TheSecondVienneseSchool Schoenberg,Berg,andWebern ArnoldSchoenberg 18741951 FromVienna Boughtviolintotrainearsincehedidn'thaveanymoneyforconservatorytraining; cellofollowed. Startedcomposingsongsinearly20'sandtookmusictoAlexandervonZemlinsky whointroducedhismusictoMahler.Mahlerfinancedpiecestobeplayed. FIRSTPERIOD:TONALMUSIC(until1908): VeryRomanticchromaticbuttonal "Gurrelieder":oratoriobasedonDutchpoem,took10yearstoorchestrate.There's achorus,lotsofstringsandbrass,4partmalesoloists,soloists,andarhythmic speakingpart(sprechstimme).

"TransfiguredNight":2violins,2violas,2cellos;writtenforhishoneymoonat25 yearsold;expandedfororchestra WasaJewinGermany,thrownout,cameandtaughtinBoston,livedtherestofhis lifeinLosAngeles(exiledtoparadise) SECONDPERIOD:"ATONAL"MUSIC19081923): Thinksthat"tonalityiswornout"andstartsusingchromaticismandwholetone scales;movingahead="betterandbettermusic" "TheBookoftheHangingGarden"aboutamanwhowatchesandwaitsfora womantocometoagardentowatchfromafarwasn'twellreceivedinVienna,so movedtoBerlin(draftedtothearmyforabit)andthengotagigarrangingata nightclub) "PierrotLunaire"setof21songs(roworseries/serialcomposition)writtenfor actressatnightclub,aboutclowntosaystruthsthatpeopledon'twanttohear receivedencoreandtouredEurope He"discoveredsomethingthatwillensurethesupremacyofGermanmusicforthe next100years"in1923 ForcedtoleaveGermany,reconvertedbacktoJudaisminParis,wifehasbabyin Barcelona,movedtoCoolidgeCornerinBoston,thenmovedtoL.A.aftermeeting AlfredNewmanandgettinganofferfromUCLA THIRDPERIOD:"TWELVETONE"MUSIC(19231951): "ASurvivorfromWarsaw"'reactiontohorrorsofWWII;usessprechstimme "ThreeSatires"makingfunofStravinsky'sarticledenouncingthe12tonesystem Pupilsofhis:BergandWebern BelievedinNumerology(13isunlucky)andin1952,hediedonSeptember13th whenhewas76(7+6=13) AlbanBerg 18851935 Viennese StudiedwithSchoenberg Progressivetonality(combining12toneandtonalmusic) CombinedSchoenberg'srevolutionwithevolution:hadmoreofaRomanticquality Goodwithdramaandlyrics Wrote"Wozzeck":oneofthegreatestoperasofthe20thcentury WroteviolinconcertoforLouieVasserofNewEnglandConservatoryinmemoryof fosterdaughter

AntonvonWebern 18881945 Viennese StudiedwithSchoenberg Insteadofpresentingathemeandsubject,helinksthecellstogetherusinga melodyofchangingtonecolors(klangfarbenmelodietone,color,melody) Wroteextremelyshortworks(entirepiecesmaybeonlyminuteslong)pointillism LessRomanticthancolleagues Leastappreciated,understood,andplayed dodecaphony/twelvetonemusic asystemofcompositionwhereall12chromatic notesaresoundedasoftenasoneanother(devisedbySchoenberg) series/row(serial) alineofnotesinagivenorderthatareemployedin compositions klangfarbanmelodie usingmelodiesofchangingtonecolorsopposedtopresentinga themeandsubject(usedbyWebernandSchoenberg) TwentiethCenturyComposers Stravinsky,Bartok,Britten,Hindemith, Prokofiev,Shostakovich neoclassicism atwentiethcenturytrendwherecomposerssoughttogoback totheclassicalstyle:order,balance,clarity,economy,andemotionalrestraint. IgorStravinsky 18821971 Russian 19001917PRIMITIVISMORRUSSIANPERIOD StudiedwithRimskiKorsakov DebussyintroducedhimtoRussianBallet(BalletRuss) MovedtoSwitzerlandbecauseofwaranddecidedtoputtogetheragroupwith otherwritersandartiststomakemoneyandtour Usedcomplexmetersanddrivingrhythms,fussianfolk,polytonality,ostinati, dissonances,andlargeorchestra Importantworks:"RiteofSpring","Renard","TheWedding","Petrushka",and "Firebird". 19171951NEOCLASSICISMPERIOD Usedsmallerorchestration,classicalformsandgenres,restraintofemotions Importantworks:"TheSoldier'sTale","SymphonyofPsalms","Symphonyin3 Movements","OedipusRex",and"TheRake'sProgress" "StoryofaSoldier":amanwhosellshissoultothedevil(pit,dancers,narrator, actorsinvolved) Afterwar,movedtoFrance(couldn'tgobacktoRussia)andcomestoAmericato conductandtalkatHarvard ImmigratestoUSAin1940andbecomescitizen,livinginL.A.(competitionwith Schoenberg) CommissionedbyBSOtowrite"SymphonyofPsalms"basedonsoundsfromBible 19521971SERIALISMPERIOD Occurredwiththedeathofhisrial,Schoenberg. Famousworks:"InMemoriamDylanThomas","TheFlood",and"Requiem Canticles" CommissionedtowriteaFanfarefortheopeningoftheLincolnCenterinNYC

