2 - Moles and Calculations

THE MOLE
A guide for A level students
Dr. Syed Tanveer Sherazi

THE MOLE
CONTENTS
• What is a mole and why do we use it?
• Calculating the number of moles of a single substance
• Reacting mass calculations
• Solutions and moles
• Standard solutions
• Volumetric calculations
• Molar volume calculations
THE MOLE
Before you start it would be helpful to…
• know how to balance simple equations

• know how to re-arrange mathematical formulae
DON’T BE
LEFT IN THE
DARK!
THE MOLE
WHAT IS A MOLE ?
it is the standard unit of amount of a substance -
it is just a number, a very big number
it is a way of saying a number in words, just like...
DOZEN for 12 SCORE for 20 GROSS for 144

THE MOLE
WHAT IS A MOLE ?
HOW BIG IS IT ?
602200000000000000000000 (Approximately)... THAT’S BIG !!!
It is a lot easier to write it as... 6.022 x 1023
THE MOLE
WHAT IS A MOLE ?
HOW BIG IS IT ?
602200000000000000000000 (Approximately)... THAT’S BIG !!!
It is a lot easier to write it as... 6.022 x 1023
It is also known as... AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
It doesn’t matter what the number is as long as everybody sticks to the same value !
THE MOLE
WHY USE IT ?
Atoms and molecules don’t weigh much so it is easier to count large

numbers of them. In fact it is easier to weigh substances.
Using moles tells you... how many particles you get in a certain mass
the mass of a certain number of particles
DO I NEED TO KNOW ANYTHING ELSE ?
Yes, it would help if you can balance equations
AND Keep trying, you will get the idea ... EVENTUALLY!
THE MOLE – AN OVERVIEW
WHAT IS IT? The standard unit of amount of a substance -

just as the standard unit of length is a METRE
It is just a number, a very big number
It is also a way of saying a number in words
like DOZEN for 12
GROSS for 144

like DOZEN for 12
GROSS for 144
HOW BIG IS IT ? 602200000000000000000000 (approx) - THAT’S BIG !!!

It is a lot easier to write it as 6.022 x 1023
And anyway it doesn’t matter what the number is
as long as everybody sticks to the same value !

like DOZEN for 12
GROSS for 144
HOW BIG IS IT ? 602200000000000000000000 (approx) - THAT’S BIG !!!

It is a lot easier to write it as 6.022 x 1023
And anyway it doesn’t matter what the number is
as long as everybody sticks to the same value !
WHY USE IT ? Atoms and molecules don’t weigh much so it is

easier to count large numbers of them.
In fact it is easier to weigh substances.
Using moles tells you :- how many particles you get in a certain mass
the mass of a certain number of particles
THE MOLE
CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF A SINGLE SUBSTANCE
MOLES = MASS
MOLAR MASS MASS
MOLES x MOLAR
moles = mass / molar mass MASS
mass = moles x molar mass
COVER UP THE VALUE YOU
molar mass = mass / moles WANT AND THE METHOD
OF CALCULATION IS
REVEALED
UNITS
mass g or kg
molar mass g mol-1 or kg mol-1
MOLES OF A SINGLE SUBSTANCE
1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g
MASS
MOLES x MOLAR
MASS

oxygen molecules have the formula O2
relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 ; molar mass will be 32g mol-1


moles = mass = 4g = 0.125 mol

molar mass 32g mol -1
MASS
MOLES x MOLAR
MASS




2. What is the mass of 0.25 mol of Na2CO3 ?



Relative Molecular Mass of Na2CO3 = (2x23) + 12 + (3x16) = 106

Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106g mol-1


MASS
MOLES x MOLAR
MASS

mass = moles x molar mass = 0.25 x 106 = 26.5g




mass = moles x molar mass = 0.25 x 106 = 26.5g

REACTING MASS CALCULATIONS
CaCO3 + 2HCl ———> CaCl2 + CO2 + H 2O
1. What is the relative formula mass of CaCO3? 40 + 12 + (3 x 16) = 100
2. What is the mass of 1 mole of CaCO3 100 g
3. How many moles of HCl react with 1 mole of CaCO3? 2 moles
4. What is the relative formula mass of HCl? 35.5 + 1 = 36.5
5. What is the mass of 1 mole of HCl? 36.5 g
6. What mass of HCl will react with 1 mole of CaCO3 ? 2 x 36.5g = 73g
7. What mass of CO2 is produced ? moles of CO2 = moles of CaCO3

