Vibration Measurement Sensors

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Who is Wilcoxon Research?

Started in 1960 by engineers from United States Navy Research Laboratory Developed Accelerometers, Impedance Heads, and Reaction Shakers

Primary sales are to industrial customers

Pulp & Paper Machine Tool Power Generation Petrochemical Food Processing Steel & Aluminum

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Who is Wilcoxon Research

Early Markets were Naval Engineering and Test for US, French, and British Navies Entered Condition Monitoring in the early 1980s with Palomar, Scientific Atlanta, and CSI

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Wilcoxon Research Today

Worlds largest manufacturer of industrial accelerometers Located in Metropolitan Washington DC along the I 270 Technology Corridor Approximately 120 employees

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Basic Vibration Sensors

Ele c tro dynamic Velocity Trans duc e r Noncontacting Displacement Transducer

Acc e lerome te r

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Eddy Current Probe Fabrication

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Eddy Current Probe - How It Works

Three matched components - Driver, probe and extension cable Voltage applied to the Driver causes an RF signal to be generated Signal is transmitted to the probe by the extension cable Coil inside probe tip serves as an antenna and radiates high frequency energy into free space Any conductive material within the field absorbs energy and causes output of probe to decrease proportional to gap distance

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Eddy Current Probe

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Eddy Current Specifications

Calibrated Range Scale Factor Linearity Frequency Response Temperature Range
80 mils beginning at approx. 10 mils 200mV/mil over a 80 mil range 200 mV/mil straight line +/- 0.8 mils 0 to 600,000 CPM (Theoretical) Driver -60 F to +212 F Probe and Cable -30 F to +350 F

Relative Humidity

to 95% noncondensing

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Fabrication of Electrodynamic Velocity Sensor

Housing vibrates while the spring-suspended coil remains stationary Amplitude of the output voltage is proportional to the velocity of the vibration
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Types of Accelerometers

Piezoelectric

Charge mode Internally amplified

Strain Gauge Piezoresistive Variable Capacitance Others

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Piezoelectric Accelerometers

Measures Acceleration Velocity or Displacement Output Available Very Sensitive Contacting

Am plifie r Co nn e c to r

Mo unting S c re w P ie zo c e ram ic

S e is m ic Mas s

Co nne c to r

Mo unting Bas e
2339b

S e is m ic Ma s s Am plifie r P ie zo c e ra m ic s

Measures Absolute Casing Motion Measures Very Low Frequency Measures Very High Frequency
Am plifie r

Co nne c to r

Mo u nting B as e
23 3 9a

P ie zo c e ra m ic s

S e is m ic Ma s s Mo unting Ba s e
2208a - R1

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Piezoelectric Accelerometer - How It Works

Piezoelectric material (sensing element) is placed under load using a mass As stack vibrates, crystal is squeezed or released Charge output is proportional to the force (and acceleration) Electronics convert charge output into voltage output
Am plifie r

Co nne c to r

S e is m ic Ma s s P ie zo c e ram ic s

Mo unting Bas e
2339a

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Operational Range

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Vibration vs. Frequency

1,000

100 10 EU 1.0 (mils pp) (ips) (g) 0.1 .01

Acceleration (g) Displacement (mils pp)

Very Little Vibration Amplitude in terms of Acceleration is Produced at Low Frequencies Much Larger Amplitudes are produced in terms of Displacement

Velocity (ips)

.001 .0001

.1 .6

1 60

10 600 FREQUENCY

100 6,000

1,000 Hz 60,000 cpm

1607-R1

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Eddy Probe
Advantages

Disadvantages

Low frequency response (to 0 Hz) Can measure relative displacement Useful as a key phasor for dynamic balancing & analysis Reliable if property installed and maintained

Difficult to install Practical limits of high frequency displacement measurement Calibration dependent on shaft material Shaft runout / glitch produces false signals

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Electrodynamic Velocity Transducer

Advantages

Disadvantages

No external powering Powerful signal Output Easy to use (not as sensitive to mounting problems as alternative) Ability to operate at elevated temperatures

Not useful for very low frequency Not useful for very high frequency Moving parts wear Mounting orientation may be important Size Accuracy (resolution / noise as compared to alternatives)

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Internally Amplified Accelerometer

Advantages

Disadvantages

Very wide frequency Wide amplitude range Broad temperature range Velocity or displacement output available Rugged, industrial design

Not responsive to 0 Hz Internal Amplifier limits temperature

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Low Frequency Accelerometer Considerations

High Sensitivity Low Noise Low Pass Filter Environmental Protection

Am plifie r

Co nne c to r

P ie zo c e ram ic s

S e is m ic Mas s Mo unting B as e
2208a - R1

Overload Protected Resists Thermal transients Low Strain Sensitivity

Limited Amplitude Range

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Sensitivity Selection

799M 793, 786A 797, 736

732A, 732AT

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Electronic Sensor Noise

Sets the Absolute Measurement Floor Increases as Frequency Decreases Dependent on Charge Sensitivity PZT Piezoceramics are very sensitive and must be used for Low Frequency Accelerometers

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500 mV/g

100 mV/g

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Electronic Sensor Noise

Electronic Sensor Noise can be Improved by using more Lines of Resolution The Cost is greater Measurement Time Data Acquisition Time = Lines/Fmax
Lines of Res olution Electronic Spectral Noise of a Low Frequency Sensor (1 g/ Hz) Measurement Time Per Data Set Measurement Time for Four (4) Averages Without Overlapping Measurement Time for Eight (8) Averages Without Overlapping 400 0.16 g 40 sec 800 0.11 g 80 sec 1600 0.79 g 160 sec 3200 0.056 g 320 sec (5.3 min) 3200

160 sec

320 sec

640 sec

1,280 sec (21.3 min)

320 sec

640 sec

1,280 sec 2,560 sec (42.7 min)

2348a - R1

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Summary of Concepts
Reminder - very little motion in terms of acceleration is produced at low frequencies

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Strain Gage Accelerometers

Metal (wire or foil) strain gages on a beam or diaphragm structure Measure strain caused by inertial forces on mass Low sensitivity and/or low natural frequency Rarely used; being replaced by PR and VC

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Piezoresistive Accelerometers

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Variable Capacitance

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Servo Force Balance

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