ch to bng thp cc bon c hm lng C=0,150,2%, ti cng sau khi thm than t cng HRC =5560. S cht t c dng mt mt chun nh v bng s bc t do m n cn hn ch.
D D D

R c450
L

bH

d d d
0,25 0,5

a)

b)

dH7/js 6

dH7/k6

c)

d)

450

r A

0,25-0,5 2

0,5

0,5

Hnh 2- 1: Cac loai cht t c nh 2-2-2. Cht t iu chnh. Cht t iu chnh c dng khi b mt lm chun ca chi tit l chun

12

th, c sai s v hnh dng v c kch thc tng quan thay i nhiu. Kt cu cht t iu chnh nh hnh 2-2. Hnh 2-2a: u 6 cnh, dng c l iu chnh. Hnh 2-2b: u trn. Hnh 2-2c: Cht vt cnh, dng c l iu chnh. Hnh 2-2d: Cht iu chnh lp trn mt ng ca g. a ) b )

c )

d )

Hnh 2-2: Cht t iu chnh Trn mt phng nh v ca chi tit, ngi ta c th dng hai cht t c nh v mt cht t iu chnh nhm chnh li v tr ca phi . 2-2-3. Cht t t la: Cht t t la c dng khi mt phng nh v l chun th hoc mt bc. Do c im kt cu ca cht t t la, nn mt lm vic ca cht t t la lun lun tip xc vi mt chun, ng thi tng cng vng ca chi tit v gim p lc trn b mt ca cc im t. V d cht t t la 3 v 4 trn hnh (hnh 2-3). Tuy loi cht t ny tip xc vi phi hai im nhng n ch hn ch mt bc t do.
A A-A

3 4
A

2 1

Hnh 2-3: Cht t t la 2-2-4. Cht t ph Cht t ph khng tham gia nh v chi tit, m ch c tc dng nng cao cng vng ca chi tit khi gia cng. Cht t ph c nhiu loi (hnh 2-4a,b).

13

Khi g t chi tit, cht t ph dng t do, cha c nh. Di tc dng ca l xo 2 lm cho cht 1 tip xc vi mt t ca chi tit cn gia cng c nh v v kp cht xong. Sau dng cht 4 v vt 3 c nh v tr ca cht . 4 3
h
W* W W W*

1 2 a) Hnh 2-4 : Cht t phu 2-2-5. Phin t Phin t l chi tit nh v khi chun l mt phng c gia cng (chun tinh) c din tch thch hp (kch thc trung bnh v ln). V kt cu, phin t c 3 loi (hnh 2-5), mi lai c c im v phm vi ng dng ring :
L

b)

d1
h

B/2 B

a )

d
b

0,6 3

c )

h h1

0,3 2
H

b
A-A

b )
450 A A

h h1

A-A

c1A L

Hnh 2- 5: Cac loai phin t Loi 2-5a phin t phng n gin, d ch to, c cng vng tt, nhng kh lm sch phoi v cc l bt vt lm xung, thng lp trn cc mt thng ng. Lai 2-5b phin t c rnh nghing s dng thun tin cho vic lm sch, bo qun nhng ch to tn km hn cc loi khc. Loi 2-5c phin t bc, b mt lm vic d qut sch phoi v lm sch do c rnh lm 12mm, v chiu rng B ln nn kh g t trong g, t dng hn. Ngi ta s dng 2 phin t hay 3 phin t to thnh mt mt phng nh v (ch nu dng 2 phin t, th 1 phin t hn ch 2 bc t do, phin t cn li

14

khng ch 1 bc t do; Nu dng 3 phin t, th mi phin t hn ch 1 bc t do).Cc phin t c lp vo thn g bng cc vt kp v c mi li cho ng phng v m bo song song (hay vung gc vi g) sau khi lp . Phin t thng lm bng thp c hm lng cc bon C=0,150,2%, ti sau khi thm than t cng HRC =5560, qua mi bng Ra=0,630,25. Phin t c tiu chun ho v cho trong cc s tay c kh, s tay ch to my, s tay thit k g. 2-2-6. Sai s nh v khi nh v bng mt phng, Sai s nh v xy ra do sai s ch to b mt nh v ca chi tit gia cng v b mt nh v ca chi tit nh v ca g. 2-3. nh v khi chun nh v l mt tr ngoi. Khi chun nh v l mt tr ngoi, chi tit nh v thng dng l: 2-3-1. Khi V Khi V dng nh v khi mt chun nh v ca chi tit l mt tr ngoi hoc mt phn ca mt tr ngoi. u im khi nh v bng khi V l nh tm tt, tc l ng tm ca mt tr nh v ca chi tit bo m trng vi mt phng i xng ca hai mt nghing lm vic ca khi V, khng b nh hng ca dung sai kch thc ng knh mt tr ngoi. Mt khi V c th nh v c nhng chi tit c ng knh khc nhau. - Kt cu ca khi V. Hnh 2-6a trnh by kt cu ca khi V, c hai loi :
C d2

OD

a )

h2

b )

h1 d1 d B1 B2 B3

h H

L1 L

c )

Hnh 2.6: Kt cu khi V + Khi V di: Tng ng vi 4 im tip xc v hn ch 4 bc t do (hoc khi V c chiu di tip xc L ca n vi mt chun nh v ca chi tit sao cho L/D >1,5 ; D-ng knh ca chi tit). Khi V di nh v nhng chi tit c ng knh ln, thng khot lm nh hnh 2-6b. gim b mt gia cng ca khi V, ngi ta dng hai khi V ngn ri lp trn mt (hnh 2-6c).

15

+ Khi V ngn:Tng ng 2 im tip xc v hn ch 2 bc t do (hoc khi V ngn l khi V m mt chun nh v trn chi tit gia cng ch tip xc vi n trn chiu di L, vi L/D< 1,5) . Khi nh v theo cc mt chun nh v th ca chi tit, th mt nh v ca khi V phi lm nh, b rng t 25mm hoc kha nhm. V tr ca khi V quyt nh v tr ca chi tit, nn khi V phi c nh v chnh xc trn thn g bng hai cht v dng vt bt cht. Khi V tiu chun c gc =600, =900 v =1200. Khi V nh v c ch to bng thp 20X, 20; mt nh v c thm cc bon su 0,81,2mm; ti cng t HRC=5862. i vi nhng khi V dng lm nh v cc trc c D>120mm, th c bng gang hoc hn, trn mt nh v c lp cc bn thp ti cng, khi mn c th thay th c. -Tnh ton chn khi V. Khi V c tiu chun ho, c th tra cc kch thc lin quan trong cc s tay cng ngh ch to my. i vi kch thc H do ngi thit k quyt nh. H l kch thc o t tm O ca trc kim c ng knh D n mt y ca khi V, kch thc D ly bng kch thc trung bnh ca kch thc mt tr ngoi ca chi tit. Trong sn xut, thng ngi ta ly tm o ca trc kim (cng chnh l tm mt tr ngoi nh v ca chi tit) iu chnh v tr ca dao, v vy trn thc t tm mt tr ngoi ca chi tit cng chnh l chun nh v khi chi tit ly mt ngoi nh v trn khi V, do kch thc H biu th chiu cao kch thc chun nh v, n cn phi c ghi trn bn v lm vic ca khi V v dng lm cn c cho vic kim tra khi ch to v iu chnh khi V. T hnh 2-6a, ta c :
1 D C H=h+ 2 tg sin 2 2

H=h+0,707D-0,5C Khi =900, ta c : Khi gc = 1 H=h+1,087D-0,289C. Trong : h v C- chn theo kt cu tiu chun ca khi V; D- Kch thc trung bnh ca ng knh mt ngoi nh v ca chi tit . - Tnh sai s nh v khi chi tit c nh v bng mt ngoi trn khi V. Nh trn trnh by, tm mt ngoi nh v ca chi tit l chun nh v, v vy, tnh ton sai s nh v chnh l tnh lng bin i ln nht ca tm mt ngoi trong mt lot chi tit gia cng. S tnh nh hnh 2-7, khi chi tit c ng knh ln nht l D+D, tm mt ngoi l O; khi chi tit c ng knh b nht l D-D, chi tit dch xung n khi tip xc vi khi V. Lc ny im A trn chu vi s dch chuyn n A1, tng ng tm O dch chuyn n O1. O OO1 chnh l lng bin i v tr ca D/2 chun nh v do sai s v tr mt nh A O1 v gy ra. T quan h hnh hc, ta c : A1
mv D-D H

16

Hnh 2-7: S tnh sai s chun

H2

D+D

 dv = mdv = OO1 =

D 2 sin 2

Sai s nh v ph thuc vo dung sai kch thc mt chun nh v ngoi ca chi tit D v tr s gc ca khi V. 2-3-2.Mm cp: Khi chun l mt tr ngoi, nu gia cng trn nhm my tin hoc nhm my phay th nh v l chu kp ca mm cp 3 chu t nh tm. Mm cp l c cu nh v vn nng, c kh nng iu chnh trong mt phm vi kh rng tu theo kch thc b mt chun nh v thay i. Mm cp l c cu nh v nhng ng thi cng l c cu kp cht. 2-3-3.ng kp n hi Khi chun nh v l mt tr ngoi, c chnh xc nht nh, nu gia cng trn nhm my tin hoc my phay nh v c th l ng kp n hi. ng kp n hi l c cu t nh tm c kh nng nh tm (khong 0,010,03mm) cao hn mm cp 3 chu. ng kp n hi c ch to t cc thp 20X, 40X, Y7A, Y10A, 9XC, thp 45. Cc b mt ca chng phi c ti t cng 4550 HRC. (Trong chng c cu t nh tm s trnh by k hn mm cp, ng kp n hi...) 2-4. nh v khi chun nh v l mt tr trong. Khi ly mt tr trong ca chi tit lm chun nh v, ta c th dng cc chi tit nh v: cht g, cc loi trc g... 2-4-1.Cc loi cht g. (hnh 2-8). - Cht tr di (h2-8a): Dng cht tr di c kh nng hn ch 4 bc t do. V kt cu, chiu di phn lm vic L ca cht s tip xc vi l chun D c t s L/D>1,5. Nu phi hp vi mt phng nh v chi tit, th mt phng ch c hn ch mt bc t do. - Cht tr ngn (hnh 2-8b,c): cht tr ngn c kh nng hn ch hai bc t do tnh tin theo hai chiu vung gc vi tm cht . T l L/D 0,33 0,35. - Cht trm (cht vt -hnh 2-8d) ch hn ch mt bc t do.
DH7/h 7

dH7/m 7

b b ) Hnh 2-8: Cac loai cht ga

17

a )

c )

d )

dc

Vt liu ch to cc cht g nh sau: khi dc 16mm, cht g c ch to bng thp dng c Y7A,Y10A, 9XC, CD70; khi dc >16mm c ch to bng thp crm-20X, thm cc bon t chiu dy lp thm 0,81,2mm, sau ti t cng HRC5055. Lp ghp gia l chun v cht g l mi ghp lng nh nhng khe h nh nht (H7/h7) c th gim bt c sai s chun. Cn lp ghp gia cht v thn g thng l (H7/k7) hoc (H7/m7) - Cht cn: Cc loi cht cn nh hnh 2-9. + Cht cn cng: tng ng 3 im (h2-9a), hn ch 3 bc t do tnh tin. + Cht cn tu ng (cht cn mm): tng ng 2 im (h 2-9b) hn ch 2 bc t do tnh tin. Cht cn tu ng dng khi chun nh v l chun th nhm mc ch b mt cn lm vic ca cht cn lun lun tip xc vi l trong mt lot phi c ch to bng cch c, rn dp, t l...

60
0

Hnh 2-9 : Cht Mt cn lm vic ca cht, gc =600 hoc =750 khi phi ln. 2-4-2. Cc loi trc g * Trc g hnh tr: l chi tit nh v g t chi tit gia cng trn my tin, my phay, my mi...khi chun l l tr gia cng tinh. Chiu di lm vic ca trc g L phi m bo L/D>1,5 v hn ch 4 bc t do (kt hp vi vai cht hn ch 1 bc t do). Lp ghp gia mt chun v mt lm vic ca trc g phi c khe h nh m bo ng tm gia mt gia cng v mt chun thng dng mi ghp H7/h7, kt cu ca trc g tr nh (hnh 2-10a) hoc lp cht (hnh 2-10b)

a )

b )

18

1 dmax dmin d1 d2

300

l1 10c

N L

E F 5 L2

a-Lp co khe h

b-Lp cht

c- Truc ga Hnh 2-10 cn a b c * Trc g cn: do trc g hnh tr lp c khe h, nn khi gia cng nhng chi tit bc trn my tin hoc my mi trn ngoi, kh nng nh tm ( ng tm gia mt trong v mt mgoi) thp. V vy khc phc tnh trng ngi ta dng trc g cn vi gc cn khong 350 ( cn 1/5001/1000). Trc g cn c tc dng kh khe h v c kh nng truyn m men xon kh ln. Kt cu nh hnh 2-10 c, tuy nhin vic tho chi tit ra khi trc khng phi d dng. Khi gia cng cc chi tit c ng knh l chun khc nhau nhiu , gim s lng trc g cn ch to, ta dng trc g cn di ng. * Trc g n h: khi gia cng cc bc thnh mng trn my tin, my mi trn ngoi... trnh bin dng do lc kp gy ra, ta dng trc g n hi. Loi ny c kh nng nh tm tt (0,010,02mm), lc kp ng u. 2-4-3. Sai s nh v khi nh v bng mt trong. * Tnh sai s nh v khi dng cht g . - Cht g v l v tr bt k. Khi cht g t thng ng, chun nh v v cht g c th v tr bt k (hnh 2-11 a). Trong trng hp l c ng knh ln nht v cht g c ng knh nh nht, th sai s chun nh v l lng dch chuyn tm hnh hc ca l o1cto2ct : dv (xx ) = o1ct o 2ct = 2[(D + D ) (d d )] = D + d + Trong : D- ng knh danh ngha ca mt l nh vi. D- sai lch ng knh ca mt l nh vi. d- ng knh danh ngha ca cht g. d- sai lch ng knh ca cht g . D- dung sai kch thc ng knh l. d- dung sai kch thc ng knh cht g. - khe h nh nht gia cht g v mt l nh v.

19

o1 dx
d

O1ct

A B

z O2c d-d d+d

Dmin

x o1ct
O 1ct

D+D

O2ct D-D D+D

a)

b)

z Hnh 2-10: S tnh sai s chun a- Cht v tr bt k ; b- Cht v tr - Cht g t nm ngang (hnh 2-11b).Trong trng hp ny bt k chi tit no g trn cht g u c xu hng ri xung pha di. C hai trng hp xy ra: Cht g c kch thc ln nht d+d v l nh v c kch thc nh nht D-D, lc ny v tr tip xc gia cht g v l nh v im A cao nht, tm chi tit l O1ct . Cht g c kch thc nh nht d-d v l nh v c kch thc ln nht D+D, lc ny v tr tip xc gia cht g v l nh v im B thp nht, tm chi tit l O2ct. Trong hai trng hp, tm chi tit dch chuyn theo phng zz t O1ct n O2ct, hay ni cch khc sai s nh v theo phng zz l O1ct O2ct.Ta c : ( + d ) dv (zz ) = o1ct o 2 ct = D Trong khi , sai s nh v theo phng xx bng khng, dv (xx ) = 0 . Ch :Khi tnh ton sai s chun nh v cn phi ch r kch thc cn tnh, ng thi phi xt n lch tm e gia mt ngoi ca chi tit v mt trong lm chun nh v, ng thi sai s ca ng knh mt ngoi . * Tnh sai s chun khi g chi tit trn trc g cn. Mc du c sai s ch to ca mt l nh v ca chi tit, nhng vi phng php Hnh 2-12: Sai ny, mt chun nh v ca chi tit lun tip s khi nh v xc vi cht cn v do loi tr khe h, hay bng truc ga sai s chun nh v theo hng knh bng khng. Nhng do sai s ch to dn n s dch chuyn chi tit ca c lot theo chiu trc chi tit (hnh 2-12). Lng x dch l , c xc nh bng cng thc :
= D = D 2 tg k
Dmax

Trong : k- cn ca trc g; - gc cn ca trc g. 2- 5. nh v bng hai l tm .

20

Khi gia cng mt tr ngoi ca cc trc bc trn my tin hoc my mi, m bo ng tm gia cc bc trc, phi dng chun tinh ph thng nht l hai l tm v nh v l cc loi mi tm. 2-5-1. Mi tm cng.
r
D

r h d1
d1
D1

D1

l
L

c)

d)

e)

Hnh 2-13 : Cac loai mui tm cng Khi gia cng nhng chi tit dng trc trn my tin, my mi trn ngoi, c chun nh v l hai l tm, th ngi ta thng s dng chi tit nh v l hai mi tm cng v chi tit gia cng c tc cp truyn m men xon. Kt cu mi tm cng nh hnh 2-13a, b, c, d, e . Mi tm cng c lp vo l cn ca trc chnh my tin hoc my mi, n hn ch 3 bc t do tnh tin. Mi tm lp vo sau ca my th hn ch hai bc t do quay quanh trc vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi ng tm quay chi tit. Ring mi tm cng sau my mi bao gi cng vt i mt phn (hnh 2-13b), mt vt song song vi ng tm chi tit v vung gc vi mt phng cha hai ng tm chi tit v . Chiu di phn vt ln hn chiu rng khi mi chi tit nh khng chm vo mi tm. Kt cu ca tc cp nh hnh 2-14
D

60
0

D2

L1

a) Hnh 2- 14 : Tc cp
21

b)

L2

2-5-2. Mi tm ty ng. Do vic s dng mi tm cng gy ra sai s inh v nh hng n kch thc chiu trc L, sai s chun nh v ca kch thc L l : dv (L) = A
2 tg

Trong : A- dung sai ng knh l tm; - gc cn lm vic ca l tm. loi tr sai s trong qu trnh gia cng, nu kch thc chiu trc yu cu chnh xc th cn phi dng mt u lm chun, hn ch bc t do theo phng dc trc ca chi tit sao cho chun nh v trng vi gc kch thc. Lc ny c cu nh v phi dng l mi tm ty ng dc trc Hnh 2-15 : Mui tm mi tm mm, kt cu nh tuy ng hnh 2-15. Sau khi g t xong mi tm phi c kp cng li. 2-5-3. Mi tm quay Khi tin cao tc, s vng quay ca trc chnh ln (n>1000vg/ pht), sau thng dng mi tm quay (hnh 2-16 a,b), v dng mi tm cng do c chuyn ng tng i gia b mt lm vic ca mi tm v l tm nn l tm chng mn, nh hng n chnh xc.
1:5 Cn mooc d
D1 600

Cn mooc
D

d1

l1 l L

l1 l L

a) Hnh 2-16: Mui tm quay 2-6. nh v kt hp.

d1

b)

Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng ng thi nhiu b mt lm chun nh v. Khi dng phng php nh v ny cn ch : khng c siu nh v; phi tnh n sai s ch to v khe h lp ghp ca chi tit nh v.

22

600

2-6-1. nh v kt hp bng mt mt phng v hai l vung gc vi mt phng Phng php ny c ng dng rng ri gia cng cc chi tit dng hp, thn my, cng... y l phng php nh v dng chun thng nht, d dng m bo chnh xc v tr tng quan. C trng hp trn chi tit khng c b mt l dng lm chun thng nht, c th ly l bu lng gia cng chnh xc DL1D1 DL2D2 lm chun nh v. V d: hnh 2-17; l 1, 2 v 1 2 mt phng 3 l chun nh v. Do khong cch kch thc gia hai LLL tm l v hai tm cht thay i trong phm vi dung sai, do dung sai kch thc ng knh hai cht dc2d2 dc1d1 v hai l v do khe h lp ghp 3 l LLc gia cht v l, c th dn ti hai l khng th lp vo hai cht c. Hnh 2-17: nh v kt gii quyt vn trn ta c th hp bng mt mt dng hai phng php sau: phng va hai l nh a) Phng php th nht. Gim ng knh mt cht tng khe h gia l v cht theo phng ni hai tm l nhm mc ch b vo dung sai khong cch hai tm l v hai tm cht. tin phn tch, gi thit l th 1 lp vo cht th 1, tm cht v tm l trng nhau, ta gim ng cht th 2. Cn phi tho mn yu cu l kch thc ln nht ca cht th 2 lp c vo l th 2 trong iu kin kch thc ng knh hai l nh nht, kch thc ng knh hai cht ln nht cn khong cch hai tm l ln nht, khong cch hai tm cht mh nht (hoc ngc li khong cch tm hai l nh nht, khong cch tm hai cht ln nht). K hiu: DL1, DL2- kch thc ng knh l th nht v l th 2. dc1, dc 2- kch thc ng knh cht th nht v cht th 2. DL1, DL2-sai lch ng knh l th nht v l th 2. dc1, dc2-sai lch ng knh cht th nht v cht th 2. L- kch thc khong cch hai tm cht v hai tm l. LL- sai lch ca kch thc khong cch hai tm l. LC- sai lch cu kch thc khong cch hai tm cht.
H

23

L+LL L-LL

OL2 OL2

Ol1

1/2

dc1

dc2 OC
2

DL1

L-LC

OC2

Oc1

L L+LC

Hnh 1-18 : S tnh ng knh cht th 2 T hnh 1-18, ta thy :

dc D L2 = L + L C + 2 2 2 dc 2 D L2 = L L C L + L L 2 2 L L L +

(1) (2)

T (1) v (2), ta c

dc 2 = D L 2 2(L L + L c )

Ch : + thun tin vic g v tho chi tit, gia cht th 2 v l th 2 cn mt khe h nht nh 2, vy ng knh cht th 2 phi gim thm mt lng 2; ng thi gia cht th nht v l th nht cng cn phi c mt khe h 1, khe h ny li b sung thm vo sai lch khong cch hai tm l, v th cht th 2 cn tng thm mt lng 1.Vy ng knh cht th 2 gim n:
dc 2 = DL 2 2(L L + L c ) + 1 2

c th lm cho tt c cc chi tit trong mt lot c th lp c vo hai cht nh v. Trong 1 l khe h lp ghp nh nht gia cht th nht v l th nht, 2 l khe h lp ghp nh nht gia cht th hai v l th hai. + Khi gim ng knh cht th 2, khe h 2 tng ln, nh vy bc t do tnh tin theo x do cht th 1 hn ch, cht th 2 ch c tc dng hn ch bc t do quay quanh trc z. + Do tn ti khe h gia cht v l, hai l x dch ln hoc xung theo phng zz lm cho ng ni hai tm l v ng ni hai tm cht b quay lch i, to nn sai s gc xoay. Khi hai l dch chuyn ngc chiu nhau, khong cch hai tm cht bng khong cch hai tm l, ng knh hai l ln nht, ng knh hai cht nh nht, th gc xoay ln nht (hnh 2-19).

24

DL2

D+DL1

D+DL2

d-dc1 OC1 OL1 x dv(1) OL1

L

d-dc2 z

OL2

L
OC2

B OL2 z

dv( x 2)

Hnh 2-19: S tnh goc xoay Gi s do sai s nh v lm cho tm l 1 dch chuyn xung OL1, tm l 2 dch ln OL2, to ra gc quay ln nht l . T hnh 2-19, trong tam gic OL2BOL1, ta c:
O L2 B L O L 2 B = O L 2 O c 2 + O L1O c1 d C 2 + D L 2 + 2 O L2 O c2 = 2 d C1 + D L1 + 1 O L1O c1 = 2 (DL1 + dc1 + 1 ) + (DL 2 + dc 2 + 2 ) = tg 1 2L tg =

Vy:

Sai s gc xoay l: =2 T cng thc trn ta thy, khi chnh xc lp ghp gia l v cht quy nh, khong cch kch thc gia hai tm cht cng ln th sai s gc xoay cng nh. V vy, khi nh v bng mt mt phng v hai l, ngui ta c gng chn khong cch gia hai tm l l ln nht . Phng php ny c th gii quyt vic lp chi tit vo hai cht, nhng tn ti sai s gc xoay ln. Do n ch p dng khi yu cu chnh xc gia cng thp. b).Phng php th 2. Lm cht th 2 thnh cht vt (cht trm ) gim sai s gc xoay, ng thi vn m bo thun tin cho Z chi tit lp vo hai cht. y l L phng php thng dng. b Hinh 2-20 trnh by v tr vt v cch xc nh kch thc ca cht vt. B A F C Gi s ng knh cht E D th 2 c tnh theo phng n O O X (1) l dc2; ED- biu th khong H G cch ca cht nh v th 2 v l d
1 2

c1

Dl1

1 2

25

2 2

dc 2 c d Dl2 2

Hnh 2-20: s tao

th 2 theo phng xx c th lp hai cht vo hai l theo phng n (1). Nu theo phng ny, ti mi im u c th m bo khong cch l ED khng i, th chi tit lun lun lp c ln cht. T d, ta c th xc nh c v tr v kch thc cn vt ca cht th 2. T C v ng thng CA//xx; ly AB=ED; t tm O2 v ng trn c bn knh OB (ng knh dc2); sau t B v F v BG v FH //zz lm thnh hai cnh ca cht vt. Gi FB= b l chiu rng ca cht vt. Trong tam gic O2BC v O2AC ta c: O 2 C 2 = O 2 A 2 AC 2 = O 2 B 2 BC 2 (1) Trong :
O2A = D L2 2 b 2

AC = AB + BC = (L L + L C ) +
O2B = dc 2 1 = (D L 2 2 ) 2 2
2

Thay vo (1), ta c :
b b D L2 D (L L + L c ) + = l 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (L L + L C ) ; 2
b= D L2 2 D 2 = L2 2(L L + L C ) 2
2 2 2

B qua Ta c :

Ch : Khi thit k cht vt, ta c th theo th t sau : + Xc nh kch thc khong cch c bn gia hai tm cht; kch thc khong cch gia hai tm cht v hai tm l bng nhau. Kch thc khong cch hai tm cht ly kch thc trung bnh, sai lch phn b i xng. Dung sai khong cch hai tm cht ly bng 1/51/3 dung sai kch thc khong cch hai tm l, tc l: L C = L L + Xc nh kch thc c bn v dung sai ca kch thc cht 1. Kch thc c bn ca cht 1 ly kch thc nh nht ca l, ch lp ghp H/g hoc H/f . chnh xc kch thc ca cht cao hn chnh xc ca l t 12 cp. + Xc nh kch thc ch yu, chiu rng b,B v dung sai ca cht vt (hnh 2-19); c th da vo kch thc l th 2 (DL2) chn theo bng 2-1 di y. Bng 2.1
b

1 3

1 5

DL2 b B

3-6 2 DL20,5

>6-8 3 DL21,0

>8-20 4 DL22,0

>2025 5 DL23,0

>2532 6 DL24,0

>3240 7 DL25,0

d c2

DL2

26

Kt cu cht trm nh hnh 2-21 : Loi a dng khi ng knh l ln hn 50mm, lai b khi ng knh l nh hn 50mm; m bo cng vng ca cht, chn BDL2-2 (=2(LL+LC) , ni chung ly B=DL2-4. Chiu cao ca cht H c xc nh theo cng thc sau (theo hnh 2-17):
b b b

d,

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 2-21: Kt cu cht vat L + l + 0,5D + Trng hp hai cht : H = 2 2 min (D + L ) .

D+L L + 0,5D 2 2 min D . + Trng hp mt cht: H = D

2-6-2 . nh v bng mt mt phng v mt cht vt c ng tm song song vi mt phng. Trng hp ny ta c th xem nh l trng hp c bit khi nh v bng mt mt phng v hai l m l th 1 v cht th 1 bin thnh mt mt phng (hnh 2-22). Vy iu kin lp c l :
2 D L2 L mf L + L mf c b

2 D L2 L mf L + L mf c

Hnh 2-22: nh v bng mt mt Ngoai nhng b mt h t ht thng dung lam mt chun nh v noi trn, co khi ngi ta con dung mt s b mt c bit nh v chi tit.

2-7.nh v bng b mt bit.

27

Trong : Lmf-L - dung sai khong cch t mt phng n tm l ; Lmf-C -dung sai khong cch t mt phng n tm cht . Thng ly Lmf-C = (1/51/2) Lmf-L Do chiu rng ca cht bng :

d,c2

DL2

2-7-1.nh rng.

bng

mt

ln 1

cua

banh 2 3

Hnh 2-23, la v du dung mt ln cua banh rng lam chun nh v mai mt trong (l). Chi tit nh v la 3 con ln 2 co chnh xac cao tip xuc vi mt rng trn 3 v tr cach u nhau thc hin vic nh tm chi tit 3, nh vy co th am bao ng tm gia l va mt ln cua banh rng sau khi mai, hn na bao am lng d mai cua l u.

2 Hnh 2-23

2-7-2.nh v bng mt dn hng. Ngi ta thng hay dung mt dn hng ui en co goc 550 hoc co dang khi V nh v chi tit. Co hai trng hp : - nh v bng chi chi tit nh v co 550 a ) >550 550 b ) <550

Hnh 224 hnh dang tng t , hnh 2-24. Do co sai s goc cua mt dn hng, khi ln hn (hnh 2-24a) hoc nho hn (hnh 224b), se lam cho v tr tip xuc gia chi tit nh v va mt dn hng thay i, tc la lam tng sai s nh v. - Dung mt cht tru dai hoc hai cht tru ngn nh v. Hnh 2-25, v du dung cht tru ngn 2 nh v. V tr gia mt dn hng va 2 cht tru c nh, do o lam giam sai s nh v, khc phuc khuyt im cua trng hp trn. 4 3 2 1

28

Hnh 2-25:1-phin t; 2-cht tru ngn; 3 cht t; 4 chi tit

Chng 3. KP 3-1.Khi nim.

CHT V C CU KP CHT

Khi thit k g, sau khi chn c phng n nh v tng i hp l, tip theo ta chn phng n kp cht phi trong g. Vic chn phng n kp cht cng phi tun th theo nhng nguyn tc nht nh, trong nhiu trng hp gii quyt vn kp cht cn kh khn hn vn nh v v kt cu ca g khng cho php. Kp cht l tc ng ln h thng g, c th l vo chi tit gia cng mt lc lm mt kh nng x dch hoc rung ng do lc ct hay cc lc khc trong qu trnh ct sinh ra nh lc li tm, trng lng , rung ng... thc hin vic phi c c cu kp cht, c cu kp cht trong g l mt h thng i t ngun sinh lc n vu ca kp t ln chi tit : Ngun

29

sinh lc (c cu sinh lc), c cu truyn lc (c cu phng i lc kp, c cu lin ng phn b lc kp)... Yu cu i vi c cu kp cht. Khi thit k cc c cu kp cht cn phi m bo cc yu cu sau : + Khi kp khng c ph hng v tr ca Q chi tit c nh v chnh xc . V d, hnh 3-1 l s kp cht khng hp l, khi quay bnh lch tm kp cht chi tit, cng ng thi gy ra lc T lm dch T W chuyn chi tit khi v tr c nh v chnh xc. +Tr s lc kp va chi tit khng Hnh 3-1:S kp b x dch v rung ng di tc dng ca lc cht khng hp l ct v cc nh hng khc trong qu trnh gia cng, nhng lc kp khng nn qu ln khin c cu kp to, th v lm vt gia cng bin dng.. + Khng lm hng b mt do lc kp tc dng vo n. + C cu kp cht c th iu chnh c lc kp. + Thao tc nhanh, thun tin, an ton, kt cu gn, nhng c bn, khng b bin dng khi chu lc. + Kt cu n gin, d ch to v sa cha. 3-2. Phng, chiu, im t v tr s lc kp. Khi thit k c cu kp cn ch mt s vn chnh sau y : 3-2-1. Phng v chiu lc kp. Phng v chiu ca lc kp c lin quan mt thit vi chun nh v chnh, chiu ca trng lng bn thn chi tit gia cng, chiu ca lc ct. Ni chung phng ca lc kp nn thng gc vi mt nh v chnh, v nh th s c din tch tip xc ln nht, gim c p sut do lc kp gy ra v do t bin dng nht. Chiu ca lc kp nn hng t ngoi vo mt nh v, khng nn ngc chiu vi chiu lc ct v chiu trng lng bn thn chi tit gia cng (kp t di ln), v nh th lc kp phi rt ln, c cu kp cng knh, to v thao tc tn sc. Lc kp nn cng chiu vi chiu lc ct v trng lng bn thn vt gia cng, nhng i khi v kt cu khng cho php th c th chn chng thng gc vi nhau. Mt s v d hnh 3-2 : T hnh 3-2, ta thy hnh 3-2a phng v chiu lc kp cht l tt nht W v hnh 3-2g l xu nht. G W W W P P P P P
P G G G W W G G W W

b)

c)

d)

e)

g)

Hnh 3-2: Quan h gia phng v chiu ca lc kp vi phng v chiu ca lc ct v trng lng chi tit. P- lc ct ; G- trng lng chi tit ;W- lc kp. 30 a) b) Hnh 3-3: v tr im t lc

3-2-2. im t ca lc kp Khi xc nh im t lc kp cn phi trnh chi tit nhn thm ngoi lc v m men quay. im t lc tt nht phi tc dng ln v tr ca chi tit c cng vng ln nht v nn ngay trn im hoc trong phm vi din tch (hnh 3-3): a- v tr im t lc kp khng ng, b-v tr im t lc kp ng. 3-2-3. Tnh lc kp cht cn thit W . Tr s lc kp W ph thuc vo phng, chiu, im t, tr s ca lc ct, trng lng bn thn vt gia cng v cc lc khc, cc kch thc lin quan... tnh ton lc kp ta phi bit phng, chiu, im t v tr s ca cc lc khc tc dng ln chi tit v s nh v chi tit cn gia cng. Thc cht tnh ton lc kp l gii bi ton tnh hc v cn bng vt rn di tc dng ca cc lc v m men ln chi tit. Trnh t tnh ton lc kp nh sau : - Xc nh phng, chiu, im t lc kp. - Xc nh tr s ca lc ct v m men ca lc ct tc dng ln chi tit gia cng, khi cn phi xc nh lc qun tnh v lc li tm pht sinh trong qu trnh gia cng. - Gii bi ton tnh hc v cn bng vt rn di tc dng ca tt c cc lc ln chi tit, tnh lc kp tnh ton Wtt . - Xc nh lc kp thc t bng cch nhn thm vi h s an ton k :
W = KWtt

Trong : W- lc kp thc t; Wtt- lc kp tnh ton tinh theo iu kin cn bng; K - h s an ton, K=k0k1k2k3k4k5k6. k0-h s an ton chung, trong mi trng hp k0=1,52. k1-h s k n lng d khng u, khi gia cng th k1= 1,2; khi gia cng tinh k1= 1,0. k2-h s xt n dao cn lm lc ct tng, k2=1,01,9. k3-h s xt n v ct khng lin tc lm lc ct tng, k3=1,2 k4-h s xt n ngun sinh lc khng n nh, khi kp bng tay k4=1,3; khi kp cht bng kh nn hay thy lc k4=1,0. k5- h s k n v tr tay quay ca c cu kp thun tin hay khng thun tin, khi kp cht bng tay: gc quay < 900, k5=1,0; gc quay > 900, k5=1,5. k6- h s tnh n m men lm lt phi quay quanh im ta, khi nh v trn cc cht t: k6=1,0; khi nh v trn cc phin t k6=1,5. Phi cn c vo iu kin c th xc nh tng h s ring bit. Mt s v d tnh ton lc kp c th: (1) Tnh lc kp theo s hnh 3-4. - Theo s hnh 3-4a: Khi lc ct P cng chiu vi lc kp W v vung gc vi mt chun chnh. Nu h khng c kh nng gy ra trt th W=0, khi khng cn n lc kp cht. V d, khi chut p l (chut ng, thc s khng cn n lc kp). Khi c kh nng gy ra lc trt N th :
W= KN P f1 + f 2

31

Trong : K- h s an ton chung; f1-h s ma st gia mt chun nh v ca chi tit v chi tit nh v (mt th f1=0,20,3; mt tinh f1=0,1 0,15); f2-h s ma st gia m kp v chi tit; N -lc trt.
P

W
P N

W
Wf1 Wf2

P W

b c a ) ) ) Hnh 3-4: s kp cht khi chun l mt phng - Theo s h3-4b : Lc kp W vung gc vi lc ct P v mt chun chnh:
W= KP f1 + f 2

Trong : f1- h s ma st gia m kp v chi tit (f1=0,10,15); f2- h s ma st gia mt chun ca chi tit v chi tit tit nh v (mt th: f2=0,1 0,3; mt tinh f2= 0,10,15) - Theo s hnh 3-4c : Khi lc kp ngc chiu vi lc ct v trng lng:
W = K (P + G )

Trong : G -trng lng bn thn chi tit. (2) Tnh lc kp chi tit khi gia cng trn my tin, chi tit g trn mm cp (hnh 3-5). Di tc dng ca m men Mc v lc Px, chi tit c th quay quanh tm ca n v trt trn cc chu kp. iu kin cn bng : W W - Phng trinh cn bng Rc Wf m men: R
W f R K M c
Wf Wf Px Pz Wf S

W f R K Pz R c K Pz R c Do W = f R

Lc kp trn mi chu :
W= W z

(1)

Hnh 3-5: s tnh lc kp khi tin

K Px f

- Phng trnh cn bng chng trt dc:

W f K Px W

Lc kp trn mi chu :
W= K Px f z

(2)

32

Trong : W-tng lc kp ca cc chu kp (N); W- lc kp ca mt chu; z - s chu kp; Mc- m men ct, Mc= PcRc(Nm), Rc- bn knh gia cng; R - bn knh mt chun (mm); Pz-thnh phn lc ct tip tuyn (N); Px-thnh phn lc theo phng x (N); f- h s ma st (f=0,50,7). Ty theo trng hp c th lc kp chn Wmax trong (1) hoc (2). (3) Tnh lc kp khi khoan. - Trong trng hp lc kp nm theo phng thng ng v cng chiu vi lc P0, th thc t lc kp P0 khng cn ln lm (hnh 3-6a). Tuy nhin gia cng c, lc kp phi thng c m men ct Mc. iu kin cn bng :
W L f K Mc W W = W + P0 + G K Mc f L

Nu k trng lng chi tit th lc kp tng cng W: Khi P0+G>

P0 Mc W L N a) F2 N F1

K Mc , th c th ly: W=0. f R td
W
R

F1 F2 F2

W P0 d Mc

b Hnh 3-6 : S tnh lc kp khi khoan

- Khi khoan l c ng tm song song vi ng tm chi tit tr, chi tit g t trn khi V, lc kp vung gc vi tm chi tit (hnh 3-6b). Lc kp phi m bo sao cho chi tit khng b xoay do tc ng ca m men Mc, ng thi khng b x dch dc theo trc do tc dng ca lc dc P0. Phng tring cn bng m bo khng trt l :
2 f2 W sin

+ W f1 K P0

Suy ra :

W=

Phng trnh cn bng m bo khng b xoay:

K P0 f 2 2 + f2 sin 2

33

 2 K Mc W 2 f2 + W f1 R H d sin 2

Suy ra :
W= H d f2 R 2 + f1 sin 2 2 K Mc
Px W a S W 2 1 Py

Trong : f1- h s ma st gia chi tit v m kp (f1=0,10,15); f2- h Pz 4 3 s ma st gia chi tit v khi V, l (f2=0,20,3 i vi mt th, f2=0,10,15 i vi mt tinh) ; R- bn knh ca chi tit (mm); d- ng knh ca mi khoan Hnh 3-7: S tnh lc kp khi phay mt phng bng dao phay mt u (mm); H-kch thc t tm chi tit n v tr l gia cng; - gc khi V. (4) Tnh lc kp khi phay. C nhiu phng php phay, mi phng php lc ct c gi tr v hng khc nhau lm cho lc kp khc nhau. Ty theo s c th m phn tch, xem xt tnh lc kp m bo kp cht vng vng. - Khi phay mt phng bng dao phay mt u v chun l mt y (hnh 37).Theo hnh v, ta thy lc Py c tc dng h tr cho lc kp W (v cng chiu vi lc kp); Px c tc dng lm cho chi tit quay xung quanh cnh 2-4, cnh 1-3 b ht ln; Pz lm cho chi tit quay xung quanh cnh 3-4, cnh 1-2 b ht ln. V vy lc kp W gc 1 phi c kh nng chng li c tt c cc m men do cc lc ct gy ra. Ta c :
K Px a 2l K Pz a K Pz a 2 W b W = 2b Px Pz W = K a + 2l 2b K Px a 2 W l W =
b

(1) (2) (3)

Do :

Phng trnh (2) di tc dng ca lc Py khi mi ct vo ch c lc kp v tr 1 chu, cn dao khi sp thot khi vng ct th ch c lc kp v tr 2 chu. Ty theo v tr ca dao m trng thi nguy him c th x dch phi khc nhau, m bo an ton cn thit phi tnh lc kp v tr nguy him nht. Trong v d trn, khi dao v tr bn phi h thng an ton hn khi n bn tri. Trong 4 m kp th s 1 l m kp phi chu lc ln nht v tnh lc kp ti v tr . Cng thc (3) chnh l gi tr cn tnh lc kp gc 1.