moles of CO2 = 0.001 moles
mass of CO2 = 0.001 x 44 = 0.044g
REACTING MASS CALCULATIONS
EQUATIONS give you the ratio in which chemicals react and are formed
need to be balanced in order to do a calculation
CaCO3 + 2HCl ———> CaCl2 + CO2 + H 2O
1. What is the relative molecular mass of CaCO 3? 40 + 12 + (3 x 16) = 100
2. What is the mass of 1 mole of CaCO3? 100 g
3. What does 0.1M HCl mean? concentration is 0.1 mol dm-3
4. How many moles of HCl are in 20cm3 of 0.1M HCl? 0.1 x 20 = 0.002 moles
1000
5. How many moles of CaCO3 will react ? ½ x 0.002 = 0.001 moles
6. What is the mass of 0.001 moles of CaCO3? mass = moles x molar mass
= 0.001 x 100 = 0.1 g
7. What mass of CO2 is produced ? moles of CO2 = moles of CaCO3

moles of CO2 = 0.001 moles
mass of CO2 = 0.001 x 44 = 0.044g
THE MOLE
CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF SOLUTE IN A SOLUTION
MOLES = CONCENTRATION x VOLUME
UNITS concentration mol dm-3

volume dm3
MOLES
MOLES = CONCENTRATION (mol dm-3) x VOLUME (dm3)

CONC x VOLUME
COVER UP THE VALUE

YOU WANT AND THE
METHOD OF
CALCULATION IS
REVEALED
BUT IF... concentration mol dm-3
MOLES = CONCENTRATION
volume (mol dmcm
-3
) 3x VOLUME (cm3)
1000
THE MOLE
concentration of solution in the graduated flask = 0.100 mol dm-3

volume pipetted out into the conical flask = 25.00 cm3
25cm3
250cm3 250cm3
THE MOLE

25cm3
250cm3 250cm3
The original solution has a concentration of 0.100 mol dm-3

THE MOLE

25cm3
250cm3 250cm3

This means that there are 0.100 mols of solute in every 1 dm3 (1000 cm3) of solution
THE MOLE

25cm3
250cm3 250cm3

Take out 25.00 cm3 and you will take a fraction 25/1000 or 1/40 of the number of moles
THE MOLE

25cm3
250cm3 250cm3

moles in 1dm3 (1000cm3) = 0.100

moles in 1cm3 = 0.100/1000
moles in 25cm3 = 25 x 0.100/1000 = 2.5 x 10-3 mol
THE MOLE

25cm3
250cm3 250cm3

moles in 1dm3 (1000cm3) = 0.100

moles in 1cm3 = 0.100/1000
moles in 25cm3 = 25 x 0.100/1000 = 2.5 x 10-3 mol
MOLE OF SOLUTE IN A SOLUTION
1 Calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide in 25cm3 of 2M NaOH

moles = conc x volume in cm3

1000
= 2 mol dm-3 x 25cm3 = 0.05 moles

1000

1000
= 2 mol dm-3 x 25cm3 = 0.05 moles

1000
2 What volume of 0.1M H2SO4 contains 0.002 moles ?


