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Mech Sem7 Me2032nol
Mech Sem7 Me2032nol
Dynamics
Natteri M. Sudharsan, PhD.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 2
CFD A part of Knowledge
Based Economy
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Structural
Mechanics (CSM) is the study of fluid and structures subjected various
external / internal flow and/or load conditions.
CFD is used in various fields such as:
Aerospace
Automobile
Bio-medical
Ocean
Oil and Gas
Power Engineering
Turbomachinery
Fluid Structure Interaction
Environmental Agencies
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 3
Aerospace Applications
External
Aerodynamics (all
speed regimes)
High Lift
Internal Flows
Thermal Management
Aero acoustics
Tank Sloshing
Plume Analysis
Multi-Species
Propeller Simulation
Heat Exchangers
Fluid Structure
Interaction (FSI)
Combustion
KEY APPLICATIONS INCLUDE
q
x
+ g = q
x+x
+ q
conv
+ q
rad
(1)
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 26
Figure: 1 Energy balance in a control volume
q
x
q
x+x
x
g
q
conv
+ q
rad
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 27
Steady State Heat Conduction
Neglecting convective and radiation loss and for a
steady state heat conduction with no internal heat
generation g, the energy balance simplifies as
q
x
= q
x+x
(2)
,
_
x
dx
dT
kA
dx
d
(4)
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 29
Assuming k and A to be constants (4) becomes
0
2
2
x
dx
T d
kA
since k, A or x cannot be zero, in coordinate
invariant form yields:
0
2
T
This is a 2
nd
order Linear PDE. Classified as Laplace
equation.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 30
Steady State Heat Conduction with Internal
Heat Generation
Assuming that there is internal heat generation
within the control volume, equation (1) simplifies
to
q
x
+ g = q
x+x
(5)
(6)
( )
0
2
2
+
+ +
k
g
dx
T d
dx
dT
kA q
x q
dx
d
q x A g q
x
x x x
' ' '
' ' '
,
_
+
+
+
) (
) (
) (
T T
kA
hP
dx
T d
T T x hP x
dx
dT
kA
dx
d
q q
T T x hP q q
x x
x x x
Let,
2 2 2
dX L dx and dX L dx d T T dT
L
x
X
T T
T T
b
b
; ) (
;
(7)
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 33
Substituting in (7) we get,
( ) 0
2
2
2
+
T T T T
kA
hP
dx
d
L
T T
b
b
) (
) (
0
2
2
2
) (mL
dx
d
(8)
Fin tip boundary condition is convective then
) ( ,
) (
Bi
k
hL
k
hL
dX
d
T T hA
dx
dT
kA
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 34
Steady state heat conduction with radiation
0
4 4
2
2
) ( T T P
dx
T d
kA
Slug Flow
T
x
T
x+x
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 35
x x p x x x p x
AUT C q AUT C q
+ +
+ + | | | |
UL
Pe
dX
d
Pe
dX
d
T T
T T
L
x
X
dx
dT U
dx
T d
AUdT C x
dx
T d
kA
i L
i
p
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 36
Unsteady Heat Conduction
Heat in = Heat out + Heat stored
T
xC A dT C m
p p
.
T
x
T
2
2
Heat in Heat out =
2
2
dx
T d
x kA
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 37
DISCRETIZATION METHODS
Finite Difference Method
2
1 1
2
1 1
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
0
2
3
1
2
3
2
2
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
h
h
y y
y
h y y
h
y y
h y h y h x y h x y
h
dx
y d
h
dx
y d
h
dx
dy
x y h x y
h
dx
y d
h
dx
y d
h
dx
dy
x y h x y
i i
i i
) ( '
!
'
!
' ) ( ) (
...
! !
) ( ) (
...
! !
) ( ) (
' ' '
' ' '
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + +
+
+
+
0
1
) ( ' x
x
y y
y
i i
+
0
1
and
Similarly forward difference for y is given as:-
2
1 2
2
1 2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2 2
x
y y y
y
x y y y y
h x y from subtract and by h x y Multiply
h y h y h y y h x y
h y h y h y y h x y
i i i
i
i i i i
i i i i
i i i i
+
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
' '
' '
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' '
) (
) ( ) (
) (
!
) (
!
) ( ) (
) (
!
) (
!