34

(5) Phay mt phng chi tit hp bng dao phay mt u, g chi tit trn 6 im ta hn ch 6 bc t do. Lc kp vung gc vi mt phng thng ng i qua hai im ta bn hng ca chi tit (hnh 3-8). Lc ny lc ma st phi thng c thnh phn lc PH nhm khng cho chi tit x dch dc. Khi kp bng hai m kp, lc kp do hai m kp sinh ra l : W1= W2= W Lc ma st gia hai m kp v chi tit l : F1 v F2. Lc ma st gia mt nh v ca chi tit v mt nh v ca g F3 v F4. Gi thit h s ma st f1=f2=f3=f4=f, th Fms1=Fms2=Fms3=Fms4=Wf Phng trnh cn bng chng trt l: 4Wf KPH Vy:
W= K PH 4f

Thnh phn lc Pr c tc dng y chi tit vo hai im ta bn hng khng gy x dch hoc lt chi tit nu lc kp hng ng vo cc im ta hoc thp hn.
Pv R L
O

F4 P s F3

Pr PH

F1 W1

Pr

FA
L2

FB
L1

F2 W2
W 2 W 2

Hnh 3-8: S tnh lc kp khi phay chi tit g t trn 6 im ta (hn ch 6 bc t do).

Hnh 3.9.

(6) Phay mt phng bng dao phay tr (hnh 3-9). Trng hp xu nht khi bt u gia cng v ct ton b chiu su ct. Chi tit b quay quanh im O do tc dng ca m men RL, cn hai m men ma st FB f B L1 v FA f A L 2 chng la s quay ca chi tit hai cht t A v B (do kp lin ng, nn b qua m men ma st ga m kp v b mt chi tit). iu kin cn bng:
FA f A L 2 + FB f B L 2 K R L

( ga thit h s ma st fA=fB=f v lc ma st FA =FB= f Vy:

W f (L1 + L 2 ) K R L 2

W ) 2

35

Suy ra :

2K R L f (L1 + L 2 )

Trong : R- hp lc ca lc ct, R = Pr2 + Pv2 . f-h s ma st gia gia chi tit v cht t nh v. L-khong cch t lc R n im quay O ca chi tit. K-h s an ton chung. 3-2-4. Cc loi c cu kp cht phi. Sau khi tnh c lc kp cht cn thit, ta phi tnh cc thng s ca c cu kp phi sinh ra lc kp cn thit . (1) Phn loi cc c cu kp. C nhiu cch phn loi cc c cu kp cht. Sau y l mt s cch phn loi c s dng rng ri : -Phn theo kt cu: c cu n gin v c cu t hp : n gin khi do mt chi tit thc hin vic kp cht; t hp khi do hai hay nhiu chi tit nh: vt, bnh lch tm, chm , n... phi hp thc hin vic kp. V d: ren c- n by, n by - bnh lch tm, chm -ren c... Nhng c cu t hp thng dng phng i lc kp, i chiu lc kp hoc (bt cu) i ti im t. -Phn theo ngun sinh lc: Kp bng tay, kp c kh ho v kp t ng ho. C kh ho: kh nn, du p, kp bng chn khng, bng in t, hoc nhng th kt hp vi nhau.T ng ho: khng cn ngi thao tc m nh nhng c cu chuyn ng ca my thao tc t ng. -Phn theo phng php kp c: kp mt chi tit hoc kp nhiu chi tit; kp mt ln hoc nhiu ln tch ri. (2) Cc tnh cht c bn ca c cu kp cht n gin v t hp. Cc tnh cht c bn l: t s truyn lc, t s dch chuyn, hiu sut . a- i vi cc c cu kp cht n gin: T s truyn ca lc v t s truyn ca dch chuyn c th c xc nh nh sau : -T s truyn lc :
i= W W = iQ Q

Trong :W-l lc sinh ra trn khu b dn (lc kp). Q-l lc pht ng sinh ra trn khu dn. Trng hp l tng nu coi c cu lm vic khng c ma st:
i lt = Wlt Wlt = Q i lt Q SW S W = SQ i d SQ

-T s truyn ca dch chuyn :

id =

Trong :SW- dch chuyn ca khu b dn; SQ- dch chuyn ca khu dn; i v ilt- lun lun ln hn 1 (c li v lc ); id- lun lun b hn 1 (thit v qung ng i).

36

Trong trng hp l tng, khi coi c cu lm vic khng c ma st: Lc c tng bao nhiu ln , th qung ng i cng gim by nhiu ln (nh lut bo ton c hc), do ta c :
id = 1 1 hay i lt = i lt id
W i = = i id Wlt i lt

- Hiu sut ca c cu s l (trng hp chung khi k n ma st).

=

b- i vi cc c cu t hp (bao gm mt s c cu n gin ni tip vi nhau): t s truyn ca lc, t s dch chuyn v hiu sut ca c cu c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau :
i = i1 i 2 i k i d = i d1 i d 2 i dk = 1 2 k

Trong :i1, id1, 1- l cc tnh cht ca c cu n gin th nht. i2, id2, 2- l cc tnh cht ca c cu n gin th hai. k- l s c cu n gin. Lc kp W sinh ra nh c cu t hp, c xc nh theo cng thc :
W = Q i1 i 2 i k

y Q l lc pht ng trn tay gt hay cn ca c cu dn ng. V d c c cu t hp bao gm c cu: ren-vt, c cu chm v c cu n ni tip nhau phi hp lm vic Ren vt
Q

chm i2=3

n i3=3

W=450Q

i1=75

Hnh 3-10: S tc dng ca c cu kp t hp Hnh 3-10: Lc pht ng Q trn tay gt qua c cu th nht c tng 75 ln (i1=75), sau tip tc qua c cu th 2 c tng 3 ln (i2=3) v qua c cu th 3 c tng 2 ln (i3=2), ta c : W=(7532)Q=450Q Dch chuyn ca khu b dn cui cng (m kp) trong c cu t hp c xc nh theo cng thc : SW=SQid1id2...idk Nu bit cc tnh cht ca ilt1, ilt2...iltk, th dch chuyn c th tnh theo cng thc :
S W = SQ 1 i lt1 i lt 2 1 1 i ltk

Thng s lng ca cc khu n gin trong c cu t hp b hn ch, ch yu ngi ta dng chm hay n. c cu t hp m bo tnh t hm khi lm vic trong phi c mt khu t hm.

37

Sau y ta xt cc c cu kp cht n gin. 3-3. Kp cht bng chm 3-3-1. Khi nim Chm l chi tit kp c hai b mt lm vic khng song song vi nhau. Khi ng chm vo th trn b mt ca chm to ra lc kp. Trong qu trnh lm vic, nh lc ma st gia hai b mt lm vic m chm khng tt ra c v c gi l t hm. Tnh cht t hm ca chm c mt ngha rt quan trng trong kp cht. a s cc c cu kp cht u da trn nguyn l chm . C cu kp bng chm, tc dng trc tip bng lc do tay cng nhn t dng trong thc t v kt cu cng knh, thao tc kh, lc kp c hn. Ngi ta kt hp vi cc c cu khc hoc dng lm ngun sinh lc kh nn hay thy lc tc dng vo n li c dng nhiu. Ngi ta s dng chm theo cc phng n sau : - Chm phng ch c mt mt nghing (hnh 3-11). 3 2 1
D

Hnh 3- 11: C cu kp bng chm phng ch c mt mt nghing; 1- chm, 2-con ln, 3- n - Chm c hai mt nghing (hnh 3-12a), hay c dng cn (hnh 3-12b). 2 1

a ) b ) Hnh 3-12 : C cu chm c hai mt nghing 1-Chm; 2-cc con trt; 3-n.
Q

38

- Chm di dng l bnh lch tm hay cam phng (hnh 3-13 ) . Trong cc kt cu ny c s ca n l b mt nghing ca chm c to trn chu vi ca mt a phng, mt nghing ca chm l mt ng cong. 2
e e
Q

Hnh 3-13:C cu chm c dng bnh lch tm : a) trng thi cha kp. b) trng thi kp. 1

W a b ) ) - Chm di dng cam Hnh 3-14: Chm di dng cam mt u 1-cam mt u; 2- tm kp. mt u (hnh3-14), y mt nghing ca chm c to trn din tch xung quanh ca mt hnh tr. Mt nghing ca chm y nh mt lm vic ca mt cam mt u. C cu chm cn c dng rng ri trong cc c cu t nh tm (cc kiu mm cp, trc g t nh tm ).

3-3-2. Tnh lc kp ca c cu chm. Xut pht t iu kin cn bng ca chm tnh lc kp tng ng . - C cu kp chm l tng (hnh 3-15a):
SQ SW

P N
Q

Wlt

W N W1 1

F1

a)

b)

Hnh 3-15: S tnh lc kp a) C cu kp chm l tng; b) C cu kp chm thc t

Q = P = Wlt tg

T ta c :
Wlt = Q 1 tg

39

Do , trong trng hp l tng khi = 0 th lc kp W . Gi: iW -t s truyn lc Q ca khu ban u. id -t s dch chuyn ca khu b dn . T hnh 3-15 a, ta c :
id = SW = tg ; S W = S Q tg SQ = iW id

Hiu sut ca c cu c xc nh theo cng thc : - C cu kp chm thc t (s hnh 3-15b): Ta dng mt ngoi lc Q ng chm vo, trn mt phng nghing sinh ra lc ma st F, trn mt phng nm ngang sinh ra lc ma st F1; gc ma st l v 1, gc ca chm l , t sinh ra phn lc php tuyn vi mt phng nghing l N v vi mt phng nm ngang l W1. Tng hp lc N v F ta c lc R, phn lc R thnh W v P. Cn bng cc lc tc dng ln chm ,ta c: F1 = W1 tg 1 ; F = N tg Q = P + F1 = W tg ( + ) + W1 tg 1
Q = W [tg( + ) + tg 1 ] W = W1

T ta c lc kp W bng :
W= Q tg( + ) + tg1 W= Q tg( + )

(1)

Trng hp ch c mt mt nghing c ma st th tg 1 = 0 , lc :

3-3-3. Tnh ton iu kin t hm ca chm. Sau khi ng chm vo, trong qu trnh lm vic do lc ct, rung ng...chm c xu hng b y ra, nhng v n c tnh t hm nn khng tt ra m vn ng nguyn v tr kp cht vi lc kp to ra ban u, lc ny lc kp ln hn lc kp lc F P ng vo ban u mt t. Lc lc Q mt i, F do mt Q nn chm c xu hng i ra, nn lc N W ma st c hng ngc lai (hnh 3-16). Phn lc W1' Fsin php tuyn N phn thnh hai phn lc W v P. Lc ma st F mt nghing phn thnh hai phn F1 lc F v Fsin. Vy mun t hm c cn c iu kin sau : Hnh 3-16: s tnh F +F1> P (a) iu kin t hm Trong :

40

- F : F = N f = N tg = W

tg cos F = F cos = W tg

(b)

-F1 : W1 = W + F sin tg = W 1 + sin = W (1 + tgtg ) cos (c) F1 = W1 tg 1 = W (1 + tgtg ) tg 1 (d) -P: P = W tg Thay (b), (c) v (d) vo (a) ta c : W tg + W (1 + tgtg ) tg 1 P = W tg tg tg + tg 1 + tg tg tg 1 Thng , va 1 v cng b nn tg tg tg 1 = 0 . Do iu kin t hm : tg tg + tg1 + 1 Trong : - gc nhn ca chm; - gc ma st gia mt nghing ca chm v chi tit trn; 1- gc ma st gia mt ngang ca chm v chi tit di. Thng =1, nn iu kin t hm l 2. Khi f=tg=0,1, th =5043 f= tg=0,15, th =8030 Nh vy iu kin t hm s l: + i vi chm c ma st F F trn c hai b mt : <110 (khi f=0,1) Qr R N <170 khi f=0,15) R1 WW1 + i vi chm ch c ma st trn b mt nghing: F1 <50 43(khi f=0,1) <8030 (khi f=0,15). Hnh 3-17: S tnh lc ng chm ra 3-3-4. Tnh lc cn thit ng chm ra. Hnh 3-17 l s lc tc dng ln chm khi ng chm ra. Di tc dng ca lc Qr , trn mt nghing xut hin lc F v N. R l tng hp lc ca F v N; phn R thnh F v W . T hnh ta c : W = W1 ; Q r = F + F1 Nhng F = Wtg(-) v F1 = W1 tg1 Do lc cn thit ng chm ra l : Qr= W tg()+ W1 tg1 Qr= W [tg()+tg1] Trong : W -tng phn lc thng ng mt nghing khi chm cha b ng ra: W = W + F sin 3-3-5. Tnh chm phi hp vi con ln.

41

Cng thc tnh lc kp ca chm c hai con ln cng ging nh tnh lc kp chm mt phng ch cn i h s ma st trt tg v tg1 thnh h s ma st ln tgl v tg1l . T cng thc (1) ta c :
W= Q tg( + l ) + tg1l

(2)

Ta c :

d D = T 2 2 Nhng: F1 = W tg 1l ; T = W tg 1 F1 W tg1l

Quan h gia 1 v 1l c th tnh theo hnh 3-18a:

Do :
d D = W tg1 2 2 d tg1l = tg1 D

(3)

1l - gc ma st trt l v trc con ln di.

W F P W

N
F1
W

1l

F1 T

a)
d
D

b) Hnh 3-18: S tnh chm vi con ln : a-trng hp hai con ln; b-trng hp mt con ln

Tng t i vi con ln trn:

d D d l = arctg D tg l = tg

(3a)

Suy ra :

l - gc ma st trt l v trc con ln trn. Nu tg1= 0,1; d/D=0,5 th : tg1l= 0,10,5=0,05. Nh dng chm phi hp vi con ln, nng lng tiu hao v ma st gim, lc kp c th tng 3550%. Nu ch c mt con ln mt nghing (hnh 3-18b) th lc kp s l :
W= Q tg ( + l ) + tg1

(4)

42

C cu chm con ln thng c s dng lm b khuch i dn ng v khi n l c cu khng c tnh t hm, thng c cu ny 100. 3-3-6. Tnh chm c cht. Hnh 3-19 l cc s kp cht bng chm c cht, vic tnh ton lc kp tu thuc vo mi loi . - i vi kt cu hnh 3-19a . Trc tin ta xt s cn bng ca cht di tc dng ca cc lc. Nu so snh vi hnh 3-15, th cc thnh phn lc P v W1 s c nh hng ngc chiu li v s lc tc dng s nh hnh 3-20a. T s cn bng ca cht (hnh 3-20a), ta c : P=N; W=W1-F2 Hoc: W= W1-Ptg2 Thay gi tr ca W1 v P, ta c :
W=Q tg( + ) + tg 1
W=Q

tg( + ) + tg 1

tg( + ) tg 2

Sau khi bin i ta c :

1 tg ( + ) tg 2 tg ( + ) + tg 1

(5) d )
a
W

a )

b )
a
l Q

c )
Q

e )
Q

f )
Q l

Hnh 3-19 : Cc s kp cht bng chm c cht a,c,e dng cht ta c trn v di; b- cht cng xn khng c con ln; d-dng cht c mt con ln; f-dng cht c hai con ln.
W W F2 N P=Wtg(+)
W1=Q=

2 F2

2/3 a

N Q

o
W1 P

F2

tg( +) +tg1

W1 F W1

P R

a )

43

Hnh3-20: a)S tnh chm c cht ta c hai mt u b) S lc tc dng ln cht cng xn

b )

T cng thc (5), ta suy ra cc trng hp khc trn hnh 3-19. - i vi trng hp kt cu nh hnh 3-19b, ta phi thay th tg2= tg2q, tg2q l h s ma st gia cht v v g trong trng hp cht cng xn nhng quy i v h s ma st trong trng hp dng cht ta c trn v di nh hnh 3-20a. Gi tr ca tg2q tnh nh sau : T hnh 3-20b ta c lc P c xu hng lm quay cht trt xung quanh O v s to nn p lc phn b theo quy lut tam gic. Hp lc php tuyn N ca p lc ny cch nh ca tam gic khong cch
2 a 3 = 1 a , khong cch gia cc lc N bng 2 a . 3 2 3

Lp phng trnh cn bng m men ti im o (hnh 3-20b), ta c :

2 Pl = N a 3 F2 F N= = 2 f 2 tg 2 F 2 Pl = 2 a tg 2 3 3l 2 F2 = P tg 2 = P tg 2 qd a 3l tg 2 qd = tg 2 a

V : Nn ta c: T ta c:

(6)

Trong : l- Khong cch t im gia ca on tip xc ca b mt cht vi chm tnh n phn im gia phn tip xc ca cht vi v g. a- chiu di phn tip xc ca cht vi v g. tg2- h s ma st khi cht c c mt ta trn v di . p dng cng thc (5) cho trng hp hnh 3-19b c dng sau : 1 tg( + ) tg 2 qd (7) W=Q tg( + ) + tg 1 - i vi c cu (hnh 3-19c), ta ch vic thay trong cng thc (5) bng gi tr l c xc nh theo cng thc (3a). - i vi c cu (hnh 3-19d), ta cng thay i tg2 v gc trong cng thc (5) bng cc gi tr tg2q v gc q. - i vi c cu (hnh 3-19e), ta cng phi thay v tg1 bng cc gi tr q v tg1q c xc nh theo cng thc (3a). - i vi c cu (hnh 3-19g), ta cng phi thay , tg1 v tg2 bng cc gi tr q, tg1q v tg2q. 3-4. Kp bng ren vt. 3-4-1.Khi nim. C cu kp cht dng ren vt thao tc bng tay c s dng kh rng ri trong cc g gia cng trn my ct kim loi. Khi kp bng ren vt ta dng bu lng v ai c to ra lc kp. u im ca kp bng ren vt l : kt cu n gin, c th dng trong nhiu cng vic khc nhau, v tr khc nhau, lc kp ln ,

44

t hm tt. Nhng ren vt c nhc im l phi quay nhiu vng mt thi gian , tn sc, lc kp khng ng u cc chi tit gia cng khc nhau, khi kp cht c kh nng lm dch chuyn chi tit do lc ma st trn mt u ca vt. 3-4-2. Kt cu C cu kp cht dng ren vt c th dng kiu kp trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua n kp. Khi kp trc tip, c th dng kiu vt kp cht (lc ai c l c nh), hoc l ai c kp cht (vt c nh). Hnh 3-21 l cc v d ca cc kiu trn :
6 5 4 3 2 1

b)
L Q 7 1 2 3 4 5 6

a)

c)

r
d)

Hnh 3-21 :Cc kiu kp cht bng ren vt: a) C cu kp ren vt thng qua n kp :1-ai c, 2-vt, 3-tm kp, 4-vng m, 5-ai c, 6-chi tit, 7-phin t, 8-thn g, 9-l xo. b) Kp cht bng vt tip xc trc tip vi chi tit. c) Kp cht bng ai c. d) Kp cht bng vt thng qua ming m kp vo ch tit: 1-tay quay, 2-vt, 3-vt hm cu, 4-thn g, 5-ming m , 6-chi tit, 7-bc lt - Cc chi tit ch yu ca c cu kp bng ren vt +Vt (bu lng): thng dng bu lng tiu chun, c kch thc trong khong l=20140mm, ng knh M5-6H M25-6H (M5-6gM25-6g); vt liu lm bng thp 45 hoc thp 45 cn ti n cng HRC =3045.

45

+ Ming m: trong dng sn xut lot ln, hng khi t khi u vt kp trc tip ln b mt chi tit (h 3-21b); v kp tc tip mt chi tit s b lm xung , chi tit b xoay do ma st, vt nhn s lc c trong m c, im t thay i. Hnh 3-22 trnh by kt cu cc loi m kp thng dng.
A

K
D A-A 300 A H

Hng K

a)

b) Hnh 3-22 : Cc loi ming m

c)

Ming m c th lp vi trc vt bng cht (hnh 3-22a), nh vng l xo (hnh 3-22b) ming m khng ri khi u c ng thi li c th t la theo chiu nghing ca ming kp, nh ren (hnh 3-22c) vn trc vt vo trong ming m v t la khi lm vic. Mt u ca ming m hoc phng hoc kha hoa tng ma st tu thuc vo mt tip xc vi chi tit gia cng th hay l tinh. Ming m lm bng thp 45, ti cng HRC=4045. + ng lt:Trc vt khng trc tip lp vi v g m thng qua ng lt trung gian. Khi ren b mn s thay ng lt c d dng. Vt liu ch to ng lt l thp 45 ti cng HRC 2530. + Tay quay: quay trc vt ngi ta dng tay quay hoc cc nm vn , cc nm vn ch dng khi yu cu lc nh. Vt liu ch to l thp 30, 40, 45 hoc gang do. + ai c v vng m: Nu khi thao tc kp cht khng khng gian t tay quay th phi dng ai c cao (chiu cao bng 1,5 ln chiu cao ng knh ren) v a b dng cha vn quay. Kt ) ) cu ai c nh hnh 3-23 l Hnh 3-23: Kt cu ai c ai c tiu chun. Vt liu ch to ai c thng dng thp 35 ti cng HRC=3338, hoc thp 45 ti cng HRC=35 40. +Trong cc kt cu kp cht bng ren c thng phi c chi tit vng m, n m bo s tip xc chnh xc vi b mt kp cht, lm cho trc vt khng b nghing lch khi kp. Vt liu vng m : thp 45 ti t cng HRC 4045

46

3-4-3.Tnh ton lc kp ca c cu kp ren vt Ta c th coi c cu kp bng ren vt l mt c cu kp t hp gm n c cnh tay n rtb v L (hnh 3-24) v chm ch c ma st trn mt nghing . Z Khi t s truyn ca lc s l : L
i ltd = 1 L ; i ltc = tg rtb
Q

r t

Trong : ilt-t s truyn lc l tng ca n; iltc-t s truyn lc l tng ca chm. Do lc kp sinh ra ca c cu ren vt trong iu kin l tng (khng c ma st) s l :
Wlt = Q L rtb tg

Q1 W Z

Trong : l gc nng ca ren, tg = tg nu coi b mt ren vt nh mt ci chm (nu trin khai b mt ren vt ra mt phng). Trong thc t tnh ton ta phi k n tn tht ma st trn b mt ren v ni tip xc ca vt v ai c vi phi . a)Kp cht bng trc vt c u dng cu. Trn hnh 3-25a, lc ny coi nh ch c ma st trn b mt ren (tc l ch c ma st trn mt nghing ca chm). Ta c: Lc lc kp s l :
1 tg( + ) L W=Q rtb tg ( + qd ) ic =

Hnh 3-24: S tnh lc kp ca c cu kp ren vt

(8)

Trong : L- chiu di cnh tay n (mm); rtb- bn knh trung bnh ca ren (mm). - gc nng ca ren ( tg =
p , p - bc ca ren (mm). 2rtb

qd- gc ma st qui i). cc mi lp ghp c prfil ren dng tam gic hay hnh thang, s tip xc ca ai c vi trc vt theo rnh dng ch V, nn ma st lc ln hn trng hp tip xc theo phng ca chm (cc iu kin khc nh nhau). Khi ta phi dng h s ma st qui i thng qua h s ma st trn mt phng chm :
f qd = f cos 2

Trong l gc nh prfil ca ren. i vi ren h mt c prfil tam gic :

f qd =

f = 1,15 f cos 30 0

47

Khi f = 0,1

f qd = tg qd = 0,115 qd = arctg0,115 6 0 40

iu kin t hm 6 0 40 . Cc ren h mt tiu chun c gc nng =20...40, nn tt c cc c cu ren vt dng ren h mt u c tnh t hm. b) Kp cht bng ai c v trc vt c u dng phng. Trong trng hp ny ta phi tnh thm ma st mt u ca ai c v trc vt.
W W W W

d
D

W
D

2/3R

a )

b c ) ) Hnh 3-25: Cc s tnh ton c cu ren vt

d )

+ i vi ai c lm vic nh hnh 3-25 b (ch tip xc trn hnh vnh khn), m men ma st to ra trn mt phng hnh vnh khn c th tnh nh sau . Coi nh p sut phn b trn din tch tip xc (R 2 r 2 ) l u, p sut p s l :
p= W R2 r2

(a)

Thnh phn m men ma st dMms trn hnh vnh khn phn t d l: dM ms = dF = p 2 d = 2 p 2 d Trong : dF-thnh phn lc ma st trn hnh vnh khn phn t; -h s ma st trn mt u ca ai c. Ta c :
M ms = 2 p 2 d = 2 p
r R

R3 r3 3

Thay p t cng thc (a) vo ta c :

M ms = 2 R3 r3 W 3 R2 r2

(b)

+Trng hp i vi vt c u phng (hnh 3-25-c) r =0, thay vo cng thc (b) c dng :
M ms = 2 R W 3

(c)

48

+Trng hp dng ming m (hnh 3-25 d), u trc vt quay trong l cn ca ming m, tip xc trn vng trn c bn knh R =D/2, m men ma st xut hin trn u trc vt l : M ms = W R cot g
2

Nu ta ch xt n ma st trn b mt ren, m men tc ng trn tay quay c xc nh theo cng thc : QL = W tg ( + qd ) rtb = M r Trong thc t ta phi k n c ma st trn mt u ca ai c hay trc vt, do m men tc dng trn tay quay c xc inh : QL = M r + M ms (d) + Trng hp kp cht bng ai c, phng trnh (d) c dng :
2 R 3 r3 QL = W rtb tg ( + qd ) + 2 3 R r2

(e)

+ Khi kp bng trc vt c mt u phng :

2 QL = W rtb tg ( + qd ) + R 3

(f)

+ Khi kp bng trc vt c lp ming m :

QL = W rtb tg ( + qd ) + R cot g (i) 2 d D Cc cng thc trn, thay r = ; R = , ta c cc cng thc tnh lc kp 2 2
W=Q L 1 D3 d3 rtb tg ( + qd ) + 2 3 D dr
L 1 rtb tg ( + qd ) + D 3

cht W. + Khi kp cht bng ai c: (9)

+ Kp bng trc vt c u phng :

W=Q

(10)

+ Kp bng trc vt c ming m :

W=Q L 1 rtb tg ( + qd ) + D cot g 2 2

(11)

Tr s lc tc dng Q trn tay quay b gii hn bi sc bn ko ca trc vt. Do lc kp cho php m bo sc bn ca trc vt i vi ren h mt c xc nh theo cng thc sau : d 2 [ ]k = 0,5d 2 [ ]k Wcho php = 0,64
4

Trong : [ ]k l ng xut ko cho php ca vt liu trc vt . []k = 800KG / cm 2 . Sau khi xc nh c cho php, ta thay vo cc cng thc (8) -(11) tm c gi tr lc Q gii hn m bo bn ca trc vt. c). Tnh gn ng.
49

Khi tnh gn ng, xc nh lc kp (KG) theo chiu di tiu chun ca tay quay (L=14d; L- chiu di tay quay, d- ng knh danh ngha ca ren), ta c th s dng cc cng thc sau : - Khi kp bng trc vt c u dng cu : (12) W 140 Q - Khi kp bng ai c: W 65 Q (13) Trong cc bng 3-1 v 3-2, cho gi tr lc kp W ph thuc lc Q xc nh theo cc cng thc (8)...(11) vi q =6034; =0,1; =1200. Bng 3-1
c im kp Trc vt c u dng cu (hnh 3-25a) Trc vt c dng u phng (hnh 3-25c) ng knh Chiu di tay Lc ban u danh ngha ca quay (mm) Q (KG) ren (mm)
10 12 16 20 24 10 12 16 20 24 120 140 190 240 310 120 140 190 240 310 2,5 3,5 6,5 10,0 13,0 2,5 3,5 6,5 10,0 13,0

Lc kp cht W (KG)
420 570 1060 1650 2300 300 400 720 1140 1600

Bng 3-2
c im kp Kp bng ai c vi vt cy c c nh (hnh 3-25d,b) ng knh Chiu di tay Lc ban u danh ngha ca quay (mm) Q (KG) ren (mm)
10 12 16 20 24 120 140 190 240 310 2 4,5 7,0 10,0 10,0 15,0 Q l1 l2 Q 1 l1 l2

Lc kp cht W (KG)
400 580 850 850 1460 1

3-4-4. Kp ren vt vi n. Trong nhiu trng hp c cu kp bng ren khng trc tip kp ln vt gia cng m thng qua mt n kp trung gian chuyn lc ban u thnh lc kp. Dng n kp trong cc trng hp sau : - Kt cu g khng cho php kp trc tip, phi vi n v tr xa hn. - Cn phng i lc kp. Trn hnh 3-26 biu din 3 s kp cht bng n kp, trong 1 l phi v 2 l tm quay ca n . a )

b )

1 l2 W l1

c )

50
Hnh 3-26 :S kp bng n kp

Tnh lc kp: Gi: l1- Khong cch t tm quay n v tr lc tc dng; l2- Khong cch t tm quay n im t lc kp; Q-ngoi lc (KG); W- lc kp (KG); - Hiu sut. * Trng hp 3-26a :
l1 Q = W l 2 W =
l1 Q l2

Nu l1 = l 2 W =

1 2

Q 2
l1 Q l2

* Trng hp 3-26b :
l1 Q = W l 2 W =

Nu l1 = l 2 W = Q * Trng hp 3-26a :
l1 Q l2 Nu l 2 = 0,5 l1 W = 2 Q

l1 Q = W l 2 W =

Trong 3 trng hp trn Wc>Wb >Wa Ta c th tnh chnh xc hn bng cch tnh c tn tht v ma st cht quay v l. Trng hp hnh 3-27b :
Q1 = Q + W Q l1 = W l 2 + Q 1 f r = W l 2 + (Q + W ) f r

l1
Q

l2

Do :
W = Q l1 f r l2 + f r
l1 f r l2 f r

Q1 F=Q1f

Tng t hnh 3-26 a lc kp :

W = Q

Hnh 3-27
l1 + f r l2 + f r

Lc kp hnh 3-26 c :
W=Q

Thng ngi ta phi hp kp gia n v ren vt. 3-5. Kp bng cc loi ng cong (kp cht bng cam). 3-5-1. Khi nim. Trn cc g ngi ta cng s dng cc loi ng cong (nh cc c cu cam) thc hin vic kp cht chi tit. Kp bng bnh lch tm c u im l thao tc rt nhanh . Bnh lch tm l chi tit dng a (trc) trn xoay c tm quay lch vi tm hnh hc ca n mt khong e. Khi kp bng bnh lch tm, ngi ta nh vo tnh t hm ca n thc hin vic kp.

51

- c im: + u im: kp nhanh, n gin , khng cn cc thit b ph. + Nhc im: hnh trnh kp ngn, lc kp b (ch bng 1/5-1/6 lc kp ca ren c), tnh vn nng km hn kp bng ren vt, tnh t hm km. - ng dng: dng trong trng hp khng c hoc t rung ng, khi lc kp khng cn ln lm. - Vt liu ch tao bnh lch tm: Bnh lch tm thng lm bng cc loi thp Y7A, Y8A, 20X qua nhit luyn c cng HRC=5560, b mt thm cc bon 0,81,2mm. 3-5-2. Bnh lch tm trn. Bnh lch tm trn c b mt lm vic l mt tr trn (hoc mt phn ca mt tr trn), tm quay lch vi tm hnh hc mt on l e (hnh 3-28 a). V l thuyt, phn lm vic ca bnh lch tm c th ly t k n n tc 1800, thc t ch dng 1/61/4 vng trn, tc l t 600 n 900, thng dng on mn (quay 900) hoc on ph cn hai bn im m c gc nng =350450.
L k S= esin e 2e k F1 F ma
x

Q1

o R
c

e n Q

c ma m W k
x

m F

Q2

A W

D
2
ma
x

b)
2e n

c) Hnh 3-28 : Banh lch tm tron va hnh khai trin phn lam vic cua no Nu khai trin phn lm vic (phn din tch c gch bao gia cung kmn v vng trn c s ) ta s thy thc cht bnh lch tm cng l mt ci chm m gc nng thay i tng im khc nhau (hnh 3-28c). Ti im k v n gc nng bng khng v ti im m gc nng l ln nht. Gc nng thay i, th lc kp cng thay i theo, cng ln th lc lp cng nh v ngc li. Do ti im m c khi lc kp khng phi dng tay g vo cn cho cht thm v im n

52

lc kp qu ln nn khi tho lng cng g cn. Tt nht dng on ph cn hai bn im m v gc t thay i ( hng s) v khc khng. a) Tnh lc kp. Ta coi bnh lch tm y nh mt c cu kp t hp gm n c cc cnh tay L v v chm c ma st c hai mt (trn trc quay v ti im kp A) hnh 3-28b, ta c quan h v lc : Trng hp coi c cu l l tng khng c ma st :
Wlttb = Q L

tb tg tb

Trong thc t :
Wtb = Q L tb [tg( tb + ) + tg 1 ]

Trong : Wtltb- tr s l tng trung bnh ca lc kp. Wtb- tr s trung bnh ca lc kp. tb- bn knh trung bnh k t tm quay ca bnh lch tm ti im kp A. tb- gc nng trung bnh ca chm ti im kp. v 1- gc ma st trt ti im A v tm quay ca bnh lch tm. Khi tnh ton ta thng chon cc tr s f=tg= tg1=0,1; tb=40; tb=
D 2

Vi chiu di tay quay theo tiu chun (L2D) , c th tnh ton gn ng theo cng thc W 12Q . b/ iu kin t hm. Bnh lch tm phi m bo iu kin t hm bt c im no trn on lm vic. Do nu ti im m (c gc max) m bo iu kin t hm, th ti cc im khc (c gc b hn) s cng m bo. Do cng ging nh chm, iu kin t hm ca bnh lch tm l: max + 1 Khi tg1= tg=0,1; 1== 5043 ; iu kin t hm s l max 110. m bo an ton t hm cn thit thng ngi ta chn max=80 30. V c quan h vi t s D/e, nn sau y ta tm iu kin t hm trong quan h gia D v e. Khi im m tip xc (tc oc nm ngang hnh 3-28a) gc ln nht, do mun t hm v tr lm vic ny cn c :
W e F D d D d + F1 = W f + W f 1 2 2 2 2 D 14 e

Nu f=f1=0,15 v b qua m men do lc ma st trc quay sinh ra, ta c : Nu f=f1=0,1, th iu kin t hm s l:

D 20 e

Trong tiu chun, bnh lch tm c kch thc e=1,73,5mm v ng knh ngoi D=3270mm.