1000
= 2 mol dm-3 x 25cm3 = 0.05 moles

1000
2 What volume of 0.1M H2SO4 contains 0.002 moles ?
volume = 1000 x moles (re-arrangement of above)

(in cm3) conc
= 1000 x 0.002 = 20 cm3

0.1 mol dm-3
SOLUTIONS
‘Dissolving a SOLUTE in a SOLVENT makes a SOLUTION’

Volumetric solutions are made by dissolving a known amount of solute in a solvent
(usually water) and then adding enough solvent to get the correct volume of solution.
WRONG 1g
Dissolve 1g of solute in 250cm 3
of de-ionised water 250cm3

SOLUTIONS
‘Dissolving a SOLUTE in a SOLVENT makes a SOLUTION’

Volumetric solutions are made by dissolving a known amount of solute in a solvent
(usually water) and then adding enough solvent to get the correct volume of solution.
WRONG 1g
Dissolve 1g of solute in 250cm 3
of de-ionised water 250cm3
WATER WATER
RIGHT
Dissolve 1g of solute in water
1g
and then add enough water to 250cm3
make 250cm3 of solution
STANDARD SOLUTION
‘ONE WHOSE CONCENTRATION IS KNOWN ACCURATELY’
4.240g of Na2CO3 was placed in a clean The solution was transferred

beaker and dissolved in de-ionised water quantitatively to a 250 cm3
graduated flask and made up
to the mark with de-ionised
(or distilled) water.
STANDARD SOLUTION

What is the concentration of the solution in mol dm-3 ?

STANDARD SOLUTION

mass of Na2CO3 in a 250cm3 solution = 4.240g

molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106g mol -1
no. of moles in a 250cm3 solution = 4.240g / 106g mol -1 = 0.04 mol
STANDARD SOLUTION


Concentration is normally expressed as moles per dm 3 of solution

Therefore, as it is in 250cm3, the value is scaled up by a factor of 4
STANDARD SOLUTION


Concentration is normally expressed as moles per dm 3 of solution

Therefore, as it is in 250cm3, the value is scaled up by a factor of 4
no. of moles in 1000cm3 (1dm3) = 4 x 0.04 = 0.16 mol ANS. 0.16 mol dm-3
STANDARD SOLUTION
How to work out how much to weigh out
A chemist needs to make up a 250cm3 standard solution of 0.100M sodium carbonate

from anhydrous sodium carbonate. How much will they need to weigh out?
STANDARD SOLUTION

What concentration is the solution to be? = 0.100 mol dm-3

How many moles will be in 1 dm3 ? = 0.100 mol
How many moles will be in 250cm3 ? = 0.100/4 = 0.025 mol
STANDARD SOLUTION


What is the formula of anhydrous sodium carbonate? = Na2CO3

What is the relative formula mass? = 106
What is the molar mass? = 106g mol -1
STANDARD SOLUTION



What mass of Na2CO3 is in 0.025 moles = 0.025 x 106 = 2.650g

of Na2CO3 ? (mass = moles x molar mass)
STANDARD SOLUTION




ANS. The chemist will have to weigh out 2.650g, dissolve it in water
and then make the solution up to 250cm3 in a graduated flask.
STANDARD SOLUTION




ANS. The chemist will have to weigh out 2.650g, dissolve it in water
and then make the solution up to 250cm3 in a graduated flask.
VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS
Calculate the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide if 20cm 3 is
neutralised by 25cm3 of hydrochloric acid of concentration 0.100 mol dm -3.
1. Write out a BALANCED equation NaOH + HCl ——> NaCl + H2O

2. Get a molar relationship between the reactants moles of NaOH = moles of HCl
you need ONE NaOH for every ONE HCl
3. Calculate the number of

moles of each substance HCl 0.100 x 25/1000 (i)
M is the concentration in mol dm-3 NaOH M x 20/1000 (ii)

4. Look at the molar relationship and insert (i) and (ii) moles of NaOH = moles of HCl
M x 20/1000 = 0.100 x 25/1000

M x 20/1000 = 0.100 x 25/1000
5. Cancel the 1000’s M x 20 = 0.100 x 25
re-arrange the numbers to obtain M M = 0.100 x 25

20

M x 20/1000 = 0.100 x 25/1000
5. Cancel the 1000’s M x 20 = 0.100 x 25
re-arrange the numbers to obtain M M = 0.100 x 25

