BY: SOURISH BARMAN : SOMNATH KHAMARU : ANSHU KHANDELWAL B.

TECH ECE 2ND YEAR STUDENT

CONTENTS
EXORDIUM

INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS IN WUHAN

INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS IN XIAMEN ISLAND INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS IN TAIWAN RESEARCH IN NIGERIA RESEARCH IN CROATIA RESEARCH IN PORTUGAL REMEDIES

CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

EXORDIUM
Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) , (the radiation emitted from mobile base stations is a non ionizing radiation ), it is not

similar to alpha, , gamma rays, as they are

ionizing( i.e. they carry much energy to ionize an atom). Mobile communication base station or radio and TV broadcasting station which usually locate in residential areas are the main contributors to EMR. So concerns whether

exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from

the mobile communication base station or broadcasting station can cause adverse health effects are grown in recent years.

INVESTIGATION IN WUHAN
In Wuhan due to the increase in mobile subscribers and base stations
ER is increasing, there are some base stations that have been built on
top of the roof and nearer to hospitals, clinics and residential buildings .

The fact is medical devices are threatened with malfunction and radio

listeners staying in such kind of residential buildings are affected because the medical devices and radio amateur are disturbed due to electromagnetic fields radiated from cellular phone base station transmitters. So a survey was taken by experts and the result that came out are as follows :

RESULTS
To calculate the electric field

generated due to mobile communication that relates the

electric-field strength, E, to
the peak total radiated power,

P (actually the effective

isotropic radiated power), and the range from the transmitter, d, q is the charge according to the formulae:
Figure 1 shows the results of different transmitter power obtained from the simulation. 3- and 10-V/m are immunity standards as baselines..

E=(q/4d)
P=Ed/30..

INVESTIGATION IN XIAMEN ISLAND

Measurement is taken in few selected typical sites. Data were

collected randomly from April 2009 to May 2009. The temperature was between 21C to 25C ..

The period time from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm is selected as the

surveying time when the irradiator is possibly operating at peak value load , EMF analyzer NBM-550., It can be used to measure non-ionizing radiation accurately, measuring frequency range covers from 100kHz to 60GHz with the

various probes , and the value of field intensity was

calculated, and those data's were compared with the standard value of electromagnetic waves..

RESULTS
From the monitoring results, it's clear that typical average electric field exposure is below 1.0 V/m which is quite low. Maximum value reaches 3.0V/m which is less than the safety limits described in national standard. It shows that the condition of electromagnetic environment

in Xiamen Island is quite good.

Isogram of electric field intensity in Xiamen Island is shown in Figure 2.

INVESTIGATION IN TAIWAN
The Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) announced an easy-to-follow measurement procedure for

mobile phone base stations in 2009. The procedure

consists of :
Scope & definitions,
Selection of measurement procedure
Instrumentation, Selection of measurement positions,

Processing of test records

Results

More than 2700 mobile phone stations have been surveyed following this procedure.

 They conducted a series of EM

hazard measurements requested by residents of Taiwan.

Fig 3 depicts the location of

mobile base station antennas. The antennas generally are located on the roof of high tower building. EM radiation is measured at roof area 1 and roof area 2.
FIG : 3 LOCATION OF MOBILE BASE STATIONS ON ROOF TOPS

 Fig. 4 defines the measured area

that is within the 3 Db beam

width of the antennas. The

farthest distance away from the antennas is 20 m. The grid sizes d are 1m, 2m and 3m for areas less than 20 m , between 20 - 100 m and lager than 100 m, respectively.

FIG : 4 , LAYOUT OF MEASURED AREA

RESULTS
Table I shows the maximum permissible exposure rate for a variety of mobile

communication systems deployed in Taiwan.

The results that they got from the measurement reveals that the region is

much exposed to electromagnetic radiation as the power density crossed the standards of TAIWAN, so the environment is a EM environment..

Radiations of GSM Base Station Antenna And Its Health Consequences- A Research conducted in Nigeria
In Nigeria 98% of Global System for Mobile (GSM) base stations (cell sites) are sited

within 20 meters from residential, business

buildings. A research was conducted by measuring field data of radiation from GSM base antennas emitting non-ionizing

microwave frequencies done

in Nigeria. It was of public

for supporting evidence

health risks from gsm radiations that are

documented in published scientific studies

in respected, peer-reviewed journals.