53

c) Hnh trnh kp S. T s hnh 3-28 b: S=esin; khi =00Smin=0 v =900Smax= e Nh vy hnh trnh kp bnh lch tm khng ln, do khng th dng bnh lch tm kp cht lot phi c kch thc dao ng trong khong dung sai ln. d/Tnh v . Tr s trung bnh tb v tb c chn ph thuc vo gc quay ca tay quay. T hnh 3-28a ta thy khi kp ti im m ( =0) lc c gi tr ln nht max ; khi kp ti im A (hnh 3-28b) lc bnh lch tm quay mt gc , th <max ; khi kp ti im n, =900, th = 0. Tng t nh th, trn on km ta c ti im k c =0. C th tnh theo hai tam gic OBA v OBC, ta c :
D + e sin = 2 cos OB e cos tg = = D OA + e sin 2

Khi =00 ( ti im m):

=

Khi =900 (ti im n):

D 2e 2e max = arctg ; tg max = 2 cos D D D + e; tg min = 0 min = 0 0 2

max =

3-5-3.Bnh lch tm ng cong Ac-si-met. a. To hnh: Trn vng trn c s tm O, bn knh r0, ta phn thnh nhiu gc bng
3h 2h h
(n-1)h

nh

2h
r

(n1)h

nh

rn

a) Hnh 3-29

b)

nhau nh hnh 3-29a. Sau c qua mt gc ta li ly bn knh tng thm mt on h : r1=r0+h r2=r0+2h r3=r0+3h ... rn=r0+nh

54

Ni cc nh bn knh li ta s c ng cong Ac-si- mt. Phng trnh c cc ca ng cong Ac-si-mt :

r = r0 + (nh ) n

Trong : r- bn knh ca mt im bt k trn ng cong; - gc ca mt im bt k trn ng cong; n-gc kp gia bn knh r0 v bn knh rn im cui. Gc nng mt im bt k trn ng cong l :
dr d 1 nh tg = = r r n

b. iu kin t hm: Khi khai trin ng cong Ac-si-mt ta c mt ci chm (h3-29b) m gc nng gn nh khng i bt k im no: hng s. 0,1 r0 Nu ta ly h = , th khi khai trin ta c :
n

tg =

Ta c: tg = 0,1 < tg ( + 1 ) , nh th c th t hm c. 3-5-4. Bnh lch tm ng cong l ga rt. a. To hnh: T vng trn c s, bn knh r0, tm O (hnh 3-30a) v cc tia phn gic u chia vng trn thnh nhng gc bng nhau, sao cho =2 (- l gc ma st), t ly cc bn knh:
r1 = r0 r r ; r2 = 02 , ..., rn = 0n cos cos cos A3 A2 r A1 r1 3 A r0 =2 O =2 A4

n h n 0,1 r0 = = 0,1 n r0 r0

r2 =
r1 =

r0 cos 2

r r3 = 03 cos

r0 cos r 0

b)

Hnh 3-30 Ni cc nh bn knh li ta s c ng cong l ga rt. Trong khi thit k, c th to hnh mt cch n gin v gn ng (xem hnh 3-30b): Chia vng trn c s thnh nhiu gc bng nhau =2,

55

T A v ng thng vung gc vi OA, c giao im A1, T A1 v ng thng vung gc vi OA1, c giao im A2, T A2 v ng thng vung gc vi OA2, c giao im A3... Ni A1, A2, A3...li ta c ng cong l ga rt. Tht vy, trong tam gic AA1O ta c :
r1 = OA 1 = r0 cos

Trong tam gic A1A2O ta c :

r2 = OA 2 = M 1 rn = r0 cos
n

r0 r1 = cos cos 2

to thnh mt dy cp s nhn ph hp vi nh ngha ca ng cong l ga rt. b. iu kin t hm : i vi ng cong l ga rt, bt k im no trn ng cong cng bo m c t hm. Tht vy : Gc: Cho nn :
A 1 AI = 1 = , m A 1 AI 2 = < 2 hay < + 1

3-5-5. Kt cu bnh lch tm. Khi thit k bnh lch tm, trc ht cn c vo kt cu g quyt nh ng knh D, ri tnh lch tm e, sau xc nh tm quay ca g, tnh chiu rng B v ng kinh d, cui cng kim tra hnh trnh kp c khng. Hnh 3-31 ch r cc kiu bnh lch tm. -Tr s lch tm e c th xc nh theo cng thc sau : e
Hnh 3-31: Kt cu bnh lch tm
W J e= 1 cos S1 + +

Trong : S1- khe h cn thit g t phi (thng ly S1=0,2,..., 0,4mm); - dung sai kch thc ca phi tnh bng mm; J- cng vng ca bnh lch tm tnh bng kG/mm; - gc quay ca bnh lch tm tnh bng ; W- lc kp tnh bng kG. - ng knh cht d:
d= W b

56

Trong :b- chiu di cht tip xc vi bnh lch tm tnh bng mm; p sut dp cho php trn cht (1,5 2,0 kG/mm2). - Chiu dy bnh lch tm B xc nh theo cng thc : B = 0,0175
2WE D +2

Trong : E- m un n hi ca vt liu bnh lch tm; D- ng knh bnh lch tm. 3-6. C cu phng i lc kp. Khi lc kp khng , ta cn c c cu phng i lm tng t s truyn lc n im t lc. Nhng c cu trung gian nng cao c t s truyn lc u gi l c cu phng i lc kp. C cu phng i lc kp gim c sc lao ng ca cng nhn, nht l trong sn xut lot ln, gim bt ngun ng lc v gim bt c kch thc khun kh g. C cu phng i lc kp thng dng: n by, chm, thanh truyn, cc thit b kh nn - du p v cht do. 3-6-1. C cu phng i lc kp bng thanh truyn. Hnh 3-32 l s c cu phng i lc kp c mt thanh truyn dng con ln. Nh thanh 1 y vo n kp 2, n kp 2 kp vo chi tit 3. Thanh 1 nm v tr cn bng. Lc pht ng Q v phn lc N to thnh mt lc R hng dc theo thanh 1. R W T tam gic lc WCR, trng hp coi c cu l l tng 2 (khng c ma st):
Wlt = Q 1 tg
C Q C

L N=W 1
D

1
A

T cng thc trn, ta thy khi 0, ta c lc kp Wlt . Thc t khi lm vic c ma st, nn cng thc tnh lc kp s l :
1 W=Q tg( + ) + tg1qd

SQ B

Hnh 3-32

Trong : -gc k n ma st trt khp quay, = arcsin f

tg1qd = tg1 d . D

d . r

tg1qd-h s ma st ln quy i tnh n ma st ln ca con ln: d -ng knh khp quay. D- ng knh ngoi ca con ln. L-khong cch cc khp quay ca thanh truyn. f-h s ma st trt ti khp quay. tg1- h s ma st trt ti tm con ln. xc nh tr s ta lp s hnh 3-33.
57

SW

r l bn knh cc l ca thanh truyn, t tm l ta v hai vng trn ma st c bn knh =rf, gc ca ng tip tuyn xx v ng ni tm AB chnh l gc . V ng CB song song vi tip tuyn xx, im C s cch tm A mt khong 2. T tam gic vung ACB , ta c : 2 2r f d sin = = = f
L L d Khi f=0,1 gc rt b (0). V d, khi = 0,2 th =1010. L L

Khi thit k c cu thanh truyn cn phi m bo hnh trnh kp (xem hnh 3-32). T tam gic vung ABC ta thy, khi thanh 1 di chuyn ti v tr thng ng (=0), im t lc A ca lc Q di chuyn mt on ng :
S Q = AB = L sin

x 2 c =rf
A

+ Q

r
B

=rf

Hnh 3-33: s xc nh gc

im t lc C ca lc kp W tng ng di chuyn : S W = L BC = L L cos S W = L (1 cos ) Trong : L- chiu di ca thanh truyn. SW- hnh trnh kp ca thanh, khi 0 , cos1, SW0, ngha l hnh trnh kp rt nh khi rt b. Do , khi thit k c cu ny phi chn chiu di ca thanh v phi tnh ton m bo hnh trnh kp. Khi g t phi c kch thc b nht trong c lot th v tr ca thanh truyn khi kp phi to mt gc =50. 3-6-2. C cu phng i lc kp hai thanh truyn kp mt pha. Trng hp c cu l tng (khng c ma st), t tam gic lc trn hnh 3 -34a, ta c :
Wlt = Q 1 2 tg

So vi c cu kp mt thanh (hnh 3-32), trong iu kin lc pht ng nh nhau, th nhng c cu hai thanh truyn c lc kp gim i hai ln. Cng thc tnh lc kp thc t (hnh 3-34a):
W = Q 2 tg ( + ) 1

y gc , cng ging nh trn, c tnh n h s ma st trn cc khp quay.

58

a )
L

R Q 2 Q
Q 2

b )
a
L

c )
l

W1

d )

W1

a/2

A
L

Q
L L

Q
L

W1

W1

Hnh 3-34: S c cu hai thanh truyn a, b-Kp mt pha; c, d- Kp hai pha i vi c cu c con trt (hnh 3-34b), ngoi ma st trn cc khp quay cn phi tnh n ma st ca con trt v cng thc c dng :
1 1 W = Q tg 2 qd 2 tg( + )

Trong : tg2qd- h s ma st qui i k n ma st trn con trt,

tg 2qd = tg 2 3l a

(tg2- h s ma st trt, a-chiu di phn dn hng con

trt; l -khong cch t khp quay n im gia phn dn hng ). Khi

l = 0,7 v tg 2 = 0,1 th tg 2 = 0,21 a

Hnh trnh kp ca c cu ny ln gp hai ln c cu mt thanh truyn. S 2 = 2L (1 cos ) 3-6-3. C cu phng i lc kp hai thanh truyn kp hai pha. Nhng c cu ny c th xem nh hai c cu kp mt thanh truyn (xem hnh 3-34c,d).Trng hp l tng (coi nh khng c ma st), lc kp tng cng c xc nh theo cng thc :
W lt = Q 1 tg

Lc kp thc t i vi c cu (hnh 3-34c):

W = Q 1 tg ( + )

Lc kp thc t i vi c cu (hnh 3-34d):

1 3 l W = Q tg 2 a tg( + )

3-6-4. C cu phng i lc kp bng kh nn- du p . Hnh 3-35 l mt loi phng i lc kp truyn ng bng khi nn v du p c th tch rt nh gn, kt cu n gin m t s truyn lc rt ln.

59

a/2

Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu nh sau: Kh nn c p sut Pk i vo bung tri ca xi lanh 2 tc dng ln piston 4 c ng knh D1 lm cho n 2 D1 = Q . p lc chuyn dch v bn phi. p lc trn c Piston l Q1 = Pk
4

ny li c cn piston truyn n bung du bn phi vi din tch cn nh i (ng knh d), v th to ra p sut Pd cng ln :
Pd = Q d 2 4

Vi p sut ny (Pd) tc dng ln piston ng knh D2 , th p lc W (tc lc kp) s c phng i ln rt nhiu : 2 D1 2 2 2 D2 D2 D2 D 1 D 2 Q 2 2 W = Pd = = Pk 4 2 = Pk 4 4 4 4 d2 d

4 W = 0,785 D D Pk d2
2 1 2 2

D1

Pd d

D2

2
Pk Q1

1 d W

3 4

S1

S2 6 7

Hnh 3-35: C cu phng i lc kp kh nn - du thu lc ( tc ng trc tip):1. Xi lanh du thu lc; 2. Xi lanh kh nn; 3. Bung kh nn; 4. Piston kh; 5. Cn piston kh; 6. Piston du ; 7. Cn Piston du Kt cu ny c hnh trnh piston 2 rt nh so vi hnh trnh ca cn piston1: D2 d2 2
4 S1 = 4 S2 S1 d 2 d2 = 2 S 2 = 2 S1 S2 D 2 D2

Nu S1=50mm, d=3cm, D2 =20cm, th S2=32/2025=0,11cm. Nh vy hnh trnh kp rt nh. - khc phc, ta dng kt cu nh hnh 3-36 va bo m lc kp va bo m hnh trnh kp di. Nguyn l lm vic ca n nh sau : Kh nn vo bung s 9 y piston 1 v pha phi. Cn 2 ca piston lm rng du bung

60

A thng vi du bung B. V th khi piston 1 li v phi th khi du A v B s y piston 5 rt nhanh cho n khi cn 6 chm vo mt b kp 7. l hnh trnh di trc khi kp cht . Sau kh nn tip tc y piston 1 cho n khi l rng ca cn 2 thng t bung A sang bung B b ng 3 bt kn (khi phn l chui vo ng 3) th bung A v bung B cch li hn nhau v tnh hnh li tr li nh hnh 3-35, tc dng phng i bt u, lc ny mi bt u kp cht vt 7. L xo 8 c tc dng gi cho p lc ca du n nh v trnh xung lc qu t ngt i vi piston 5.
1 A 23 4 B 5 10

kh nn Du

8 kh nn

Hnh 3-36

---

---

Chng 4

C CU T NH TM
61

4-1. khi nim. C cu t nh tm l nhng c cu va nh v, va kp cht ng thi c tc dng lm cho tm i xng ca chi tit trng vi tm ca c cu t nh tm. C cu t nh tm rt cn thit khi phi g t chi tit hai hoc nhiu ln, khin nhng ln g t tm ca chi tit c v tr khng i. Cc b mt nh v ca c cu t nh tm u c chuyn dch c, khng c nh, chng tin vo hoc li ra cng tc , cho nn mt nh v ng thi cng l b mt kp cht. - u im : + Gim thi gian nh v v kp cht chi tit. L + chnh xc nh tm cao, v dung sai ca hai mt chun v dung sai khong cch hai mt chun u phn cho L L L- L hai bn 2 1 V d hnh 4-1: mt nh v ca chi tit l hai mt phng, kch thc gia hai mt nh v l LL. V tr gii hn ca chi L+L tit l 1 v 2. Tr s dch chuyn ln nht Hnh 4-1 ca chi tit l L (L/2) - ng dng: c cu t nh tm thng hay dng nh tm vt trn xoay, vt i xng v vt c chun nh v do mt ln chy dao to ra. Lc ta s c sai s mt nh v bng khng. Cc c cu t nh tm thng dng: 4-2. C cu t nh tm bng ren c tri chiu nhau . Hnh 4-2 l c cu khi V t nh tm nh vo trc vt 3 c ren tri chiu (mt bn ren tri, mt bn ren phi). Khi quay trc vt, hai khi V s ng thi tin vo v li ra (nh thc hin vic nh tm chi tit). iu chnh chc 7 sang tri hoc sang phi nh vt 5 v 9, ta c th iu chnh c tm hai khi V lch sang tri hoc sang phi. chnh xc nh tm ph thuc vo bc ren hai bn c bng nhau hay khng, ph thuc vo khe h gia ai c v ren c. Ch to loi ren nh vy kh phc tp nn chnh xc nh tm khng cao lm. Bng c cu ny ta c th t khi V theo phng thng ng.

62

A-A

chi

9 8 7 6 5 1 0 Hnh 4-2 : T nh tm bng ren c tri chiu nhau .1, 2- khi V; 3-trc vt c ren tri chiu nhau; 4-10-vt c nh; 5, 6, 8, 9- vt ;7- chc. 4-3. T nh tm bng chm. Hnh 4-3, t nh tm bng khe chm : Nh li 4 c 3 mt vt nghing nh hnh chm, nn khi vn ai c 5 tin vo, li 4 s y ba con trt 3 ra u nhau nh tm v kp cht lun chi tit gia cng bng mt chun trong ca n.
Hng A 3 1 2 A 4 5 6

Hnhh 4-3: T nh tm bng chm Gc nng ca chm thmg ly bng 150. Kt cu ca chm c chnh xc nh tm cao, cng vng tt. Khi vn ngc ai c 5, li 4 c ko ra v chi tit c tho lng. 4-4 T nh tm bng n by . Hnh 4-4 l cc kt cu t nh tm bng n by, hnh 4-4a nh tm bng mt ngoi; hnh 4-4b, c nh tm bng mt trong. chnh xc nh v bng phng php ny ph thuc vo s lp ghp cc cht quay, t l gia cc cnh tay n.

63

a )

b Hnh 4-4: T nh tm bng n by

c )

4-5. T nh tm bng cc ng cong. Hnh 4-5 nh tm bng mt trong ca chi tit, da vo ng cong ca rnh y hai cht nh v vo l chi tit. Hnh trnh ca loi ny rt ngn, tng hnh trnh c th lm thnh hai on Q 0 ng cong: on u gc nng di 30 y chi tit i on xa, on hai gc nng nh hn 50 kp cht v t hm c. V ng cong kh ch to chnh xc, nn chnh xc nh tm loi ny khng cao lm. C th dng mm cp t nh tm. Nh bnh rng hnh cn nh vn lm Q quay a, di y a c rng (cng l mt bnh rng cn n khp vi bnh rng Hnh 4-5 cn nh). Mt trn a c rnh xon c Ac-si-mt n khp vi rng kha sau ca vu. Do khi a quay 3 vu s tin vo tm hoc li ra vi cng mt tc . Cc loi mm cp c s dng rng ri, c tnh vn nng cao, lc kp ln, kp rt cht; khuyt im l mi on rnh xon c cong khng bng nhau (bn knh khng bng nhau). V th rnh xon Ac-si-mt a quay v rng xon lng vu tip xc ng ch khng phi tip xc mt, do rng chu p lc ln, d mn. Rnh xon Ac-si-mt c phng trnh c cc (hnh 4-6a) l : r=a Trong : r - vc t bn knh; - gc cc; a- gi l c tnh xon c, l mt hng s :
a=

Khi =1 radian, th a=r . Do c tnh xon a chnh l vc t bn knh r . Khi =3600 =2 radian, ta v c mt vng xon th nht v vc t bn knh r0 tr thnh bc xon t, nghi l :
r0 = a 2 = t

v .

64

Suy ra :

a=

ng xon tri (hnh 4-6a,b), gc nng c xc nh theo cng thc: V a l mt hng s, r lun lun tng, nn gc lun lun gim. V d: ng xon trong mm cp tiu chun TC-25 c D=192,5mm; d=110mm; t=10mm; a=t/2=1,59mm. Theo cng thc (1), ta tm gc nng :
t 10 = = 0,029; max 10 40 d 3,14 110 t 10 tg min = = = 0,0165; min 0 0 57 D 3,14 192,5 t 2 10 tg tb = = = 0,021; tb 1012 2 (D + d ) 3,14 (192,5 + 110 ) tg max = 1 t 1 tg = a = r 2 r

r0 t = 2 2

Theo hnh 4-6a, khi vn a ngc chiu kim ng h th vu i vo tm (kp) v tip xc vi mt li. Khi vn a ngc li th vu i ra (tho lng) v tip xc vi mt lm.
BA
R1 R1 4 3 2 5 R1 R1 R1 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 34 O 11 12 12 R1

A B
R R R R r r9 r r 8 R r3 r4 5r6 7 r2 r1

a d BA

tt o o A

a)

b) Hnh 4-6

Trong hnh 4-6c, nu t tm O (lch cch mt i xng AA ca vu l a) ta v cc bn knh r1, r2, r3,...rn v ly lm prfil ca cc rng vu (vi bc tin l t) th rng c th tip xc trn ton chiu rng ca vu nhng vu khng chuyn ng theo hng knh c. S thay th cc on cong xon c nm trong b rng vu bng cc cung trn nh th c sai s rt nh, khng ng k. Khi vu x dch hng tm th rng thp nht ca n n khp vi on rnh xon c trong cng, cng lc rng cao li n khp vi on rnh xon c ngoi cng. Vy nu prfil rng l r1, r2, r3,...rn th vu s b kt, khng dch chuyn c. trnh hin tng kt th b mt lm ca tt c cc rng phi c prfil vi bn knh R c nh ln hn bn knh ln nht ca rnh xon c rmax

65

=D/2; cn b mt li ca tt c cc rng phi c prfil vi bn knh R1 c nh l bn knh b nht ca rnh xon c rmin = d/2. Thng ly: R = D/2+(5-10)mm v R1 = d/2-(3-8)mm. Cc bn knh R v R1 u c tm im nm trn ng B-B song song vi ng i xng A-A v cch A-A mt khong a. 4-6. T nh tm bng khe chm. Nguyn tc ca loi ny l nh vo lc ct y cc con ln hoc vu kp vo khe h c hnh chm v t c s t nh tm ng thi kp cht, v th lc ct cng ln th lc kp cng ln. Kt cu ca c cu t nh tm bng khe chm nh hnh 4-7a, b. 2

1 3 a ) 1 3 b )

Hnh 4-7

Hnh 4-7a, b nh tm bng mt trong chi tit bng cc con ln (chun nh v tinh), c th dng vu kha nhm tng h s ma st dng khi mt nh v th. Khi mun tho lng chi tit cn dng tay hoc mt kt cu tay quay no quay ngc chi tit gia cng y con ln hoc vu ra khi khe chm l c. - Tnh t hm : Mun t hm, ngha l con ln khng bt c ra khi khe chm th phi m bo hai phn lc R1 v R2 (hnh 4-8) nm trn cng mt ng thng, ngc chiu nhau v cng tr s. Tt nht l R1 v R2 to thnh mt ngu lc thun chiu kim ng h, R1 bn phi R2 . Mun t hm c, cn phi c :
1 ; 2 2 2

Trong :- Gc hp bi hai tip tuyn im tip xc con ln - vt gia cng v con ln- li cam; 1-Gc ma st gia con ln v vt gia cng; 2-Gc ma st gia con ln v li cam /2 F1 P F Thng 1>2, nn, ta c : 22 (1) N1 R T tam gic AOB ta c : A
d H+ 2 cos = D1 d 2 2
1

N2

R2

(2)

/2
F2 D2/2 D1/2

So snh gia (1) v (2) , ta c iu kin t hm :

Hnh 4-8

66

2H + d cos 2 D1 d

- tho lng con ln ra sau khi ht lc ct th m men ma st trt do phn lc N to ra phi ln hn hoc bng m men ma st ln, tc l :
N tg tg

Do :

d 2 NK 2K d

Trong :K- h s ma st ln; d - ng knh con ln. - Tnh lc kp. T hnh 4-8, ta c lc kp ca mt con ln l:
W = N1 = F1 tg1

M:

Do :

D P 2 2 F1 = F1 = D1 n 2 P D2 W= n D1 tg 1

Trong : W- lc kp (N); P- lc ct (N); D1- ng knh trong ca chi tit; D2- ng knh ch c lc ct ca chi tit; 1- gc ma st gia con ln v chi tit; n- s con ln. Thng ta ly ng knh con ln d= D1/8. - Kim ta theo chn p:
d=

Trong :E- m un n hi ca chi tit (2.104 kG/mm2-); b - chiu di con ln (mm); - ng sut chn dp (i vi thp -=200 kG/mm2). 4-7. T nh tm bng l xo a (hnh 4-9) : Kt cu l xo a l mt loi kt cu c tnh nh tm rt cao (0,010,03 mm), lc kp ln, n gin v thao tc d dng. ng knh nh v khi bin dng c th thay i (tng hoc gim) 0,15 0,4mm. ng knh ngoi D t 18 200mm, ng knh trong d t 4 n 160mm, b dy t t 0,5 1,25 mm. L l xo a hnh tr mi bng t cp 7- cp 8 (Ra =1,250,63) lm mt t nh v vi trc tm theo lp ghp H7/h6 hoc G7/g6. Vt liu l xo a c dp bng h thp 50C2A, 45, Y7A. Ti cng HRC Hnh 4-9 34 37.
l d D

0.35 D E b 2

67

- Kt cu lm vic ca l xo a nh hnh 4-10. S l xo a cng nhiu th lc kp cng ln. Sau khi vn vt 5 vo cc l xo a chu mt lc v bin dng, ng knh ngoi ca l xo a tng ln lm cho chi tit c nh v v kp cht. Khi thit k l xo a cn ch chn gc khng c qu ln. Nu ln lc kp b, ngc li qu b c th to ra hin tng t hm, kh tho chi tit. Ni chung nn ly = 9120. - Tnh lc kp: Trong hnh 4-11, l xo 1 trng thi t do, l xo 2 v trong trng thi kp cht. Lc kp tnh theo cng thc :
W = 0,75 1 Q tg 1

3
A

4 5
A-A

166
A

Hnh 4- 10: C cu t nh tm bng l xo a

Q = 1,33 tg 1 W Hoc W-lc kp hng knh (kG); Q-lc ko hng trc (kG); 1= -20. D/2 T ta c : WfR=KMc W= K Mc M Q = 1,33 tg 1 c f R f R

60

W
1,5D/2 Q 1 2 1 1,5d/2

d/2

Trong : Mc- M men ct; R- bn knh l phi; f- h s ma st gia phi v l xo; K- h s an ton (k=1,52). Khi kp cht, ng knh ngoi thng tng 1,5 D v ng knh trong gim 1,5d. - S lng l xo a cn tnh theo cng thc :
n= K Mc Mx

Hnh 411

Trong : n-s l xo; Mx-m men xon do mt l xo a truyn.

68

4-8. T nh tm bng ng kp co bp n hi. ng kp co bp l mt ng x rnh n hi hnh cn, nh bin dng n hi ca n kp cht v nh tm chi tit. ng kp co bp c th phn thnh cc loi : + Theo mt nh v: nh v bng mt ngoi v mt trong ca chi tit. ng kp nh tm mt trong chi tit nh u cn bung, cn nh tm mt ngoi th nh u cn bp. + Theo phn kp: Kp mt u v kp hai u. + Theo chiu kp: Ko v y. - S lm vic ca ng kp hnh 4-12.
1 2 4

a)

b) Hnh 4-13

c)

Hnh4-12

1-ng kp; 2- thn g ; 3- vt chng xoay; 4-chi tit. u bn phi ng kp c x 3 rnh . Khi ko ng kp sang bn tri, ng s b bp li nh v v kp cht chi tit. d dng tho chi tit ra, gc cn = 300. Rnh v l ng kp c cc kiu nh hnh 4-13 ty theo tit din ca phi. Kiu a:l vung, 4 rnh; kiu b: l hnh ch nht, 4 rnh; kiu c:l 6 cnh, 3 rnh. Khi ng kp nm trong kp th tu theo ng knh phi to nh khc nhau m im tip xc gia ng kp s khc nhau. Gc cn ca phn lm vic khi trng thi t do v khi trng thi kp cht thng ly cch nhau 30 . - Tnh lc kp (hnh 4-14): Nu ta xem ng kp nh l mt chm cng khng bin dng th phn lm vic ca n chu cc lc sau y khi kp cht : Q - Lc ko hng trc (kG), W - Phn lc ca chi tit (kG) , tc l lc kp, F2 - Lc ma st gia chi tit v ng kp. W1- Tng phn lc thng ng ca phn lc W v lc ma st gia v g v ng kp (kG). Theo lc kp ca chm ta c :
W = Q 1 tg + 1 + tg 2 2

69

 y: 1, 2- Gc ma st gia ng kp vi v v vi chi tit.

- l na gc cn ca ng kp. 2
N A Q 1 Q1 F2 W /2 f A

W1 A-A B

C A L

Hnh 4-14 Nu gia phi v ng kp c khe h f th lc kp trn phi c tr bt i mt thnh phn lc W2 cn lm cc mnh hnh mng A, B, C bin dng mt khong l f. C th coi cc mnh nh nhng dm cng xn c ngm mt u c chiu di L chu lc W2 u bin dng mt on f. V th :
W2 = 3 E J f L3

Trong : E- M un n hi. J- Tng m men qun tnh ca 3 hnh mng A,B,C. Do lc kp W l :

W=Q 1 tg + 1 + tg 2 2 3 E J f L3

Nu khng c ming chn nh c s 1, chi tit c th x dch hng trc c th lc ma st F2 gia chi tit v ng kp khng nh hng n lc kp, lc :
W=Q 1 tg + 1 2 3 E J f L3

- Vt liu ch to ng kp co bp n hi bng thp thm cc bon, hoc thp c thnh phn cc bon cao. i vi nhng chi tit ln nng, ng kp thng lm bng thp hp kim 12XH3A hoc 15XA, 4XC, 9XC, cng c th dng thp Y6A Y10A, nhit luyn phn ui n cng HRC =3035, phn lm vic HRC =5560. - u im ca ng kp co bop n hi: kt cu nh, n gin, thao tc tin li v nhanh. - Nhc im: khng hon ton tip xc vi c b mt phi theo c tit din ngang hay dc.

70

4-9. T nh tm bng cht do. Dng cc cht do nh tm v kp cht chi tit trong g l mt thnh tu c hiu qu cao. N c chnh xc nh tm rt cao (c th t ti 0,001 0,03mm), c th trit tiu hon ton khe h gia chi tit v nh v ng thi kp cht vi lc kp rt ln. u im ca g dng cht do l: kt cu nh, gn, thao tc nhanh v chnh xc nh tm cao, lc kp phn b rt u. %%%%%

71

Chng 5

CC C CU SINH LC

Tu theo ngun nng lng s dng, cc c cu sinh lc ca g c th chia ra: kh nn, du p, chn khng, t, in t, in-c kh, li tm...So vi c cu kp bng tay tuy chng c mt s nhc im nh i hi cc trang b ph km theo, phc tp, song chng c nhng u im c bn nh thi gian kp cht gim, gim nh sc lao ng ca cng nhn, lc kp ln, n nh... 5-1.C cu sinh lc bng kh nn . Kh nn c s dng kh rng ri trong sn xut cng nghip. Kh nn l khng kh sch c my nn kh nn n p sut 6(7atm khi i qua cc ng dn n g c p sut lm vic 3-4 atm. Dng kh nn c nhng u im sau : - Nng cao nng sut lao ng, gim bt thi gian kp cht v tho chi tit (0,5(1,2) s, so vi kp cht bng tay c th gim thi gian ny t (5(10) ln. - Gim nh sc lao ng ca cng nhn trong qu trnh kp cht v tho chi tit. Nu nh kp bng tay, lc tc dng t tay cng nhn (70(100N) th cc trang b kh nn lc iu khin cc trang b (c cu) ny ch khong (10(15N) - Lc kp ln, u v c th kim tra, iu chnh d dng trong qu trnh lm vic. - C th kp cht cng mt lc nhiu im trn chi tit, c th kp cht nhiu chi tit trn g, iu khin thng nht, t xa c kh nng t ng ho. Cc nhc im ca kh nn l : - Kh nn dng vi p lc thp (4(6) atm. cng vng kp cht khng ln, nn vi cc chi tit hng nng t dng. - Phi c thm cc trang b ph: Van, bnh lc kh, n nh tc v p lc...chim khng gian nhi H thng cc trang b kh nn c b tr nh hnh 5-1. - Bnh lc kh 1, khng kh nn t trm ti bnh lc 1 kh cc tp cht v trn du bi trn. - Van gim p 2, dng gim p lc kh nn t ngun vo n p lc lm vic yu cu kp cht chi tit - Van mt chiu 3, c tc dng bo v an ton, phng vic cung cp kh nn b gin on hoc p lc kh nn t ngt b gim lm tho lng c cu kp. - Van phn phi 4, khng ch kh nn vo v thi khi xi lanh. - Van tit lu 5, iu tit tc ca dng kh nn i vo xi lanh khng ch tc dch chuyn ca piston. - Lc k 6, ch p lc khng kh nn c trong xi lanh. - Xi lanh 7, di tc dng ca kh nn lm piston dch chuyn, y c cu kp thc hin vic kp cht chi tit gia cng. Cc c cu sinh lc bng kh nn c th phn loi nh sau: - Theo dng xi lanh dn lc: Loi xi lanh piston- xi lanh mng. - Theo s tc dng: Loi xi lanh mt chiu v loi xi lanh hai chi

72

- Theo dng g t : Loi c nh v loi qua

7 6

Tram kh

Hnh 5-1: H thng truyn ng kh nen :1bnh loc kh,2-van giam ap,3-van mt chiu,4-van phn phi,5-van tit lu, 6-ap 5-1-1 Xi lanh piston. Loi xi lanh piston thng s dng trong kt cu cc g cn n lc kp v hnh trnh kp ln. C th ch to xi lanh mt chiu, xi lanh hai chiu cho cc g c nh ( g khoan, phay, b..) v cho g quay ( g tin, m..). Lc sinh ra ca cc loi xi lanh ph thuc vo ng knh piston, p sut kh nn v hnh trnh kp . Xi lanh tiu chun ho, lm ri bn ngoi th trng hoc c th lm ngay trong trong g. a) Xi lanh mt chiu, mt piston (hnh5-2a,b).
Q Q P P

a)
Hnh 5-2

b)

- i vi s hnh 5-2a: Khi van phn phi cho kh nn i vo bung tri ca xi lanh, s to ra lc kp : (D 2 d 2 ) p q Q=
4

Trong : D- ng knh piston (m); d- ng knh cn piston (mm); p-Ap sut kh nn kG/cm2; q- Lc nn l xo (kG); q = k ( 0 + s ) , (0- co lc u ca l xo (mm), s- hnh trnh cn (mm), k- h s cng vng ca l xo, tc l lc cn thit p l xo co li 1mm, k=0,15(0,35kG/mm; (- Hiu sut ,(=85% k n mt mt v ma st gia piston v xi lanh, cn piston v v. - i vi s hnh 5-2b: khi kh nn i vo bung phi ca xy lanh, s to ra lc kp :

73

Q=

D2
4

p q

b) Loi xi lanh hai chiu, mt piston (hnh 5-3) Kh nn c th vo bn tri hoc bn phi xi lanh, loi ny hnh trnh piston di, chuyn ng c c hai ph
Q Q

P a )

T ng chnh

b )

T ng chnh

Hnh 5-3 - Khi kh nn i vo bung bn tri, lc kp l (hnh 3-5a): D2 Q= p

4

c th tng lc kep m khng cn tng ng knh piston c th s dng loi xi lanh hai hay nhiu piston. Kh nn vo bung bn tri ca hai piston cng mt lc lm hai piston x dch v pha bn phi Hnh 5-4 :xi lanh kh nen (hoc ngc li)- hnh 5- 4. loai hai piston Khi piston dch v pha phi, lc kp l : (2 D 2 d 2 ) Q= p
4

Khi piston dch v pha tri, lc kp l : (D 2 d 2 )

Q= 4

Trong trng hp dng n piston, th [n D 2 (n 1) d 2 ]

Q=

p 4 n D2 d2 Q1 = p 4

Xi lanh piston c th sinh ra lc kp Q(5000 kG. ng knh tiu chun ca piston l: D=50, 75, 100,150, 200, 250, 300...mm; ng knh cn piston d=16...80 mm; hnh trnh lm vic L=10...200mm. nhm mt trong xi lanh cn t Ra=0,63(1,25 gim ma st.

74

- Khi kh nn i vo bung bn phi, lc kp l (hnh 3-5b) : (D 2 d 2 ) p Q=

4

Q1

- Kt cu xi lanh piston c th tham kho trong cc s tay c kh. 5-1-2 Xi lanh mng. Loi xi lanh mng c v gm hai na p vo nhau, gia hai na c mt mng mng. Vt liu ca v lm bng gang c hoc bng thp t cc bon. Mng lm bng cao su chu du, li bng vi, ngoi p cao su hoc bng kim loi (thp 60). Kt cu xi lanh mng nh hnh 5-5a, b Loi 5-5a l loi tc dng mt chiu, khi tt ngun kh nn th mng mng 3 b l xo 5 y v v tr t do ban Mng c kp gia hai np c inh c bt cht. tm mng 3 c a 4 ng knh d ly mng v y mng, a ny gn lin vi cn.
D d D d

3 1

2 4 1 5
d1 Q3 Q Q d1

2 3 4

Hnh 5-5 Xi lanh Loi 5-5b l loi xi lanh mng tc dng hai chiu, kh nn vo bung trn y mng kp cht. Khi tho lng th kh nn vo bung di y mng tr v v tr t do ban u m khng c l x Xi lanh mng c th gm cc loi : Tc dng mt chiu hoc hai chiu, c nh hoc quay trn, mt mng, nhiu mng, mng hnh phng, mmg hnh bt.... Tnh lc kp : - Theo hnh 5 -5 a Din tch lm vic ca mng l hnh trn ng knh D. Nhng p lc kh nn tc dng ln din tch c ng knh d (a kim loi ) s truyn ton b ln cn v bng :(hnh 5- 6). 2
Q1 = 4 d p

a )

b)

Cn p lc kh nn tc dng ln din tch hnh vnh khn D-d khng truyn ton b ln cn, m mt phn tc dng ln v xi lanh v mng b kp gia hai v, cng gn v bao nhiu p lc tc dng ln mng vo a d cng t i by nhi

75

Ap lc ca bt k hnh vnh khn no cch tm l ( (gia D v d) din tch l 2((d( s truyn ln cn tu theo t l cnh tay n
R . Do din tch hnh Rr

vnh khn gia d v D c p lc Q2 truyn ln cn l : R R 3 r 3 R 2 p R 2 r 2 R Q2 = P 2 d =

r

Rr

R r

Q2 =

P
3

(R

+ R r 2r 2

Vy tng lc truyn ln cn (k c din tch c ng knh d) l :

Q = 12 P (D

Q = Q

1 2

+ Q2 q

+ D d + d2 q

R (

d r

Trong : q- Lc chng li ca l xo; Dng knh c ch ca mng; d- ng knh cn piston; d1- ng knh ca a -Theo hnh 5 - 5b: 2 2
Q= 12 P D + Dd + d F

F- Lc ma st gia cn v v. Ch : theo cch tnh trn, ta b qua lc lm mng bin dng. d Mun tng lc kp phi tng ng knh d, tc l tng t s d/D. Nhng t s ny li b tnh dn hi Hnh 5-6 ca mng hn ch, do hnh trnh li gim, thng ch dng d/D 0,8. tng lc Q m khng tng ng knh D ca xi lanh, ta c th dng loi xi lanh nhiu mng. u im ca loi xi lanh mng so vi xi lanh piston : 1-Xi lanh mng nh, kt cu xi lanh n gin, khi lng gia cng t v chnh xc kch thc thp hn nhiu so vi xi lanh piston, do gi thnh h. 2- nhy cao v khi lng dch chuyn t, ma st ch c gia cn v v. 3-Thi gian s dng cao hn. Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng mng c th chu 5.105 ( 6.105 hnh trnh lm vic, cn xi lanh piston cc giong mn 1,5.105 hnh trnh kp . Nhc im ca xi lanh mng l : 1-Lc kp v tho khng phi hng s, v khi tng hnh trnh lm vic, tng lc bin dng mng do lc kp gim. 2-Hnh trnh lm vic ngn tu thuc vo hnh dng ca mng, b dy v vt liu ch to mng. Thng hnh trnh lm vic ca cn piston khng ln qu 1/3 ng knh ca mng.