20
6. Calculate the concentration of the NaOH = 0.125 mol dm-3

Care must be taken when dealing with reactions that do not have a 1:1 molar ratio. If
you don’t understand what an equation tells you, it is easy to make a mistake.
2NaOH + H2SO4 ——> Na2SO4 + 2H2O

you need 2 moles of NaOH to react with every 1 mole of H2SO4
i.e moles of NaOH = 2 x moles of H2SO4

or moles of H2SO4 = moles of NaOH
2
REMEMBER... IT IS NOT A MATHEMATICAL EQUATION
2 moles of NaOH DO NOT EQUAL 1 mole of H2SO4
More examples follow


you need 2 moles of NaOH to react with every 1 mole of H2SO4
i.e moles of NaOH = 2 x moles of H2SO4

or moles of H2SO4 = moles of NaOH
2
2HCl + Na2CO3 ——> 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

you need 2moles of HCl to react with every 1 mole of Na2CO3
i.e moles of HCl = 2 x moles of Na2CO3

or moles of Na2CO3 = moles of HCl
2
MnO4¯ + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ ——> Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+

you need 5 moles of Fe2+ to react with every 1 mole of MnO4¯
i.e moles of Fe2+ = 5 x moles of MnO4¯

or moles of MnO4¯ = moles of Fe2+
5
MnO4¯ + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ ——> Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+

you need 5 moles of Fe2+ to react with every 1 mole of MnO4¯
i.e moles of Fe2+ = 5 x moles of MnO4¯

or moles of MnO4¯ = moles of Fe2+
5
2MnO4¯ + 5H2O2 + 6H+ ——> 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O
you need 5 moles of H2O2 to react with every 2 moles of MnO4¯
i.e moles of H2O2 = 5 x moles of MnO4¯

2
or moles of MnO4¯ = 2 x moles of H2O2
5
Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide (concentration 0.100 mol dm -3)
required to neutralise 20cm3 of sulphuric acid of concentration 0.120 mol dm -3.
you need 2 moles of NaOH to react with every 1 mole of H 2SO4
therefore moles of NaOH = 2 x moles of H2SO4
moles of H2SO4 = 0.120 x 20/1000 (i)

moles of NaOH = 0.100 x V/1000 (ii)
where V is the volume of alkali in cm3
Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide (concentration 0.100 mol dm -3)
required to neutralise 20cm3 of sulphuric acid of concentration 0.120 mol dm -3.
you need 2 moles of NaOH to react with every 1 mole of H 2SO4
therefore moles of NaOH = 2 x moles of H2SO4
moles of H2SO4 = 0.120 x 20/1000 (i)

moles of NaOH = 0.100 x V/1000 (ii)
where V is the volume of alkali in cm3
substitute numbers moles of NaOH = 2 x moles of H2SO4

0.100 x V/1000 = 2 x 0.120 x 20/1000
cancel the 1000’s 0.100 x V = 2 x 0.120 x 20
re-arrange Volume of NaOH (V) = 2 x 0.120 x 20 = 48.00 cm3

0.100
MOLAR VOLUME
ONE MOLE OF ANY GAS OR VAPOUR OCCUPIES 22.4dm 3 at stp
1. Calculate the volume occupied by 0.25 mols of carbon dioxide at stp
1 mol of carbon dioxide will occupy a volume of 22.4 dm 3 at stp

0.25 mol of carbon dioxide will occupy a volume of 22.4 x 0.25 dm 3 at stp
0.25 mol of carbon dioxide will occupy a volume of 5.6 dm3 at stp
stp = standard temperature and pressure (273K and 105 Pa)

ONE MOLE OF ANY GAS OR VAPOUR OCCUPIES 24dm3 at room temperature and pressure
MOLAR VOLUME
ONE MOLE OF ANY GAS OR VAPOUR OCCUPIES 22.4dm 3 at stp
1. Calculate the volume occupied by 0.25 mols of carbon dioxide at stp
1 mol of carbon dioxide will occupy a volume of 22.4 dm 3 at stp

0.25 mol of carbon dioxide will occupy a volume of 5.6 dm 3 at stp
2. Calculate the volume occupied by 0.08g of methane (CH 4) at stp
Relative Molecular Mass of CH4 = 12 + (4x1) = 16

