MATH 675 HOMEWORK 5 SOLUTIONS Exercise 1. Show that the operator norm satises all of the properties of a norm.

. Let T L(X, Y ). Then T = sup

x=0

Tx Y . We have to prove three things: x X

(a) T 0 and T = 0 if and only if T = 0. Since for all x, T x Y and x X are nonnegative so is each term in the above supremum and hence so is T . T = 0 means that 0 supx=0 T x / x = 0 so that T x = 0 for all x = 0. This means that T x = 0 for all x = 0 and since T (0) = 0 anyway, T = 0. If T = 0 then T x = 0 for all x and hence supx=0 T x / x = T = 0. (b) T = || T . T = sup (T )x / x = sup (T x) / x = || sup T x / x = || T .
x=0 x=0 x=0

(c) T1 + T2 T1 + T2 for all T1 , T2 L(X, Y ). Given x X , (T1 + T2 )x

Y

= T1 x + T2 x Y T1 x Y + T2 x Y T1 x X + T2 x = ( T1 + T2 ) x X .

Since T1 + T2 is the smallest such constant T1 + T2 T1 + T2 . Exercise 2. Determine whether or not each of the given normed linear spaces is a Banach space, that is, is complete with respect to the metric induced by the norm. If it is, prove it, and if it is not, prove that it is not by nding a Cauchy sequence in the space that does not converge to an element of the space. (a)

= {{xn } n=1 C: sup |xn | < } equipped with the norm {xn }
nN

= supn |xn |.

is a Banach space. To see this, let {sn } n=1 be a Cauchy sequence in l . > 0 there is an N such that Then for each n, sn = {xn k }k=1 and for every n m if n, m N then sn sm = supk |xk xk | < . Now for each xed k , n we have that for n, m > N , |xm k xk | < . This means that for each k the sequence {xn k }n=1 is a Cauchy sequence of numbers hence convergent. Dene xk = limn xn k , and let s = {xk }k=1 . Now I will show that l is complete by showing that in fact sn s in the l norm, that is limn s sn = 0. To see that this is true, let > 0

and choose N so large that if n, m > N then sm sn < /2. For each m(k) k , choose m = m(k ) N so that |xk xk | < /2. Then for each k , |x k x n k | |xk xk
m(k)

|+ |x k

m(k)

xn k | | xk xk

m(k)

|+ sm(k) sn

< /2+ /2 = .

Since k was arbitrary and the only assumption made on n is that it was greater than N , we can take the supremum of the right side and conclude that if n > N then s sn < . It follows from this that in fact s l by choosing N so that s sN < 1 and observing that s s sN + sN 1 + sN < inf ty . (b) c0 = {{xn } lim xn = 0} equipped with the same norm as n=1 C: n
.

c0 is a Banach space. To see this let {sn } n=1 be a Cauchy sequence in c0 . Then the same argument as for part (a) shows that {sn } is in fact convergent to s l . To show that c0 is complete it remains only to show that in this case the limit sequence s is in c0 . To this end let > 0 and x N so large that s sN < . Then for each xed k ,
N |x k | | x k x N k | + |x k | s s N N + |x N k | < + |x k |.

Since sN c0 , letting k on both sides of the inequality gives lim sup |xk | < + lim |xN k | = .
k k

Since > 0 was arbitrary, lim supk |xk | = 0 and hence limk |xk | = 0. We conclude that s c0 . (c) f = {{xn } n=1 C: N = N (x), xn = 0 n N } equipped with the same norm as f is not a Banach space. To see this consider the sequence sn = {1, 1/2, 1/3, . . . , 1/n, 0, 0, 0, . . .}. Then {sn } f and it is Cauchy since if n > m then sn sm
.

= {0, 0, . . . , 0, 1/m +1, 1/m +2, . . . , 1/n, 0, . . .}

1 . m+1

However {sn } does not converge to any element of f , for if we suppose that it did converge to s = {xn } f then there is an N such that xn = 0 if n > N and s sn > 1/N for all n > N . Exercise 3. Show that for T : V1 V2 a linear operator on the normed linear spaces V1 and V2 , Tv 2 T = sup T v 2 = sup . v 1 v 1 =1 v 1 1 Here
1

denotes the norm in V1 and

denotes the norm in V2 .

Tv 2 , and since the supremum of a quantity taken v 1 v =0 over a small set is always less than the supremum of the same quantity taken over a larger set, we have that Since T is dened as sup sup
v
1 =1

Tv

sup
v
1 1

Tv 2 Tv 2 sup = T . v 1 v 1 v =0

Hence all that needs to be shown is that T sup v 1 =1 T v 2 . To that end let v V1 \ {0}. Then clearly x = v/ v 1 has norm 1 and by linearity of T , Tv 2 = T v 1 v v = Tx
1 2 2

sup
v
1 =1

T v 2.

Taking the supremum of the left side over all such v gives the result. Exercise 4. Let T : V1 V2 be an unbounded linear operator. Here norm in V1 and 2 denotes the norm in V2 . Show the following. (a) There exists a sequence {xn } V1 such that xn (b) There exists a sequence {xn } V1 such that xn (c) There exists a sequence {xn } V1 such that xn
1 1 1

denotes the .

= 1 for all n and T xn 0 and T xn 0 and T xn

2 2

= 1 for all n. .

Note rst that the denition of a bounded linear operator asserts that T is bounded provided that there is a number C such that for all x V1 , T x 2 C x 1 . The negation of this fact is the following: For all numbers C there is an x V1 such that T x 2 > C x 1 . Now taking C = n we can nd vn V1 such that T vn 2 > n vn 1 . Dening xn = vn / vn 1 we have that xn 1 = 1 and T xn 2 > n as n . This is (a). Taking the same sequence {xn } as above, dene yn = yn 1 < 0 as n and T yn n. This is (b).
1 n 2 xn T xn 2
2

. Then clearly
2 2

= T (xn / T xn 2 )

T xn T xn

= 1 for all

1 Taking again the same sequence as above, dene zn = x . Then zn 1 = n n 1 1 0 as n and T zn 2 = T (xn / n) 2 = T x > n as n 2 n n n . This is (c).