Hargailah masa kerana masa itu berharga

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5.2 Meiosis

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This man and this woman had been marry years ago. Can you imagine the face or appearance of their child? Do you think their child has exactly same face with their parent?

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Do you thinks they are brothers? Give reason to your answer.

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The answer is yes They are brothers

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They are

Sheikh Ahmad Shukor; Sheikh Taufik Shukor; Sheikh Mustapha Shukor Sheikh Arwiz Shukor.
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- Do you have exactly same appearance or face with your mother or father or sister or brother (except you are twins) ?

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 What happen if all cell in your body include reproductive cell only undergo mitosis?

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5.2 Meiosis

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Objectives:
State necessity of trait inheritance to continue life State necessity maintain diploid no. of chromosomes over generation State significance of meiosis

Identify type of cell undergo meiosis.

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Necessity of trait in heritance in offspring

All individual in same species have same chromosomal number.

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 If mitosis only the way cell can divide- each gamete will get a complete set of chromosome

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 Predict what happen after the gametes fertilize if the cell only undergo mitosis

2n

2n

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 Predict what happen after the gametes fertilize if the cell only undergo mitosis

= 92 chromosomes

2n=46

2n=46

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 Anotomys leander

The Aquatic Rat, Ecuador Fish-Eating Rat, or Fish-Eating Rat (Anotomys leander) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is the only species in the genus Anotomys. It is found only in Ecuador.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland and rivers.

It has 92 chromosomes
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So, why meiosis important?

After fertilization of male and female gametes, the offspring will have twice number of chromosomes

Hence, in order to maintain the same chromosomal number of the offspring, the cell must undergo meiosis.

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Please fill this table in your bioscore book

Organism 2n Cat Monkey Prawn Human
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Chromosomal number

38 44 127 23

Significance of meiosis
Meio means reduce Meiosis is process of nuclear division that reduces number of chromosome in new cells to the half number of chromosome in parent cells

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 Each gametes receive one chromosomes from every pair of homologous . So, gametes contain haploid (n) number of chromosomes

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 Similar with mitosis, meiosis is a continuous process and consist of two separate nuclear division

Meiosis I Meiosis II However, DNA of each chromosomes replicates once

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 Meiosis I Begin with single diploid (2n) parent cell

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 Meiosis II End with resulting of four haploid (n) daughter cell Each daughter cell genetically distinct from other and also from parent

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 During sexual reproduction, the fusion of two gametes will restore the complete number of chromosome and genetic material

Diploid zygote will be form.

The offspring inherit traits from both parent to ensure continuation of life

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 Fertilization of haploid gametes

Will produce diploid zygote The number of chromosome will maintain for next generation
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Where does meiosis occur?

Gametes are sex cells (sperm, eggs)
Arise from germ cells

ovaries

anther
testes ovary

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Where does meiosis occur

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Spermatogenesis
human sex cell

n=23
sperm

n=23
2n=46
diploid (2n)

n=23
haploid (n)

n=23

n=23 n=23

meiosis I
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meiosis II
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Answer this question without referring book

1. State significance of meiosis
2.How many nuclear division do meiosis have? State the division. 3.How many daughter cell will produced by meiosis?

4. Describe the genetic content of the daughter cells

5. Where does meiosis occur (in plant and animal)? What type of cell produce in animal and in plant (state the cell) ? 6/26/2012 Azuwin 2010

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Concept correction
Some organism can have same number of chromosome , however their arrangement of chromosomes are different Example: Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Gallus gallus (chicken) Rhesus Monkey Orangutan Deer Mouse
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78 78

48 48 48

Chromosome
How to count chromosome
Sister chromatid

This I single chromosome or chromatid

centromere

The number of chromosome can count by the number of the centromere

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overview

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Interphase I
Similar to mitosis interphase. Chromosomes replicate (S phase).

Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres. Centriole pairs also replicate.
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Interphase I
Nucleus and nucleolus visible.
chromatin
nuclear membrane

cell membrane

nucleolus

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MEIOSIS I (4 PHASE )
-PROPHASE I -METAPHASE I -ANAPHASE I -TELOPHASE I

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Prophase I
Chromosome condense, shorter, thicker and clearly visible Homologous chromosomes come together form bivalent through synapsis The bivalent visible as four-part structure known as tetrad

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 Tetrad- consist of two homologous chromosome. Each made up of 2 sister chromatids

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Prophase I - Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes

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sister chromatids

Homologous Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape and size. Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits.

Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on homologues.