Molar Mass of CH4 = 16g mol-1
Moles = mass/molar mass 0.08g / 16g mol-1 = 0.005 mols
1 mol of methane will occupy a volume of 22.4 dm3 at stp

0.005 mol of carbon dioxide will occupy a volume of 0.112 dm3 at stp
stp = standard temperature and pressure (273K and 105 Pa)

ONE MOLE OF ANY GAS OR VAPOUR OCCUPIES 24dm3 at room temperature and pressure

2 - Moles and Calculations

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THE MOLE

A guide for A level students

Dr. Syed Tanveer Sherazi

• know how to balance simple equations

DOZEN for 12 SCORE for 20 GROSS for 144

DOZEN for 12 SCORE for 20 GROSS for 144

DOZEN for 12 SCORE for 20 GROSS for 144

Atoms and molecules don’t weigh much so it is easier to count large

DO I NEED TO KNOW ANYTHING ELSE ?

Yes, it would help if you can balance equations

WHAT IS IT? The standard unit of amount of a substance -

WHAT IS IT? The standard unit of amount of a substance -

HOW BIG IS IT ? 602200000000000000000000 (approx) - THAT’S BIG !!!

WHAT IS IT? The standard unit of amount of a substance -

HOW BIG IS IT ? 602200000000000000000000 (approx) - THAT’S BIG !!!

WHY USE IT ? Atoms and molecules don’t weigh much so it is

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g

relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 ; molar mass will be 32g mol-1

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g

relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 ; molar mass will be 32g mol-1

moles = mass = 4g = 0.125 mol

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g

relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 ; molar mass will be 32g mol-1

moles = mass = 4g = 0.125 mol

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g

relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 ; molar mass will be 32g mol-1

moles = mass = 4g = 0.125 mol

2. What is the mass of 0.25 mol of Na2CO3 ?

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g

relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 ; molar mass will be 32g mol-1

moles = mass = 4g = 0.125 mol

2. What is the mass of 0.25 mol of Na2CO3 ?

Relative Molecular Mass of Na2CO3 = (2x23) + 12 + (3x16) = 106

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g

relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 ; molar mass will be 32g mol-1

moles = mass = 4g = 0.125 mol

Relative Molecular Mass of Na2CO3 = (2x23) + 12 + (3x16) = 106

mass = moles x molar mass = 0.25 x 106 = 26.5g

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g

relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 ; molar mass will be 32g mol-1

moles = mass = 4g = 0.125 mol

2. What is the mass of 0.25 mol of Na2CO3 ?

Relative Molecular Mass of Na2CO3 = (2x23) + 12 + (3x16) = 106

mass = moles x molar mass = 0.25 x 106 = 26.5g

CaCO3 + 2HCl ———> CaCl2 + CO2 + H 2O

1. What is the relative formula mass of CaCO3? 40 + 12 + (3 x 16) = 100

2. What is the mass of 1 mole of CaCO3 100 g

3. How many moles of HCl react with 1 mole of CaCO3? 2 moles

4. What is the relative formula mass of HCl? 35.5 + 1 = 36.5

5. What is the mass of 1 mole of HCl? 36.5 g

7. What mass of CO2 is produced ? moles of CO2 = moles of CaCO3

CaCO3 + 2HCl ———> CaCl2 + CO2 + H 2O

1. What is the relative molecular mass of CaCO 3? 40 + 12 + (3 x 16) = 100

2. What is the mass of 1 mole of CaCO3? 100 g

3. What does 0.1M HCl mean? concentration is 0.1 mol dm-3

5. How many moles of CaCO3 will react ? ½ x 0.002 = 0.001 moles

7. What mass of CO2 is produced ? moles of CO2 = moles of CaCO3

MOLES = CONCENTRATION x VOLUME

UNITS concentration mol dm-3

MOLES = CONCENTRATION (mol dm-3) x VOLUME (dm3)

COVER UP THE VALUE

concentration of solution in the graduated flask = 0.100 mol dm-3