Definition

Mineral is a naturally occurring homogenous solid in organically form with a definite chemical composition and on order atomic arrangement (webmineral.com)

Function
Responsible for building the structure in body like teeth and bones Help to regulate bodily processes (bioweb.com)

http://www.whereincity.com/medical/ minerals/
There are two types of minerals: Macro minerals and Trace minerals. Macro Minerals Macro means "large" in Greek are dietary minerals needed by the human body in high quantities. The macro mineral group is made up of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Sulfur. Micro / Trace Minerals Micro minerals, also known as trace elements are micronutrients that are chemical elements. A trace of something means that there is only a little of it. So, even though your body needs mineral each day in small amounts for good health. Scientists aren't even sure how much of these minerals you need each day. Trace minerals includes Iron, Manganese, Copper, Iodine, Zinc, Fluoride, and Selenium

Types
Major Types ?
Potassium Iron Zinc Calsium Fluoride Sodium

Disease
Iron
Iron deficiency anemia Most common during late infancy & in childhood Iodine Goitre Thyroid gland enlarges as it attemps to trap more iodine