Bythistime,bebegantouse12tonesystemandpeoplewerenothappywiththe piece(lessthan1minutelongand12tone) BuriedoutsideofVenice,Italy StravinskySchoenbergRivalry SchoenberglaunchedanattackonStravinsky's musicwhenheturnedtoneoclassicism.Schoenbergrepresentedatonalityand Stravinskyrepresentedtonality BellaBartok 18811947 Hungarian Virtuosopianist,graduatedfromconservatory Traveledallovertheworldandcollectedfolksongsfromeasterneuropeanand northernafricancountries.Also,interestedinHungarianchordscales. Heardquartertonesandinventednew(nowinternational)notationsystemand usedrhythmicandmelodicideasinhisownmusic Composedalotofpianomusicand6stringquartetswhereheexplored12th centuryharmony(neverused12tonesystem) Wroteopera"Bludebeard'sCastle" Wroteballets:"TheWoodenPrince"and"TheMiraculousMandarin" ImmigratedtoUS(NewJersey)andColumbiaUniversityofferedhimajobasa professorofcomposition,butheturneditdownandtookajobinthelibrary. Senttohospitalin1945,toldhewasgoingtodie,andtheconductoroftheBSO visitedhimandcommissioned"ConcertoforOrchestra:afivemovementpiecethat showsoffeveryinstrumentintheorchestra(hewenttofirstrehearsal,gotinan argumentandleft).Piecewasahugesuccess BenjaminBritten 19131976 English Startedcomposingattheageof6years Pianistandconductor Workedinopera,film,symphonic,concertosandotherstagemusic Masteroforchestration Works:"SerenadeforTenor,Horn,andStrings",and"WarRequiem" PaulHindemith 18951963 German CametoUSduringwar ProfessorofCompositionatYale Wasabletoplayallinstruments,butalsoavirtuosoviolaplayer Wrotemodernatonalmusic,oftenexhibitedconservativetendencies,intricate linearcounterpointandclearstructure. Wantedtogetridofthenotionthatcomposerswereremovedfromsocietyandwas aleaderinbridgingthegapbetweenthecomposerandperformer(andaudience). Feltthatmoderncomposersshouldcomposeforamateurs(gebrauchmusik,music forneedorfunction) gebrauchmusik musicforneed,orforaspecificlevelofdifficulty(ex.high schoolersorcommunity) SergeProkofiev 18911953 Russian Begancomposingatageof5yearsandtaughtbyRimskiKorsakov