) ( ) (
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 39
Backward difference
2
1 1
2
x
y y y
y
i i i
i
+
' '
Central difference using
y(x+h) and y(x-h) yields
2
2 1
2
x
y y y
y
i i i
i
' '
Non uniform grid size discretization
i-1 i i+1
2
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
x
T
a x a
aT T a T
a x a
x
T
T a aT T
x
x
T
x
x
T
T T
x a
x
T
x a
x
T
T T
i i i
i i i
i i
i i
+
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+
+
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
Let the distance
from node i-1 to i be
ax and i to i+1 be
x.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 40
W
P E
w e
x
wP
x
PE
x
WP
x
Pe
FVM Formulation
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 41
+
+
+ +
+
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ +
of behaviour the on depending
mean harmonic or mean arithmetic be may
S S S as linearized is Source The Where
S a a a
S a a a
x S x n
x x
yields above the g Integratin
S n
dx
d
dx
d
w or e
u P P
P e w P
u E e W w P p
Pe wP Pe wP P
WP
W P
w
PE
P E
e
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
0
0
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 42
The 4 rules of Finite Volume
Ensure that the flux across the face common to the
two control volumes is represented by the same
expression.
Coefficients of a
p
and its neighbors should always be
positive.
S
P
should always be negative, at best should be less
than 1.
a
P
should be sum of all neighbors a
nb
.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 43
Discretization for Transient Problems
) (
) (
;
Pe wP
n
WP
W P
w
PE
P E
e
n
WP
W P
w
PE
P E
e
n
P
n
P
p
x S
x x
x x
yields above the g Integratin
c
k
x x
+
+
+
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
1
1
1
Where = 0 is Explicit and = 1 is Implicit
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 44
W
P E
w e
x
wP
x
PE
x
WP
x
Pe
Convection Diffusion Equation
Represents Upwind Formulation
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 45
) (
/ ; / ;
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
w e e w p
e e e w w w E e W w P p
W P w P E e W P
w
P E
e
WP
W P
w
PE
P E
e w w e e
F F a a a
F D a F D a a a a
D D
F F
Scheme CD
x D and u F Let
x x
u u
yields g Integratin
dx
d
dx
d
dx
d
u
+ +
+ +
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
2 2
2 2
+
y
u
x
v
rate strain shear Or
n deformatio Angular
2
1
2
1
2 1
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 51
Pure rotation occurs when
fluid particle rotates such that
both axis moves with the same
magnitude and direction
,
_
,
_
,
_
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
y x z
2
1
2
1
2
1
; ;
The rotational components are given as
2 or V is Vorticity
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 52
Reynolds Transport
Theorem
Consider a fluid mass occupying an
arbitrary volume. Let be a transported
quantity, and its intensive property, i.e.
= /m.
Let Sp be the space occupied by the fluid
and cv the control volume overlapping
fluid space Sp.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 53
) (
) ( ) (
t Sp cv
dV dV
+
cv cs
cv cs
dV u dS n u
dS n u dV
t dt
d
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
By Gauss divergence theorem
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 54
u
Sp( t)
Sp(t+ t)
CV
Amount of fluid contained
in time in time,t, is
) (
) (
t sp
t
dV
PROOF
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 55
Thus from time t to t+t we have
) t ( sp
t
dV ) (
+
+
) t t ( sp
t t
dV ) (
The increment (t+t) - (t) =
) (
) (
t sp
t
dV
+
+
+
) (
) (
t t sp
t t
dV
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 56
this can be re-written as
+
+
+
+
+
) t ( sp
t
) t ( sp
t t
) t ( sp
t t
) t t ( sp
t t
dV ) ( dV ) (
dV ) ( dV ) (
The first two terms deals with the deformation
of the fluid and will occur at the rate of fluid
velocity = u.n ds
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 57
cs
u ) (
dS n .
The next two terms yields
) t ( sp
tdV ) (
t
Thus proved.
+
cv cs
cv cs
dV ) u ( dS n u ) (
dS n u ) ( dV ) (
t dt
d
t
Lim
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 58
Derivation of Continuity Equation
Let the transported quantity be mass, m, the
intensive property = /m =1. Law of
conservation of Mass
0
t t
m
0 ndS u dV ) (
t
cs CV
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 59
Hence , using Gauss divergence theorem
we have,
0 dV ) u (
t
cv
,
_
For an incompressible fluid we have
0 u .
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 60
Momentum Equation
By Newtons II law, the rate of
change of momentum is equal to the
total force (both surface and body
forces )
cv
dV . X
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 61
Normal and shear components are
given in figure below.
I subscript refers to the plane at which
force acts x YZ plane.
II subscript refers to the direction.
xy
xx
yx
yy
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 62
ds
dy
dx
Resolving the horizontal forces we have,
dx dy
yx xx
dx dy
yy xy
And vertical forces =
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 63
n
x
=dy/ds and n
y
= - dx/ds or
[dy -dx] = n.ds
Thus the external forces can be
written as n. ds
1
]
1
yy yx
xy xx
dx dy
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 64
The surface + body forces =
Letting to be momentum, mu, and =mu/
m = u. Thus the rate of change of momentum
+
cs cv
dV X ds n
dV X
dt
d
cv
+
,
_
,
_
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 67
By continuity equation the first
term of LHS is equal to zero. Thus,
X u u
t
u
+
,
_
,
_
,
_
2
2
2
w wv wu
vw v vu
uw uv u
w v u
w
v
u
uu
( ) D
z / w z / v z / u
y / w y / v y / u
x / w x / v x / u
w v u
z /
y /
x /
u
,
_
,
_
z
w
y
v
x
u
u
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 69
A
B
D C
A
C
D
B
2
1
It moves to a
position
ABCD.
Consider a fluid
volume ABCD
in space
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 70
Although the volume is conserved
there is a strain in x and y direction as
well as angular movement.
Strain, .
x
xx
Strain rate is given as,
x
xx
xx
.
u
t x x t t
,
_
,
_
y
yy
v
z
zz
w
,
_
+
x y
xy
x 2 y 1
v u
2
1
v
x t
u
y t
+
,
_
,
_
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 72
If the fluid undergoes net rotation it is given
by
u u v
t
y x 1 2
2
1
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 73
,
_
,
_
z z z
y y y
x x x
w v u
w v u
w v u
z / w z / v z / u
y / w y / v y / u
x / w x / v x / u
D
Constitutive relation as per Hookes Law is
] E [
For a Newtonian Fluid its given as:
ij ij kk d ij
2 p
kk
=
xx
+
yy
+
zz
=u
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 74
Thus,
ij ij d ij
2 u p
The negative sign for p ensures positive
flow along decreasing slope. p
d
stands for
thermodynamic pressure, which includes
the rotational and vibrational modes of
energy as well as the mechanical pressure
related to the translation energy (kinetic
energy) of molecules.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 75
p = static pressure = - (
xx
+
yy
+
zz
)/3 which
is the mechanical energy related to
translation of kinetic energy of molecules.
The constitutive equation can be written as
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 76
) u w (
2
1
2 ) u w ( &
) v w (
2
1
2 ) v w ( &
) u v (
2
1
2 ) u v ( &
w 2 u p
v 2 u p
u 2 u p
z x z x xz xz
z y z y yz zy
y x y x yx xy
z d zz
y d yy
x d xx
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 77
Since
xx
+
yy
+
zz
= -3p
Adding the constitutive equations yields
-3p= - 3p
d
+3u+2(u)
p
d
p = u( + 2/3)
For incompressible flow u = 0,
therefore p
d
= p. (3 + 2) is called
the Bulk viscosity.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 78
By Stokes hypothesis setting bulk
viscosity = 0 yields = - 2/3
Thus,
,
_
+
ij ij ij ij
u
3
2
2 p
Thus,
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
,
_
ij ij
u
3
1
2 p X
X u u
t
u
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 79
For isothermal and incompressible flow u =
0, hence the III term in LHS equation simplifies
as
( )
1
]
1
+
ji ij ij
2
1
2 ) ( 2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 80
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
z
w
y
w
z
v
x
w
z
u
y
w
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
z
w
y
w
z
v
x
w
z
u
y
w
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 81
,
_
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
,
_
+
1
]
1
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
+
1
]
1
,
_
+
1
]
1
z
w
z y
w
z
v
y x
w
z
u
x
y
w
z
v
z y
v
y x
v
y
u
x
x
w
z
u
z x
v
y
u
y x
u
x
2
2
2
,
_
z y
v
z x
u
y
w
x
w
z
w
z y
w
y x
u
z
v
x
v
y
v
z x
w
y x
v
z
u
y
u
x
u
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 82
,
_
+ +
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
w
z y
v
z x
u
z
w
y
w
x
w
z y
w
y
v
y x
u
z
v
y
v
x
v
z x
w
y x
v
x
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
,
_
1
]
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
z
w
y
v
x
u
z z
w
y
w
x
w
z
u
y
u
x
u
y z
v
y
v
x
v
z
w
y
v
x
u
x z
u
y
u
x
u
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Re-arranging, we get:
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 83
But the sum in brackets at the end of each
row is the divergence of the velocity, which is
zero for Incompressible Flow.