RESULTS
Computed radiated power densities at 900 MHz

Computed radiated power densities at 1800 MHz

Computed radiated power density from mobile phones

CONCLUSION

The analyses of the measured data showed that the radiation power densities are

lower than 10 W/cm2. Comparing these power densities to those found in

documented evidence of health effects showed that the health effects of these radiations are non-thermal in nature. Exposure to gsm radiations are linked to fatigue, headache, decreased concentration, dizziness, local irritation, burning, tumour

induction, sperm motility, morphology and viability, and a reduction in male fertilizing
potential. The most common associated health effect due to radiation from GSM antennas is headache. Therefore, it is advisable that mobile base stations should not be sited within 300m from residential, offices, school buildings.

Radio frequency electromagnetic field (900 MHz) induces oxidative damage to DNA and biomembrane in tobacco shoot cells (Nicotiana tabacum)-A research conducted in Croatia

Personal (cellular) telecommunications is a rapidly evolving technology that uses microwave radiation to communicate between a fixed base station and mobile user. Exposure to radio frequency signals generated by the use of cellular telephones have been reported to exert adverse effects on vital biological molecules i.e. genotoxicity ion leakage and changes in cell membrane permeability .

Some studies have given evidence for an excitation of resonant oscillations in

chain molecules, e.g. for certain proteins and DNA molecules, within the RF
signal range. Which may lead to structural changes and chain breaks also in the non-thermal EMF range, thus being a potential (genotoxic) EMF interaction mechanism.

RESULTS

The single cell gel electrophoresis quantitatively measured DNA damage resolved as strand breaks in individual nuclei. So this has been suggested as one method for monitoring human exposure to genotoxic agents . It has been stated by many studies that higher plants can be used as monitors of environmental mutagens and that results obtained using them as model systems could be extrapolated to higher

animals since they are both eukaryotic organisms .

CONCLUSION

The comet assay parameters indicating damage to DNA

increased after

short-term exposure to 900 MHz EMF. However, since oxidative damage to membrane lipid and proteins was greater than that on DNA in exposed plants, it can concluded that short-term exposure to EMF at 900 MHz

predominantly affects integrity of plasma membrane. Plants proved to be sensitive biomarkers in monitoring effects of RF-EMF at mobile phones

range.

The monlT Project: Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Assessment in Mobile Communications Conducted in Portugal
The monlT project provides public information on population exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from mobile communication systems in Portugal. The monitoring system is based on a network of autonomous remote probing stations, and also on an extensive EMF sounding program, both carried out in public areas across the country.

RESULTS
It was observed that in the majority of the measured
points (60.9%), E was at least 32 times below the strictest reference level, and that 96.2% of the points were at least 10 times below the threshold. Observation of the plot of all outdoor locations as a function of the distance to the antenna provided an interesting conclusion. The distribution of the

measured field level points in graphic did not follow a

fixed decay law as a function of distance but rather the points were evenly scattered. This can be explained as because the number of base stations measured (e.g.., different installation topologies, transmission power,) and the traffic variation with time and there were also other

transmitters present(radio ,tv,police , fire department).

SOME REMEDIES TO CURB ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS FROM MOBILE BASE STATIONS

Green Cellular

- Optimizing the Cellular Network for Minimal Emission from Mobile Stations

A NEW ARCHITECTURE FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS

While most wireless and cellular networks adopt an architecture that is based on transceiver BSs, the Green Cellular receive approach only suggests The the Green on a augmentation of transceiver BSs with devices. Antennas, are employed

sufficiently dense grid, reducing the

average Tx power of MSs to any

arbitrary value (supported by the MS), without source. any additional radiation
Experiment setup with a Green Antenna

RESULTS

Comparison of the CDF of the MSs Tx power with and without Green Antennas.

Considering a target Tx power of 4dBm ,it was noted that in the scenario without Green Antennas only 7% of the users are below the target power, whereas approx.

40% are below the target with Green Antennas.

HIGHER UPLINK CAPACITY

The figure shows an almost constant 40dB gap between both setups for almost all Tx power values. This means that a Green Antenna in the proximity of a MS leads to an automatic reduction in the MSs Tx power via the closed loop power mechanism. This reduction is achieved while maintaining an identical uplink performance. It is becoming more important as usage profile creates more demand for uplink traffic.