76

5-2. C cu sinh lc bng du p. Trong trng hp cn lc ln, c cu sinh lc bng kh nn s rt cng knh, khng hp l. Do c th dng c cu sinh lc bng du p. C cu sinh lc bng du p c nhng u im sau : 1-Ap lc ca du cao 10 (30 ln so vi kh nn, do vi cng mt lc kp, kch thc ca xi lanh du p nh, gn hn nhiu so vi xi lanh kh nn. cng vng ca g cao hn, c th nng cao ch ct. 2-Ap lc du ln c th truyn lc kp trc tip, khng cn qua c cu trung gian ( phng i lc kp), do kt cu g n gin. 3- Du p trong xi lanh m bo kh nng bi trn, lm gim mn ca cc b phn, nng cao thi gian s dng. 4- g dng du p lm vic m , khng n. H thng trang b cn thit s dng c cu sinh lc bng du p gm : ng c - bm thu lc, h thng ng ng, c cu iu khin, cc c cu ph khc...Tt c cc c cu lm vic di p lc cao, nn yu cu chinh xc cao, kn kht tt, ch to kh v gi thnh ca Nu trn cc my c h thng bm du, c th rt ra mt nhnh dng cho g th chi ph cho vic dng g tn km hn. 4 Hnh 5-7: S h thng du ep trong ga : 1-Bm thuy lc 2- B cha du 3- Van phn phi 4- Xi lanh thuy lc

3
M

1 5 2

S lm vic ca mt c cu du p nh hnh 5-7. Bm du p dng trong g thng l cc loi bm bnh rng, bm piston, bm cnh gt...Nng sut ca bm c chn theo cng thc:
Q= PL m3 ph 1000 t p 1

Trong :P-Lc yu cu ca xi lanh thu lc (N). L-Hnh trnh lm vic ca piston (m). t- Thi gian ca hnh trnh lm vic ca piston (pht). p- Ap sut du (N/m2). (1- Hiu sut th tch ca h thng thu lc (do khng kn kht). Cng sut cho c cu dn ng ca bm xc nh theo cng thc :

77

N=

PQ (KW ) 612 2

Trong : (2- hiu sut chung ca bm, (2 =(0(c ; (0 - hiu sut th tch ca bm; (c -hiu sut c kh ca bm. Lc sinh ra cn piston ca xi lanh thu lc tnh theo cng thc : Lc ko : Lc y:
2 D d 2 p (kG) . 4 P = D2 p (kG) . 4 P=

Trong : D-ng knh piston (m) ; d- ng knh cn piston (m); p- p sut du trong h thng thu lc (kG/m2) ; (- hiu sut ca xi lanh thu lc. Khi tnh ton cn cn kim nghim bn (hoc tnh) chiu dy thnh xi lanh thu lc, tnh ton ng dn, van tit lu , cc c cu thu lc khc. 5-3. C cu sinh lc kh nn -du p. c im : - Kh nng sinh lc ln hn c cu sinh lc bng khi nn hoc bng du p ring bit, c th to ra du c p sut cao t 9,6-10,6 Mpa, gp 4 n 8 ln c cu sinh lc du p v 30 n 40 ln c cu sinh lc kh nn . 2
D1

p1
D

1 p2

A Hnh 5-8: H thng sinh lc kh nen - du ep 1-Xi lanh, 2-Bnh - Do p lc to ra rt cao, khng nhng dng lm c cu phng i lc m cn lm n gin kt cu ca g v nng cao hiu sut truyn ng. - C th ch to ring thnh mt c cu tng lc lp trong g hoc c th lp trn bn my to c hi thc hin vic t hp ho g. H thng sinh lc kh nn- du p nh hnh 5-8. Khng kh nn c p lc p1 i vo bung bn tri ca xi lanh t A y piston sang phi, cn piston dch chuyn v nn du lm cho p lc du tng n p lc p2. Du p c p lc p2 chy vo xi lanh du kp cht c ng knh D1 (xi lanh du mt chiu), cui cng y c cu kp kp cht chi tit. b sung tn hao du p, ngi ta dng thm bnh du ph 2. Khi du b nn, thng qua van mt chiu t ng ng kn li phng du chy ngc vo bnh du ph.

78

T s truyn lc ip=p2/p1 l ch s quan trng ca h thng sinh lc. Gi tr ca n c th dng cng thc sau y xc nh: Da vo iu kin cn bng ca piston trong xi lanh 1, ta c : 2 2
4 D p1 = 4
2

d p2

D p 2 = p1 d

Vy:

p D ip = 2 = p1 d

Trong : D-ng knh ca xi lanh. d- ng knh ca cn piston (ng knh ca xi lanh tng lc ). p1-p lc lm vic ca kh nn; p2-p lc lm vic ca du p. Rt r l khi D/d cng tng, h s tng lc ip cng tng. Nhng theo s hnh 5-8, nu nh ng knh ca xi lanh c tr s nht nh, th vic gim ng knh ca cn piston khng c th qu nh, nu khng s nh hng ca cng vng v bn n cn piston rt ln. Thng ngi ta ly D/d=3(5. 5-4. C cu sinh lc bng c kh- in. C cu sinh lc loi ny gm: ng c in 1, hp gim tc 2, ti cc c cu kp nh vt - ai c, cc c cu phi hp (hnh 5- 9). Lc sinh ra c xc nh theo cng thc : N i Q = 716200 (N) n rtb tg ( + ) Trong : N- cng sut ng c in (CP). n- s vng quay ca ng c trong mt pht . rtb-bn knh trung bnh ca ren (cm) (-gc nng ca ren (). (- gc ma st mi lin kt ren (). i- t s truyn ca hp gim tc. (- hiu sut hp gim tc. 1 3 4 5

Chi tit 2 (

Hnh 5-9: C cu sinh lc c kh -in

79

5-5. C cu sinh lc bng in t 5-5-1 Nguyn tc lm vic: Chuyn ng bng in t rt hay dng kp cht chi tit mng phng, v trong trung hp ny cc cch kp khc u lm chi tit bin dng v kp khng cht. C th dng t vnh cu hoc in t. Nhng t vnh cu t dng v lc kp c hn v sau mt thi gian t trng yu i v nhit thay i hoc v xung lc. Cn in t dng nhiu hn, nht l trn bn my mi, cng c khi dng c trn my khoan, phay gia cng cc chi tit hnh dng phc tp. S ca khi in t nh hnh 5- 10.
N S N S N 7 3 5 4 6 2 1 S N S N S

Hnh 5-10 : S khi i t Gm cun dy 6 cun quanh li 2, lp cch t 5 ngn cch vi li 4 vi tm dn t 3 i a s ng sc sau khi thng qua chi tit c th v tm dn t 3, ch khng t li 4 qua tm dn t 3 chuyn v v 1 lm t thng yu Khi dng in mt chiu qua cun dy 6, chi tit 7 s c ht cht xung tm dn t 3. S phn b li tu thuc theo kt cu chi tit (phn b hnh bu dc, phn b ngang, phn b dc, phn b hnh sa..). Ch : in t phi dng in mt chi Cht cch t thng dng ng , nhm hoc hp kim babt. 5-5-2. Trnh t tnh ton 1- Xc nh lc ht ca bn t gi cht chi tit di tc dng ca lc ct (hnh 5-11):
F = T f = K Px K Px Px f Trong : f - h s ma st gia chi tit gia cng v bn t (f=0,1(0,15); K- h s an ton; Pxlc ct (lc vng khi mi o bng N). 2- Xc nh s cp cc cc: bng 2n, tu theo kch thc v hnh dng chi tit (vi bn t chiu di 300(900, th bc phn b cc cc n ly t T=

1- vo 2- loi t 3- tm dn t 4- loi 5-lp cach t 6- cun dy i

F=Tf T

Hnh 5-11

80

35(50mm).
Cng c th xc nh bng phng php tnh ton khong cch gia hai cc bng hai ln b dy ca li t, khi lc sinh ra mi cp cc l : T (N) T = 2n 3- Tnh din tch mt ct ca cc t (Q). 25 T 10 6 (cm2) Q= B2 Trong : Q-din tch cc t (cm2). T - lc ht ca mi cp t (N); B-cng cm ng t ca vt liu li, tra theo bng 5-1. 4- Xc nh t tr chung theo cng thc : n li 1 = S= Q i =1 i Q i Trong : l1, l2,...,l?.., ln - chiu di ca mi on tnh t tr (cm). i - h s dn t ca vt liu trn on th i, tra theo bng 5-1. 2 Qi' - din tch ca mt ct on th i (cm ).

= 0,7 B Q Bng 5-1 Tr s cng cm ng t B v h s dn t ( Cng Cng cm ng t B H s dn t ( t (Gauss) trng Gang Khng kh Gang Thp 10 Thp 10 12-28 12-28 20 5900 14400 20 300 740 30 6400 15200 30 225 530 40 6850 15700 40 185 435 50 7250 16000 50 155 350 100 8500 17000 100 145 245 150 9500 17700 150 70 140 200 10250 18200 200 50 90 250 10800 18500 250 43 75

5- Xc nh tng t thng (Gi thit hao ph 30%) :

Khng kh

6- Tnh s ampe-vng ca cun dy :

I =

S 0,4

Trong : I- Cng dng in (A). (-S vng ca cun d? (- Tng t thng ((=B(Q). 7-Xc nh ng knh dy dn ca cun dy : 4I d= (mm) q
A Trong : q- mt dng in cho php q = (3 5) mm 2

81

8- Kim tra cun dy pht nhit : 10cm2 ca b mt lm lnh.

Cho php trn cun dy cng sut pht nhit, bnh qun 1 Watt phn b trn l Tnh in tr R ca cun dy: R = ; t R v in p V tm cng dng S in I v cng sut W l c th kim nghim vn pht nhit ca cun d? Chi tit gia cng trn bn t trng thng nhim t, vic kh t c th thc hin trong trng t thay ? C cu sinh lc bng in t, so vi cc c cu sinh lc khc, c nhng u im sau : Lc tc dng nhanh, khng lm hng b mt kp cht ca chi tit nhng nguyn cng cui, lc kp phn b u trn mt tip xc, c th kp cht nhiu chi tit nh cng mt lc, s dng thun tin, khng cn nhiu cc trang b ph (nht l i vi g t ). Nhc im c bn ca in t l : Lc kp khng ln so vi cc c cu c kh khc, khng kp c cc chi tit bng vt liu khng dn t, c kh nng gy ra s c khi ngun nng lng cung cp cho cc cun dy in t b mt in t ngt.

5-6.C cu sinh lc bng lc li tm.

C cu sinh lc da vo lc li tm ca nhng khi nng khi quay sinh r? u im ca no: Khng cn mt ngun ng lc bn ngoi, t n sinh ra lc kp, gn, nhanh, c kh nng t ng ho qu trnh kp cht v tho chi tit. Nhc im ca n l khng iu chnh c lc kp cho cc ch ct khc nhau, cho cc chi tit khc nhau. Hnh 5-12 l mt c cu kp cht bng lc li tm lp ui trc chnh 3. Lc li tm P xc nh theo cng thc :

1 3 ( 5

Hnh 5- 12: c cu sinh lc bng lc li tm

P = m R 2 G R g Trong : P- Lc li tm (N); R- Khong cch t tm quay n trng tm ca khi nng (m); (- Tc gc ca khi nng i vi tm quay (Rad/s); n- S vng quay trong mt pht ca g; g- Gia tc trng trng (m/s2). V 2 c lp cht ui trc chnh 3, khi v 2 quay theo trc chnh th vin bi 1 (3(6 vin) nh lc li tm m vn ra v y ming chn 4 v pha sau, ming chn 4 bt cht vi n rt 5, n 5 lun qua l trc chnh v ni lin vi c cu kp. Khi P = 0,01 n 2

82

((=(1= 50 43).

trc chnh dng li th cc vin bi 1 li tt vo tm l, l xo y ming 4 v n rt 5 v pha trc tho lng chi tit. Lc kp trong trng hp ny c xc nh theo cng thc : 0,01 G R n 2 K (N) Q= g [tg ( + ) + tg 1 ] Trong : G- trng lng ca mt vin bi (N); K- s vin bi; R- bn knh ng trn phn b bi (m); (- gc chm ca vin bi (); ( v (1- Gc ma st

5-7. C cu sinh lc bng chn khng.

Nguyn l lm vic ca truyn ng bng chn khng l da vo p sut kh quyn kp cht chi tit. Khi gia mt tip xc ca phi v g to ra mt khong kn chn khng. g chn khng c ng dng gia cng tinh cc chi tit km cng vng, d bin dng di tc dng ca lc kp. Hnh 5-13 l s s dng xi lanh kh nn (a) v bm chn khng (b). Lc kp cht phi c xc nh theo cng thc : W = F P K (N). Trong : F- din tch mt tip xc (bt kn) (m2). P=1-P, P-p sut cn li trong khong chn khng ca g (N/m2). 5 2 P=(0,1(0,15)(!0 (N/m ). K- h s nh gi mc kn mt ca h thng chn khng (K=0,8(0,85). kp cht u chi tit, trn mt phng ca phin g thng b tr cc hng l nh, s lng l nhiu (hnh 5-13b). Vt liu m bo kn khong chn khng thung lm bng cao su B-14.

1 2 3

1 2

3 5
a/

b/

Hnh 5 - 13 : C cu sinh lc bng chn khng a-Dng xi lanh kh nn : 1- Chi tit cn kp,2- g, 3-Xi lanh chn khng,4-Xi lanh kh nn,5-Van phn ph? b-Dng bm chn khng: 1-Chi tit cn kp, 2- g, 3-Van,4-Bm chn khng.
83

5-8. C cu sinh lc v nh tm bng cht do

Dng sc cng ca cht do nh tm v kp cht chi tit gia cng l mt thnh tu trong k thut g rt c hiu qu. N c chnh xc nh tm rt cao (c th t ti 0,001(0,03mm) c th trit tiu hon ton khe h gia chi tit v chi tit nh v ng thi kp cht vi lc kp cht kh ln. u im ca g dng cht do l : kt cu nh , gn, thao tc nhanh v chnh xc nh tm cao, lc kp phn b rt u (n 80% chiu di ca bc mng) Hnh 5-14 l mt g dng cht do nh tm bng mt trong chi tit. Khi vn vt 1, u vt s chim vo khi cht do 3 lm n cng ra v p ng bc mng 2 bao bc xung quanh khi cht do st vo mt l nh v ca chi tit khin chi tit c nh tm v kp cht.
D 1 2 3

Hnh 5-14: T nh tm bng cht do

_(_

84

Chng 6

CC C CU KHC CA G GIA CNG

Ngoi cc c cu nh v, kp cht, nh tm, c cu phng i lc kp, c cu sinh lc..., tu theo tng phng php gia cng c th m g gia cng cn cn cc c cu khc nh: c cu dn hng, c cu g dao, c cu chp hnh, c cu phn , thn g... Nhng c cu ny c loi rt n gin nhng thiu chng th s nh hng n chnh xc gia cng, nhm b mt, nng sut lao ng cng nh cng lao ng... Sau y ta nghin cu tng loi c cu ni trn. 6-1. C cu dn hng v kim tra v tr ca dng c ct. C cu dn hng v kim tra v tr ca dng c ct l mt b phn quan trng ca g gia cng ct gt. C cu dn hng dng c ct (bc dn hng) c tc dng xc nh trc tip v tr ca dng c ct, ng thi nng cao cng vng ca n trong qu trnh gia cng, m bo hng tin dao chnh xc, gim sai s gia cng. C cu kim tra v tr ca dng ct ch nhm xc nh ng v tr ca dng c ct trc khi gia cng (v d c cu so dao phay, dng chnh dao bo v xc). Ni chung, nu dng c ct cng vng th v tr ca n c iu chnh ngoi phm vi g t phi thng qua c cu so dao (nh trn g tin, phay, bo, xc, chut mt ngoi). Nu dng c ct km cng vng nh khoan , khot, doa) cn c c cu dn hng dng c ct nhm m bo cng vng cn thit ca n trong qu trnh gia cng. 6-1-1. Bc dn. Cc loi bc dn dng khi gia cng l (khoan, khot, doa) trn cc loi my khoan, my doa c tc dng dn hng trc tip dng c ct. Bc dn hng c lp trc tip trn phin dn (tm dn hng). Tm dn hng lp ghp vi thn g gia cng ct gt. Tu theo yu cu gia cng ngi ta c th s dng cc loi bc dn sau : a. Bc dn c nh. Loi bc ny thng c dng trong dng sn xut n chic, lot nh v ch qua mt nguyn cng vi mt bc cng ngh hoc nguyn cng gm nhiu bc cng ngh (khoan, khot, doa) m sau mi bc cng ngh phi thay phin dn c lp bc c nh (phin dn tho ri). V kt cu, bc gm hai loi l bc trn v bc c vai (hnh 6-1a,b). Kt cu n gin, chnh xc v tr tng i cao, nhng thay bc khng thun tin. Bc c lp trc tip trn tm dn hng hoc trn thn g theo ch lp H7/n6 hoc H7/r6. nhm b mt trong v ngoi ca bc phi t Ra=1.25 hoc Ra= 0,63m. b. Bc dn thay th

85

Loi bc ny c dng trong dng sn xut ln, hng khi khi phin dn c nh thc hin cc nguyn cng gia cng l gm nhiu bc cng ngh, sau mi bc phi thay th bc dn hng v dng c ct. So vi bc c nh, cn thm mt bc lt gia tm dn v bc dn. Bc thay th lp vi phin dn thng qua bc lt. Bc lt lp vi phin dn theo ch lp H7/n6 v lp vi bc dn thay th theo ch lp trung gian H6/g5 hoc H7/g6. Bc thay th c c nh nh vt hm (hnh 6-1c). Khi bc dn b mn, mun thay th ta vn vt v ly bc ra. d1

d2

d3

a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 6- 1 :Cc loi bc dn hng c. Bc dn thay nhanh Kt cu ca loi bc ny v c bn ging nh bc dn thay th, ch khc ch c thm phn khuyt trn vai bc. Phn khuyt ny c tc dng gim thi gian thay bc, nh n cng nhn ng my khng cn tho vt hm bc khi thay bc m ch cn xoay bc sao cho phn khuyt trn c chiu dy vai bc ng vi vt hm l c th rt bc ra khi phin dn thay th (hnh 6-1d). Bc thay th nhanh thng c dng trong qu trnh gia cng cn thay dao lin tc. V d mt l cn gia cng qua 3 bc cng ngh khoan, khot, doa. Do kch thc ng knh dao tng dn, nn yu cu kch thc ng knh l bc phi khc nhau . Dng bc thay th nhanh c th gim thi gian ph thay bc dn. Ba loi bc trn c tiu chun, c th chn trong cc s tay c kh. d. Bc dn c bit Do hnh dng chi tit v v tr c bit ca l gia cng khng th dng cc loi bc tiu chun, ngi ta c th thit k cc loi bc c bit. V d hnh 6-2a, b, c, d dng cc loi bc dn hng c bit khi gia cng cc l trn b mt nghing, mt cu m tm l khng hng tm mt cu, hai bn l c mt cao hn, cc l c ng tm qu gn nhau, ...

86

a )

b )

Hnh 6-2: Bc dn hng c bit

c )

d )

e. Bc dn quay Dng gia cng l trn my doa nhm trnh hin tng kt phoi gy ra mn nhanh l dn hng ca bc. Bc dn c lp vi trt hoc ln v cc li lp vi phin dn. Bc dn c lp then vi cn dao quay theo trc dao trong qu trnh gia cng. Cc thng s ch yu khi thit k bc dn Bc dn dng dn hng, xc nh v tr v ng thi tng cng vng ca dng c ct, nhm gim lch v rung ng trong qu trnh gia cng. V vy bc dn nh hng rt ln n chnh xc gia cng ca l, c bit chnh xc v tr tng quan. Khi thit k cn ch chn cc thng s sau: (1) Kch thc v dung sai ng knh trong ca bc. Khi dng bc tiu chun, vn do ngi thit k quyt nh, nhng cn theo cc bc sau : - Kch thc ng knh trong ca bc nn ly bng kch thc gii hn ln nht ca dng c ct. - Do mi khoan, mi khot v dao doa ch to theo tiu chun, nn ch lp gia bc v dao nn chn theo h trc. - Dng ch lp trung gian gia dao v bc dn gim ma st v dao khi b kt. Ni chung khi khoan v khot l dng F7, doa th dng G7, doa tinh dng G6. V d: Gia cng l 16H8 trn vt liu bng thp, qu trnh gia cng gm 3 bc cng ngh khoan- khot -doa. Kch thc v dung sai ca bc c chn nh bng (6-1). Bng 6-1 Th t ng knh gii gia cng hn ln nht ca dao (mm) Khoan 14,3 Khot 15,85 Doa 16,015 Ch lp gia dao v ng knh trong bc dn F7 F7 G7 Kch thc v dung sai ng knh trong ca bc dn 14,3 +0,,043 + 0 016
15,85 +0,,043 + 0 010 16,015 +0,,025 , + 0 006

tc l 16 +0,,040 + 0 021

87

(2) Chiu cao H ca bc (hnh 6-6a). Chiu cao H l chiu di tip xc gia mi khoan v bc. Tr s ca H nh hng rt ln n tc dng dn hng i vi dng c ct v s ma st gia bc v mi khoan. Khi H ln, tnh dn hng tt, nhng ma st gia bc v mi khoan tng ln; H qu nh, tnh dn hng gim. Ni chung ngi ta ly H=(11,25)d. Khi l gia cng yu cu c chnh xc cao, hoc ng knh l gia cng nh, tc l cng vng ca mi khoan thp ta ly gi tr ln, ngc li ly gi tr b (3) Khong thot phoi h (hnh 6-6a):
10 20 30 H(mm)

Thp :h=(0,71 0)d Gang :h=(0,50 7)d

0 10 20 30 40

a )

Hnh 6-6 : Khong cch gia bc n mt u ca l gia cng

b )

d(mm )

Khong cch gia bc v chi tit, bo m vic thot phoi. Nu h nh, thot phoi kh khn, khng nhng b mt gia cng b hng, c khi lm gy mi khoan; nu h qu ln, tnh dn hng gim, lch ca mi khoan ln. th hnh 6-6b biu din quan h gia h v ng knh d khi gia cng thp v gang (4) Vt liu ch to v nhit luyn : Bc lt c ch to t thp 45, ti t cng HRC 4460. Bc dn hng c ch to t thp Y10A, Y12A, 9XC, ti t cng HRC 6264 ; thp 20, 20X trc khi ti phi thm than t su 0,81,2mm. 6-1-2.Phin dn Bc dn hng c lp trn phin dn ca g to thnh c cu dn hng mi khoan, mi khot, mi doa gia cng cc l c chnh xc yu cu. Phin dn gm hai loi l phin dn c nh v phin dn ng. - Phin dn c nh: Phin dn c nh c lp chnh xc vi thn g. N c th tho lp c hoc khng tho lp c. Phin dn lp c nh c th t chnh xc v tr tm l cao, nhng thao tc khi tho lp chi tit gia cng phc tp, thi gian ph ln v phi dng bc dn thay nhanh khi cc l yu cu chnh xc cao phi qua nhiu bc cng ngh. Chnh vic ny, n nh hng n v tr tm l.

88

Hnh 6-3 trnh by cc loi phin dn hng: a)-c th c lin; b) hn; c) lp ghp bng vt vi thn g.

a )

b ) Hnh 6-3: Phin

c )

d h - Phin dn kiu bn l: Loi phin dn ny c ch to tch ring khi thn g v gn vi n bng khp bn l (hnh 6-4). Mt u phin dn gia cng l chnh xc lp vi cht bn l, u th 2 c x rnh bt vt kp cht, ti y c gi ta thay i phin dn. Loi phin dn ny c u im l d tho lp vt gia cng. Nhng c nhc im chnh xc nh tm thp, gi thnh ch to g cao.

1 2

Hnh 6-4 :Phin dn kiu bn l

Hnh 6-5 : Phin dn treo

- Phin dn treo (hnh 6-5), tm dn 2 c vt bt cht c nh vi hai tr trt 1. Phn u hai tr ny lp lin vi u khoan, cn phn di trt trong thn g. Phin dn s c nng ln h xung theo u khoan, n c th kp cht lun chi tit gia cng nh lc l xo lng ngoi hai tr, nn gim rt nhiu thi gian ph. Phin dn treo thng c dng trn cc u khoan nhiu trc lp trn trc chnh ca my khoan v ch dng khi gia cng cc l ch bng mt bc cng ngh. Cht lng ca l gia cng chu nh hng ca bc dn hng. chnh xc v tr ca l gia cng ph thuc vo cc yu t sau : - Khe h gia dng c ct v bc dn hng. - Khe h gia bc thay th v bc lt. - Chiu di dn hng hoc chiu di tip xc gia dng c v chi tit H. - Khong thot phoi h . 6-1-3. C cu dn hng dao khi chut .

89

Khi chut cc b mt trong cn phi dn hng dao chut tng cng vng. - Chut b mt i xng (l tr, l then hoa, l lc lng...) nn dng my chut ng trnh hin tng lm tot l do trng lng ca dao chut gy ra. - Chut b mt khng i xng qua tm l (rnh then), nn dng my chut ngang, rng ca dao chut phi nm pha trn khng b nh hng do trng lng ca dao chut. Khi chut b mt trong do tc dng ca cc li ct u v tng i i xng nn khng cn c cu kp cht phi. Khi thit k c cu dn hng dao chut cn ch cc im sau : 1. m bo di dn hng cn thit, trnh lay ng dao khi ct. 2. Ch chnh lch chiu cao gia cc rng ct do mi khng u hoc mn khng u, nn dng ming m kh chnh lch ny (hnh 6-7). 1 2 3

4 5 Hnh 6-7 :1-Thn g;2-Phi; 3-Dao; 4-Tm m;5-Bc dn 4 3 2 1

Hnh 6-8:1-Chm cu;2-ng m; 3-Thnh my;4-l xo

3. m bo phi khng b x dch khi chut bng cch b tr mt nh v gn phn dn hng dao li dng ti a lc chut gi cht phi. 4. Nu mt chun ca chi tit gia cng cn th hoc gia cng nhng khng chnh xc phi dng c cu nh v t la (v d dng khp cu), hnh 6-8. 5. C cu nh v v c cu dn hng phi ti cng v phi qua mi. 6. Khi chut rnh trn l cn phi dng ai c ta chi tit v khi chut xong y chi tit ra khi ng dn theo hng dao . 7. i vi chi tit ngn c th ghp nhiu chi tit chut. 6-2. C cu xc inh v tr dao (c cu so dao). C cu so dao l mt b phn ca g xc nh chnh xc v tr ca dng c ct so vi g, thng c dng trong cc g phay, bo, tin, chut mt ngoi. C cu so dao rt cn thit v trong sn xut vi quy m ln do dao b mn phi mi li, sau khi mi sc phi iu chnh v tr dao so vi g. Trong dng sn xut c sn lng t cng phi dng c cu so dao gia cng chi tit

90

c hnh th phc tp cc nguyn cng phay, bo nhm n gin ho qu trnh iu chnh dng c ct. i vi g phay th kt cu ca c cu so dao thng gm ming g dao v cn m (cn ch nht hoc vin tr). Ming g dao c lp vi g bng mt phng, hai cht nh v v kp bng vt. B mt lm vic ca ming g dao c mi t nhm Ra=1,250,63 sau khi lp c nh trn g. Cn m c tc dng trnh lm mn b mt lm vic ca ming g dao khi iu chnh dng c ct. Ming g dao v cn m c ch to bng thp Y8A, thp 20 ti t cng 5560HRC Mt s kt cu ca ming g dao phay nh hnh 6-9. 1 2 3 2 2 3 1

a )

b )

c )

d)

Hnh 6-9: C cu so dao 1-Dao phay;2-Ming cn;3-Ming so dao. 6-3. C cu nh v g trn my ct gt kim loi Trong thc t gia cng, g gia cng phi c nh v chnh xc trn my ct kim loi. g c th c lp trn bn my ( g phay, g doa) hoc lp vi trc chnh ca my ( g tin). g chut c lp vi a g phi trn my chut. g dng trn my tin ng c lp trn bn my. Sau y l mt s trng hp c th. 6-3-1. C cu nh v g trn my phay, my doa : - C cu nh v g phay thng dng l hai then nh hng hnh ch nht (hnh 6-10a) v lp vi rnh ch T ca bn my (hnh 6-10b). - C cu nh v g doa trn my doa hoc my phay cng ging nh c cu nh v g phay. Rnh ch T ca bn my phay hoc my doa thng c b rng l B =18 mm, c bit B=13mm. Phn dn hng hnh ch nht phi c b rng tng xng vi chiu rng ca rnh ch T ca bn my. Hai then dn hng bng nhau c lp trn cng mt rnh ch T ca bn my v c khong cch hp l. Then dn hng thng c cc loi : - Then bt cht vi g (hnh 6-10a, b),

91

- Then ri u tr (hnh 6-11 ). - Then ri u vung (then km theo my), hnh 6-12. Thn g Then nh hng Bn my b) a ) Hnh 6-10:a- Then nh hng; b- g c nh v trn bn my nh then nh hng Tu theo yu cu ca nguyn cng m ch lp ghp ca then dn hng vi rnh ch T ca bn my c th l : B
H7 h6

D B

So snh 3 loi trn y ta thy: Loi then bt cht vi g bng vt chm d lm hng mt then khi lp vi rnh ch T; Then khng chnh xc s khng lt vo rnh ch T, thi gian lp di. Then ri u vung d lp nht v then c kt cu tiu chun, km theo my. Then ri u tr kh lp v then d b xoay khi la theo rnh ch T ca bn my. 1 1 4 2 3 Hnh 6-11 Then ri u tr .1- g;2-Then; 3-Bn my ;4-Bc lt 2 3

Hnh 6-12 Then ri u vung 1- g;2-Then;3-Bn my

6-3-2. C cu nh v g trn my tin. Trn my tin vn nng thng thng, g tin c th c nh v trn phn tr hay phn cn ca u ngoi trc chnh hoc l cn trc chnh. L trc chnh trn my tin ngang thng l l cn moc hoc l cn h mt, u trc chnh my tin ngang thng c phn tr nh v v phn renren. Ni chung l cn ca my dng nh v cc g tin nh, nh; cn u trc chnh ca my nh v g ln. Cc phng n nh v g tin trn cc my tin ngang v ng c trnh by trn hnh 6-12.

92

Hnh 6-12a,b: nh v g l cn trn trc chnh dng c cu ren ko v pha sau. Hnh 6-12c: dng phn tr v ren u trc chnh nh v g thng qua a trung gian. Hnh 6-12d: dng mt cn nh tm ca u trc chnh kt hp vi a trung gian ca g. Hnh 6-12e, h dng l tr hoc l cn trn bn my tin ng nh v g. 2 2

a 1 b ) 1 c

e )

h )

Hnh 6- 12 :Cc phng n nh v g trn my 6-4. C cu phn . Trong thc t gia cng, ta thng gp cc trng hp sau : - Mt chi tit gia cng c b mt nh hnh hoc c nhiu b mt ging nhau nhng c v tr xc nh trn mt vng trn cn c gia cng trong mt ln g t. - Nhiu chi tit gia cng c kt cu ging nhau cn c gia cng tun t trn mt g. c th gia cng c nhng v tr khc nhau trong mt ln g t ta phi tin hnh phn chi tit gia cng. Tu theo hnh thc chuyn ng khi phn ta c phn tnh tin hoc phn quay. Qu trnh phn c th u n hoc khng u n, c thc hin trc tip vi chi tit gia cng hoc gin tip thng qua c cu phn ca g. C th phn bng tay hoc t ng. C cu nh v v kp cht chi tit gia cng c lp ghp trn c cu phn thnh mt khi. Qu trnh phn c th lin tc hoc gin on. C cu phn quay lin tc c dng gia cng cc b mt nh hnh trn my vn nng khi chuyn ng ct (to hnh) khng ch do my thc hin m phi c thm chuyn ng phi hp cn thit ca chi tit gia cng; v d ct rng nghing trn my phay vn nng hoc nh phay rnh xon trn my phay ng. C cu phn quay gin on dng gia cng nhiu b mt ging nhau c v tr phn b trn mt vng trn. Ni chung c cu phn bao gm cc b phn sau :

93

- B phn c nh thng c lp c nh trn bn my. - B phn quay c nh v trn phn c nh; b phn quay c lp cc b phn chnh ca g dng g t chi tit gia cng (c cu nh v, c cu kp cht). - B phn nh v phn quay. - B phn kp cht phn quay. chnh xc ca qu trnh phn ch yu ph thuc vo b phn nh v phn quay. B phn ny c lp trn b phn c nh v trong tng v tr c nh n s xc nh v tr tng quan ca phn quay so vi phn c nh. B phn nh v phn quay thng c cc loi sau: - Kt cu bi v l xo (hnh 6-13), loi ny n gin, d ch to, nhng c kh nng chu lc km v chnh xc phn thp. - Kt cu cht tr v l xo (hnh 6-14), c chnh xc phn thp v chu nh hng ca khe h gia bc v cht. Loi kt cu ny c kh nng chu ti trng ln - Kt cu cht cn v l xo (hnh 6-15), chnh xc phn cao, nh tm tt. 4 3 2 1 1 Hnh 6- 13: Kt cu nh v phn quay dng bi v l xo.1-a phn ,2-bi; 3- g; 4-l xo 6-5. C cu chp hnh. C cu chp hnh l c cu xc nh v tr tng i gia dao ct vi chi tit gia cng, ng thi xc nh c hng chuyn ng ca dng c ct. Khi gia cng cc b mt nh hnh, c cu chp hnh c mt tc dng rt ln gim thi gian gia cng, nng cao nng sut lao ng . Trn my tin v my phay rt hay dng g chp hnh, cc my khc cng hay dng. C cu chp hnh kiu c kh dng ph bin nht v d ch to, n gin. Ngoi ra cn c nhng c cu chp hnh bng du p, kh nn - du p phi hp, in - c phi hp. 6-5-1.C cu chp hnh bng c kh. Hnh 6-16 l mt s s cc loi chp hnh c kh hay dng, trong hnh: 1-mu; 2-con ln; 3-bn trt ngang; 4-bn trt dc. Con ln lun lun da vo 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 Hnh 6-14: Kt cu nh v phn quaydng cht tr v l xo: 1-a phn ;2-thn g ;3-cht tr;4-l xo Hnh6-15: Kt cu nh v phn quay dng cht cn v l xo:1-a phn ;2-bc;3-cht cn;4 g;5-l xo

94

mu lm bn trt ngang chuyn ng ngang, chuyn ng ny phi hp vi chuyn ng dc ca bn 4 lm thnh qu tch nh hnh nh ca mu. Trong cc s - chp hnh mt chiu nh hnh 6-16a,c,d,e cn c ngoi lc ko con ln lun p st vo mt mu, lc ny phi ln hn lc ct, v th mt lm vic ca mu chng mn. Hnh 6-1b, l loi mu chp hnh hai chiu, con ln nm trong rnh chp hnh nn khng cn dng ngoi lc F p st con ln vo mt lm vic ca mu. Hnh 6-16c v d c mu quay trn phi hp vi chuyn ng thng ca bn trt to ra b mt nh hnh. Hnh 6-16e, dng chuyn ng ca bn my con ln 2 da vo khun 1, dao phay s ct phi thnh hnh nh mu . a ) 4 3 1 2
F

b ) 4 3

1 2

1
F

2 1 2

2 e ) 1

3 c )

4
Hnh 6-16: C cu chp hnh c kh

d )

Mu c th lm dng cam a, cam thng, thc chp hnh... Mu v con ln phi chng mn tt, v th thng lm bng thp Y8A, Y10A, hoc thp 20, 20X thm cc bon, nhit luyn t cng HRC= 58 62. Gc nng ca mu khng nn ln hn 450500. Bn knh con ln khng c lm ln hn bn knh nh nht ca chi tit gia cng. Khi chp hnh theo mu quay trn th hnh dng bn ngoi ca mu nn lm ln hn hnh dng bn ngoi ca chi tit gia cng. 6-5-2. C cu chp hnh kh nn - du p. Chp hnh n thun bng du p phi c nhiu trang b ph du p cho tng my, nh th rt tn km. nng cao chnh xc chp hnh v gim chi ph, ta c th dng kiu chp hnh kh nn - du p hn hp. Hnh 6-17 l s nguyn l lm vic ca loi chp hnh . Kh nn qua ng 1 vo bung tri ca xi lanh 2, ng thi qua van tit lu 3 vo bung phi ca xi lanh 2, t qua ng 4 vo bung phi ca xi lanh 5. Khi mi d 7 da trn mu 6 gp ch li ln s lm l 4 thng vi p sut bn ngoi, p lc bn phi ca piston 8 v 9 gim st lm dao ct lui v pha sau. Khi
95

mi do 7 gp ch lm vo th ming chn ca mng kim loi n hi 10 s bt kn l 4, lc p lc bn phi ca piston 8 v 9 tng lm dao ct tin ln. 1 8 1 4 3