z
w
y
v
x
u
v
u
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
v
y
v
x
v
z
u
y
u
x
u
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
,
_
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 84
u p X u u
t
u
0 u
2
+
,
_
( )
u
ji ij ij
2
2
1
2 ) ( 2
1
]
1
Thus,
We therefore have:
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 85
For a creeping flow, neglecting inertial
terms yields the Stokes equation:-
X u p
t
u
2
+ +
,
_
,
_
z / w z / v z / u
y / w y / v y / u
x / w x / v x / u
w v u u u
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 87
1
1
1
]
1
+ +
+ +
+ +
z / w w y / w v x / w u
z / v w y / v v x / v u
z / u w y / u v x / u u
u u
We have seen the derivation of the Navier-
Stokes Equation and the simplification of the
equation to yield the Stokes, Euler and
Bernoulli equation.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 88
Slug Flow using Reynolds Transport Theorem
UL
k
UL C UL
Pe
C
k
P
p
,
P
C
k
Continuity Equation
0
) (
j
j
u
x t
,
_
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 89
Let density remain constant and let =C
p
T and
Assuming 1-D and constant velocity, U,
2
2
x
T
x
T
U
t
T
dividing by density and for steady state
2
2
x
T
x
T U
UL
Pe
dX
d
Pe
dX
d
T T
T T
L
x
X
i L
i
,
,
2
2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 90
Boundary layer
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 91
Boundary Layer Flows
Flow around bodies immersed in a
fluid stream
Flow will have viscous effects near
body surface, inviscid in far field
Flow is unconfined unlike pipe flow
Field of study Aerodynamics,
Hydrodynamics, Transportation,
Wind engineering (Tall structures)
etc.,
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 92
Boundary layer analysis can be used
to compute viscous effects near wall
and patch the results to the outer
inviscid motion. This patching is
successful for large Re.
Consider figure with Re = 10. The
fluid flow is retarded greatly with
thick shear layer.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 93
Re 1 to 1000
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 94
Flows with thick shear layers do not
have simple theory for performing
analysis.
Low range Re flows are studied
experimentally or numerically
(computational fluid dynamics).
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 95
Turbulent Flow Re=10
Very Thin boundary layer Amenable to
boundary layer patching (Prandtl,1904)
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 96
The three regions in the boundary layer
are:
1. The Wall Layer: Viscous shear
dominates
2. Outer Layer: Turbulent shear
dominates
3. Overlap Layer: Both shear types are
important.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 97
Laws relating to Velocity Profile
Velocity Frictional u
w
,
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 98
Linear Sub Layer y+<5 Law of the wall
w
y
u
y
) (
Integrating with B.Cs u =0, y=0, gives a linear
relationship and equated as,
+ +
y u or
y u
u
u
y u y y
u
w w
2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 99
Far away form the wall one can expect
that velocity at a point be influenced by
the retarding effect of the wall through
the value of wall shear stress, but not by
viscosity itself. Thus,
) / (
max
y g
u
u u
,
_
ln
max
1
Outer Layer Inertia dominated region.
For larger values of y, the velocity defect
law provides the correct form. For the
overlap region between the log layer and
the defect layer the values must be the
same, i.e.
