1

16.202: Magnetically Coupled Circuits: Mutual Inductance Background: Inductor: Passive element that resists change in current ow. di VL = L dt . Consists of N turns of wire wound around a core material with permeability ; L = N lA ; N : No. of Turns; A : Cross-Sectional Area; l : Length. Amperes Law/ Biot-Savart : Current owing in the coil creates a magnetic eld. A closed conducting loop carrying a current i when placed in an external magnetic eld, experiences a force. (causes a torque/rotation) (Electric Motors)
c Prof. K. Chandra, April 26, 2006 16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell

Symmetry Principle: (Faradays Law of Induction): Exerting a torque on a closed conducting loop in an external magnetic eld, causes electric current to ow in the loop [Electric Generators] Induced EMF (Electromotive Force) appears when the number of magnetic eld lines passing through the loop are changing. Magnetic Flux: Number of Magnetic Lines that pass through a surface bounded by the closed loop.

c Prof. K. Chandra, April 26, 2006

16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell

Mutual Inductance

11 + i1 (t) v1 12 L1 L2 + v2 -

Figure 1:

Self Inductances: L1 and L2 (N1 and N2 )turns. Current i1(t) owing through L1 produces magnetic ux 1 that consists of two components 11 : Links only L1 12 : Links both coils. 1 = 11 + 12

c Prof. K. Chandra, April 26, 2006

16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell

L1 and L2 are physically separated, but magnetically coupled. Induced voltages: v1 = N1 d1 and v2 = N2 d12 dt dt In terms of source current i1(t): v1 = N1 d11 di1 = L1 di1 di dt dt v2 = N2 d12 di1 = M21 di1 di1 dt dt Where L1 = N1 d11 di Mutual Inductance M21 = N2 d12 di1 M21: Mut. Inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1. (H) Sux 21 refers to induction in coil 2 due to current in coil 1 Open-circuit mutual voltage (induced voltage): v2 = M21 di1 dt

c Prof. K. Chandra, April 26, 2006

16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell

General Model

M i1 11 + v1 21 12 L1 L2 i2 + v2 -

Figure 2:

di Finding polarity of mutual voltage M dt .

Depends on orientation of coil windings: Use Dot Convention Position of dot at one end of inductor gives direction of magnetic ux if current enters at the dotted terminal

c Prof. K. Chandra, April 26, 2006

16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell

If current enters dotted terminal of one coil, reference polarity of mutual voltage in the second coil is positive at the dotted terminal of second coil If current leaves dotted terminal of one coil, reference polarity of mutual voltage in the second coil is negative at the dotted terminal of the second coil
M i2 + v1 = M di2 /dt + v1 = M di2 /dt i2

Figure 3:

c Prof. K. Chandra, April 26, 2006

16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell

L1

L2

L1

L2

L = L1 + L2 2M L = L1 + L2 + 2M

Figure 4:

c Prof. K. Chandra, April 26, 2006

16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell