Natural Logarithms

The system of logarithms whose base is the constant e is called the natural logarithm system
where ln 10 = 2.3026 or that e = 2.3026

Logarithms
y = log b(x) if and only if x = by
log b(1) = 0
log b(b) = 1
log b(x*y) = log b(x) + log b(y)
log b(x/y) = log b(x) log b(y)
log b(x n) = n log b(x)
log b(x) = log b(c) * log c(x) = log c(x) / log c(b)
http://www.math.com/tables/algebra/exponents.htm

Laws of Logarithm :
1. logA + logB = logAB
2. logAn = n logA
3. logA logB = logA/B

Rules.
log(xy) = log(x) + log(y)
log(x/y) = log(x) - log(y)
log(xy) = ylog(x)
10x10y = 10x+y
10x/10y = 10x-y
(10x)y = 10xy
log(1) = log(100) = 0
10logx = x = log(10x)

ln(xy) = ln(x) + ln(y)

ln(x/y) = ln(x) - ln(y)
ln(xy) = yln(x)
exey = ex+y
ex/ey = ex-y
(ex)y = exy
ln(1) = ln(e0) = 0
elnx = x = ln(ex)

Using the logarithm and exponential functions

The key to using these functions is to remember how good they are at undoing each other: 10logx = x = log(10x)
elnx = x = ln(ex)
which is to say, applying first one and then the other (in either order) to a number returns the original number!
http://www.math.unh.edu/mac/calc/power.html

Product Rule for Logarithms

For M > 0 and N > 0,

log a (MN ) = log a (M ) + log a (N ).

Quotient Rule for Logarithms
For M > 0 and N > 0,

.
log a (N) = log a(M) log a(N)
1

M
Power Rule for Logarithms
For M > 0 and any real number N,

log a (M N ) = N log a (M ).
Inverse Rules
If a > 0 and a 1, then
1. log a (a x) = x for any real number x
2. aloga (x) = x for x > 0.

Rules of Logarithms
If M, N, and a are positive real numbers with a 1,
and x is any real number, then
1. log a (a) = 1 2. log a (1) = 0
3. log a (a x) = x 4.
5. log a ( MN ) = log a ( M ) + log a ( N )
6. log a ( M/N ) = log a ( M ) log a ( N )
7. log a ( M x ) = x log a ( M )
8. log a (1/N ) = log a ( N )
Base-Change Formula
If a > 0, b > 0, a 1, b 1, and M > 0, then
log a (M) = log b(M)/ log b (a)
http://www.kemt.fei.tuke.sk/Predmety/KEMT320_EA/_web/Online_Course_on_Acoustics/logarithms.html

Expansions of the Logarithm Function

Function

ln (x)

ln (x)

Summation Expansion
(x-1)n
n

=
= (x-1) - (1/2)(x-1)2 + (1/3)(x-1)3 + (1/4)(x-1)4 + ...
((x-1) / x)n
n

=
= (x-1)/x + (1/2) ((x-1) / x)2 + (1/3) ((x-1) / x)3 + (1/4) ((x1) / x)4 + ...

ln (x)
=ln(a)+

Comments
Taylor Series
Centered at 1
(0 < x <=2)

(x > 1/2)

Taylor Series
(0 < x <= 2a)

(-1)n-1(x-a)n
n an

= ln(a) + (x-a)/a - (x-a)2 / 2a2 + (x-a)3/3a3 - (x-a)4/4a4 +...

ln (x)

((x-1)/(x+1))(2n-1)
(2n-1)

=2
= 2 [ (x-1)/(x+1) + (1/3)( (x-1)/(x+1) )3 + (1/5) ( (x-1)/
(x+1) )5 + (1/7) ( (x-1)/(x+1) )7 + ... ]

(x > 0)

Expansions Which Have Logarithm-Based Equivalents

Summantion Expansion
xn
n

Equivalent Value

Comments

= - ln (x + 1)

(-1 < x <= 1)

= - ln(x)

(-1 < x <= 1)

= x + (1/2)x2 +(1/3)x3 + (1/4)x4 + ...

(-1)n xn
n
2

= - x + (1/2)x - (1/3)x + (1/4)x + ...

x2n-1
2n-1
3

= ln ( (1+x)/(1-x) )
2

= x + (1/3)x + (1/ 5)x + (1/7)x + ...

http://math2.org/math/expansion/log.htm

logarithm derivative
When
f (x) = logb(x)
Then the derivative of f(x):
f ' (x) = 1 / ( x ln(b) )
See: log derivative

Logarithm integral
The integral of logarithm of x:
logb(x) dx = x ( logb(x) - 1 / ln(b) ) + C
3

(-1 < x < 1)

For example:
log2(x) dx = x ( log2(x) - 1 / ln(2) ) + C

Logarithm approximation
log2(x) n + (x/2n - 1) ,

Logarithms table
x
0
0+
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600

log10 x
undefined
-
-4.000000
-3.000000
-2.000000
-1.000000
0.000000
0.301030
0.477121
0.602060
0.698970
0.778151
0.845098
0.903090
0.954243
1.000000
1.301030
1.477121
1.602060
1.698970
1.778151
1.845098
1.903090
1.954243
2.000000
2.301030
2.477121
2.602060
2.698970
2.778151

log2 x
undefined
-
-13.287712
-9.965784
-6.643856
-3.321928
0.000000
1.000000
1.584963
2.000000
2.321928
2.584963
2.807355
3.000000
3.169925
3.321928
4.321928
4.906891
5.321928
5.643856
5.906991
6.129283
6.321928
6.491853
6.643856
7.643856
8.228819
8.643856
8.965784
9.228819

loge x
undefined
-
-9.210340
-6.907755
-4.605170
-2.302585
0.000000
0.693147
1.098612
1.386294
1.609438
1.791759
1.945910
2.079442
2.197225
2.302585
2.995732
3.401197
3.688879
3.912023
4.094345
4.248495
4.382027
4.499810
4.605170
5.298317
5.703782
5.991465
6.214608
6.396930

700
800
900
1000
10000

2.845098
2.903090
2.954243
3.000000
4.000000

9.451211
9.643856
9.813781
9.965784
13.287712

6.551080
6.684612
6.802395
6.907755
9.210340