A is a constant and called the law of the
wake
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 103
TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOW
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
v
x
v
y
p
y
v
v
x
v
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
0
y
v
x
u
Since shear layer is thin for large Re (Prandtl),
following assumptions apply
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 104
only ) x ( p p or 0
y
p
eqn momentum y to applying
y x
u v
< <
< <
For the outer inviscid flow applying the
Bernoulli equation
2
2
2
2
y
u
x
u
dx
dU
U
dx
dp
< <
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 105
The three full equations are reduced to
Prandtls two boundary layer equation
y
u
y
u
y dx
dU
U
y
u
v
x
u
u
y
v
x
u
t
l
1
0
LAMINAR
TURBULENT
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 106
Boundary Layers with
Pressure Gradient
Flow separation is caused by excessive
momentum loss near the wall in a boundary
layer trying to move downstream against
increasing pressure dp/dx>0 is called adverse
pressure gradient. At the wall u = v = 0 thus
dx
dp 1
y
u
2
2
1
]
1
+ +
1
]
1
zx yx xx
z y x
u
x
P
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
' ' '
2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 113
in 3-D comparing the above
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
2
2
2
' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' '
' ' '
' ' '
' ' '
w v w u w
w v v u v
w u v u u
zz yz xz
zy yy xy
zx yx xx
T
1
]
1
+
2
2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 114
TURBULENCE MODLES
Mixing length Prandtls mixing length
hypothesis
- Model
Reynolds Shear Stress (aka) 7 equation
model
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 115
Models for evaluating u
i
u
j
J Boussinesq
introduced a mixing co-efficient for the
Reynolds stress term as
y
u
y
u
y
u
y
u
v u
l
t
' '
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 116
Thus the equation can be re-written as
( )
,
_
,
_
y
u
y x
P
y
u
v
x
u
u
v u
y
u
y x
P
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
1
1
' '
term is known as eddie viscosity. The
kinematic viscosity is a property and not
influenced by flow, but the eddie viscosity is
attributed to the random fluctuation and it is
not a property of the fluid.
2
2
l is the Prandtl mixing length, For wall
boundary layers
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 118
. , . ,
, . , , .
) / ( ) / (
wall from dist y and realised is U where location
const Karman Von const length mixing
y for l and y for y l
>
99 0
41 0 09 0
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 119
1
1
]
1
,
_
A
y
w
e y l
2 1
1
/
) / (
, is the wall shear stress, and A
+
is the Von
Driest damping constant = 26 for smooth surface
without suction or blowing on low pressure
gradient surface.
w
1
1
]
1
,
_
A
y
w
e y l
2 1
1
/
) / (
1
1
]
1
,
_
A
y
w
e y l
2 1
1
/
) / (
w
1
1
]
1
,
_
A
y
w
e y l
2 1
1
/
) / (
, is the wall shear stress, and A
+
is the Von
Driest damping constant = 26 for smooth surface
without suction or blowing on low pressure
gradient surface.
w
,
_
A
y
w
e y l
2 1
1
/
) / (
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 120
For free shear flows, the mixing length scales
with the shear layer thickness (
s
). The eddie
viscosity can be written as
s d
CU
where U
d
, is the characteristic velocity defect
across shear layer and C is the proportionality
constant to be determined from experiments.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 121
- Model for Turbulence
The instantaneous velocity of the fluid is
decomposed into mean and fluctuating
components. The effect of the fluctuating
components on the mean motion is modeled
after obtaining empirical relations for specific
cases from experiments.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 122
In - model, the local turbulent viscosity is
determined from the solution of the transport
equation for the turbulent kinetic energy, ,
and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy, .
The x-momentum
,
_
,
_
,
_
x
v
y
u
y x
u
x x
P
v u
y
u u
x t
u
eff eff
2 ) ( ) (
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 123
The y-momentum
,
_
,
_
,
_
x
v
y
u
x y
v
y y
P
v v
y
v u
x t
v
eff eff
2 ) ( ) (
09 0
2
. ; / ; +
C C
eff
The transport of passive scalar is written as
Advection = Diffusion + Generation
dissipation
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 124
2
2 1
C G C
y y x x
v
y
u
x
G
y y x x
v
y
u
x
eff eff
eff eff
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
G, is the generation of turbulent kinetic energy
and is given as
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
2 2 2
2
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
G
Empirical Values: C
1
= 1.44, C
2
= 1.92,
= 1.0,
= 1.3 C
= 0.09
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 125
For near wall region the equation for wall
shear stress is given as
p
p
p
w
y C
y and u u u where
Ey
C u
4 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 / / / /
, / ,
) ln(
+
+
+
+
u
+ +
/
2
C
B.C Inlet - distribution must be
given, outlet or symmetry
0 0 n and n / /
Free stream = = 0. Solid walls depends
on Re.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 127
ky
u
C
u
Ey
u
u
u
3 2
1
+ +
; ); ln(
High Reynolds number 30<y
+
<500.