5 1 2

1 4 1

23

1 0

Hnh 6-17: C cu chp hnh kh nn -du p

iu chnh tc tin dao v bo m hnh trnh c m , ta c xi lanh du 11, khi dao tin hoc li khi du bung ny s i qua van tit lu 13 sang bung kia. Piston 14, nh l xo lun y du vo xi lanh 11 b sung. 6-6. Thn g. Thn g l chi tit c bn ni lin cc c cu khc thnh mt g hon chnh. V g cn c cc yu cu sau : 1) cng vng, chu ti trng, lc ct... khng b bin dng. 2) Kt cu n gin, nh, d ch to, c tnh cng ngh cao, d thao tc, d qut dn phoi, d tho lp chi tit gia cng. 3) Vng chi, an ton, nht l i vi g quay nhanh. Thn g c th c, hn, rn hoc dng thp tiu chun bt cht bng inh c. Thng dng v g c bng gang . Mt s v d v g nh h6-18

a )

b )

Hnh 6-18 : Thn g

d )

a-Thn c;b) Thn hn;c)Thn lp ghp; d)Thn rn So snh thn c v thn hn c cc u khuyt im sau :

96

Thn c cng vng cao, c th c c kt cu phc tp, nng, thi gian ch to lu, t. Thn hn cng vng thp, kh hn thnh kt cu phc tp, nh, thi gian ch to nhanh, r. Nu v g khng cn cng vng ln lm c th dng hp kim nhm

---

---

97

Chng 7 TRNH T THIT K G CHUYN DNG GIA CNG CT GT Sau khi nghin cu cc thnh phn ch yu ca mt g gia cng c v cc c cu khc ca n, chng ta cn nm vng ng li tnh ton v thit k g gia cng ct gt, c th t hiu qu cao khi thit k, ch to v s dng g. Trc ht cn nm vng yu cu v trnh t thit k ri mi n cc ni dung tnh ton khc. 7-1. Yu cu. Ni chung khi thit k g gia cng cn phi tho mn cc yu cu sau : - m bo chn phng n kt cu hp l v mt k thut v kinh t, ngha l m bo iu kin s dng ti u nhm t cht lng nguyn cng mt cch kinh t nht trn c s kt cu v chc nng ca my gia cng s lp g. - m bo cc iu kin an ton v k thut (m bo yu cu thao tc, thot phoi...). - Tn dng cc loi kt cu tiu chun. - Kt cu g phi ph hp vi kh nng ch to v lp rp thc t ca cc c s sn xut. Nhng yu cu trn y cn phi ch trong ton b qu trnh thit k g nhm m bo tnh ng b v kt cu tho mn nhng yu cu chung v cht lng, nng sut v hiu qu kinh t ca nguyn cng; ng thi gim bt kh khn khi ch to cc b phn ca g. Mt khc trc khi tin hnh thit k g phi nm vng yu cu ca nguyn cng xc nh nhng yu cu c th v xc nh nhng b phn cn thit ca g phc v nguyn cng. 7-2. Cc bc tin hnh Thit k g gia cng ct gt bao gm cc bc c bn sau y : 1. Nghin cu s g t phi v yu cu k thut ca nguyn cng, kim tra li cc b mt chun v chnh xc v nhm b mt; xc nh kch thc, hnh dng, s lng v v tr ca c cu nh v phi trn g. 2. Xc nh lc ct, m men ct, xc nh phng chiu v im t ca lc ct, m men ct; xc nh gi tr cn thit ca lc kp cht phi trn g v b tr hp l im t lc kp cht phi trn g; chn c cu kp cht phi v hnh dng, kch thc m bo nng sut kp cht cn thit. 3. Xc nh kt cu cc b phn khc ca g (b phn dn hng, g dao, thn g , g,...) 4. Xc nh kt cu ca cc c cu ph (cht t ph, c cu phn ...). 5. Xc nh sai s cho php ca g theo yu cu ca tng nguyn cng. 7-3. Xy dng bn v lp chung g . Kt cu tng th ca g gia cng ct gt c th hin trn bn v lp chung. Bn v lp chung g c xy dng nh sau : V t trong ra ngoi, v trng thi ang gia cng. Chi tit gia cng cn c v phn bit r rng vi kt cu ca g, v bng mu .
98

Trnh t xy dng bn v lp chung g c th nh sau : 1. V cc hnh chiu ca chi tit gia cng. 2. V c cu nh v chi tit gia cng. 3. V c cu kp cht chi tit gia cng. 4. V cc c cu dn hng dng c, iu chnh dng c, c cu phn .. 5. V thn g bo m cng vng v c tnh cng ngh cao. 6. Ghi cc kch thc c bn ca g (cc kch thc lp ghp; kch thc tng th: chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao, kch thc ch yu...) 7. nh s cc chi tit ca g. 8. Xc nh iu kin k thut ca g theo yu cu ca nguyn cng v kh nng cng ngh ch to g thc t. Tu theo kch thc thc ca g m bn v lp rp chung g c xy dng theo cc t l khc nhau: 1:1, 2:1, 4:1,... 7-4. chnh xc v nng sut g t ca g . chnh xc v nng sut g t phi trn g l hai ch tiu kinh t k thut c bn cn phi m bo khi thit k v ch to g gia cng. ng li chung xc nh chnh xc v nng sut ca g gia cng l da vo yu cu k thut v kinh t ca nguyn cng m g phc v. Cc ch tiu ny c c bit lu trong ton b qu trnh thit k, ch to v nghim thu g nhm m bo cho g c kt cu hp l theo quan im cng ngh v quan im kinh t. 7-4-1. cng vng v chnh xc cn thit ca g gia cng. a) cng vng ca g . Khi thit k g cn phi ch cng vng ca g theo phng ca lc kp cht v lc ct. C th nng cao cng vng ca g bng cch tng din tch tip xc, trnh tp trung lc. Cc b mt tip xc vi chun tinh ca chi tit gia cng cn c bng b mt cao (thng phi qua mi hoc co). Cn thm gn tr lc cho thn g tng cng vng. b) chnh xc t c. chnh xc t c ca nguyn cng c th ph thuc vo trng thi ca h thng cng ngh. Cc yu t sau y nh hng n chnh xc gia cng: - Sai s g t (g) l sai s v tr ca phi so vi dng c ct. - Sai s do h thng cng ngh chu tc dng ca lc ct (sai s do bin dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh ) h. - Sai s do iu chnh my c. - Sai s do dng c ct b mi mn m. - Sai s do bin dng nhit ca h thng cng ngh n. - Tng sai s hnh hc ca phi trn cc tit din khc nhau: hd. Mun m bo kch thc chi tit gia cng nm trong phm vi dung sai cho php cn phi m bo iu kin :
2 2dh + 2dc + 32m + 32n + gd + 2hd

vi l dung sai ca kch thc cn thc hin nguyn cng c th.

99

 g phc v nguyn cng s gp phn m bo chnh xc nguyn cng vi iu kin l sai s g t phi trn g phi nh hn gi tr cho php :
gd gd

[ ]

Nh vy khi thit k g phi ch khng ch sai s g t phi trong gii hn cho php nhm tho mn iu kin trn. ng li chung xc nh sai s g t phi thc t trn g c tm tt nh sau : - Xc nh sai s g t phi thc t t 3 i lng thnh phn; l cc i lng vc- t: + c - sai s chun (sai s nh v). + kc- sai s kp cht phi. + g- sai s g (sai s v v tr phi do g gy ra) V phng v chiu ca cc i lng c, kc, g thng kh xc nh nn sai s g t c th c xc nh theo phng php cng xc sut :
2 2 gd = c + 2 + dg kc

Trc ht cn phi xc nh cc tr s ca cc i lng thnh phn c, kc, g ca sai s g t. + Sai s chun ( trnh by trong cng ngh ch to my). + Sai s kp cht ( trnh by trong cng ngh ch to my). + Sai s v tr phi do g gy ra . chnh xc ca g chu nh hng ca qu trnh thit k v ch to g. Cc yu t sau y c nh hng n chnh xc ca g gia cng: + Cc kch thc lp ghp ca cc mi lp ghp gia cc chi tit ca g, nh khong cch tm gia cc bc dn hng dng c trn g khoan, ch lp ghp gia c cu nh v g trn my phay, my doa vi rnh ch T ca bn my. + Sai s ch to g s lm cho v tr ca phi khng chnh xc so vi c ct v s gy ra sai s v tr tng quan gia cc b mt gia cng, v d sai s khi lp bc dn hng mi khoan s lm khong cch tm gia cc l c sai lch, hoc gy ra sai s v khong cch gia cc tm l gia cng n mt nh v. Nu dng c cu phn th sai s phn s nh hng n gc phn b gia cc tm cc l gia cng. Nh vy kch thc ng knh l gia cng khng chu nh hng ca sai s g. Sai s ca g phay, chut, xc s gy ra sai s v chnh xc v v tr tng quan gia cc b mt gia cng v mt chun, nhng khng nh hng n kch thc thc hin v chnh xc LL hnh hc ca b mt gia cng. C cu phn ca cc loi g ny c sai lch s gy ra sai s v v tr gia cc b mt gia cng. Sai s g tin s khng nh hng n chnh xc ca kch thc gia cng (kch thc ng knh ca b mt gia cng) v chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc ca b Hnh 71
100

mt gia cng, nhng s gy ra sai lch v v tr tng quan cc b mt gia cng (v d lch tm gia cc bc ca mt trc bc). g ch c mt v tr gia cng, ni chung sai s g khng nh hng n chnh xc kch thc thc hin v hnh dng hnh hc ca b mt gia cng, m ch gy sai lch v v tr tng quan gia cc b mt gia cng. V d khi gia cng hai l ng thi (hnh 7-1), mun m bo khong cch hai tm l L vi dung sai l L th sai s g tng ng vi khong cch tm hai bc dn phi tho mn iu kin : dg 2 L (S + e ) Vi: S = S1 + S 2 + S3 + S 4 Trong : S1, S2-l khe h hng knh gia bc dn v bc lt ng vi l 1 v l 2. S3,S4-l khe h ln nht gia dng c ct v bc dn hng ca l 1v l 2. V: e = e1 + e2 + e3 + e4 Trong : e1,e2- l lch tm gia l dn hng v mt ngoi ca bc dn hng; e3,e4- l lch tm gia mt ngoi v mt trong ca bc lt. Ni chung sai s ca cc kch thc trn g c lin quan trc tip vi kch thc gia cng v phi nm trong phm vi cho php tu thuc vo dung sai quy nh ca kch thc gia cng. Trong thc t thng ly dung sai kch thc trn g kht khe hn dung sai quy nh ca kch thc gia cng, v d khong 0,5 n 0,2 dung sai quy nh ca kch thc gia cng hoc kht khe hn na. Cc kch thc t do ca g c th ly theo cp chnh xc 9. Cc kch thc khng quan trng (kch thc gia cc b mt th) trn g c th ly cp chnh xc 11. - Nguyn nhn xut hin sai s g : + Ch to v lp rp g khng chnh xc, c bit l cc b phn nh v, gy ra sai s nh v phi. l mt loi sai s h thng c nh. Sai s ny c th t nh hng i vi chnh xc gia cng nu tin hnh iu chnh my tt. Loi sai s ny k hiu ct l. + C cu nh v ca g b mi mn trong qu trnh g t nhiu ln, k hiu m. Sai s do mn c cu nh v ca g c xc nh nh sau : m = N (m). Trong : N- l s ln tip xc ca phi vi c cu nh v, l s lng phi c nh v trong thi gian gia hai ln iu chnh c cu nh v g . -l h s ph thuc vo kt cu nh v v iu kin tip xc mt chun (bng 7-1). + G t g ln my khng chnh xc gy ra sai s lp rp g ln my gia cng; sai s ny c k hiu l. Khi thit k v tnh ton g c th phi khng ch ch yu sai s ch to v lp rp g ctl , c ngha l phi xc nh chnh xc gi tr ca i lng ctl t xc nh nhng yu cu, iu kin k thut cho giai on ch to v lp rp g. Nhng iu kin k thut ny s l nhng ch tiu ch yu nghim thu g. Cc i lng thnh phn ca sai s g (ctl, m, l ) c

101

th hin bng lng dch chuyn ca gc kch thc chiu ln phng ca kch thc thc hin. Bng 7-1: Gi tr ca h s Kt cu nh v v iu kin tip xc - Cht nh v chm cu, chun th - Khi V, chun tinh - Phin nh v phng, chun tinh - Cht nh v trong l tinh H s 0,5...2 0,3...0,8 0,2...0,4 0,05...0,4

Khi phng v chiu ca i lng thnh phn kh xc nh th tr s ca sai s g s c xc nh theo php cng xc sut :
2 dg = ctl + 2 + l2 m

Tm li cc bc cn thit, iu kin k thut ch to v lp rp ca g xc nh chnh xc g c th xc nh theo : (1) Xc nh sai s cho php ca nguyn cng ng vi kch thc gia cng L , a vo dung sai ca kch thc gia cng L :

[ ] = (0,5 0,2)
gd
2 gd

(2) Xc nh sai s g cho php da vo sai s g t cho php.

[ ] = [ ]
dg

2 c 2 kc

(3) Xc nh sai s ch to v lp rp g cn thit theo sai s g cho php :

[ ctL ] = [ dg ]2 2 2 m L

[ ]
dg

2 c 2 2 2 kc m L

(4) Quy nh iu kin k thut cn thit cho g m bo chnh xc cn thit, da vo i lng ct L. 7-4-2. Nng sut g t v thao tc g. Nng cao nng sut g t v hp l ho thao tc g gia cng ct gt l mt trong nhng bin php ch yu nhm rt ngn thi gian ph (Tp) ca nguyn cng. Ch tiu v nng sut g t phi cn c lu ton din trong qu trnh thit k g tu theo quy m v iu kin sn sut c th. Ni chung, nng sut g t phi trn g ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - Trnh c kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh g t phi. - S lung phi trong mt ln g t. - Mc hp l ho cc thao tc v c cu khi thao tc g t phi. Cc yu t trn y c quan h cht ch vi dng sn xut v ng li cng ngh. Khi quy m sn xut cng ln, cn phi xt ton din v chnh xc hn nh hng ca qu trnh g t phi trn g c th i vi nng sut g t v nng sut gia cng. Mt s bin php thng thng nhm nng cao nng sut g t v hp l ho thao tc g t phi vi g gia cng ct gt : a.Bin php nng cao nng sut g t phi, c th dng : + C cu kp nhiu chi tit mt lc. nng cao nng sut gia cng c th b tr gia cng nhiu chi tit ng thi (i vi cc chi tit nh, mt gia cng n gin). Trong trng hp ny nu

102

khng tp trung vic kp cht cc chi tit v mt tay quay th phi ln lt kp cht tng chi tit khin nng sut s thp, kt cu g cng knh v phc tp, thao tc g t tn sc, tn thi gian.V vy kp cht nhiu chi tit mt lc c s dng rng ri trong sn xut. C cu kp cht ny c phn chia theo chiu ca lc kp cht: kp lin tc, kp song song, lc kp ngc chiu nhau, lc kp giao nhau. Khi s dng g kp nhiu chi tit cn lu : * Khi kp lin tc, v dung sai ca b mt chun nh v ca cc chi tit khng bng nhau nn c cu kp cht s dn cc chi tit theo chiu lc kp, n chi tit cui cng th v tr ca n s b lch nhiu; nu kch thc gia cng song song vi phng ca lc kp th s c sai s ln; v vy kt cu kp cht lin tc ch dng khi kch thc gia cng vung gc phng ca lc kp, ngha l b mt gia cng song song vi phng ca lc kp. * Khi kp song song, do dung sai ca cc chi tit nn ming kp cng khng th kp cht c tt c cc chi tit; phi dng ming kp t la (lc c) mi c th kp cht u cc chi tit. + C cu kp nhanh. - C cu kp nhanh bng tay. - C cu kp nhanh bng du p. - C cu kp nhanh bng kh nn. - C cu kp nhanh bng in t. - C cu kp nhanh bng chn khng. + C cu kp t ng. b. Thao tc g t v kt cu khi thao tc. Khi s dng g phc v mt nguyn cng nht nh, cng nhn thng phi thc hin cc thao tc sau y : - t phi vo v ly chi tit ra sau khi gia cng xong. - Kp chy v tho lc kp ca g. - Lau chi g, qut phoi g - Phn . - Tng cng vng khi g t chi tit. Nhng thao tc trn y ngi cng nhn phi lp li nhiu ln mi khi thay i chi tit. Thi gian dnh thao tc g chnh l thnh phn ca thi gian ph (Tp) khi thc hin nguyn cng. Khi thit k g phi to iu kin cho cng nhn thao tc an ton, thun tin, t tn sc, nhanh gn gp phn nng cao nng sut lao ng. 7-5. Yu cu c th vi cc loi g gia cng ct gt. Kt cu c th ca cc loi g gia cng ct gt ph thuc vo yu cu ca nguyn cng m chng phc v. Khi thit k g c th cn da vo tnh cht ca nguyn cng xc nh kt cu g thch hp, t ch tiu kinh t k thut cn thit. 7-5-1. g khoan. g khoan c dng ch yu trn my khoan bn, my khoan ng, hoc my khoan cn xc nh v tr tng i gia chi tit gia cng v dng c

103

ct, ng thi kp cht chi tit gia cng to cc l c yu cu chnh xc khc nhau (khoan, khot, doa). Kt cu ca cc g khoan thng bao gm cc b phn sau : - C cu nh v chi tit gia cng, c cu ny thng thng phi hn ch 6 bc t do ca chi tit gia cng, nhm xc nh ng v tr l gia cng. - C cu kp cht chi tit gia cng. - Thn v g. - Bc dn v tm dn dng c ct. - C cu phn . Thc t sn sut c rt nhiu g khoan: g khoan c nh, g khoan c tr trt thanh kha, g khoan c tm dn tho ri, g khoan c tm dn treo, g khoan lt ngc, g khoan kiu di ng, g khoan quay trn (mm quay), g khoan vn nng iu chnh, g khoan t ng... V d : Hnh 7-2 gii thiu g khoan tr trt thanh rng.
B-B A 2 3 c 225 M A-A m B

B 340 210

Hnh 7-2: g khoan tr trt thanh rng 1-;2-cht nh v;3-ng dn;M-rnh thot phoi. g ny s dng rt rng ri trn cc my khoan. Chi tit gia cng l mt tay bin gia cng l u to, nay cn cn gia cng l th 2 (l u nh). nh v : Mt y u to v l c nh v bng cht 2 cm trong l 1. 1 c hai cht nh v trn thn g v dng hai inh c chm bt cht vi thn. Cn mt bc t do quay xung quanh l u ln th c nh v lun bng mt cn u l bc dn gia cng u nh. Khi tm dn h xung kp cht th bc t do ny c nh v nt. Rnh c b rng m (trn 1) c tc dng nh v s b u gia cng. Kp cht: Quay tay quay, thng qua bnh rng v phn thanh rng trn hai tr trt s h c tm dn xung kp cht lun u gia cng ca bin. ng dn c dng l loi thay i c v phi thay dao (khoan, doa). ngay di l gia cng, 1 c x rnh cong M thot dao v phoi ra ngoi

104

Kt cu t hm ca tr trt thanh kha: y l mt b phn rt quan trng ca loi g ny, kt cu t hm c th dng kiu con ln hoc kiu chm. Hnh 7-3 l c cu t hm kiu con ln hay dng nht. Cam 1 c l vung lp vi u vung ca trc 2. Vng 3 bao ngoi dng vt bt cht vi v g. Gia vng 3 v cam 1 c ng 5 x 3 rnh u nhau 1200 cha 3 con ln 4. ng 5 khng bt cht vi trc 2. 3 4 5 8 1 3 4 5

1 6

s
O

Hnh 7-3

Khi 5 quay ngc chiu kim ng h th cc con ln 4 b dn vo gia 1 v 3, khin 1 cng quay theo 5. Khi tm dn chm vo chi tit gia cng th 2 v 1 khng th tip tc quay c na, lc ny tay quay vn tip tc quay s lm con ln 4 b kt vo khe chm v sinh ra t hm. Khi quay ngc tay quay th cam 5 li y cc con ln 4 ra khi chm lm cho 2 v 1 quay theo v tm dn c nng ln, chi tit gia cng c tho lng. Quan h kch thc: Gia bn knh con ln
d , kch thc H ca cam 1 v 2

bn knh R ca vng 3 c quan h kch thc vi nhau nh hnh 7-4. Ta c :

d AB = AO Sin = R Sin 2

3
A

4
B d/ 2 H

Hoc
d AB = BO tg = H + tg 2 d d Do : R Cos = H + 2 2

:
R

Hnh 7-4

105

V ta c :

d=

Nu =70, cos=0,993 th d=0,9665R-1,0035H v H=0,993R-0,9965d Quyt nh trc R v d ri tm H, hoc R v H ri xc nh ra d u c c. 7-5-2. g phay. Khi thit k g phay cn ch iu kin ct gt khi phay l : - Lc ct ln. - Qu trnh ct gin on nn c xung lc gy ra rung ng trong h thng cng ngh my - g - dao - chi tit. V vy kt cu ca g phay cn m bo cng vng, c bit l b phn thn v g. C cu kp cht phi to lc kp chi tit, cng vng v c bit l phi c tnh t hm tt. Kt cu c th ca cc g phay thng bao gm cc b phn sau : - C cu nh v phi. - C cu kp cht phi. - Then dn hng nh v g phay vi bn my phay (lp vi rnh ch T ca bn my). - C cu so dao phay gm ming g dao v cn m. - C cu phn . - C cu chp hnh. g phay c nhiu loi khc nhau, c th phn loi nh sau : - Phay mt chi tit v phay nhiu chi tit ng thi. - Tin dao thng , tin dao vng, tin dao theo mt ng cong chp hnh. - Thi gian ph trng vi thi gian my hoc khng trng (tc l thi gian ph bng khng hoc khc khng ). 7-5-3. g tin. g tin thng c bt cht vi trc chnh ca my tin nm ngang v c chuyn ng quay trong qu trnh gia cng chi tit, v vy cn ch yu cu bo v my, m bo an ton khi c lc li tm xut hin, ch cn bng g khi n quay theo trc chnh ca my tin. Kt cu ni g vi trc chnh my tin phi cng vng v m bo an ton khi thao tc, khng c c cc cnh sc. Trong thc t g tin c th c cc dng sau : - g ni vi trc chnh ca my tin: chi tit c chuyn ng quay theo trc chnh, dng c ct c chuyn ng tnh tin. g lp trn trc chnh c th phn thnh : + Ly mt cn trong (cn moc) ca trc chnh lm mt nh v cho g, cn n rt ko v ui trc chnh. Nu chi tit nh th khng cn n rt. + Ly mt ngoi trc chnh (vin tr hoc cn) lm mt nh v cho g: g lp trn trc chnh thng l mm cp. Mm cp l loi g vn nng trang b theo my.

2(R cos H ) 1 + cos d H = R cos (1 + cos ) 2

106

- g chi tit gia cng lp trn sng trt ca bng my tin: chi tit gia cng c chuyn ng tnh tin, dng c ct c chuyn ng quay theo trc chnh ca my tin. g lp trn sng trt thng l luy nt, bn dao... - g chi tit gia cng c lp trn hai mi tm ca my tin, chi tit c chuyn ng quay theo trc chnh ca my tin, v d nh cc loi trc g. 7-5-4. g mi . Khi mi tr s ca lc ct khng ln lm. Kt cu ca g mi ph thuc vo phng php mi . - Mi phng: mi cc chi tit dng hp, chi tit phng c th g t trc tip phi trn bn t; mi phng cc chi tit dng trc, chi tit c hnh dng phc tp phi dng g t trn bn t . - Mi trn trong: c th dng g vn nng nh mm cp, g chuyn dng (v d nh g mi l bnh rng phi nh v vo vng ln ca bnh rng), c th c c cu phn . - Mi trn ngoi: c th dng mi tm nh v phi, truyn m men xon cho chi tit gia cng bng tc. Khi mi mt phc tp (v d mi rnh xon trn chi tit dng trc) kt cu g mi phi c thm c cu phn to chuyn ng phi hp mi gia cng c rnh xon trn my mi trn ngoi vn nng. 7-5-5. g chut . Khi gia cng lc chut rt ln, c th li dng kp cht phi. Chi tit gia cng khng cn phi bt cht m ch cn da vo mt nh v ca g, chi tit c kp cht nh lc chut. Phn nh tm v dn hng do b phn dn hng ca dao chut m nhim. Kt cu ca g chut thng n gin, ch bao gm mt s chi tit dng bc, dng bch lm c cu nh v phi. Khi chut rnh xon c phi c b phn phn to chuyn ng phi hp (chuyn ng xon). 7-6. Tiu chun ho v vn nng ho cc trang b cng ngh. 7-6-1. Vai tr v ngha ca vic tiu chun ho v vn nng ho cc trang b cng ngh: - p ng yu cu s dng. Do nhu cu cc ngnh cng nghip ni chung v ch to my ni ring, i hi sn phm phi lun c ci tin sao cho ph hp vi yu cu s dng. Trong iu kin nu dng cc g chuyn dng ch to cc sn phm l khng c li, phi thit k v ch to trng b mi, do qu trnh chun b sn xut ko di v khi ch to xong khng p ng y cc yu cu s dng. - gim chi ph v nng cao nng sut lao ng: bin php thc hin tt nht l tiu chun ho cc chi tit v cc cm ca g. Do s gim bt khi lng cng vic thit k, gim bt s loi chi tit v tng s lng chi tit cng mt loi, cng mt c kch thc. - Gim gi thnh ch to: Chi tit c tiu chun ho c th ch to thnh lot ln hay ch to tp trung, gim c gi thnh ch to. Cc chi tit v cm tiu chun sau khi s dng trn g c th tho, ct v khi cn li s dng chng lp thnh cc g mi.

107

Mc s dng cc chi tit tiu chun khi tit k g chuyn dng c th ln ti 70%. 7-6-2. Phng hng v ni dung tiu chun ho cc trang b cng ngh. a. Phng hng. Hin nay tiu chun ho cc trang b cng ngh da vo cc phng hng c bn sau y : - T hp ho: xy dng cc kt cu trang b tho lp c gm cc chi tit, b phn lp ln c tiu chun ho (TCH). Khi cc g c th khng dng na th tho chng ra bo qun v s lp cc b phn li thnh g mi cho cc t tip. - Vn nng ho: xy dng cc kt cu trang b c th dng gia cng cc chi tit khc nhau m khng cn chun b trc khi gia cng hoc bng cch b sung thm cc b phn thay i khng phc tp. - Chuyn dng ho: xy dng cc kt cu tang b chuyn dng c th dng gia cng cc chi tit cng mt loi xc nh no . H thng cc trang b cng ngh TCH da trn s phn loi cc chi tit v cc b phn ca nhng chi tit gia cng c bn v in hnh ho cng ngh ch to chng. b. Ni dung. Ni dung ca vic TCH trang b hin nay bao gm cc ni dung sau : - Xc lp c s l thuyt t hp ho, thng nht ho v tiu chun ho cc b phn trang b cng ngh. - Tm nhng phng php v bin php hp l hn nhm m bo cht lng, tin cy v bn cao ca cc b phn trang b cng ngh. - T chc sn xut cc trang b v t chc s dng cc nh my. - Th nghim cc trang b tiu chun. - o to v bi dng i ng cn b tiu chun ho trang b cng ngh. 7-6-3. Cc giai on tiu chun ho trang b cng ngh. tiu chun ho trang b cng ngh trc ht l phi xc lp cc cm in hnh ca cc trang b chuyn dng. V d cc cm nh v, kp cht, dn hng, phn ...Trong cc s nh v in hnh ca nhm chi tit gia cng, phm vi kch thc ca chng l nhng ti liu ban u c bn nht. Vic ny lin quan cht ch vi vn phn loi chi tit gia cng. Vic phn tch cc nguyn cng in hnh c th cho ta thy r s trng lp v s nh v chi tit gia cng trong g. Khi xc lp cc cm in hnh, khng ch nhn vo hnh dng hnh hc ca chng ging nhau nh trong phn loi chi tit, m cn xem chng c nhng mt lm chun ging nhau hay khng kt hp chng li vi nhau. Cc giai on tiu chun ho g : - Giai on 1: Tiu chun ho cc yu t kt cu v kch thc. i tng ca tiu chun ho l cc dy kch thc ca cc b phn, cm g, xc nh khun kh (kch thc gii hn) cc yu t v kt cu (ren, then, then hoa..), xc nh ch lp ghp v dung sai cc chi tit c s.

108

- Giai on 2: Tiu chun ho cc chi tit ca g chuyn dng nh cc chi tit nh v, kp cht, thn g, c kim tra v tr ca dng c, cc chi tit ca dng c ph v c phi liu ca chng (c, rn...). - Giai on 3: M rng vic tu chun ho cc cm c chc nng khc nhau nh: cm c cu sinh lc lp cht (xy lanh kh nn, xy lanh mng, xy lanh thu lc, c cu thanh rng- bnh rng...), cc c cu ph (phn , bn quay, thanh y) v cc c cu khc. 7-6-4. Cc phng hng c bn vn nng ho v xc lp cc g in hnh. Trong sn xut hng lot s dng cc g vn nng bin i rt c hiu qu, v chng c th t hp nhiu ln cc b phn tiu chun mt cch nhanh chng dng cho cc nguyn cng khc nhau. iu cho php ta c th s dng cc phng php gia cng c nng sut cao vo dng sn xut hng lot v rt ngn thi gian chun b cc trang b cng ngh. C hai loi g vn nng bin i l : (1). g vn nng lp ghp. (2). g vn nng iu chnh. 7-7.Phn tch tnh kinh t khi thit k g . Trong qu trnh thit k g hoc cc trang b cng ngh khc cn xc nh hiu qu kinh t nu s dng chng trong qu trnh sn xut v chi ph ch to chng. C nhiu yu t nh hng n vic thit k g nh: k hoch sn xut, cht lng sn phm, phng n cng ngh, tin thc hin... Hin nay vic phn tch tnh kinh t khi s dng g c nhiu phng php khc nhau, y ta ch nu mt phng php, l so snh hiu qu kinh t khi s dng g v khng s dng g . 7-7-1.Xc nh hiu qu kinh t do trang b cng ngh ( g) mang li. Hiu qu kinh t khi s dng g c xc nh bng gi tr tit kim c trong mt n v thi gian (ng /nm): P=E1-E2 Trong : E1-chi ph sn xut nu khng dng g. E2- chi ph sn xut nu dng g. Trong trng hp khng k n chi ph c nh (vt liu, gia cng, chi ph phn xng...) th chi ph sn xut s l: E1=L1+G1 Vi L1 chi ph v lng v G1 l chi ph v cng ngh (khu hao thit b ..) E2=L2+G2+Kdg Vi Kdg-chi ph v g. + Chi ph v lng : L1=n ttc1l1 Trong : n-sn lng chi tit gia cng nm (chic/ nm). ttc- thi gian gia cng tng chic (chic /pht). l1- tin lng (ng/pht), tu theo bc th ca cng nhn. L2=nttc2l2+ ztcbktl2

109

Trong : z- s loi chi tit gia cng (lot/nm). tcbkt- thi gian chun b v kt thc nguyn cng cho mt lot chi tit gia cng (pht/lot), l thi gian lp, iu chnh v tho g. + Chi ph v cng ngh: c xc nh theo t l phn % ca chi ph v lng L1 v L2: G1=P1L1 v G2=P2L2 Vi P1 v P2 tnh theo %. + Chi ph g : bao gm chi ph thit k , ch to v bo dng, sa cha: Kdg=Ktk+Kct+Ksc Gi tr tit kim c hng nm nu s dng g l: P=E1-E2 P=L1+G1-(L2+G2+Kdg) Ta thy rng chi ph sn xut l mt i lng ph thuc vo gi tr n (s lng chi tit gia cng), ngha l Ei=f(n). Khi s dng g cn ch sn lng gii hn nG. Gi tr nG ng vi trng hp gi tr tit kim hng nm P=0, Ei E1 ngha l E1=E2. Sn lng gii hn nG s l :
nG = t tc1 l1 (1 + P1 ) t tc 2 l 2 (1 + P2 ) z t cbkt (1 + P2 ) + K dg E1=E2 B M E2

T th hnh 7-5, ta c :

B = z t cbkt (1 + P2 ) + K dg

nG

Ti im M ta c E1=E2, ngha l E=0. Hnh 7-5:Quan h gia chi T ta c th kt lun: ph sn xut v sn lng (1).Nu n<nG, khng nn dng g v nu s dng th s chu ph tn cao. (2). Nu n>nG, nn dng g v nu s dng g th chi ph sn xut s t hn, hoc t nht cng c li v mt rt ngn thi gian gia cng, a nng sut ln cao hn. 7-7-2.Xc nh chi ph thit k v ch to trang b cng ngh. Chi ph thit k v ch to g c xc nh theo khi lng lao ng thit k v ch to g thc t. Khi thit k cn tham kho cc thng s: mc phc tp, tng s cc chi tit, kch thc tng th, kiu loi thn g, kiu loi c cu kp cht, s lng cc chi tit ch to tr s lng chi tit tiu chun c th mua ngoi. Chi ph ton b cho mt g bao gm:
K dg = K tk + K ct + K vl

- Chi ph thit k : Chi ph thit k bao gm cc thnh phn sau :

K tk = K T 0 + K I + K kt

Vi KT0-chi ph pht tho v xy dng kt cu g. KI- chi ph can in bn v g .

110

Kkt- chi ph kim tra bn v g. - Chi ph ch to g . Chi ph ch to g (gia cng v lp rp) c xc nh trn c s thi gian gia cng v lp rp g. Thi gian ch to g c xc nh theo mc phc tp v kt cu ca g c th.

111

Chng 8 8-1. Khi nim chung

G KIM TRA

- g kim tra dng nh gi chnh xc hoc cht lng b mt ca phi, chi tit hoc sn phm trong qu trnh gia cng v khi thu nhn sn phm. - chnh xc kim tra (sai s o) l hiu s gia ch s ca dng c o v gi tr thc t ca i lng o. - Theo s lng thng k th sai s o nm trong khong 10- 20% dung sai ca i tng cn o. Sai s o tng cng bao gm cc thnh phn sau y: + Sai s chun v sai s kp cht khi o. + Sai s iu chnh g. + Sai s do g b mi mn + Sai s do nhit thay i khi o. Khi thit k g kim tra phi ch ti nhng nguyn nhn gy ra sai s o trn y v c gng ti mc cao nht gim hoc loi tr nh hng ca cc nguyn nhn . - Nng sut o cng nh hng rt ln n g kim tra. i vi nhng trng hp cn kim tra 100% chi tit trong sn xut dy chuyn, th thi gian kim tra mt chi tit khng c ln hn nhp sn xut. Cn i vi nhng trng hp ch cn kim tra mt s phn trm chi tit nht nh th nng sut ca g kim tra c th gim v nh vy ta c th s dng nhng g n gin hn. - kim tra cc chi tit nh v va, ngi ta dng g c mh, cn i vi nhng chi tit ln phi dng g di ng ( g ny c g trn chi tit). - nng cao nng sut kim tra, ngi ta thit k nhng g cho php g t mt ln c th xc nh c nhiu thng s hoc dng nhng thit b t ng, bn t ng. Nhng phng php tin nht l phng php kim tra tch cc (kim tra chi tit ngay trong qu trnh gia cng). Phng php ny gim c gi thnh sn phm do hn ch c ph phm v khng cn c nguyn cng ring bit . 8-2. Thnh phn ca g kim tra. Kt cu ca g kim tra bao gm : - C cu nh v. - C cu kp cht. - C cu o. - Cc chi tit ph. - Thn g. 8-2-1. C cu nh v C cu nh v l nhng chi tit dng nh v i tng kim tra. l nhng cht t, phin t, khi V, trc g... - Cc chi tit (c cu) nh v :

112

+ Cht t chm cu dng nh v mt th, cn cht t u phng dng nh v mt tinh. + Dng khi V: chng 1, ta thy nh v mt ngoi ngi ta dng khi V. Trong trng hp chi tit v khi V ch tip xc theo ng, cho nn khi V chng mn v s gim chnh xc nu ta dng khi V nh v chi tit khi kim tra. khc phc nhc im , ngi ta dng khi V vi cc con ln (hnh 8-1a) v khi V c cc trc iu chnh (hnh 8-1b). Sai s o (sai s kim tra), khi dng khi V nh v chi tit c tinh theo cng thc:
sin = D D + 1 2 sin

Trong : D-Dung sai ng knh chi tit; - Gc g u o. Ta thy sai s o nh nht khi =0, ngha l t s
sin = 1. sin 2

b a ) ) Hnh 8-1:Khi V vi cc con ln (a) ; Khi V vi cc trc iu chnh (b)

Trong thc t khi V c gc = 90 l thng dng nht, nn c th ly bng 450 (hnh 8-2a). Dng khi V c th xc nh c sai s hnh dng ca chi tit, chng hn X=a-b l van khi ta quay chi tit mt vng trn khi V c gc = 900 (hnh 8-2b). cn ca chi tit c =900 =900 xc nh bng hiu s gia hai ch s ca dng c o trn hai tit din ngang ca chi tit. b a + Dng trc g hoc hai ) ) Hnh 8-2 Kim tra chi tit trn khi V mi tm : o hng knh ca chi a-Cch g u o; b-Kim tra van tit c xc nh bng hai phng php : nh v chi tit trn trc g (chi tit c l) hoc chng hai u (chi tit dng trc). Khi chi tit nh v trn trc g, trnh khe h gia l v trc g ngi ta lm trc g c cn (1/1.00010.000) hoc dng trc g n hi. Trn hnh 8-3 tnh sai s g t khi chi tit c nh v trn trc g theo hai l c lch tm. Theo s hnh 8-3 tm trc g lch mt gc so vi tm l:
0

e + e1 + e 2 L

113

b a

Trong : e- lch tm ca hai l tm (mm); L- khong cch gia hai mt u ca hai l (mm); Cc gi tr e1 v e2 c xc inh nh sau :
e1 = dA d 2 , d d, e2 = A 2
L

(1) (2)

' y dA, d A , d, d- ng knh cc l v cc c trc g (mm).

e2 dA

dA

e
d

e1

Hnh 8-3: S tnh sai s g t khi nh v theo hai l Nu lch tm c o khong cch L (t mt u ca chi tit) th sai s g t ca trc g tit din ny c xc nh nh sau :
= Ltg + e1

+ Ngoi nhng chi tit nh v trn y, trong thc t nhiu lc phi s dng kt hp cc hnh thc nh v (phin t, cht t...). Khi thit k g kim tra nn ch chn chun o lng trng vi chun gia cng loi tr nh hng ca sai s khng trng chun. 8-2-2. C cu kp cht C cu kp cht gi cho chi tit khng b x dch trong qu trnh kim tra. C cu kp cht trong g kim tra hon ton khc vi c cu kp cht trong g gia cng. g kim tra lc kp cht phi rt nh v n nh khng gy bin dng chi tit. g kim tra thng dng c cu kp cht bng tay nh : n by, l xo, ren vt, bnh lch tm v c cu kp cht bng kh nn . Nu lc kp khng n nh th sai s o khng c nh v sai s o khng tnh c khi iu chnh my. Ch : Tu theo yu cu c th ca qu trnh o m c th c hoc khng c c cu kp cht. 8-2-3. C cu o. C cu o c hai loi : - Loi c cu o gii hn (c cp, ca lp, dng...), - Loi c cu o ch th (ng h so, thanh chia vch...). Sn phm kim tra (chi tit kim tra) c nh gi theo ba ch tiu: - t yu cu. - Ph phm theo gii hn di ca dung sai.

114

- Ph phm theo gii hn trn ca dung sai. V d: Hnh 8-4, mt v d kim tra cc kch thc H1, H2, H3 theo phng php gii hn.
A H1 H2 B

H3

a)

b)

Hnh 8-4: S o gii hn iu chnh Trong trng hp u o lp c nh, c cu kim tra s di chuyn trn c cu nh v ca g. Cn nu chi tit c nh th u o s di ng. S ny dng kim tra cc chi tit m dung sai kim tra ln ( chnh xc cp 9, 10). Cn i vi nhng chi tit c chnh xc 0,2mm i khi ngi ta dng phng php kim tra bc thang theo hnh 8-4b. Theo phng php ny chi tit t yu cu nu nh u trn ca cht nm gia bc A v B. Trong thc t ngi ta cn dng phng php o kiu cm bin in. Nu kch thc D nm trong phm vi dung sai th cc n 1 v 2 khng sng. Nu D nh so vi gii hn di th n 1 sng, nu D ln hn gii hn trn th n 2 sng. n 3 ch sng khi cc cng tc n 1 v 2 khng tip xc, ngha l khi D nm trong phm vi dung sai. Nh vy trong mi trng hp ch mt n sng. Phng php ny rt thun tin v nng cao nng sut lao ng. Ngoi nhng kiu u o trn y, ngi ta cn dng rng ri u o kh nn. Phng php o bng 2 3-5 3 kh nn l phng php o V c chnh xc v nng sut cao. Dng kh nn c th 1 D kim tra c cc dng sai s kch thc, sai s hnh dng v v tr tng quan. 8-2-4. C cu ph. C cu ph ca g kim tra c nhiu chc nng khc nhau. - g kim tra o hng knh v hng trc ngi ta dng c cu quay.
Hnh 8-5 :s o bng b cm bin in

115

- Cn trong g kim tra phng th dng c cu trt. Hnh 8-6 l mt s v d c cu ph thng dng .

a )

b )

c ) Hnh 8-6: c cu ph

d )

Trn hnh 8-6a, dng c o c th t ni thun tin trnh b va chm gy hng hc. Trn hnh 8-6b l trng hp cn thay i chiu dch chuyn thng v t s truyn ca thng s kim tra. Cn trn hnh 8-6c l c cu ta trn l xo l c chiu dy 0,20,3mm, loi c cu ny khng b mn trong qu trnh lm vic cho nn khng cn iu chnh. Nu c cu o khng thun tin cho qu trnh g v tho chi tit ngi ta dng s nh hnh 8-6d. 8-2-5. Thn g. Thn g l chi tit c s c ch to bng gang xm GX12-28 hoc GX15- 32. i vi cc g kim tra chnh xc, v g thng lm bng gang c bn cao, chng cong vnh nh GX24-44, GX28-48. 8-2-6. Mt s v d g kim tra. 3 2 1

6 4 5

Hnh 8-7 g kim tra ng tm hai l

116

V d 1:Hnh 8-7: g kim tra ng tm hai l ( g kim tra th ng). Chi tit cn kim tra 1 c nh v trn trc g 2. Khi kim tra ngi ta dng tay quay chi tit i mt vng. Nu c lch tm, u o 3 dch chuyn lm cho tay n 4 quay. Lc cht 5 dch chuyn tc ng ln kim ng h 6. Nh vy khong m ca kim ng h s ch hai ln lch tm. V d 2: Hnh 8-8: g kim tra nhiu thng s ca piston cng mt lc. ng h 1 kim tra khong cch t tm l c ti mt u ca ca piston. ng h 2 kim tra vung gc gia ng tm l c v ng tm piston. ng h 3 kim tra giao nhau ca ng tm l c v ng tm ca piston. Ch s o ca ng h 2 v 3 bng hai ln ch s cn o.

1
A

A-A

2
A

Hnh 8-8 : g kim tra nhiu thng s cng lc ca piston

V d 4: g kim tra bng khi nn, s nguyn l lm vic nh hnh 8-9

1 2 3 (d1) h 4

1-ng dn kh. 2-ng n p. 3-u phun vo (d1). 4-Bung o. 5-Ap k ch th. 6-u o (d2). 7-Chi tit kim tra. 8-Thng n p.

H1

5 6(d2) 7

Hnh 8-9 : g kim tra bng kh nn. Kh nn c p sut H1 t ngun theo ng dn 1 vo ng n p 2. ng 2 c ngm vo trong thng n p 8 vi chiu su H (t ming ng n mt thong bnh). Chiu su H tu thuc vo yu cu ca p lm vic c th ly: 500mm (nu H=0,01kG/cm2) v 1000mm (nu H=0,1kG/cm2). Lng p sut d c x ra ming ng thot ra mt thong thng di dng bt kh lm nc trong thng si ln. Nh hin tng tha x ny p sut H c duy tr n nh trong ng 2. Kh nn c p sut H i qua u phun 3 vi ng knh d1 vo bung o 4 v ra u o vi ng knh d2 thot ra ngoi.

117

Tu thuc vo s thay i ca d2 hoc z, p o trong bung o 4 thay i. T bung o nhnh ch th c ni vi thng n p to thnh mt p k ch U cn. Khi h thay i, n s y ct nc tt xung vi cao tng ng. Chiu cao t mt thong trong thng n p n mt thong nhnh ch th l p o (h) trong bung o. Qua p o h, ta c th xc nh c kch thc ca vt o.
1 2

1-ng dn vo. 2-ng n p. 3-u phun vo. 4-Bung o. 5-Ap k ch th. 6-u phun o. 7-u o. 8-Chi tit. 9-B ch th. 10-Bnh n p.

H1

3 (d1) h

5 h 0 H 6(d2 ) 7 8 z

10

Hnh 8-10 : g o dng p k nc kiu ch U lch. K hiu: H- p lm vic, H=P1-Pa; h- p o, h=P2-Pa Trong : Pa- p sut kh tri; H1-p vo ly t ngun (H1>H, thng ly H= 1,1 H1), - Thit b o n gin, d ch to, c th d dng thay i t s truyn nh thay i d1, d2 hoc H, thit b gn nh, r tin, thun li khi s dng. - Nhc im: kh t chnh xc cao do b nh hng ca cc yu t : xung dao ng do hin tng si s lm ch th km n nh, lm nc bay hi, gy ra s tri im 0. khc phc cc nhc im trn, ngi ta dng h o p k ch U lch (hnh 8-11) p sut H, c n nh bng bnh n p nc 10, c a vo bnh 4 v qua u phun 6 thot ra ngoi. Ap k ch th 5, tch khi h n p, dng ch s thay i p sut h trong bung o 4 so vi p sut lm vic H tc dng ln bnh mc. Khi d2=0 hoc z=0, th h=H, ct nc trong nhnh ch th tt xung ngang mt thong ca bnh mc. Khi d2 hoc z tng, h<H, ct nc tng ln trong ng ch th. C cu o dng p k nc c u im l hin tng si t nh hng n ch th, im 0 t b tri v nc trong bnh mc t b bc hi, c th dng cht mu lm cht ch th nn d c, chnh xc t c cao hn loi ch U cn. g o p k nc thng dng trong trng hp p sut s dng H thp (< 0,1kG/cm2). Cc loi mc n gin nh trnh by trn, c nhc im l s dao ng ca p sut s dng H c nh hng n kt qu o.

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118

Chng 9 9-1. Khi nim.

G LP RP

- g lp rp l nhng g dng xc nh v tr v kp cht chi tit (hoc sn phm) trong qu trnh lp rp. - Ngi ta chia g lp rp lm hai loi: g lp rp vn nng v g lp rp chuyn dng. 9-1-1. g lp rp vn nng . - Loi g ny thng dng trong sn xut n chic v hng lot nh. No gm: cc bn lp rp, khi V, ke g, cc loi kch v cc loi chi tit v c cu ph khc nh (tm lt, chm, m kp, ren vt...). - Bn lp rp dng nh v, hiu chnh v kp cht chi tit, b phn, c cu lp rp v c ch to bng gang, trn n c nhng rnh ch T g i tng lp. Bn lp rp c t trn b cch mt t t 100200mm v phi c iu chnh chnh xc theo phng nm ngang. - Khi V v ke g c dng nh v v kp cht c cu hoc cc chi tit c s khi lp rp. Trn b mt nh v ca khi V v ke g ngi ta gia cng cc l thng sut cho cc bu lng kp cht. - Cc loi kch c dng v nng cc vt nng hoc cng knh. 9-1-2. g lp rp chuyn dng. g lp rp chuyn dng c s dng rng ri trong dng sn xut lot ln v hng khi thc hin vic lp rp nhng nguyn cng xc nh. Da vo chc nng s dng, ngi ta chia g lp rp chuyn dng ra lm hai loi . a g dng kp cht chi tit c s hoc b phn ca sn phm khi lp. Chi tit c s (hoc b phn) khng b x dch di tc dng ca nhng lc sinh ra trong qu trnh lp rp. S dng loi g ny cho php nng cao nng sut lao ng khi lp rp. Cn ch rng loi g thuc nhm ny c dng ch yu c nh v tr ca chi tit ch khng phi dng nh v chnh xc chi tit. V d: Cc kiu g chuyn dng kp cht chi tit c s. - Hnh 9-1 l g mt v tr dng kp cht v hp gim tc cu sau t. - Hnh 9-2 l kiu g dng kp cht chi tit c Hnh 9-1: g lp rp chuyn dng mt v tr s nhiu v tr . Cng ging nh g gia cng nhiu v tr, tt c cc chi tit trn g ny phi c kp cht mt cch u n. g lp rp nhiu v tr c hai loi : + g c nh.

119

+ g di ng. g c nh c t ti b lp, cn g di ng c t trn bng truyn. Khi lp rp cc chi tit nh v nh ngi ta a g di ng ra khi bng truyn thc hin nguyn cng, sau li t g ny ln bng truyn di chuyn n v tr Hnh 9-2: g lp rp chuyn dng nhiu v tr khc. b) g dng g t chnh xc cc i tng lp rp. Khi s dng loi g ny, ngi cng nhn khng phi mt thi gian xc nh v tr chnh xc ca i tng lp rp, bi v chng c nh v trn g s bc t do cn thit. Cc loi g ny thng dng hn, dn, nong, p, lp cht, cc kiu lp ren... y l loi g cn thit t ng ho trong qu trnh lp rp.

Hnh 9-3 : g lp rp trc khuu

Hnh 9-3 l loi g lp rp trc khuu. y ng tm ca hai c chnh ca trc khuu c m bo l do chi tit c nh v trn hai khi V ( c iu chnh chnh xc). 9- 2. Thnh phn ca g lp rp. g lp rp gm cc thnh phn sau : - Cc chi tit (c cu) nh v. - Cc chi tit (c cu) kp cht. - C cu ph. - Thn g. 9-2-1.Chi tit (c cu) nh v.

120

Cc chi tit nh v g lp rp cng lm chc nng nh g gia cng v g kim tra. Trong nhng trng hp chi tit c s cn kp cht th trn b mt nh v ngi ta bc mt lp cao su trnh xy xc. 9-2-2. Chi tit (c cu) kp cht. C cu kp cht trong g lp rp cng tng t nh trong g gia cng. Yu cu c cu kp cht l khng gy bin dng v khng lm hng b mt ca i tng lp rp. lm gim thi gian kp cht ngi ta thng dng c cu kp cht bng kh nn, lm cho g bt cng knh. Mt iu cn lu l khng c kp cht chi tit trn bn t, bi v nh vy i tng lp rp s b nhim t. i vi nhng trng hp lc kp nh, tt nht l kp cht bng chn khng. Khi thit k c cu kp cht phi da vo lc kp cn thit. Phng php xc nh lc kp cng tng t nh i vi g gia cng, ngha l phi gii bi ton v lc v m men. Cn nh rng h s an ton khi tnh lc kp c khc so vi khi tnh K i vi g gia cng. i vi g lp rp, h s an ton K c tnh bng: K=K0K4K5K6 . (K1,K2,K3) khng tnh. Trong : K0 - h s an ton cho tt c cc trng hp; K4- h s tnh n s n nh ca lc kp (kp bng tay K4=1,3; kp bng c kh v t ng K4=1); K5-h s tnh n mc thun li khi kp cht trong g kp bng tay (kp thun li K5=1, kp khng thun li K5=1.2); K6- h s tnh mmen lm xoay chi tit (nu din tch gia i tng b mt lp rp v nh v nh, th K6=1;cn nu din tch tip xc ln, th K6=1,5). Trong trng hp din tch tip xc ln th nhp nh i tng lp rp s to nn nhng v tr tip xc thc mt cch ngu nhin i vi tm quay ca i tng lp rp. 9-2-3. C cu ph. C cu ph l nhng c cu quay, c cu phn , cc cht nh v, cc cn y v cc c cu khc. Cng dng v kt cu ca c cu ph g lp rp cng tng t nh g gia cng. Cn ch rng i vi cc c cu quay quanh trc nm ngang, v tr ti u ca trc quay phi i qua trng tm ca phn quay v i tng lp trn . 9-3. c im thit k g lp rp chuyn dng. 9-3-1. Ti liu ban u thit k g lp rp : - Bn v lp b phn hoc sn phm. - iu kin k thut ca cc i tng lp. - Quy trnh cng ngh lp rp (trnh t nguyn cng, s nh v, thit b dng c, ch lp rp). - Sn lng hng nm. 9-3-2.Trnh t thit k

121

-Xc nh s g t, sau xc nh loi kch thc, s lng v v tr tng quan ca c cu nh v. -Xc nh im t, tr s ca lc kp v chn c cu kp . -Xc nh cc c cu dn hng, c cu ph v v g. 9-3-3. chnh xc lp rp . chnh xc lp rp ph thuc vo phng php lp rp, ch lp rp (cht hay lng), chnh xc chi tit, phng php nh v khi lp rp v chnh xc ca g. a ) b )

Hnh 9-4:S xc nh chnh xc lp rp. a-nh tm bng cht tr, b- nh tm bng cht cn chnh xc lp rp cao nht c th t c khi cc chi tit c lp rp vi nhau khng c khe h. Trong trng hp ny g khng nh hng n chnh xc nh tm ca chi tit, hnh 9-4a.

X 1 a 2 b l1 a ) rp.

l2

b ) Hnh 9-5: chui kch thc lp

a-chun lp rp trng vi chun o. b-chun lp rp khng trng vi chun o. Trong trng hp lp rp c nh, lng dch chuyn hng knh ln nht ca cc chi tit bng khe h hng knh ln nht. Khi , nu dng c cu dn hng hnh cn c th gim c lng dch chuyn ti tr s nh nht, hnh 94b

122

Khi lp rp khng c chi tit nh tm, cn ch sao cho chun lp rp trng vi chun o lng (hnh 9-5a). y cc chi tit lp 1 v 2 c mt chun lp rp l mt phng ng t vo cc mt ca chi tit a. Trong trng hp trng chun nh vy, chnh xc lp rp l cao nht. Kch thc lp rp X ch thay i khi cc chi tit g b mn. Hnh 9-5b l trng hp chun lp rp khng trng vi chun o lng. Lc ny kch thc X c sai s v sai s ph thuc vo cc kch thc l1 v l2. Khi lp rp cc b phn (sn phm) c s lng chi tit ln, chnh xc ca kch thc lp rp c xc nh trn c s gii chui kch thc. + Khi dng phng php i ln chc nng hon ton. Trong trng hp gii chui kch thc theo phng php i chc nng hon ton). Dung sai ca cc kch thc X c xc nh nh sau (hnh 9-6a) :
x = + i
i =1 n

(9-1)

Trong :- Dung sai ca kch thc g L.

i =1

-Tng dung sai cc kch thc l1,l2...ln (ca cc chi tit lp rp).
= x i
i =1 n

T cng thc (9-1), ta c th xc nh dung sai ca kch thc g. (9-2)

+ Khi gii chui kch thc theo phng php i ln chc nng khng hon ton, dung sai x c xc nh nh sau : 2 x = t 1 1 + 2 2 + n 2 + 2 (9-3) 2 n Trong : t-h s xc nh % ph phm theo kch thc X, thng ly t=3.
L l1 x Ldc A B l2 l3 l4 l5 L

LA

LB

b a ) ) Hnh 9-6: s tnh chui kch thc ca g lp rp. a-Gii chui kch thc bng phng php cc i b-Gii chui kch thc khi hn hai chi tit A v B S ph thuc ca % ph phm vo h s t nh sau : H s t % ph phm 1 32 2 4,5 3 0,27

123

1,2...n- h s ph thuc vo hnh dng ng cong phn b kch thc ca cc chi tit lp rp. Trong trng hp ng cong chun = , ng cong xc xut u v khng xc nh = ; ng cong hnh tam gic =
1 2 2 2 2 x 2 1 1 2 . 2 ... n n xt

1 9

1 3

1 . 6

T cng thc 9-3 ta c th xc nh dung sai ca kch thc g lp rp:

=

(9-4)

Kt qu tnh ton cho thy rng, dung sai kch thc g tng ln rt ln khi h s t gim rt nh . Hnh 9-5b l g hn hai chi tit A v B. Ch hn c th hin bng nt m. Khi hn g b nung nng, v vy tnh n gin n ca g ngi ta phi tnh khe h khi g chi tit trong g. Trong trng hp khng c hoc qu nh chi tit s b bin dng. Gi tr (hnh 9-6b) c xc nh theo cng thc sau : (9-5) = t[(L A A + L B B ) L ] 0 Trong : t- nhit ( c). LA, LB-kch thc chi tit. -h s tng nhit ca g. L-kch thc g (mm). A,B- h s tng nhit ca cc chi tit. Nu (L A A + L B B ) < L , th khe h tng . i vi cc chi tit c hnh dng phc tp th c xc nh bng phng php thc nghim. + Dung sai kch thc L0 (k hiu 0 c xc nh theo phng php i ln chc nng hon ton): 0 = A + B + + (9-6) T ta suy ra dung sai kch thc L c xc nh nh sau : (9-7) = 0 A B + Theo phng php i ln chc nng khng hon ton ta c th xc nh 0 t cng thc (9-3) : 0 = t 1 2 + 2 2 + + (9-8) A B T :
=
2 1 (1 ) 1 2 2 2 A B 2 t

(9-9)

Nu b phn lp rp c n chi tit, th cng thc 9-9 c dng sau :

=
2 1 (1 ) 1 2 2 2 n 2 A B n 2 t

(9-10)

Khi =1=3= n=

1 (quy lut phn b u) v t=3 ta c : 9

124

(9-11) nng cao chnh xc lp rp bng phng php hn, dn th cc chi tit cn c vu, g hoc rnh nh hng. - Chn vt liu cho g lp rp : Chn vt liu cho g lp rp c mt ngha quan trng i vi bn v chnh xc ca g. H s dn n ca vt liu i tng lp rp (chi tit) phi nh hn h s ca vt liu g. Trong trng hp ny ta c th gim khe h do nhit gia g v sn phm (i tng lp rp), v c th t c chnh xc lp rp cao hn (trong nhiu trng hp c th t 0,025 0,05mm) Vt liu lm g phi chu c nhit , phi c bn cao v chng mn cao. Kt cu ca g phi n gin, thun tin cho vic kim tra chnh xc ca chng v khi cn kim tra ta c th dng phng php kim tra trc tip. 9-4. g thay i v tr i tng lp. i vi cc chi tit c s nng v ln, khi lp rp cn thay i v tr ngi ta c th dng c cu quay. Hnh 9-7a l loi g dng lp rp cc chi tit hnh tr. i tng lp 3 c th quay nh nhng trn khi V gm hai con ln 2. Hnh 9-7b l g lt i tng lp. i tng lp 3 c di ng bng cc con ln ti b phn lt 4 (mng cha), sau khi nm trong mng cha 4 ngi ta quay mng cha 4 quanh cht 5 na vng (1800), nh vy i tng lp 3 thay i vi tr v c chuyn ti cc con ln khc. Mng cha 4 c c nh bng cht 5. Qu trnh quay i tng lp c th thc hin bng tay hoc c kh. 4 5 3 2 1 a ) rp. a- g lp chi tit tr, b- g lt. 1- Thn g ; 2- Con ln ; 3- i tng lp; 4- B phn lt; 5,6- Ga . - - -%%%%% - - b ) Hnh 9-6 : g thay i i tng lp 6
o

( 0 )2 12 22 n2

125

Chng 10

DNG C PH

10-1. Khi nim chung. Tt c nhng c cu dng g t dao khi gia cng u gi l dng c ph (nh g dao trn my tin, cc loi trc g dao, mang ranh, u rvon ve...). - Phn ln dng c ph (hay gi l g dao) c tiu chun ho. Nhng trong thc t, nhiu khi cn nhng g dao chuyn dng. V d, khi thc hin nhiu bc gia cng trn my khoan, ngi ta s dng g khoan chuyn dng thay th dao m khng cn dng my. - Tc dng ca dng c ph : + nng cao nng sut lao ng, ngi ta thng dng cc loi u dao nhiu trc (mi khoan, dao phay, dao tin ren) lp trn cc my khoan vn nng mt trc chnh, trn cc my phay, cng nh lp nhiu dao tin trn g dao ca my tin vn nng gia cng ng thi nhiu b mt. + m rng kh nng cng ngh ca my: g tin rnh, ct ren trn my khoan ng, g xc rnh then trn my bo ngang, g tin mt cu trn my tin, u dao quay trn my phay...cc loai g cho php thc hin nhng nguyn cng m nhng g bnh thng khng th thc hin c. Nh vy, dng g dao cho php thay nhng my chuyn dng t tin bng nhng my vn nng r tin hn. + Trong cng ngh ch to my hng nng, nhng loi g dao cho php thc hin mt khi lng cng vic rt ln khi phng php gia cng c tin hnh theo nguyn tc tp trung nguyn cng. S ln g t chi tit v chu k sn xut gim i rt nhiu. Sau y ta tm hiu mt s dng c ph thng dng . 10-2. Dng c ph dng trn my khoan g kp dao trn my khoan c nhiu loi: kp bng mang ranh, kp bng ng chui cn, kp bng cc c cu chuyn dng khc . 10-2-1.C cu thay dao nhanh. C cu thay dao nhanh dng thay dng c ct (mi khoan, mi khot, dao doa) m khng cn dng my (hnh 10-1). Hnh 10-1a trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca c cu ny nh sau: chuyn ng quay c chuyn t trc chnh ca my qua ng chui cn 1, bi 2, ti dng c ct (mi khoan, mi khot, dao doa) lp trong bc 3 (bc 3 c phn lm cha bi 2). tin hnh thay th dng c , ngi cng nhn dng tay tri nng bc 4 ln, di tc dng ca lc li tm, bi 2 ri vo phn rnh cha bi 5, dng c c tho lng v ngi cng nhn dng tay phi rt ra (cng bc 3).

126

Sau khi g dng c mi vo, bc 4 c h xung v bi 2 li ri vo phn lm ca bc 3, chuyn ng ca dng c tr li bnh thng. Loi c cu thay dao nhanh ny c th an ton vi s vng quay ca trc chnh trong khong 250300 vng/pht.
A-A

2 1 4 2
K
B B

3
A A

Hng K c

c 5 3 2 1

a d b

a b c ) ) BHnh 10-1 :C cu thay dao nhanh trn my khoan. B a- C bi trt; b- C cht trt. 1. Cht cn; 2-bi; 3- bc lt; 4- o g ( bc );5- rnh cha bi Hnh 10-b: Mt kt cu khc ca c cu thay dao nhanh. thay i dng c 1 cn phi ni nh bc 2, lc ny khe h gia c chn a v mt nghing bn trong b ca bc tng ln v dng c c ri xung . Khi g dng c nh mt nghing d v l xo 3. 10-2-2. g dao tin rnh mt trong. Hnh 10-2a l mt loi g dao doa l cn trn my khoan ng. ng tr 10 c lp vo c cu thay nhanh ca my v c dn hng theo hai bc s 2 v s 5 . Hai bc 2 v 5 c lp vo thn g, m trn g c g chi tit gia cng. Trc 7 v l xo 1 c lp trong ng 10. Khi trc chnh ca my h xung, trc 7 chm vo cht t 6. Nu trc chnh ca my cng vi ng 10 tip tc h xung th ming 8 cng vi dao tin 9 s chuyn ng hng knh nh cht 3 lp cht vi trc 7. Nh vy, dao 9 s ct c mt cn v cn ng bng rnh nghing m trong cht 3 di chuyn. Khi trc chnh c nng ln,

127

l xo 1 gin ra a trc 7, ming 8 v ng 10 tr v v tr ban u. 1 1 6 10 9 8 7 6 a) 4 b) 7 c) Hnh 10-2: g doa rnh trn mi khoan. a- G tin l cn :1- l xo; 2,5- Bc ; 3- Cht;4- Chi tit gia cng; 6- Cht t; 7-Trc; 8- Ming mang dao;9- Dao; 10- ng hng. b- G tin rnh trc: 1- C hnh trnh; 2- Trc; 3-Ming mang dao; 4-Dao; 5 -Cht;6 -Bc. c- G tin rnh hp: 1-Trc dao; 2- Bc ;3- L xo; 4- ng hng; 5- Chui; 6- Phi Hnh 10-2b l g dng doa rnh tr trong l chi tit. Dao doa c lp trn ming quay 3 (ming quay 3 quay quanh cht 5). Khi trc g dao 2 h xung, u t ca ming 3 chm vo bc 6, lc dao 4 bt u ct. Chiu di ca rnh c khng ch bng c t 1. Hnh 10-2c l g dao tin rnh hp. Trc g dao 1 c lp vi trc chnh ca my, phn di ca trc g dao c lp ming g dao 7. Ming g dao c rnh nghing lp cht 5. Khi trc g dao chuyn ng xung pha di, cht 5 y ming g dao 7 chuyn ng hng knh v bt u ct rnh. Bc 2 c tc dng dn hng cho ng 4 v lm c chn khng ch chiu di rnh gia cng. L xo 3 c tc dng a ming g v v tr ban u khi nng trc g 1 ln. 10-2-3. u khoan nhiu trc. u khoan nhiu trc m bo cho mt s dng c ct lm vic ng thi (khoan, khot, doa , ta r) nhiu l trn cng mt chi tit hoc gia cng tun t cc l trn my khoan ng hoc cc my t hp. Nhng u khoan ny c th l chuyn dng v c th l vn nng. u khoan chuyn dng l u khoan ng thi gia cng mt s l b tr trn mt chi tit hoc nhiu chi tit khc nhau. Trn nhng u khoan ny dng c ct b tr trn nhng khong cch c nh v khng th thay i c. 6 2 3 4 5 5 2 3 3 4 5

1 2

128

u khoan vn nng l u khoan gia cng ng thi mt s l trn nhng chi tit khc nhau khng ph thuc vo s phn b l, v tr ca dng c ct lp trn u khoan c th thay i nh trc rt c rnh, trc bn l, hoc nh tay quay c bit. B phn c bn ca u khoan nhiu trc vn nng l hp truyn chuyn ng quay v m men xon t trc chnh ca my n u trc lm vic, l mt hp hnh chung c cha nhng trc g dao v nhng c cu chuyn chuyn ng ti chng, i khi cn c ai kp u nhiu trc vi trc chnh ca my. Trong nhng u chuyn dng khng c hp hnh chung, trc chnh lm vic mang dao trc tip ni vi trc ca hp chy dao. Hp chy dao ca bt k mt u khoan no cng gm trc ch ng vi bnh rng, trc lm vic hoc trc chnh cng bnh rng, trc cng bnh rng trung gian (khng phi dng trong mi trng hp) v thn. d gia cng, thn gm nhiu b phn lp li. Hnh 10-3a l s b tr nhiu trc mt cch n gin nht. Trc chnh ca my chuyn ng, chuyn ng ny c truyn n ui cn 1, bnh rng trung gian 2, ri ti bnh rng 3 v cc trc 4. 1 3 2 2 1

3 4 4

a b c ) ) ) Hnh 10-3: S ng ca u khoan nhiu trc . a- Khng c bnh rng trung gian ; b- C bnh rng trung gian; c-Khng c bnh rng 1. Chui cn; 2. Tay quay; 3-Gi ;4.Trc mang dng c ct; 5.Tay quay gi Mun cho cc trc dao quay theo chiu kim ng h ( thc hin qu trnh ct gt) th trc chnh ca my quay phi quay ngc. Nh vy trong xch chy dao ta phi lp thm bnh rng trung gian khi trc chnh quay ngc chiu kim ng h th u dao vn i xung (thc hin lng tin dao). Hnh 10-3b l trng hp lp thm cc bnh rng trung gian khc phc nhc im ca s hnh 10-3a. Trong trng hp ny trc chnh vn quay

129

theo chiu kim ng h. Trong c cu chy dao ta khng cn lp thm bnh rng trung gian v nh vy c th n gin c c cu chy dao ca my. Hnh 10-3c l mt u khoan nhiu trc khng dng bnh rng truyn ng . Chuyn ng quay t trc chnh ca my qua ui cn 1 truyn ti tay quay 2, tay quay 2 nm trong gi 3 (gi 3 c bng tay quay 5). Cc trc mang dao 4 cng c bn knh tay quay bng trc 2, cc trc ny nhn chuyn ng t gi 3. Gi 3 c th lm quay nhiu trc 4 nm trong phm vi ca n. Khi gi 3 chuyn ng (chuyn ng song phng) tt c cc im ca n cng cng mt qu o vi bn knh tay quay. Vi kt cu nh vy tc quay ca tt c cc trc mang dao u bng nhau . Hnh 10-4a l loi u khoan m v tr cc trc chnh ca n c th thay i 8 a a 3

7 4 6 5 3 1 2 r

ra 2 b)

ra 2

a)

r I

r
c)

II

II

Hnh 10-4 : u khoan thay i v tr ca trc chnh a-u khoan nhiu trc c th thay i v tr; b-c.Cc phng n b tr trc chnh. 1- Gi dng c; 2-Trc chnh dng c; 3- Gi chnh; 4,5.6- Khp ni; 7- Hp s ;8. ui cn; 9. Thanh treo c. Gi 1 ca trc chnh 2 c th dch chuyn c theo phng hng knh v di chuyn theo bn knh ca gi 3. thay i khong cch gia cc khp 4 v 5 ngi ta dng khp ni 6 c then trt. Cc trc chnh ca u khoan quay vi tc nh nhau. Hnh 10-4b l mt loi u khoan m v tr ca cc trc chnh c xc nh bng dy cung r (nhn theo mt chiu ng) khi ta quay phn di s 7 quanh trc a-a. ui cn 8 ca u khoan c g vo l cn ca trc chnh my, cn hp ca u khoan c gi bng thanh treo 3. u khoan dng ny c dng gia cng cc l mt bch c ng knh khc nhau.

130

10-2-4. Tnh u khoan nhiu trc. Ti liu ban u dng tnh u khoan nhiu trc : - Bn v chi tit gia cng vi y iu kin k thut. - Phiu nguyn cng (c y ch ct v thi gian c bn). - Loi dao, kch thc dao v vt liu lm dao. - Thuyt minh my m ta phi lp u nhiu trc ln. - Bn v g nguyn cng dng u nhiu trc. Trnh t tnh ton: - Chn ch ct cho mi dao c trn u dao. - Xc nh m men xon, cng sut v lc chy dao cho mi dao. - Xc nh cng sut chung cho u khoan. - Xc nh s vng quay ca trc chnh my khoan. - Xc nh lng chy dao ca u khoan. - Xc nh lc chy dao tng cng ca tt c cc dao trn u dao. - Chn s ng ca cc u khoan cho thch hp. - Tnh kch thc ca cc trc v bnh rng. - Tnh v chn bi. - Chn kt cu ca cc trc khoan v bnh rng. - Chn phng php kp cht u nhiu trc vo my. - V kt cu ca ton b ca u khoan. a. Chn ch ct cho mi dao trn u khoan. Da theo s tay, hoc cng thc ta xc nh lng chy dao v tc ct. T tc ct ta xc nh s vng quay n i vi mi dao. + Tnh lng chy dao (mm/vng): - Lng chy dao khi khoan v khot : S = C S D 0, 6 (10-1) - Khi doa: (10-2) S = C S D 0, 7 Trong : CS-h s ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng v dng l (chn theo s tay); D- ng knh dao, mm. + Tnh tc ct . -Tc ct (m/pht) khi khoan vi D =1060mm : i vi thp c b=75kG/ mm2 l :
v= 7 D 0, 4 T 0, 2 S 0,5 12,2 D 0, 25 T 0,125 S 0, 4

(10-3)

i vi gang c HB=190 l :
v=

(10-4)

- Tc ct khi khot vi t=1mm v T=100 pht : i vi thp c b=75 kG / mm2 l :

v= 16,3 D 0,3 T 0 ,3 S 0 ,5 t 0, 2

(10-5)

i vi gang c HB=190 l :

131

v=

96500 D 0,3 T 0, 4 S 0, 45 t 0,15 HB1,3

(10-6)

- Tc ct khi doa vi t=0,1mm v T=100 pht: i vi thp c b=75kG/mm2 l :

v= 10,5 D 0,3 T 0, 4 S 0,55 t 0, 2 15,6 D 0, 2 T 0,3 S 0,5 t 0,1

(10-7)

i vi gang c HB=190 l :
v=

(10-8)

Trong :D-ng knh dao, mm; S- lng chy dao, mm/vng; t - chiu su ct,mm; T- tui bn ca dao, pht. - Da vo tc ct v ta xc nh s vng quay n (vng /pht):
n= 1000v D

(10-9)

b. Xc nh lc chy dao, mmen xon v cng sut ca u khoan. i vi mi dao, ta xc nh lc chy dao theo cng thc trong nguyn l ct kim loi, sau xc nh m men xon v cng sut cn thit . Cng sut (KW) cho mi u khoan c tnh theo cng thc sau y : N = (R 1 N 1 + R 2 N 2 + + R n N n ) 1 (10-10) Trong : R1, R2, ...., Rn - s dao cng loi N1, N2, ...., Nn- cng sut cn thit cho mi dao(KW). 1=0,80,9 - hiu sut u khoan. Nu tt c cc dao nh nhau th cng sut tng cng s l : N = RN 1 (10-11) Cng sut tng cng phi nh hn cng sut ca my: N N my2 (10-12) Trong : Nmy - cng sut ng c, (KW). 2- hiu sut ca my, (2=0,8 ). Nu cng sut ca my nh hn cng sut tng cng th cn phi gim ch ct. Cn trong trng hp cng sut my qu ln, cn chn li my c cng sut nh hn. c. Xc nh t s truyn. T s truyn ca u nhiu trc l t s gia s vng quay ca dao v s vng quay trc chnh ca my :
i= nd Z = cd n m Z bd

(10-13)

Trong :nd- s vng quay ca dao, (vng/ pht). nm- s vng quay ca trc chnh ca my, (vng/ pht). Zc - s rng ca bnh rng ch ng. Zb - s rng ca bnh rng b ng. Khi gia cng bng nhiu dao khc nhau th mi dao phi c mt t s truyn ring. d- Xc nh lng chy dao ca u khoan.