Comparison of uplink performance vs. MSs Tx power, with and without a Green Antenna

IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS, A MULTIPLEXER IS A DEVICE THAT COMBINES SEVERAL INPUT INFORMATION SIGNALS INTO ONE OUTPUT SIGNAL, WHICH CARRIES SEVERAL COMMUNICATION CHANNEL, BY MEANS OF SOME MULTIPLEX TECHNIQUE . A DEMULTIPLEXER IS, IN THIS CONTEXT, A DEVICE TAKING A SINGLE INPUT SIGNAL THAT CARRIES MANY CHANNELS AND SEPARATES THOSE OVER MULTIPLE OUTPUT SIGNALS. USING THIS TECHNIQUE DIFFERENT SERVICE

PROVIDERS COULD USE SAME BASE STATION AND SO AS A WHOLE THE NO OF

BASE STATIONS WOULD BECOME LESS AND THUS LEAD TO LESS EMISSIONS.

ANOTHER WAY OF REDUCING EMISSIONS BY MAKING THE CELL SIZES SMALLER. A SMALLER CELL WOULD TRANSMIT SMALLER POWER AND HENCE THE EM WAVE RADIATIONS WOULD BE LESS OR BE IN A CONTROLLED MANNER.

CONCLUSION
MOBILE IS VERY PROFESSIONAL FRIEND OF HUMANS .IT NOT ONLY

HELPS YOU BUT ALSO FORCES YOU

TO PAY A HUGE PRICE FOR

IT,WHICH IS NOT ONLY IN TERMS OF MONEY BUT ALSO IN TERMS OF HEALTH. BUT THE DIFFERENT

REMEDIES SUGGESTED BY US WOULD HELP TO CURB THE HARMFUL

EFFECTS MOBILE RADIATIONS. AND

WE WILL ALSO CONDUCT FURTHER

RESEARCH AND MAKE SURE THAT WE GET A COST EFFICIENT, HEALTHY SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM IS

THE DAYS TO COME.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Green Cellular - Optimizing the Cellular Network for Minimal Emission from Mobile Stations Doron Ezri, Shimi ShiloGreenair Wireless, Ramat Gan, Israel, published in IEEE Xplore. 2.The monlT Project: Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Assessment in Mobile Communications Carla Oliveira, Daniel Sebastijo, Gongalo Carpinteirol, Luis M. Correia', Carlos A. Fernandes, Afonso Serralha, and Nuno Marques(lnstituto Superior Thcnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal) published in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 1, February 2007. 3. Siting of GSM Base Station Antenna and Its Health Consequences Okonigene R.E., PhD Senior Lecturer Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Nigeria, published in IEEE computer society pg 613-618. 4. Radio frequency electromagnetic field (900 MHz) induces oxidative damage to DNA and biomembrane in tobacco shoot cells (Nicotiana tabacum) Sandra Radic, Petra Cvjetko, Kresimir Malaric, Mirta Tkalec, and Branka Pevalek-Kozlina, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Published in IEEE Xplore pages 2213-2216. 5. Measurement of Electromagnetic Environment of Xiamen Island Chen Li-an', Wei Shengbiao'', Luo Chaoyi', Hong Congyi', Lin Jie Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, P.R.China. Published in IEEE Xplore pages 424-428. 6. Mobile phone base stations built near residential buildings a threat to radio amateur Matabishi Lloyd*, Dong Tianlin. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China. Published in IEEE Xplore pages 500-502. 7.Mobile Phone Users and Base Stations Versus human Health Concern Chang-yu Wu, Ta-Sung Lee and Ching-Wen Hsue. Published in IEEE Xplore pages 748-749 8. www.wikipedia.org.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

WE ARE VERY THANKFUL TO OUR BELOVED TEACHERS OF SKFGI ESPECIALLY PROF(DR.)

B.N.BISWAS, PROF .T.K.DEY, PROF .S.KHATUA,

PROF .J.GHOSH, PROF S.NANDI FOR THERE ENDLESS HELP,WHICH ALLOWED US TO

COMPLETE THIS PAPER .