Low Reynolds number
09 0
2
. ; / ; +
C f C
eff
2
2 2 1 1
f C G f C
y y x x
v
y
u
x
G
y y x x
v
y
u
x
eff eff
eff eff
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 128
/ Re ); Re exp( ;
.
Re
.
)] Re . exp( [
2 2
2
3
1
2
1
05 0
1
5 20
1 0165 0 1
,
_
,
_
+
t t
t
y
f
f
f
f
Re
t
Turbulence Reynolds number
Reynolds shear Stress Model
7 equation model, 6 PDE for the stresses
2
2
2
'
' ' '
' ' ' ' '
w
w v v
w u v u u
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 129
Disadvantages
Completely incapable of
describing flows with
separation and recalculation.
Only calculates mean flow
properties and turbulent shear
stress.
Advantages
Mixing length model:
Easy to implement and cheap
in terms of computing
resources.
Good Predictions for thin
shear layers i.e. jets, mixing
layers, wakes and boundary
layers.
Well established
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 130
More expensive to implement
than mixing length model (2 extra
PDEs)
Poor performance in a variety of
important cases such as
Some unconfined flows
Flows with large extra strains
(eg curved boundary layers,
swirling flows)
Rotating flows
Fully developed flows in non-
circular ducts.
k- Model:
Simplest turbulence models for
which initial and/or boundary
conditions need to be supplied.
Excellent performance for many
industrially relevant flows.
Well established: The most
widely validated turbulence
model.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 131
Very large computing cost (7
extra PDEs)
Not as widely validated as
mixing length and - models.
Performs just as poorly as the
- model in some flows owing
to identical problem with the
equation modeling (eg, axi-
symmetric jets and unconfined
re-circulating flows.
Reynolds Stress model:
Potentially the most general of
all classical turbulence models.
Only initial and / or boundary
conditions need to be supplied
Very accurate calculation of
mean flow properties and all
Reynolds stresses for many
simple and more complex flows
including wall jets, asymmetric
channels and non circular duct
flows and curved flows.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 132
Unstructured Finite
Volume Method
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 133
Summary
1. Discretization of equations in unstructured
finite volume method.
2. Simple Algorithm.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 134
0
S
s
dS n v v ). (
+ +
S S V
b s
V
dV f dS n T dS n v v v vdV
t
. ). (
] ) ( [
T
v v pI T + +
+ + +
S V
b
V S
s
V
dV f dS n v pdV dS n v v v vdV
t
). ( ). (
Continuity Equation
Momentum Equation
Governing Equations
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 135
Linear system
(momentum)
0 0 0 0 0
1
k
C j j
P p P P p
j
a a b
1 1
0
1
( ) ( )
k k
j j j j j
C
j j
P
j
p A A
a
_
,
n v n
S V
dS n v dV
t
0 .
Space Conservation Law
Pressure correction
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 136
C
N
j
j
r
c
r
j
Arbitrary cell C with neighbor Nj across jth face
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 137
Spatial Representation
+
j
j j C
S V
C j C
S
V
grad dS dV grad
r r grad j
1
) (
) ).( ( ) (
The gradient is obtained using the Gauss Theorem (2
nd
order approximation). Since the value of j would be
different when applied from either side of face a
symmetric expression is used and presented as follows:
( ) [ ] ) .( ) ( ) .( ) (
j j j
N j N C j C N C
SO
j
r r grad r r grad + + +
2
1
2
1
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 138
( )
j
N C
+
2
1
Term gives the value midway between cell
centers connected by a straight line.
[ ] ) .( ) ( ) .( ) (
j j
N j N C j C
r r grad r r grad +
2
1
The above expression provides a correction which
takes into account that the cell-face center may not lie
on the line connecting the cell centers and/or that the
distances to the two CVs may not be equal. This
would vanish otherwise.