132

Lng chy dao ca u khoan phi bng lng chy dao ca tt c cc dao (lng chy dao /pht) : (10-14) Smy.pht = Sdao. pht Trong : Smy . pht = Smy.vng. n my= Sdao vng.ndao. (10-15) (10-16) T ta c : Smy. vng =Sdao. vng. ndao/nmy Sau khi xc nh c Smy .vng th phi chn n theo gi tr thc trn my. Trong trng hp gia cng bng nhiu dao khc nhau th ta phi chn dao lm vic vi iu kin nng nht lm c s tnh ton. e. Xc nh lc chy dao tng cng ca u khoan. Lc chy dao tng cng ca u khoan bng tng cc lc chy dao ca cc dao. Lc chy dao tng cng phi nh hn lc chy dao cho php ca my. P=P1+P2+...+Pn Pmy. (10-17) y: P- lc chy dao ca u khoan, kG(N). P1, P2,....,Pn - lc dc trc ca mi dao, kG (N). Nu bt ng thc (10-17) khng tho mn th ta phi chn my khc hoc thay i ch ct. f. Chn s ng ca u khoan. bc ny, cn c vo v tr ca cc l cn khoan phi xc nh cc trc ca bnh rng, xc nh ng knh vng chia, m un ca cc bnh rng, ng thi cng phi xc nh b rng bnh rng theo ti trng ca tng trc khoan. Mt s s ng in hnh ca u khoan nhiu trc (hnh 10-5). 1

1 a ) 1

3 b ) 1

2 c ) 3 1 2 3 2

2 2 3

2 2 3

2 2

3 2 2

2 e )

h g ) ) Hnh 10 -5: S ng in hnh ca u

nhiu trc 1. bnh rng ch ng ; 2.bnh rng b ng ca trc lm vic ;3.bnh rng trung gian. g.Tnh trc bnh rng v trc trung tm ca u khoan. Trc trung tm ca u khoan l mt chi tit lm vic vi ti trng ln. Chn m un bnh rng phi da trn c s ti trng tc dng ln bnh rng lp trn trc trung tm.

133

ng knh trc trung tm c xc nh theo cng thc sau y :

d= 16 M k []

(10-18)

Trong : d-ng knh trc trung tm, mm; - ng sut xon cho php, kG/cm2 hoc MPa; Mk-m men xon, kG.cm hoc N.m M men xon c tnh nh sau :
Mk = 71620 N n

(10-19)

Trong : N- cng sut ng c, KW; n -s vng quay cc i ca trc chnh, vng/ pht. h. Kim tra bn ca bnh rng. Kim tra bn ca bnh rng ta c th dng nhng cng thc sau : M un bnh rng xut pht t bn mi prfin mt rng:
m1 = 3 i + 1 18000 N K K i Z[]k n K V 455 N K u Z y[]u n K V
2

(10-20)

M un bnh rng xut pht t bn un :

m 2 = 10 3

(10-21)

Trong :=812-t s b rng rng v m un; Z- s rng; i - t s truyn; [ ]k = 830kG / mm 2 - ng sut tip cho php; [ ]u = 196kG / mm 2 - ng sut un cho php; Kk v Ku - h s tui th theo ng sut tip xc v ng sut un; y-h s hnh dng bnh rng, chn theo s tay (y=0,108 cho Z=25; y=0,114 cho Z=30; y=0,125 cho Z=43); K V =
6 - h s tc . V+6

Nh vy, nu nh m un ta chn trc y ln hn m un tnh theo cng thc (10-20) v (10-21) th bnh rng bn tip xc v bn un. Trng hp ngc li ta phi chn m un khc ln hn. i.Tnh cc trc ca u khoan. Cc trc ca u khoan lp bnh rng phi c tnh theo bn v cng vng. ng sut khi tnh trc theo bn c xc nh theo cng thc :
R b M2 + u 0,45 M 2 K W

(10-22)

Trong :Rb- ng sut cho php ca vt liu lm trc, (kG/cm2 hoc Mpa). Mu- m men un ti v tr nguy him ca trc, kG.mm hoc Nm. MK-m men xon ti v tr nguy him ca trc, kG.mm hoc Nm. W- m men cn ti v tr nguy him ca trc, (mm3). i vi trc trn W=0,1d3(d-ng knh ca trc, mm). Khi tnh trc theo cng vng ta phi xc nh gc nghing trc tnh ton :
=
Q l3 k 10 6 d 4

(10-23)

134

 vng ti v tr nguy him :

y= Q l3 k y 10 6 d 4

(10-24)

Trong : Q- lc tc dng trn trc, kG. l - khong cch gia cc gi trc, cm. d - ng knh trc, cm. k v ky - h s c chn theo s tay. Gc nghing v vng y phi nh hn tr s cho php. Gc nghing cho php ln nht l 0,0010. vng y cho php bng 0,000 0.0005, chiu di trc gia hai gi bng 0,010,03 m un bnh rng. j. Tnh vng bi. Khi tnh bi ta dng cng thc: 0,3 C = Q (n h ) (10-25) Trong : C- h s kh nng lm vic ca bi (h s C ph thuc vo kt cu, kch thc v vt liu ca bi). Q- ti trong ca bi (kG). n- s vng quay ca bi cng vi trc (v/pht). h- tui th ca bi ( gi ). Khi tnh bi, ta chn tui th h=25004500 gi. Cn nh rng tui th ca bi ph thuc vo ti trng Q, m ti trng Q li ph thuc vo ch ct (khi ti trng tng hai ln, tui th ca bi gim 810 ln ). Cc trc lp bnh rng cn phi ch to bng thp 45 v 40X, bnh rng bng thp 20X, 40X. V u khoan bng gang xm GX1228 hoc thp hp kim nhm. k. Chn phng php kp cht u khoan vo my. Tu thuc vo kt cu ca u khoan nhiu trc v my s dng m phng php ni u khoan vi trc chnh ca my c nhng phng n khc nhau. Hnh 10-6 trnh by phng php kp u nhiu trc ln ng trn ca trc chnh ca my qua ni trc trung gian 2. Trc ch ng ni vi trc chnh nh cn truyn hnh cn 5. Ni trc trung gian 2 c kp vo np ca u nhiu trc bng 4 bu-dng 3, cn trn ng ca my th n c kp cht bng 2 bu lng kp tip tuyn 4.

135

4 A A

2 3

5 A-A

Hnh 10- 6: Ni u nhiu trc vi trc chnh ca my

10-3. C cu kp dao trn my tin. C cu kp dao thng dng nht trn my tin l cc g dao. gim thi gian gia cng ngi ta thng dng bn xe dao chuyn dng (hnh10-6). Trn cc g dao ny c th g c nhiu dao thc hin cc cng vic khc nhau. S dng g dao loi ny cho php ta cng lc c th gia cng c nhiu b mt khc nhau. Khi iu chnh my, ngi ta phi dng cc c chn dng bn xe dao ng v tr.

a)

b)

Hnh 10-6 Bn xe dao chuyn dng trn my tin

Trong sn xut hng lot, do sn phm c nhiu loi khc nhau, cho nn i vi mi loi my phi dng nhiu g dao thay th. Mi g dao dng gia cng mt loi chi tit nht nh. Ngoi g dao, trn cc my tin ngi ta cn dng cc trc g, cc o cn kp dao khi tin mc l hoc khi khoa, khot, doa, ta r. 10-4 C cu kp dao trn my phay.

136

Dao phay tr hoc a c lp trn trc g v trc g thng c lp trc tip vi trc chnh ca my. Nhng m rng kh nng cng ngh ca my phay, ngi ta lp trc mang dao trn cc c cu chuyn dng. Hnh 10-7a l mt loi c cu g dao chuyn dng, u dao ng trn my my phay vn nng. Hp c cu c kp cht trn b dn hng ng bng chm v bu lng. Chuyn ng quay t trc chnh ca my c chuyn qua ui cn 1, cp bnh rng cn 2 v 3 ti trc mang dao 4. Phn quay II c th c g di bt k gc no so vi mt phng nm ngang bng phn tr khc a. Hnh 10-7b l mt loi u quay vn nng trn my phay nm ngang. u quay cu to gm phn c nh I, phn quay trung gian II (quay xung quanh tm a-a) v phn quay III (quay xung quanh tm b-b) vi trc mang dao. Chuyn ng quay t trc chnh ca my c truyn qua ui cn 1, cp bnh rng cn 2, 3, cp bnh rng cn 6, 7 ri ti trc mang dao 4. Loi u quay ny c th c g di bt k gc no so vi mt phng nm ngang v thng ng (do phn quay c th quay xung quanh hai trc a-a v b-b). Trc mang dao ca hai loi u quay trn y c l cn lp ui cn dao (trong trng hp ui cn nh, ngi ta phi dng thm o cn trung gian). Cc u quay loi ny c dng trong sn xut lot nh, n chic v cho php m rng cng ngh ca my phay ngang. 2 1 a 3 I I I 1 b 2 I I a

3 5

a )

I a

1 b

4 7 4 4 I I

b c ) ) Hnh 10- 7:C cu g dao chuyn dng trn my phay nm ngang. 1. Gi ; II. u dao ng quay c; III u ni dao . a-u dao phay ng trn my phay vn nng; b- u dao quay 3 chiu. c-u dao nhiu trc mang dao: a-a Mt phn ;1-ui cn; 2,3,6,7 bnh rng cn; 4-Trc mang dng c; 5-Trc dn

137

Hnh 10-7c l mt loi u quay hai trc mang dao trn my phay nm ngang. Loi ny cng c lp trn my ging nh hai loi trn. Chuyn ng quay t trc chnh ca my c truyn qua ui cn 1, cc bnh rng tr ri ti cc trc mang dao 4. i vi cc loi u dao ny, ngi ta c th thit k cc trc mang dao v c th lp chng trn my phay nm ngang cng nh trn my phay ng. S dng loi u dao ny cho php ta thay th nhiu my phay vn nng v nng cao nng sut lao ng. ---&&&&&---

138

Phn II

CP PHI T NG
Chng 11
11-1. Khi nim

KHI NIM V PHN LOI

Hin nay, cc qu trnh sn xut cc sn phm trn my ct kim loi, cc my gia cng bng p lc (nh cn, un , dp, t...), cc qu trnh cng ngh lp rp sn phm c kh hay kim tra, cc h thng sn xut trong cc ngnh cng nghip ni chung nh sn xut phn bn, vt liu xy dng, thc phm... u pht trin theo xu hng t ng ho ngy cng cao. m bo c qu trnh sn xut n nh th cn thit phi c qu trnh cung cp phi chnh xc v v tr trong khng gian theo ng nhp (cp ng lc) v lin tc theo chu trnh hot ng ca my mt cch tin cy. V th qu trnh cp phi l mt trong nhng yu cu cn thit cn phi c nghin cu v gii quyt trong cc h thng sn xut t ng nhm mc ch nng cao nng sut lao ng, s dng v khai thc cc my mc, thit b mt cch c hiu qu nht v nng cao cht lng sn phm. Nghin cu h thng cp phi t ng l gii quyt tng giai on mt cch trit trong tng th ton b h thng cp phi v phi c t trong tng iu kin lm vic c th ca tng my mc, thit b v cng on sn xut. Trong qu trnh nghin cu h thng cp phi t ng th mc tiu chnh cn phi t c l h thng cp phi cn phi hot ng mt cch n nh v tin cy, c ngha l phi cung cp phi mt cch kp thi, chnh xc v v tr trong khng gian, s lng theo nng sut yu cu c tnh n lng d tr v thu nhn sn phm sau khi sn xut xong mt cch an ton v chnh xc. Trong thc t hin nay ca cc ngnh sn xut ni chung, ngi ta ang s dng kh rng ri cc c cu cp phi bng c kh, hoc phi hp c kh in, c kh- kh nn. Vi s pht trin mnh ca lnh vc iu khin t ng v Robot cho php a vo cc tay my, ngi my lm vic theo chng trnh v d dng thay i c chng trnh mt cch linh hot thch ng vi cc kiu phi liu khc nhau khi cn thay i cc sn phm. y l mt trong nhng tnh cht rt quan trng m nh n c th p dng cng ngh tin tin vo trong qu trnh sn xut dng lot nh v lot va m vn c th mang li hiu qu kinh t cao.
C th thy rng, vc nghin cu h thng cp phi t ng c tnh bao qut v bao gm nhiu lnh vc v lin quan n nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nhau. Tuy nhin do gii hn ca gio trnh v thi lng nn trong ti liu ny ch cp n mt s nguyn tc v nguyn l c bn nht v s hot ng ca mt s c cu mang tnh c trng. Hy vng rng t nhng c s ny, cc c gi c th pht trin v sng to thm nhm nghin cu v la chn gii php p dng i vi mi trng hp c th trong tng lnh vc sn xut cng nghip mt cch thch hp. Ni dung chnh trong gio trnh ny ch trnh by nhng phn tnh ton i vi cc chi tit trong gia cng c kh v ring v mc a dng v phong ph v kch c, hnh dng, cc c im v vt liu

139

v mt s tnh cht khc cng l qu nhiu. Cng chnh v th m trong phn ny ch i su gii quyt cho mt s kiu sn phm c tnh cht in hnh, trn c s , ngi c c th pht trin i vi cc kiu chi tit c th trong lnh vc gia cng c kh ni ring v trong cc ngnh cng nghip ni chung.
11-2. Phn loi

Nh ni trn, sn phm gia cng c kh rt a dng v kch c, hnh dng, c tnh vt liu v mt s tnh cht khc. Cc phi liu v c bn cng c hnh dng v kch thc gn ging vi chi tit, v vy n cng rt a dng. Trong lnh vc gia cng c kh th cc phi liu thng c ch to bng cch c, rn, dp, cn , hn, ct bng kh t....Do vy trc ht phi cn c vo dng phi phn loi cc kiu h thng cp phi t ng. Theo , c th phn thnh 3 kiu cp phi c bn sau y: - Cp phi dng cun - Cp phi dng thanh hoc tm - Cp phi dng ri tng chic Mi kiu cp phi trn mang tnh c th ring v bn thn trong mi kiu cng bao hm rt nhiu dng khc nhau. Tu theo cng ngh sn xut m ngi ta c th b tr cc h thng cp phi lin tc, cp phi gin on theo chu k hoc cp phi theo lnh.
11-3. ngha ca cp phi t ng

H thng cp phi t ng trc ht phi nm trong cc h thng sn xut mang tnh t ng tng phn hay ton phn v khng th c h thng sn xut t ng m khng c qu trnh cp phi t ng. Qu trnh cp phi t ng c nhng u im sau: Nng cao nng sut do gim thi gian ph (l thi gian g t phi v tho sn phm sau khi gia cng). m bo c nng sut gia cng theo tnh ton v n m bo c chu k cp phi chnh xc, khng b nh hng n cc yu t v khch quan nh tnh trng tm sinh l v trng thi sc kho ca con ngi.

m bo chnh xc g t cao v trc khi phi n v tr cp cho my cng tc th n c nh hng chnh xc trong khng gian v ng to theo yu cu, ng thi tc di chuyn ca phi c iu chnh ph hp vi c cu g t. Ci thin c iu kin lm vic cho cng nhn: Gii phng cho con ngi trong cc cng vic lao ng ph thng nhm chn (nh lp i lp li mt ng tc c tnh n gin); Trong cc cng vic nng nhc (nh di chuyn v g t cc phi c kch thc ln, khi lng ln); Cc cng vic c th gy ra nguy hi cho sc kho ca ngi cng nhn nh cc phi liu c th c cc cnh sc, v d cc bavia, ra mp ca cc phi dp, rn, c...; Cc cng vic gy s mi mt cho cng nhn nh phi tp trung ch tm, chn, phn loi v nh hng (nht l cc chi tit c hnh dng gn ging nhau hoc kh phn bit v hng).
m bo an ton cho ngi s dng v cc my mc thit b nh: C th loi khi dy chuyn sn xut cc phi c nhiu sai s v khuyt tt m bo s lm vic n nh cho thit b; Trnh tnh trng my b qu ti do lng d qu ln hoc khng

140

u; Trnh c s rung ng v cc ti trng ng c bin ln trong qu trnh gia cng do cc khuyt tt trn phi.

CHNG 12

H THNG CP PHI T NG

12-1. Cc thnh phn ch yu ca h thng cp phi t ng

m bo yu cu ca mt h thng cp phi t ng, c ngha l phi m bo c vic cung cp v s lng phi cho my cng tc h thng hot ng mt cch lin tc c tnh n lng d tr, cp phi ng thi im vi chnh xc v v tr v nh hng trong khng gian vi tin cy cao. H thng cp phi y cn phi c cc thnh phn sau y:
- Phu cha phi hoc cha phi - Mng dn phi - C cu nh hng phi - C cu phn chia phi - C cu iu chnh tc phi - C cu bt - nm phi khi g t v tho chi tit sau khi gia cng xong. Mi mt thnh phn trong h thng c mt chc nng v nhim v nht nh v phi c b tr ng b vi nhau trong mt th thng nht v mt khng gian v thi gian. Tuy vy cng cn thy rng khng nht thit lc no cng phi c mt y cc thnh phn ca n m tu thuc vo tng trng hp c th m ch cn mt s trong chng. Vic phn chia h thng thnh cc thnh phn nh trn cng ch l tng i v ngi ta c th kt hp mt s thnh phn trong chng li vi nhau theo c im v hnh dng, kch thc ca phi gim c kch thc khun kh ca h thng, lm cho vic thit k v ch to v lp t n gin hn...

Phi C cu nh hng cp I

Phu cp phi Mng chuyn phi

C cu nh hng

C cu lm ph hp tc v chuyn hng

C cu bt gi phi v ly chi tt

My cng tc

Hnh 12-1: S tng qut ca h thng cp phi t ng

Mc du vy, thun li cho qu trnh phn tch v mt nguyn l hot ng ca h thng cp phi, trong gio trnh ny vn phn tch s hot ng ca cc thnh phn mt cch ring r t bn c c th c c mt ci nhn r rng hn nhm phn tch v la chn trong qu trnh ng dng c th cho tng i tng mt cch thch hp.
12-2. Phu cha phi

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Phu cha phi l thnh phn u tin trong h thng cp phi t ng c mc ch cha v d tr mt lng phi cn thit nhm m bo cho h thng lm vic mt cch lin tc v n nh. ng thi phu cha phi phi thc hin c nhim v nh hng phi cp I (nh hng s b) cung cp cho mng chuyn phi thc hin c qu trnh lu thng v di chuyn phi u n. Do mc ch ca phu cha phi c t ra l quan trng v cn thit nh vy nn thng hin nay ngi ta s dng ch yu cc kiu phu kp m trong phu th nht c dng cha cc phi c cp vo (c th gin on bng tay theo chu k, c th lin tc nh bng ti, gu ti) v d tr phi. Phu th hai lm nhim v nh hng cp I v cung cp phi cho mng chuyn mt cch u n v lin tc, trnh tnh trng hoc phi b kt khng chuyn vo mng dn c hoc b dn qu nhiu trn mng lm cho mng chuyn phi khng thc hin c chc nng v nhim v ca mnh.
12-2-1. cp phi thanh hoc phi cun

i vi dng phi l dng thanh hay dng cun thng c s dng trong cng ngh gia cng bng bin dng do nh dp, ct, t l, cun ng, cc h thng sn xut que hn, sn xut bulong hoc inh vt, inh tn rive, inh ng g hoc inh ng tng...Cn trong qu trnh gia cng ct gt, kiu phu ny thng c s dng cp phi thanh (c tit din trn) cho cc my tin t ng.

i vi phi cun nh cc cun tole mng, thng thng ngi ta g n ln trn cc trc c t trn cc con ln hay gi v c th t quay di tc dng ca lc ko ca h thng cng tc nh h thng trc cn hoc ca c cu ko phi c trang b trn cc my ct, my dp ... tho dn tng lp mt. Vi kiu cp phi loi ny, ngi ta thng trang b thm mt h thng phanh trnh nh hng do lc qun tnh c th gy ra tnh trng phi b gp hoc b nhn do tc cp phi v tc cng tc khng ng b.

Hnh 12-2: cha phi kiu cun (a) dng phi tm mng; (b) dng phi dy trn
i vi cc loi phi dy c ng knh t 0,2mm n 8mm thng c cun thnh tng cun c kch thc v khi lng theo yu cu, ngi ta s dng cc tang c trc quay t nm ngang hoc thng ng v qua mt h thng ko cng bc phi i qua mt h thng cc con ln nn thng phi trc khi i vo my cng tc nh trong h thng sn xut que hn, sn xut inh, bulong....

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Hnh 12-3: Mt s kiu u kep

i vi cc loi phi thanh c tit din ngang l hnh trn v c kch thc t 10mm n 30mm vi chiu di mi thanh l c th 6m hoc 9m c cn vi chnh xc kh cao nh v dung sai ca ng knh, chnh xc v hnh dng hnh hc, v thng c dng cp phi cho cc my tin t ng hoc bn t ng. Cc cha phi thng c b tr pha sau ui ca trc chnh ca my sao cho ng tm ca phi khi trong cha phi trng vi ng tm quay ca trc chnh. Ngi ta c th xp cc phi thanh vo mt dn nm pha trn c cu nh v phi v cung cp ln lt tng thanh mt vo c cu ny khi c tn hiu thng bo ht phi trn c cu nh v. Trn h thng nh v phi c b tr mt c cu bt gi phi y phi di chuyn theo chiu dc trc ca n mt hnh trnh bng di ca phi cn cp mi mt ln hay kt hp vi c cu c chn phi c b tr trn u Rvonve mi khi trc chnh dng v c cu g t phi m ra.

Hnh 12-4: C cu cp phi thanh

Sau khi cp phi xong (gi l c cu phng phi) th b phn g t phi kp li (thng s dng cc loi mm cp kh nn, thu lc hoc cc kiu ng

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kp n hi tc ng bng c kh) th c cu bt gi phi c m ra v dch chuyn tr v v tr ban u v nm ch thc hin mt chu trnh tip theo. Cn ch l khi my lm vic th trc chnh mang lun c phi quay nn cha phi phi c kt cu thch hp thanh phi c th quay nh nhng v khng xy ra tnh trng rung, lc v c bit l khng c vung phi gy nguy him. Hnh 12-3, 12-4, 12-5 m t mt s kiu kt cu ca h thng cp phi thanh trong cc my tin t ng iu khin bng c kh

Theo K

Theo ab

Theo K

Theo K

Hnh 12-5: Mt s kiu cp phi thanh 12-2-2. Phu cha phi ri

Dng phi ri l ph bin nht ng thi c s dng rng ri nht trong cc h thng sn xut t ng. Theo quan im cp phi t ng th y cng chnh l vn nghin cu ch yu v cc loi phi ri trong gia cng c kh rt khc nhau v kiu dng v kch thc. V th cn phi c s nghin cu v phn tch mt cch t m i vi mi mt loi phi c th t la chn kiu phu cp phi cho ph hp v ch khi lm c iu ny, phu cp phi c thit k mi t c mc tiu theo yu cu.

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 c c s phn tch v la chn phng n, trc ht ngi ta cn phn bit mt s khi nim c bn sau y:
i vi mi mt kiu phi theo quan im phn tch v nh gi ca ngi thit k h thng cp phi t ng th phi phi c xc nh chnh xc v tr ca n trong mt h to v cn phi c nh hng mt cch chnh xc, hay ni mt cch khc cn phi xc nh v tr cn nh hng ca n trong khng gian. Trn c s hnh dng ca phi l mt tp hp cc b mt c bn hnh thnh nn, ngi ta c th phn loi chng nh sau: Phi c cc b mt dng trn xoay trong v ngoi Phi c cc dng b mt l mt phng Phi c hnh dng phc tp, l tp hp ca cc b mt trn xoay trong, ngoi, mt phng v cc b mt nh hnh.

Theo K

Theo H

Theo K

Theo ab

Theo K

Hnh 12-6: Mt s kt cu phu cha phi ri

Vic phn chia cc loi nh trn cng ch l tng i v chng ta bit rng, cc chi tit c kh thng t khi c kiu dng n gin m ch yu vn l kiu dng phc

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tp t vic t hp mt s b mt theo mt quan h no . Do vic nghin cu qu trnh cp phi l quan tm n vic nh hng chng nh th no v bng cch g sau khi cc phi di chuyn n khu vc ca c cu nm bt phi th v tr ca n trong khng gian l c t ng sp xp mt cch chnh xc, khng c s nhm ln hoc sai st no xy ra (nu c mt s phi b nh hng sai th s c a ra khi v tr mt cch hon ton t ng). Do vy ngi ta phn thnh cc dng phi c b mt cn nh hng khi di chuyn l b mt trn xoay v dng b mt phng.
a. Dng phi c b mt nh hng khi di chuyn l trn xoay:

Trc ht, ngi ta quan tm n cc thng s c bn v kh nng t nh hng t nhin ca vt th nh v t l ca cc kch thc, s phn b khi lng, s cc mt phng v cc trc i xng ca chng. Theo quan im , ngi ta c th phn chia thnh mt s dng c bn nh sau:

Loi O: Loi phi c 1 tm i xng nh bi cu. Vi loi ny, v tr ca n c nh hng t nhin, c ngha l kh nng nh hng ca n theo cc mt phng hoc cc trc i xng l hon ton nh nhau. V th trong h thng cp phi ni chung v phu cp phi ni ring khng cn phi nh hng cho chng.
Loi I: Phi c mt trc quay v mt mt phng i xng vung gc vi trc quay . Vi loi ny, v tr nh hng t nhin l hon ton ph thuc vo t l gia cc kch thc ca chng.

Hnh 12-7: Mt s dng nh hng t nhin ca kiu vt th loi I

Trn hnh 12 - 7 gii thiu mt s phi loi I vi cc thng s t l ca ng knh v chiu di khc nhau c v tr nh hng t nhin khc nhau. Trong hnh a, khi t s l/d >1 th v tr nh hng t nhin l theo ng sinh l thun li hn v t s ny cng ln th kh nng nh hng t nhin ca n gn nh hon ton l theo ng sinh. Khi t s l/d <1 th kh nng nh hng theo mt phng ca mt u thun li hn v cng tng t khi t s ny cng nh th kh nng nh hng t nhin chc chn l theo mt phng u. Trong trng hp khi t s l/d 1 th kh nng nh hng t nhin l khng r rng, c ngha l c th theo ng sinh hoc c th theo mt phng u. Trong trng hp ny, cn thit phi c thm mt c cu nh hng na c th xc nh v tr nh hng cho n theo mong mun. Loi II: Loi ny vt th ch c 1 trc quay, do vy v tr nh hng t nhin ca n c rt nhiu dng khc nhau. Vi loi ny cn phi nh hng theo 2 cp. u tin l nh hng cp I l theo phng trc quay, tip sau l nh hng cp II l theo

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phng ca vc t php tuyn vi mt phng vung gc vi trc quay . (nh hng theo phng v hng).

Loi

Bng 12.1 c trng ca phi

Dng phi

T s l/d Bi cu l/d =1 l/d >1

0 I I

C hai trc i xng

C mt trc i xng v mt mt phng vung gc vi trc quay

l/d <1

l/d =1

II

l/d >1

II

C 1 trc quay

l/d <1

II C 2 mt phng i xng, mt mt cha ng trc v mt mt vung gc vi n C mt mt phng cha ng trc

l/d =1

III

IV

Loi III: Vt th c 2 mt phng i xng m trong mt mt phng (gi l mt phng th 1) cha ng tm trc v mt mt phng vung gc vi ng tm trc (mt phng th 2). Vi loi ny cng yu cu nh hng theo 2 cp, trc ht l nh hng cp I theo phng ca trc, tip theo l nh hng cp III l nh hng v gc xoay trong mt phng th 2.loi ny th vic nh hng phc tp hn, trc ht l nh hng cp I (theo phng trc), tip sau l nh hng cp II tc l theo vc t php tuyn vi mt phng vung gc vi trc v cui cng l nh hng cp III l v gc xoay ca phi trong mt phng vung gc vi trc.

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rc. Vi Cc loi chi tit dng trn xoay c gii thiu trong bng 12-1.
b. Dng phi c b mt nh hng khi di chuyn l mt phng
Theo K Theo ab Theo ab Theo K Theo H

Theo ab

Theo K

Theo K

Theo K

Theo ab

Theo H

Hnh 12-8: Mt s kiu chi tit c b mt phc tp

Nh vy tu thuc tng kiu dng phi m vic nh hng c th c tin hnh hoc n gin hoc phc tp nh phn tch. y chnh l ni dung c bn nht trong qu trnh tnh ton thit k h thng cp phi t ng m vic la chn cc c cu, cc chi tit nh hng cn phi c phn tch mt cch k lng cng nh cn xc nh cc thng s kch thc quan trng nh v gc nghing, chiu rng mng dn, hnh thc v t chc di chuyn phi, la chn vt liu theo h s ma st, v kt cu v hnh dng ca cc b phn trong h thng trnh tnh trng mt nh hng v b kt phi trong qu trnh di chuyn. Cc phi dng ny thng c cung cp cho cc loi my cng tc nh my khoan, khot, doa hoc my phay.... Chng bao gm rt nhiu kiu khc nhau nh dng hnh khi hp, dng nh hnh nh ch L, ch V, ch U, T, H...Vi loi ny, ngi ta cng cn c vo kh nng nh hng t nhin ca n trong khng gian, tc l da vo kch thc ca cc b mt v s phn b khi lng trn tng phn ca vt th tm ra phng php nh hng thun li nht cho n nhm lm cho c cu hoc chi tit nh hng n gin hn v gim c kch thc khun kh ca chng.
c. Dng cc phi c hnh dng b mt phc tp

Dng phi ny thng c cung cp cho cc h thng sn xut v lp rp cc loi sn phm trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy dp, may mc ...

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nhcc loi kho ko trong dy chuyn sn xut dy kho ko. y l kiu phi m gy kh khn nht cho vic la chn phng php nh hng trong cc h thng cp phi t ng. Hu ht chng u tri qua vic nh hng theo c 3 cp l phng, chiu, gc xoay (l nh hng theo mt trn hoc mt di). i vi cc loi ny th ngi ta cng cn c vo kh nng nh hng t nhin ca n hoc xt n b mt m c kh nng gi n nh vt th nht khi di chuyn nh cc b mt c kch thc ln, s phn b khi tm ca chng nm v tr thp v.v... Ni chung vi loi ny cn thit phi c s nghin cu t m v c th i vi tng kiu phi mt mi c th thit k c c cu nh hng cho n mt cch tin cy.
12-2-3. Mt s kt cu phu cha phi

m bo cha lng phi cn thit nhm m bo cho h thng sn xut t c nng sut theo yu cu, cn thit phi xc nh c hnh dng v kch thc ca phu Cng thc xc nh th tch ca phu cha:
V ph = V f .T t.q

V f .T .Qtb q

mm 3

Trong , Vph l th tch ca phu cha [mm3] Vf l th tch ca phi[mm3]

T l thi gian lm vic lin tc gia 2 ln cung cp phi vo phu [ph]

t l thi gian gia cng tng chic [ph]

n 4 6

q l h s kh nng lp kn ca phu, n ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca phi. Vi phi c hnh dng n gin th q= 0,4 0,6; Vi phi c hnh dng phc tp hn (th tch ng thng ln hn rt nhiu ln th tch thc) th q = 0,2 0,3.
Qtb l nng sut sn xut trung bnh, Qtb = T/t.
a. Phu cha phi c a

Hnh 12-9: S phu cp phi c a

c im ca kiu phu ny l kt cu n gin, lm vic tin cy v t nng sut cao, do vy c s dng kh rng ri trong cc h thng cp phi t ng ni chung. S nguyn l hot ng ca phu c m t nh trn hnh 12-9, trong trc vt 1 truyn chuyn ng quay sang bnh vt 2, thng qua trc lm a 3 quay. a 3 c t nghing mt gc so vi mt phng nm ngang. Phi 6

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c cp vo phu s 4 v sp xp mt cch ngu nhin. Trn a 3 c khot mt s rnh nh hng phi theo v tr yu cu (trong hnh l nh hng theo mt phng). Khi a quay s mang phi di chuyn ln pha cao hn v to nn s xo trn phi to iu kin nh hng phi trn a 3 d dng hn. Ti v tr trn cng, ngi ta b tr mt khe h di y phu c nh v c ni vo mt u ca mng dn phi 5. Khi a 3 gt phi i qua khe h vi kch thc ca khe h c tnh ton hp l th phi s t ri xung mng dn 5 do t trng bn thn.
D l

l a

d b

B c

Hnh 12-10: Cc kiu ti cha phi v s tnh ton cc thng s ca a

Trn hnh 12-10 biu din mt s kiu kt cu ca a 3. Ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca phi m ngi ta c th b tr cc rnh nh hng trn a 3 theo chu vi (a), hng knh (b) hay vung gcvi mt phng ca a (c) theo yu cu cn nh hng.
Xc nh cc thng s ca c cu: * La chn vn tc a:

Vn tc ca a quay v c ngha rt quan trng v n quyt nh n nng sut v cc thng s khc ca c cu nh hng. Vi trng hp b tr rnh theo chu vi nh hnh 12-10a, phi c th thot khi rnh nh hng ca a v ri c khi mt phng ca y phu i xung mng dn m khng mt nh hng th n cn phi i ht mt qung ng: h = d-S Trong , S l khe h gia mt di ca a vi mt trn ca y phu; d l ng knh ca phi. ng thi cng trong thi gian , a quay c mt gc sao cho qung ng dch chuyn ca phi trong rnh m bo khng b kt v mt nh hng. T ta thy qung ng dch chuyn ca a l :
H B-l

150

Trong , B l chiu rng ca rnh trn y phu; l l chiu di ca phi. Qung ng dch chuyn khi ri t do ca phi c tnh: g.t 2 h= 2 Thi gian dch chuyn ca a tng ng vi qung ng ri ca phi xung n mng
t= Bl v g(B l ) 2 2v 2

Th vo trn ta c:
d S=

Khi xt n gc nghing gia a v mt phng ngang, khi gia tc chuyn ng trn mng ca phi: a = g(cos - f.sin) Vi f l h s ma st trt gia phi v mng. T , quan h gia vn tc v cc thng s ca phu c xc nh nh sau:
v= g (cos f .sin ).( B l ) 2 2( d S )

Trong , g l gia tc trng trng.

* Xc nh nng sut ca phu: Nng sut ca phu c tnh theo cng thc: Q = n.z.k [chic/ph] Trong , n l s vng quay ca a trong mt pht. z l s rnh trn a. k l h s lp y phi vo rnh ca a khi a quay 1 vng.

Trong thc t, ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc phi cng nh yu cu cn nh hng m gi tr k s c chn mt cch thch hp bng cch tin hnh lm thc nghim. Trong trng hp khng c iu kin tin hnh lm thc nghim th ngi ta thng chn gi tr k = 0,4 0,6 lm thng s tnh ton v sau khi lp t v chy th, ngi ta c th cn c vo gi tr thc t la chn li s rnh z mt cch hp l.
C th xc nh nng sut ca phu theo vn tc di chuyn ca phi: Nu gi D l ng knh ngoi ca a [mm] , m l bc ca rnh [mm] v v l vn tc dch chuyn ca phi [m/ph], ta c:

151

Q=

1000v . .k[ chicph] / m

* Xc nh cng sut truyn ng cho a:

N= 2.Mx .n [ kW ] 97.500.

Trong , l hiu sut cc b truyn ng c kh. Mx l m men xon, n c xc nh theo cng thc: Mx = G.R [kG.cm] Trong , G l trng lng ca phi cha trong phu (kG), R l bn knh ca a (cm); n l s vng quay ca a [vng/ph]. Thng thng trong thc t, ngi ta thng s dng cng thc kinh nghim xc nh cng sut truyn ng ln nht cn thit i vi cc loi phu c a: Nmax= 0,005D (kW) Trong D l ng knh ca a tnh bng mm.

V d: Hnh 12- 11: Kt cu ca phu cp phi c a quay Tnh s vng quay n v s rnh cn thit z, kch thc D ca a khi phu cha phi c cc thng s

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sau y: Kch thc phi d = 16m; l = 50mm; khe h S = 2,2mm; chiu rng rnh B = 55mm v gc nghing = 450 ; h s ma st f =0,15. Bit rng yu cu v nng sut cp phi ca phu l 100 chic /ph. Cho h s lp kn k = 0,5.
b. Phu cp phi c ng:

Kiu phu ny c s dng i vi cc phi c kch thc nho, dng ng, dng bc, con ln, hnh vnh khn... S nguyn l hot ng c biu din trn hnh 12-12. Cc ng c b tr theo kiu ng lin hoc 2 na c cc chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi (hnh 12-12a, b) hoc quay (hnh 12-12c) c dn ng t cc c cu bnh vt - trc vt hoc qua c cu bnh lch tm...Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, ngi ta c th gn thm mt cnh gt trn cc kiu ng quay lm nhim v nh hng cp I cho phi.

b
Hnh 12-12: Cc loi phu cp phi kiu ng

nghing ca thnh phu c la chn sao cho cc phi hon ton c kh nng trt v v tr thp nht ca y phu. trnh tnh trng phi bt ming ng, gc thnh phu thng c chn l 1 = 450 550; gc y phu 2 = 550 600.

i vi kiu phu nh hnh 12-12a, thng thng c s dng cp phi v nh hng cc phi c kch thc nh hoc cc phi dng hnh tr hoc cu c d <20mm hoc phi dng ng c d < 25mm v chiu di l = (1,11,4) d. Kiu phu hnh 12-12b dng khi nh hng hoc cp cc loi phi c, dp c cc b mt th rp, c ra mp v ba via. Vi kiu phu hnh 12-12c c dng cho cc phi c dng con ln hoc b mt cn c chiu di l = (1,3 3,5)d, d <20mm v l<60mm hoc cc phi c dng vnh khn c d<100mm v l= (0,2 0,4)d.