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Homologous Chromosomes
eye color locus eye color locus

hair color locus

Paternal
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hair color locus

Maternal
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CONTINUEProphase I
Non sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA in crossing over process Crossing over resulted new combination of gene on chromosome. Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing over in which the segment of chromatid change
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Crossing Over - variation

nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site 6/26/2012 of crossing over

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variation

Prophase I
spindle fiber

centrioles

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 At the end-nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear

Centrioles migrate to opposite poles

Spindle fiber radiate

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Metaphase I
Tetrad line up at metaphase plate. One chromosome of each pair attach to spindle fiber from one pole and its homologoue attach by opposite pole fiber

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Metaphase I

OR

metaphase plate
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metaphase plate

Anaphase I
Spindle fiber pull the homologous chromosomes to separate the homologous chromosome s move towards opposite poles. Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres. So, although the cell started with 4 chromosomes , only 2 chromosomes move towards each pole

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Anaphase I

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Telophase I
Chromosomes arrive at poles.
Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes in the nucleus Spindle fiber disappear Nuclear membrane reappear. Nucleolus reappear in each nucleus. Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.

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Telophase I

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 Cytokinesis occur simulteneously after telophase I

Why we need meiosis II?

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MEIOSIS II (4 PHASE )
-PROPHASE II -METAPHASE II -ANAPHASE II -TELOPHASE II

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Meiosis II
No interphase II (or very short - no more DNA replication) -chromosomes remain in condense state Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

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Prophase II
same as prophase in mitosis

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 Nuclear membrane disintergrate

Spindle fiber reform

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Metaphase II

metaphase plate

metaphase plate

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 Chromosome-still consist of sister chromatids

Position randomly at metaphase plate with sister chromatids of each chromosome pointing towaard opposite pole

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Anaphase II
sister chromatids separate

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 Centromere of sister chromatids separate

The sister chromatid now is individual chromosomes Chromosomes move toward opposite poles
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Telophase II
Nuclear envelope reappear Nucleoli reform.

Cytokinesis occurs.
Remember: four haploid daughter cells produced.

gametes = sperm or egg

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Telophase II

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Animation

Meiosis mouse testes

Parent cell 1st division

2nd division 4 gametes

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Differences of meiosis I and II

Meiosis I -Homologous chromosome pairs up - crossing over between non sister chromatid -Homologous chromosomes align at equator -Homologous chromosome separate and move to opposite poles - siser chromatid attach at centromere -Produce 2 haploid daughter cell -each daughter cell has only one of each type of chromosome Differences PROPHASE Meiosis II -no synapsis of homologous chromosome - No crossing over -chromosomes align at equator -sister chromatid separate becoming daughter chromosome

METAPHASE ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

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-4 haploid daughter cell produced -each cell have only one of the sister chromatid -Have same number of chromosome with haploid cell from meiosis I

Breaktime

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Differences of mitosis and meiosis

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Meiosis key differences from mitosis

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
Daughter cells differ from parent, and each other. Meiosis involves two divisions, Mitosis only one.

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 Meiosis I involves: Synapsis homologous chromosomes pair up. Chiasmata form (crossing over of non-sister chromatids). In Metaphase I, homologous pairs line up at metaphase plate. In Anaphase I, sister chromatids do NOT separate. Overall, separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes, rather than sister chromatids of individual chromosome.

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Mitosis vs. meiosis

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Meiosis creates genetic variation

During normal cell growth, mitosis produces daughter cells identical to parent cell (2n to 2n) Meiosis results in genetic variation by shuffling of maternal and paternal chromosomes and crossing over. No daughter cells formed during meiosis are genetically identical to either mother or father During sexual reproduction, fusion of the unique haploid gametes produces truly unique offspring.
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Study Questions
1. What happens as homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I of meiosis? 2. How does metaphase of mitosis differ from metaphase I of meiosis? 3. What is the sole purpose of meiosis?

4. What specific activities, involving DNA, occur during interphase prior to both mitosis and meiosis?
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5. Compare mitosis and meiosis on the following points: a. number of daughter cells produced. b. the amount of DNA in the daughter cells in contrast to the original cell.

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5.3 Appreciating the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

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Meiosis division error

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Chromosome pair

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Meiosis error - fertilisation

Should the gamete with the chromosome pair be fertilised then the offspring will not be normal. In humans this often occurs with the 21st pair producing a child with Downs Syndrome

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21 trisomy Downs Syndrome

Can you see the extra 21st chromosome ? Is this person male

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Monosomy
refers to lack of one chromosome of the normal complement. Monosomy of the sex chromosomes (45,X) causes Turner syndrome.

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trisomy
Trisomy 18 known as Edwards Syndrome

Trisomy 13 known as Patau Syndrome Trisomy of the sex chromosomes is possible, such as in (47,XXX).
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The end

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HOW VARIATION OCCUR IN MEIOSIS

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Independent assortment
Number of combinations: 2n

e.g. 2 chromosomes in haploid 2n = 4; n = 2 2n = 22 = 4 possible combinations

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In humans

e.g. 23 chromosomes in haploid 2n = 46; n = 23 2n = 223 = ~ 8 million possible combinations!

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Crossing over
Chiasmata sites of crossing over, occur in synapsis. Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids. Crossing over produces recombinant chromosomes.

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Harlequin chromosomes

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Random fertilization
At least 8 million combinations from Mom, and another 8 million from Dad >64 trillion combinations for a diploid zygote!!!

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