( )
FO
j
SO
j
FO
j j
j N
j C
FO
j
C to N from is flow When
N to C from is flow When
j
*
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 139
Time Integration
+
+
+ +
) , (
1
1 1
n
n n n
F
A first order approximation can be used where
temporal accuracy is not important
Implicit Schemes that can be used are the Crank-
Nicolson Method or a second order approximation
assuming a quadratic profile for
[ ]
[ ] profile Quadratic F
Nicolson Crank F F
n
n n n n
n
n
n
n n n
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
) , (
) , ( ) , (
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
3
2
3
1
3
4
2
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 140
Moving Grid
t
V
dS n v V
dS n v dV
t
j
S
j
S V
.
. 0
In second order the the swept volume by the cell face
during the preceding time step is included to yield:
j
S
n
j j
s j
t
V V
dS v V
2
3
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 141
Convective Fluxes
) (
. . ) (
*
. ) (
*
* *
*
FO
j
SO
j
FO
j j
j
j j j
S
s
j
j
S
s j
V S v dS v v m
value mean face cell indicates
m dS v v C
j
j
+
,
_
The approximation of the gradient based on the SO
(second order) interpolation
j
j
j j C
S V
S
V
grad dS dV grad
1
) (
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 143
This II order space-centered expression cannot sense
oscillations that are twice the characteristic length of
the numerical mesh. Unphysical oscillatory profiles if
induced, remain superimposed.
RECTIFICATION: A III order dissipation term is
added as:
( ) ( )
j
j
N C j
j
j
j
j
j
C N
j j
r r d
III II I TERMS
S
S
d
d grad
d
grad grad
,
_
+
.
*
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 144
The over-bar in term III represents the arithmetic average
of values calculated at node C and N
j
.
The II & III term is the difference between the central
difference approximation of the derivative in the
direction of vector dj (II) and the value obtained by
interpolating cell-center gradients (III). This term in
brackets (II-III) vanishes if the spatial variation for phi is
linear or quadratic. Its magnitude is proportional to the II
order truncation error and reduces with grid refinement.
The I term is the contribution from the nearest neighbors
and treated implicitly, the II & III term represent the
cross-diffusion component and vanish with orthogonal
grid. This is treated explicitly which is a deferred
correction approach.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 145
The resulting algebraic equation is of the form
C
j
N j C C
r a a
j
SIMPLE Algorithm is used to solve the equation
where, the momentum equations are solved
assuming that the pressure field is known (predictor
step).
The mass fluxes are corrected to satisfy the
continuity requirement in the corrector step by
correcting velocity and density.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 146
SIMPLE Algorithm
Semi Implicit Pressure Linked Equation
' '
; v v v p p p Let
o o
+ +
Substituting the values of p and v as estimated plus
corrections in the momentum equations and neglecting
other terms yields:
t
A
y
p
A v and
x
p
A u
y
p
t
v
and
x
p
t
u
;
'
'
'
'
' ' ' '
Note: Corrections are zero at the first iteration
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 147
y
p
A v v and
x
p
A u u
' '
0 0
Substituting this in the continuity equation gives
( )
0
2
2
2
2
2
1
0
0
v
A
p
y
p
x
p
A
y
v
x
u
y
p
A v
y x
p
A u
x
o o
o o
. '
' '
' '
,
_
,
_
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
v
C
a
V
This coefficient comes from the discretized
momentum equation.
p
is calculated from the equation of
state.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 149
The velocities used to calculated the mass fluxes are
obtained by interpolation as given below:
( ) [ ] ) .( ) ( ) .( ) (
j j j
N j N C j C N C
SO
j
r r v grad r r v grad v v v + + +
2
1
2
1
Cell-center pressure gradients are not sensitive to
oscillations between immediate neighbors. Hence a
dissipation term is added to the interpolated velocity
which can sense such oscillations and smoothen it.
This method is for co-located grids. A staggered grid may
also be used. However, requires more memory storage for
storing geometric information along with tedious
interpolation.
Natteri M Sudharsan, Ph.D., 150
j
j
j
C N
v
C
j
j
j
j
j
j
C N
v
C
j j
S
S
d
p p
a
V
v
S
S
d
d p grad
d
p p
a
V
v v
j
j
' '
'
.
*
,
_
,
_
,
_
Thus the procedure is repeated till all corrections
are within the limits prescribed.
Thank you