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- Nng sut cp phi ca phu c ng chuyn ng tnh tin trn hnh 1212a c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q = nx.p.k [chic/ph] Trong , nx l s hnh trnh kp ca ng trong 1 pht, thng thng nx = 5080htk/ph vi chiu di hnh trnh H = (1,2 1,7)l; p l h s kh nng nhn phi, n ph thuc vo t s gia chiu di v ng knh phi, tr s nx v chiu cao ca lp phi cha trong phu, thng chn p = 0,7; k l h s nng sut v c xc nh theo cng thc: H . k= l y, l l kch thc ln nht ca phi, H nh ni trn. * Cng sut dn ng ln nht thng c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim: Nmax = 0,005l [kW] - i vi kiu ng 2 na trn hnh 12-12b: Nng sut ca phu cp phi c tnh: Q = nx.p [chic/ph] Trong , nx l s hnh trnh kp trong mt pht, gi tr ln nht ca n thng c tnh theo cng thc: 4000 n x max = H Vi H l chiu di hnh trnh v thng c xc nh theo kinh nghim: H= (0,8 1)l, Thng thng nxmax< 300htk/ph, nu chn nx > 300 htk/ph th nng sut s b gim. Loi phu ny thng c nng sut cp phi khong 200ch/ph. * Cng sut dn ng ln nht c xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim: N = 0,006l [kW] - i vi kiu ng quay nh hnh 12-12c: * Nng sut ca phu cp phi c xc nh: Q = Qlt.k [chic/ph] 60 , vi t l thi gian ri Trong , Qlt l nng sut l thuyt ln nht, Qlt = t ca phi vo ng v t =
2l ; k l h s lp y, n ph thuc vo s vng quay n g

ca ng, t s kch thc gia ng knh v chiu di phi, h s ma st... vo trn, ta c cng thc xc nh nng sut nh sau:
60.k 2l g

Th

Q=

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u im ca c cu cp phi kiu ny l kt cu n gin, lm vic tin cy v d iu chnh i vi cc phi c kch thc khc nhau, khng cn c thm c cu loi tr phi tha v d dng nh hng cp I cho phi. Tuy nhin do iu kin lm vic ca c cu l tnh tin kh hi hay c c cu gt phi trong kiu ng quay nn chng mi mn ng, cng sut dn ng phi ln v gy ra ting n kh ln trong qu trnh lm vic.
c. Phu c dao mang phi:

Kiu phu ny c m t trn hnh 12-13, cc dao c b tr nh hng phi c chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi nhn phi c nh hng cp I ri sau chuyn n sang mng chuyn phi. Cc dao c b tr pha sau mng dn hay song song vi mng dn. Dao mang phi c th thc hin chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi (hnh 12-13) hay chuyn ng lc (hnh 12-14). ti v tr di cng trong phu n nh hng phi v chuyn ng ln pha trn n v tr mng chuyn phi. Ti v tr ny, dao mang phi s dng li trong mt khong thi gian phi trn dao trt hn vo mng v sau n li chuyn ng xung pha di. Mi ln mang phi, n c th cha c mt s phi tu theo kch thc chiu di phi v v tr nh hng t nhin ca n trong phu. i vi loi trn hnh 12-13a, nng sut c th t c t 90 100 chic/pht, cn vi loi b v c th c th t n 450 550 chic /pht. Thng thng phu cp phi kiu ny thng dng cp cc phi nh bu long, vt, ai c... B mt lm vic ca dao thng c b tr nghing 1 gc so vi mt phng nm ngang sao cho phi c th trt c hoc ln c mt cch d dng xung mng chuyn phi.

Hnh 12-13: Phu c dao mang phi chuyn ng tnh tin

155

 su ca kiu phu ny ph thuc vo chiu di ca b mt nh hng ca dao v gc nghing . Thng su ca phu c chn l h = (0,25 0,3)L, vi L l chiu di b mt lm vic ca dao v c xc nh nh sau: L = (7 10)l, trong , l l chiu di ln nht ca phi.

Theo ab

Theo cd

Hnh 12-14: Kiu phu c dao mang phi chuyn ng lc

* Nng sut cp phi ca kiu phu c dao c xc nh: 1 / ph Q = n x .L .p.z. [ chic ] l Trong , nx l s hnh trnh kp trong 1 pht: n x =

v . L .p

Vi v l tc chuyn ng tng i ca phi trn dao sang mng dn phi; p l h s cha phi ca dao mang phi, n ph thuc vo hnh dng chi tit v t s cc kch thc ca phi, p = (0,50,7); L nh gii thch trn; z l s lng thanh dao, thng thng z =12. * Cng sut dn ng ln nht cng c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim: N = 0,008L [kW]
` d. Phu cp phi kiu rung ng

Nguyn tc lm vic ca phu cp phi kiu rung ng l di tc dng ca lc qun tnh ca phi do c cu rung truyn sang s lm cho phi thc hin cc dch chuyn cng bc trn c cu rung v thc hin vic cp phi.

156

C cu cp phi kiu phu rung ng c rt nhiu loi nh loi mng phng nm ngang, nm nghing, hoc loi ng xon c v.v...Kiu phu ny c nhu u im nh kt cu n gin, t xy ra hin tng tc hoc kt phi khi di chuyn. Tc dch chuyn phi u n, nng sut cao. c bit l i vi cc phi c hnh dng phc tp v kh nh hng, cc phi th sau khi c, rn, dp hoc ct, hn...cn c cc ba via v ra mp. C th cp c cc loi phi c hnh dng v kch thc rt khc nhau v d dng iu chnh c nng sut ca phi nh vic iu chnh bin rung ng thng qua vic iu chnh dng in hay khe h ca li t. Tuy nhin vi cc phi c khi lng ln th phu cp phi kiu rung ng trong qu trnh lm vic s gy ra ting n ln. nghin cu c cu cp phi kiu rung ng, ngi ta xt mt h c cu 4 khu bn l chuyn ng lc trong mt phng nm ngang hoc nm nghing c m t trn hnh 12-15 v A 12-16. Fqt Fms Xt mt vt A c trng C B lng G t trn thanh BC trong G Fqt mt phng nm ngang (hnh 12Fms 15). Khi thanh O1B quay sang G phi 1 gc -1 vi tc gc l th vt A cng vi thanh BC chuyn ng song phng xung 1 pha di. Gi gia tc chuyn O1 O2 ng ln nht trong hnh trnh ny l a, ta c: Hnh 12-15: S di chuyn phi trn mt Fms = m(g-at).f phng nm ngang Fqt = - m.an
Trong at l gia tc theo phng thng ng; an l gia tc theo phng nm ngang. Khi tay quay O1B quay sang tri 1 gc -1 vi tc gc th vt A cng vi thanh B chuyn ng ln pha trn. Khi ta c: Fms = m (g + at).f Fqt = - m.an Trong at v an l gia tc theo hng thng ng v nm ngang khi vt A chuyn ng ln pha trn. Nu ta coi = th v gi tr at = at v an = an. Khi c th xy ra hin tng nh sau:

Khi vt chuyn ng cng thanh xung thp sang pha phi th nu Fms < Fqt th vt A s trt trn thanh BC, hay ni cch khc v tr ca vt A so vi thanh BC by gi s li pha sau, c ngha l vt A c chuyn ng tng i so vi thanh BC v pha tri. Khi thanh chuyn ng ln pha trn v sang tri, lc ny do Fms tng ln nn trong trng hp khi m Fms > Fqt th vt c bm chc vo thanh BC, hay ni cch khc khng c s chuyn ng tng i gia vt A v thanh BC.
Tng hp mt chu trnh chuyn ng ca thanh O1B ta c nhn xt sau y:

V tr ca vt A so vi thanh BC b dch chuyn sang tri mt lng s. Nu chu trnh trn li tip tc th sau mi mt chu trnh nh vy th vt A li c

157

dch chuyn sang tri so vi thanh BC mt lng s. Qu trnh hot ng ca c cu trn l lin tc th sau mt thi gian, vt A s di chuyn tng i vi thanh BC v s c xu hng i ra khi thanh BC.
Trong trng hp khi g < at th Fms < 0, lc ny vt A s khng cn tip xc vi thanh BC na m n c bc nhy tng i so vi thanh BC v pha tri. Xt trng hp thanh BC t trong mt phng nghing so vi mt phng ngang 1 gc (hnh 12-16). Cng phn tch tng t nh trn vi ch trng lng G ca vt A c phn thnh Gn v G tng ng vi phng nm ngang v phng thng ng, ta c: r r r G = Gn + G . Thit lp cng thc tnh ton Fms, Fqt theo ga tr ca G v Gn, at v an, ta c nhn xt sau:

Khi thanh BC chuyn ng v pha phi v xung di, vt A c kh nng chuyn ng tng i so vi thanh BC sang bn tri nh trng hp trn, th iu kin ca n l:
Fqt > Fms + Gn

Fqt B G

A G

Gn Fms C

Khi thanh quay v pha bn tri v ln pha trn th iu kin vt khng trt trn thanh BC th:

Fqt < Fms - Gn Nu tho mn c c 2 iu kin trn th sau mt chu trnh chuyn Hnh 12-16: S di chuyn ng ca thanh O1B, vt A s dch phi trn mt phng nm chuyn tng i so vi thanh BC nghing mt lng s. Nu cho c cu hot ng lin tc th sau mt thi gian, vt A s dch chuyn sang pha tri v s c xu hng ri khi thanh BC.

O1

1 O2

T nhng kt qu tnh ton nh trn, ngi ta ch to cc kiu phu rung ng da theo nguyn l (hnh 12-16), nhng lc ny thanh BC c thay bng mt cnh xon c gc nghing l tng chiu di cho n v ng thi c th cho vt A di chuyn trn khong chiu di ln hn c thi gian nh hng v iu chnh v tr trc khi di chuyn n mng chuyn phi.
Kt cu 4 khu bn l trong s nguyn l c thay th bng c cu rung ng ta trn thanh n hi vi lc to rung s dng kiu nam

200

Hnh 12-17: Phu cp phi kiu rung

158

chm in t. u im ca b to rung kiu ny l c th d dng thay i tn s rung v bin ca n, tc l d dng iu chnh thay i tc v gia tc cho phu cp phi. Trn hnh 12-17 l s kt cu ca phu cp phi kiu rung ng c b to rung t thng ng. Phu c t trn 3 l xo l c xp nghing so vi phng thng ng mt gc 200 theo cng 1 hng. Mc ch ca n l khi nam chm in t ht y phu xung pha di theo phng thng ng th cc thanh l xo l b un v ng thi xoay i mt gc v mang phu quay xung quanh tm n mt gc. Nh vy chuyn ng tuyt i ca phu v cc cnh xon trong phu l chuyn ng i xung v xoay quanh tm phu. Khi lc nam chm in t mt i, l xo li tr phu v li trng thi ban u tc l phu s c chuyn ng ln pha trn v xoay ngc li xung quanh tm n 1 gc bng vi gc quay khi chuyn ng i xung. Qu trnh ny hon ton tng t nh chuyn ng ca c cu 4 khu bn l ta xt trn y. Nh vy, nu c mt vt A nm trn cnh xon, th vi cc thng s thch hp nh tnh ton trn, vt A se c chuyn ng tng i so vi cnh xon i dn ln pha trn. c th to kh nng d dng cho vt tip vo cnh xon v thc hin cc di chuyn, thng ngi ta ch to phu c y hnh cn gia cao v xung quanh thp phi d dng trt trn mt cn tip vo cnh xon khi phu rung ng. Qu trnh rung ng ca phu s lm cho phi dch chuyn i ln theo hng cnh xon. Trn cnh xon, ngi ta cn b tr mt s c cu nh hng cho phi hoc sa li cc phi nh hng cha ng hoc gt cc phi c nh hng sai ra khi rnh xon.

Kt cu ca phu phi c cch ly vi h thng cng tc thng qua cc cao su hay c cu gim chn, do vy phu ch thc hin chuyn ng rung ng vi bin v tn s nh mt cch n nh m khng b nh hng do nhiu t cc my cng tc tc ng.
Trn hnh 12-18 gii thiu mt kiu phu cp phi rung ng c phu cha phi ring d tr v cp phi cho phu rung, cc phi c cp phu cha s ln lt ri xung phu rung t pha di. Khi ri xung s gp cnh hng c b tr theo mt gc nghing v tip tuyn vi cnh xon, do vy cc phi c th d dng trt vo cnh xon v thc hin cc chuyn ng ln pha trn khi phu hot ng. Phu cha phi c gn c nh vi tm y thng qua cc tr ghp bu long v khng rung ng cng vi phu rung. Tm y v b phn phu rung cng c cch ly bng cc l xo gim chn. Trn b ca phu rung, ngi ta lp 3 l xo tip tuyn vi vng trn bn knh r. Gia phu rung v b ca n c mt lin kt tr trt vi mc ch c th cho php phu rung c chuyn ng ln xung theo phng thng ng v va quay xung quanh tm ca n. 3 nam chm in t c b tr theo hng tip tuyn vi vng trn bn knh r. Nh vy m khi c lc ht ca nam chm phu s chuyn ng trt trn bc xung pha di v ng thi chuyn ng quay quanh tm ca n to nn s dch chuyn cc phi trn cnh xon. pha cui ca ng xon, ngi ta b tr b phn thu gom phi chuyn n cho mng dn phi. i vi phu cp phi kiu rung ng, tn s dao ng thng c th thay i trong khong 16 100Hz bng cch thay i tn s dng in cung cp cho nam chm in t. Vi cc phi c kch thc nh th tn s thng dng l 100Hz v ng knh phu trong khong 250mm. i vi cc phu c ng knh n 500mm th tn s

159

thng dng l 50Hz v vi chi tit c kch thc ln hn th ng knh ca phu cng ln hn v tn s thng dng l 16Hz.

Hnh 12-18: S kt cu phu cp phi rung ng

Gc nng ca cnh xon thng t 10 30. N ph thuc vo bc xon t (ph thuc vo kch thc ca phi) v t thng c chn theo cng thc: t = 1,5 h + b1 Trong , h l kch thc bin ln nht ca phi; b1 l chiu dy ca cnh xon. Chiu rng ca cnh xon c xc nh nh sau: B = b + (2 3)mm Trong , b l chi rng ca phi hoc ng knh ca phi. gc vi thnh phu mt gc bng 30 40.

ln pha trn so vi phng vung

450-500 40

Hnh 12.19. Mt s kt cu nh hng phi trn cnh xon

160

ng knh trung bnh ca rnh xon c xc nh: t Dm = .tg 0 Khi =1 30 th Dm = 12t. i vi gc nn ca y phu rung thng c chn t 1600 1700 ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca phi. trnh tnh trng phi c th ri ra khi cnh xon, ngi ta khng t cnh vung gc vi thnh phu m t nghing Nng sut cp phi ca phu rung ng c xc nh: v p .60 Q= .k[chiec / ph ] lp Trong , vp l vn tc dch chuyn ca phi trn cnh xon [mm/s]; lp l kch thc ca phi o theo phng di chuyn trn cnh xon; k l h s lp y, thng k = 0,4 0,9, n ph thuc vo chnh xc v bng ca phi.

thay i nng sut Q ca phu cp phi th ngi ta thay i vp bng vic thay i khe h gia nam chm v li thp gn vi phu hoc thay i dng in trong mch. Hin nay, cc loi phu cp phi kiu rung ng c tiu chun ho. ivi qu trnh nh hng phi trn cnh xon, ngi ta c th dng mt s kiu kt cu nh trn hnh 12-19. Trn s hnh 12-19a, cc phi hnh tr ang di chuyn trn rnh xon v n c th c gt khi rnh xon hoc xoay li cho ng vi s nh hng theo yu cu bng cc tay gt hoc cc rnh lm c b tr trn thnh phu hay trn b mt cnh xon. Trn s hnh 12-19b l dng phi a 2 bc cn c nh hng bc c ng knh nh xung pha di. Trong qu trnh trt trn rnh xon, nu phi no nh hng ng th s i qua c cu nh hng bnh thng i vo mng chuyn phi, nu nh hng sai n s c ri xung trn phn khot lm trn cnh xon v ri li xung phu.
12-3. Mng chuyn phi

Mc ch ca mng chuyn phi l vn chuyn phi t phu n my cng tc, ng thi lm nhim v nh hng v tr ca phi trong khng gian mt cch chnh xc v d tr phi m bo cho s hot ng bnh thng ca my cng tc. Cn c vo s vn chuyn ca phi trn mng m ngi ta phn thnh kiu mng t chy, bn t chy, cng bc v hn hp. m bo c yu cu trn, mng chuyn phi phi c xc nh v kch thc, hnh dng ph hp vi tng loi phi, ng thi phi la chn v b tr cc c cu nh hng phi mt cch tin cy trnh trng hp ph v iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca my cng tc. m bo cho c cu nm bt phi v cung cp n b phn cng tc ca my, cn phi c c cu lm ph hp tc di chuyn ca phi vi c cu bt gi phi cng nh phn chia phi v gi khong cch cc phi mt cch chnh xc.
161

12-3-1. Cc dng mng c s dng vn chuyn phi

Theo hnh dng v kch thc ca phi, ngi ta c th la chn cc kiu mng dn phi nh mt s kiu trn hnh 12-20.
12-3-2. Tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca mng

Mc ch ca phn ny l xc nh khe h ti a gia phi v mng dn phi trn c s hnh dng, kch thc ca phi, gc nghing ca mng dn, h s ma st gia phi v mng trnh trng hp mt nh hng hoc kt phi khi

Hnh 12-20: Mt s kiu mng chuyn phi di chuyn trn mng. a. Xc nh khe h gia mng v phi Gi s c 1 phi dng hnh tr c ng knh d v chiu di l di chuyn theo phng vung gc vi ng tm trc trong mt mng dn tit din ch U. Gi s phi trong qu trnh di chuyn c th b lch do mt nguyn nhn no nh trn hnh 12-21. m bo rng phi khng b mt nh hng (tc l khng th quay i mt gc 900) th khe h gia phi v mng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
+l<c Trong , l khe h gia mng v phi; l l chiu di phi; c l thng s tnh ton v c xc nh:

162

c = d 2 + l2

Tuy nhin trnh tnh trng phi b kt (do ma st gia phi v mng) th iu kin v gc xoay ca phi phi ln hn hoc bng gc ma st trt gia phi v mng phi t tr v v tr nh hng ca mnh v thc hin vic di chuyn trong mng bnh thng.
Xt ti im I, ta c: Fms = N. f

Trong , f l h s ma st trt gia mng v phi, thng thng f = 0,1 0,25. Hp lc R ca lc ma st Fms v lc php tuyn N to vi N mt gc , gi l gc ma st trt. f = tg Nu < th hp lc R to ra m men quay xung quanh im O ln pha trn v lm cho phi b kt khng di chuyn c. Nu th hp lc R to ra m men quay xung quanh O xung pha di v lm phi nh hng tr li v tr ban u v di chuyn c.
Kt hp c 2 iu kin trn, ta c: +l +l cos = = . c l2 + d 2 Vy: = l 2 + d 2 . cos l T , ta c nhn xt:
l

c R

d I N Fms

Hnh 12-21: S tnh toan khe h gia mang va phi

Xt n gc ma st , ta c:
cos = Khi gc = . Ta c:
cos = cos = 1 1+ f 2

1 1 + tg
2

1 1+ f 2

V khi l ng vi gi tr max. max = Hay bin i, ta c: l2 + d 2 1+ f 2 l.

163

Bng 12-2
l d c c l d

d2 + l 2 1+ f 2

q d

l q c d

= [S.sin( + ) / f ] l
d S = q2 + ( )2 ; q = l R 2 R.sin R.f = sin = S S. 1 + f 2

q d

l q d

= [S.sin( + ) / f ] l d S = q2 + 2
2

l q

! Cc loi chi tit ny khng nh hng c bng cc vch mng

164

2 l 1+ d l .d max = d 1+ f 2 Nu t S=max/d l khe h n v theo chiu di ca ng knh th ta c Smax c xc nh nh sau:

S max =

max d

l 1+ d l = 1+ f 2 d

Nh vy Smax ph thuc vo f v t s l/d. T cng thc trn, ta thy rng nu f = const v t s l/d tng th khe h Smax gim . Cn nu t s l/d = const th khi f tng ln th Smax gim.

Trn c s tnh ton nh trn, ngi ta thit lp c cc cng thc xc nh khe h gia phi v mng cho mt s dng chi tit c trnh by trong bng 12-2.
b. Xc nh kch thc chiu cao vch mng
Ti nhng im cui cng ca mng th tc dch chuyn ca phi l kh ln c th gy ra s mt nh hng do va p. trnh nhng hin tng , ngi ta phi xc nh tc gii hn ca phi trn c s phi m bo nng sut cp phi nhng khng gy va p lm mt nh hng.

i vi cc mng t chy, gc nghing ca mng c b tr sao cho ln hn gc ma st gia phi v mng cng nh khc phc mt s nh hng khc nh do kch thc ca phi khng chnh xc hoc sai s v hnh dng hnh hc v v tr tng quan ca phi gy ra.
Trn hnh 12-22 trnh by mt s kiu mng t chy vi hnh a l b tr mng nghing mt gc , mng nghing trn hnh b b tr vi 2 gc nghing khc nhau c gc 2 thng ln hn gc ma st khong t 1,5 n 2 ln, cn gc 1 thng c b tr trn phn mng ngn hn v thng c gi tr nh hn gc ma st mt t. Gia 2 mng nghing ny c ni vi nhau bng mt cung chuyn tip c bn knh R ln hn chiu di ca phi mt t cho qu trnh di chuyn phi trn mng c d dng. Cn hnh c l mng chuyn phi ch s dng mt gc nghing nhng vi vic s dng hai loi vt liu c h s ma st khc nhau, thng chn gi tr f1 tg mt t v f2 > tg.

* Xc nh chiu cao vch mng: Tc trt ca phi trn mng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2 v = 2gh(1 f cot g ) + v 0

165

Trong , v0 l vn tc ban u; h l cao ca mng dn; g l gia tc trng trng; l gc nghing ca mng dn. Bng 12-3 S
d

Cng thc tnh ton - Chiu rng vch mng: B = (0,7 0,8)d - Gc V ca mng: = 450 i vi phi c khi lng n 5 kg. = 600 i vi phi c khi lng >6kg H = (0,3 0,4)d i vi phi c dng cu. H = (0,25 0,3)d i vi phi hnh tr. H > 0,6d i vi phi dng a v vnh.

D H

Chiu cao vch mng hp kn:

H1

d H

l .tg H = 0,5d (0,5d) 2 2 tg <f : f l h s ma st; l gc tip xc gia phi v vch mng

H d

Chiu cao vch mng ca hp na kn: - H = 0,4 d - H1= d + H - H = 0,5 1mm

D H

D H

Chiu cao vch mng cc chi tit trc bc: - Khi vn chuyn trn cc ngng trc: Dd H= + 1 ; 1 = 2 5mm 2 - Khi vn chuyn trn bc trc ln: Dd H= 1 2

Xc nh chiu di L:
2 2g.h + v 0 v 2 2g.f Vi f l h s ma st trt gia phi v mng dn: f = tg xc nh di ca mng dn, t hinh 12-22, ta c:

L = h..cotg =

166

2 2g(f . cos 1 sin 2 ).h ( v 0 v 2 ).sin 1 2gf (cos 1 cot g 2 .sin 1 ).sin 2 Trong , v l vn tc yu cu ca phi cui mng chuyn.

S=

f h

R 1 S1

v S h f2

f1 v h1 h2 h

L (a)

(b) Hnh 12-22: S mt s kiu mng t chy

(c)

cho phi khng b trt khi mng dn hoc ri ra ngoi khi di chuyn th cn thit phi xc nh chiu cao vch mng mt cch hp l. Trn bng 12-3 gii thiu mt s kiu mng chuyn phi v cng thc xc nh chiu cao tng ng ca tng loi.

ab

(a)

(b)

Hnh 12-23: Mt s s nguyn l nh hng phi c. C cu nh hng phi:

Vn nh hng phi l mt trong nhng ni dung rt quan trng nhng ng thi cng rt phc tp v kh khn. Chng ta c th thy rng, cc chi tit c kh c hnh dng v kch thc v cng phong ph. Vic a ra tng kiu chi tit no ri nghin cu tm phng n nh hng cho n l hon ton mang tnh l thuyt v kh c th p dng vo thc t c v cc chi tit ch khc nhau rt t thi th qu trnh nh hng cho n cng khc nhau kh xa. Ngay c khi ch mt loi phi m nu dung sai kch thc qu ln th qu trnh nh hng cng cha hn l hon ton tin cy. Nh trn mt s h thng

167

dy chuyn sn xut hin i ngy nay th ngay c khi n ch s dng duy nht mt loi phi m ngi ta phi b tr thm c cu loi b khi mng dn i vi cc phi nh hng khng chnh xc. iu ny cng ni ln rng cng vic nh hng phi trong h thng cp phi t ng l mt vn kh khn nht v i hi ngi lm cng tc thit k phi c tnh sng to v nu c thm kinh nghim na th c th la chn c cc kiu nh hng tt nht, tc l va n gin v mt nguyn l v kt cu, va c tin cy cao. Nguyn tc chung khi la chn nguyn l v c cu nh hng l cn c vo s phn b trng lng trong bn thn vt th, hnh dng bn ngoi v t l cc kch thc bao ca chng.
i vi cc phi cn nh v qua nhiu cp th thng thng trn phu cha phi ngi ta thc hin nh hng cp I cho n v cc c cu nh hng cp II v cp III c b tr trn mng dn. Ngi ta c th s dng nguyn tc nh hng nh s phn b trng lng ca phi lt cc phi cho ng v tr nh hng nh hnh 1223a, hoc s dng nguyn l lt hoc quay phi cn c v hnh dng ca phi nh hnh 12-23b hoc cn c theo kch thc khc nhau ca phi khi cn nh hng nh hnh 12-24.

Trn cc hnh 12-23, 12-24 ch gii thiu mt s s nh hng phi. Cc s ny ch m t v mt nguyn l m khng biu din bng kt cu v khng th gii thiu ht tt c cc loi phi c th trong ngnh gia cng c kh. Da trn c s ca mt s nguyn l ny, chng ta c th tin hnh nghin cu v phn tch thm la chn v thit k c mt kt cu nh hng cho loi phi c th.

Theo A

Theo B

Hnh 12-24: S nh hng phi

12-4. B phn lm ph hp tc phi, phn chia phi v chuyn hng

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 cho qu trnh bt gi phi mt cch chnh xc v thun li cung cp cho my cng tc th cn thit phi c mt s b phn c b tr trn mng chuyn phi ngoi c cu nh hng, l b phn lm gim tc ca phi, ri phi, chuyn hng phi v phn chia phi. 12-4-1. C cu lm ph hp tc phi Lm ph hp tc phi bao hm c 2 vn l lm th no tc ca phi khi chuyn giao sang my cng tc phi ng b, tc l cng tc trong trng hp khng s dng c cu nm bt phi hoc phi ng b vi tc ca c cu nm bt cung cp cho my cng tc. V thc t th ta thy rng, cc mng chuyn phi lm nhim v di chuyn phi n vng cng tc, tuy nhin v tr ca phi trn mng chuyn l hon ton ngu nhin v tc di chuyn ca phi cng khc nhau, ngay c cc h thng chuyn phi cng bc nh cc bng ti, xch ti, trc xon.... th tc ca phi trn on cui cng ca mng chuyn l kh ln. V th cn phi c mt s c cu lm gim tc di chuyn ca phi cho ph hp vi tc yu cu. Tuy nhin cng cn ch l c cu ny phi m bo c khi tip xc vi phi ang di chuyn khng c lm mt nh hng ca phi, khng to ra nhng xung lc gy bin dng hoc lm h hng b mt phi, phi m bo qu trnh lm vic n nh. Di y gii thiu mt s kiu c cu lm gim tc ca phi: a. Mng dn phi c y kiu gn sng Mng dn phi kiu c y gn sng c mc ch lm gim tc trt ca phi trn cc mng t chy. Khi phi trt trn , do s mp m ca cc sng m nng lng dch chuyn ca phi b tiu tn dn v v vy m tc di chuyn cng chm dn li. Tu theo yu cu ca tc chi tit ti thi im cui ca mng v cn c vo kch thc ca phi, h s ma st v gc nghing mng m ta chn kiu sng c thng s v hnh dng hp l. cao ca sng thng thng chn t (0,3 0,4)d, gc bin dng ca y sng thng chn khong 1200 ( hnh 12-25a). b. Mng dn phi c l chn Trn hnh 12-25b m t kiu mng dn phi c c cu lm gim tc ca phi bng cc l chn. Khi phi di chuyn va vo l chn, n truyn mt phn nng lng sang l chn v thng qua khp bn l to m men quay lm quay l chn v phi s i qua, qu trnh li tip tc khi phi gp phi l chn tip theo. Thng thng cc l chn lm vic theo nguyn l t quay do trng lng ca l chn to ra i vi trc quay. Trong trng hp gc nghing ca mng l 50 v l chn lm vic theo nguyn tc trn th ngi ta thng chn t s ca trng lng l chn vi trng lng phi l 0,2. Nhc im ca c cu ny l khng iu chnh c m men quay v do khng iu chnh tc di chuyn ca phi. Hin nay ngi ta s dng thm mt c cu l xo c th iu chnh c m men quay ca l chn v do vy c th iu chnh c tc theo yu cu.

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(a)

(b)

Hnh 12-25: Mng dn phi c y gn sng (a) v l chn (b)

c. Gim tc phi bng c cu thu lc Hnh 12-26 m t mt c cu thanh gt lm gim tc ca phi thng qua h thng cng v c gim chn bng thu lc. Cng gt 2 c 3 cnh m mt u ca n c gn 1 con ln tip xc vi phi, mt u ni vi cn piston ca xi lanh thu lc v u cn li ni vi mt l xo ko gi cng gt lun lun nm v tr chn phi v a piston nm v tr trn cng ca xi lanh thu lc. Khi c phi n v tc dng vo cnh th nht s gy ra m men quay cng xung quanh cht. Nu m men ny ln hn m men do l xo to ra v ma st trong piston - xi lanh thu lc th cng s quay v m cho phi qua, khi tc ca phi bt u tr v khng ti v tr xut pht ny. Kiu piston - xilanh gim chn ny c cu to c bit l du c cha c bung trn v bung di v chng thng nhau qua l tit lu. iu chnh thi gian m cng cho phi qua, ngi ta ch cn thay i tit din l tit lu bng cch trong kt cu ngi ta ch tao piston gm c 2 a v khi xoay v tr ca 1 a ca piston th thay i c kch thc l tit lu.

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(a)

(b)

Hnh 12.26. Mng dn phi c c cu thu lc (a) v c cu gt (b)

12-4-2. B phn phn chia phi v chuyn hng Trong qu trnh cp phi t ng cho nhiu my cng tc cng lm mt chc nng nh nhau, thng ngi ta b tr ch mt h thng cp phi chung cho tt c. Nh vy trn on cui ca mng chuyn phi chung, ngi ta phi b tr c cu phn chia phi cng nh chuyn hng phi n v tr cc my cng tc. Hoc c trng hp khi di chuyn cc phi bng phng php cng bc, v tr cc phi trn mng chuyn c th l phn b ngu nhin hoc c dn st nhau, khi cn phi c mt c cu phn chia phi cch nhau 1 khong u n ph hp vi c cu nhn phi ca my. a. C cu chia phi

Theo A

Hnh 12-27: C cu chia phi

171

Hnh 12-27 m t mt c cu phn chia phi theo mt s hng. cho c cu phn chia phi lm vic mt cch n nh th yu cu trc khi phi di chuyn n b phn ny th n phi c gom phi, tc l v tr ca phi c phn b vi khong cch u n. C cu ny c dn ng thng qua mt c cu thanh truyn to nn chuyn ng lc r phi i theo cc hng theo yu cu. b. C cu dn phi. Mc ch ca b phn ny l dn tng phi mt c nh hng chnh xc t cui mng dn hay ngay sau b phn phn chia phi n c cu bt gi phi hoc chuyn giao trc tip cho my cng tc. y l b phn cui cng ca h thng mng cp phi. Do vy cht lng hot ng ca n mang tnh quyt nh n kh nng lm vic chnh xc v n nh ca c h thng sn xut. m bo yu cu trn, thng ngi ta b tr khu ny mt s cng tc hnh trnh, cc cm bin gim st trng thi ca phi trong mng cng nh gim st s hot ng ca b phn . Cc c cu thng c s dng l c kh, c kh - in; c kh - kh nn. Hnh 12- 28 m t nguyn l ca mt c cu dn phi. c. C cu chuyn hng. Trong qu trnh cp phi, do tnh cht lm vic thc t ca cc loi phi v h thng sn xut khc nhau m phi s dng mng chuyn phi rt di, iu ny trc ht l gy nn s phc tp trong thit k nh xng, tip na n gy tr ngi cho vic lu thng v cc hot ng ca con ngi trong nh my... trnh tnh trng ny, ngi ta thu gn din tch ca chng li bng cch b tr cc mng dn theo cc ng zich zc hoc cc dng ng bao hnh vung, ch nht, a gic... tu theo cu trc ca my cng tc, do vy phi c th di chuyn c trn nhng ng cn thit phi c b phn chuyn hng. Hnh 12-29 gii thiu mt s kiu chuyn hng.

Hnh 12.28. Mt s c cu chuyn hng phi

172

Hnh 12-29: Mt s c cu dn phi

12-5. C cu nm bt phi

Theo

Hnh 12- 30: C cu bt gi phi

c th thc hin vic g t phi ln cc my cng tc, cn thit phi c c cu bt gi phi. Nhim v ca c cu ny l tip nhn phi c nh hng chnh

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xc v bt gi n ri di chuyn n v tr cn thit nh cc ng kp n hi, mm cp kh nn hoc cc loi t thu lc hoc kh nn cc c cu kp thc hin qu trnh kp cht phi. (a) (b) m bo c mc tiu trn, cc c cu nm bt phi phi c kt cu v hnh dng ca phn tip xc vi phi ph hp vi hnh dng v kch thc ca phi cn bt gi v m bo gi chc nhng khng c lm h hng phi nh lm bin dng do hay h hng lp b mt i vi cc phi qua gia cng tinh. Trn hnh 12-30 gii thiu mt c cu bt gi phi v di chuyn n c cu g t ca my cng tc. Nguyn l lm (d) (c) vic ca c cu nh sau: Cc phi dng tr c dn trn mng 1, khi n ng Hnh 12-31: C cu nm v tr s tc ng vo cng tc hnh trnh bt phi v thng qua c cu nam chm in t y tm chn 3 chn gi cc phi pha trn. Ch c 1 phi c a vo tay kp 4 v thng qua c cu cam thng y tay kp sang pha tri v nng mng hng 8 i ln pha trn. Khi tay kp nm v tr cui cng pha tri, h thng cam v l xo s tc ng v y phi ra khi c cu kp v phi c ri xung mng hng 8 do t trng bn thn. Sau cam thng li a tay kp 6 chuyn ng sang phi v mng hng 8 chuyn ng xung di chi tit trt hoc ln khi mng n v tr yu cu.

Trn hnh 12-31a,c,d gii thiu mt s kt cu u kp phi lm vic theo nguyn tc dng lc kp ca l xo. Khi u kp i xung, do tc dng ca phi vo m ca m kp s lm cho m kp ng quay xung quanh cht m rng ming ca c cu v l xo b nn li. Khi phi trt trn cc m v nm vo ng v tr trong m kp, l xo nn s y m kp ng v s kp cht phi li. Trn hnh 12-31b s dng c cu nm gi phi bng l xo l, chnh l xo l cng l m kp phi. Nguyn l lm vic ging vi cc s trn hnh 12-31 a,c,d.
Trn hnh 12-32 gii thiu mt s kt cu v cc thng s v kch thc, gc ca mt c cu kp phi dng tr. to iu kin cho phi i vo m kp thun li th v tr ca mng dn v cc phn cng tc ca m kp phi c b tr mt cch chnh xc th c cu mi c th lm vic c tin cy.

y l mt c cu nm bt phi dng hnh tr c ng knh D. Phi ang di chuyn trn mng dn phi n v tr ca c cu nm bt phi lc ang v tr nhn phi (hnh 12-32 b). Phi s c nh v chnh xc vo v tr tay nm v tm gt 2 c c cu l xo ko s c nh phi trong c cu nm gi. Khi c tc ng ca c cu nhn phi ca my cng tc, tay nm phi 1 c di chuyn sang tri cung cp phi (hnh 12-32 a,c,d), phn trn ca tay nm s trt trn b mt ca mt phi k tip ang di chuyn trn mng dn v gi cho phi ny khng di chuyn c xung pha di. m bo cho qu trnh ny hot ng

174

chnh xc v tin cy, cc thng s , , a v R phi c xc nh theo gi tr ca D.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Hnh 12-32: Cc thng s ca c cu bt gi phi

TI LIU THAM KHO

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[1].M.A.An-Ce-Rop.
g trn my ct kim loi (Ting Nga). Nh xut bn Lningrat, 1975. [2].A.E.Ba-R -Ki, M.A. m -Mik. g cho my ct kim loi (Ting Nga). Nh xut bn K thut YCCP,1963. [3] .A. Chevalier. Cm nang ca cc nh thit k cng nghip. Nh xut bn k thut Hachette, 1993. [4].B.C.Ko-R-Ca-Kop. C s thit k g gia cng, Nh xut bn ch to my Mockva, 1971. [5] A.N.Ma-Lop. C kh ho v t ng ho my ct kim loi vn nng (Ting Nga). Nh xut bn ch to my Mockva, 1969. [6].i hc Thin tn-Trung quc. Cng ngh ch to my (Ting Trung quc), Nh xut bn c kh, 1990. [7].i hc Hoa ng- Thng hi-Trung quc. Cng ngh ch to my (Ting Trung quc). Nh xut bn cng nghip, 1990. [8] .i hc Hoa ng-Thung hi-Trung quc. Thit k g trn my ct kim loi (Ting Trung quc). Nh xut bn Bc kinh, 1965 [9] .ng V Giao. Tnh v thit k g, Trng i hc bch khoa H ni, 1968. [10] .Khoa cng ngh ch to my, Trng i hc Bch khoa -H ni Tnh v thit k g, Trng i hc bch khoa H ni, 1989. [11].L Vn Tin, Trn Vn ch, Trn Xun Vit. g c kh ho v t ng ho, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut,1999. [12] .KH.L. Ba-L-Tin, F.P.Ca-Str-min. Nguyn l thit k v kt cu ca g trn my ct kim loi (bn dch). Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni, 1967. [13] . Ninh Vn Tn. Dung sai v lp ghp, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2000. [14] . g my ct kim loi, Nh xut bn ch to my Lningrat,1975.

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