Musicalternatesbetweenharshlydissonantandsimplediatonic;notedforbeing wittyandbeautifullymelodic. Commissionedforalotoffilmmusic Wrotepiecesformusiceducation(introduceinstrumentstokids)"Peterandthe Wolf" StalincameintopowerinRussiain1917andbeganeliminatinganybodywho threatenedhim,includingartists Importantworks:7symphonies,"PeterandtheWolf","RomeoandJuliet(ballet) DmitryShostakovich19061975 Russian Studentatconservatory:pianoandcomposition.Graduatedat19years His1stsymphonygainedhiminternationalfameandrespectrightaftergraduating Communistrevolutionhappensin1917 1936:finishedopera,"LadyMacbethofMtsensk",thatbecameverycontroversial: sexscene(Stalinsawoperaandleftduringscene,madefrontpageofpaper). TargetedasapervertedenemyofRussia,sofiredfromprofessorjobatMoscow conservatory,lefttogiginclubs Writes"ASovietSoldier'sReplytoHonestCriticism"andfindsconductortodoit, BUTalawispassedthatnomusicisallowedtoendinaminorkey(falsehappy propagandabygovernment) WritesapieceaboutSoviet'scomingtoapartment/housesbangingdowndoorsand killingpeople,andthenStalingiveshimhisjobback. Inearly40's,StalinandHitlercometoagreementandHitlerattacksSoviet, GermansinvadeRussia. ForcedtoevacuatewithfamilybyStalineventhoughhewantedtostayand Leningrad(city)issurroundedandinvadedbyGermans Finished7thsymphony(senttoNYC):"TheLeningradSymphony" Citydidn'tfallbut2milliondied,andtherearesomestoriesofcanibalism 1948:Stalindecidesartistduringwarneededtobecontrolledandforces "him"/thiscomposertoapologizetocommitteeinordertonotbeanenemyofthe governmentagain 1963:putspoliticalpoemtomusicasaSymphonyNo.10 Wrote15symphonies,15stringquartets Knowstoriesbehindsymphony#5,7,and10 LaterTwentiethCenturyComposers CharlesIves,GeorgeGershwin,JohnCage, LeonardBernstein,PierreBoulez,EdwardKennedy"DukeEllington,Karlheinz Stockhausen,OlivierMessiaen,LucianoBerio,JohnAdams,SteveReich CharlesIves 18741954 FromNewEngland.FatherwasinCivilWarbandandaftersettlingdowntaught manyinstrumentsinorchestras.Also,expirementedwithtuningandspacial conceptsstimulatedsoninthefieldofmusic. StudiedCompositionatYale.Metwife,Harmony,inNewYork.Startedinvestment companywithfriend,MyrickandIves,andbecameamillionairegenerousto strugglingmusicians. GotnegativereactionfromNYCcritics,somovedbacktoConnecticutonabigfarm tocomposefortherestofhislife.

In1950,LeonardBernsteinstumbleduponthiscomposer'sSymphonyNo.2and wantedtoconductit.Harmonywenttopremiereandgotawildapplause. Likedtouse"soundcollages"inhispieces,filledwithdelicateandharshnoise. Wrote4symphonies Once,anaudiencememberwasbooinghispieceandhegrabbedthemanbythe shiftandsaid"takeyourdissonancelikeaman!" SymphonyNo.4:hismostambitiouswork,callsforagiantorchestraandmorethan oneconductor,veryrhythmicandconfusing. Importantworks:"ThreePlacesinNewEngland","TheUnansweredQuestion"and his4thSymphony. HenryCowellIrish InspiredbyCharlesIvesandplayedinstrumentsfrominsideofinstruments:"The Banshee" GeorgeGershwin 18981937 American Wrote"RhapsodyinBlue"andopera,"PorgyandBess"nowonBroadwaywitha revivalcast. JohnCage 19121992 StudiedwithSchoenbergandCowell.WenttoUCLA. Schoenberg:"John,Idon'tthinkyouunderstandthemeaningofharmony" Cage:"Idon't,you'reright,andIpromisetoneverwriteharmonyagain!" Beganexperimentingwithpreparedpianos,tamperingwiththeinstrumenttoget differentsoundsoutofthestrings,inthe1930's Notoriousforsilentpiececalled"4Minutesand33Seconds" Wroteapiececonsistingofapianobeingthrownoutofawindow Somesayhewasmoreofaphilosopherthanacomposer InvitedtoHarvardtogiveaseriesoflectures,buthadacomputermixuphelecture "becausewearesointerestedincomputersrunningoutlives" KrzysztofPenderecki 1933present Polish "ThrenodytotheVictimsofHiroshima"waswrittenin1960.Stringplayershaveto playashighastheycan.Hehadtodevelopanewnotationsystemforthepiece. Writtenfor52stringsandattheend,thereisaclusterof52individualnoteseacha quartertoneapart. LeonardBernstein 19181990 fromMassachusetts! Composer,conductor,pianist,teacher Wrotemusicfor"WestSideStory" TerryRiley 1935present Wrote"InC" ResponsibleforSanFranciscanbirthofminimalism JohnAdams 1947present FromMassachusetts! Minimalist

StudiedatHarvardthendrovetoSanFranciscowithwife GavealectureatHarvardandconfessedthatHarvardtaughthimwhathedidn't wanttodo BecameclosewithPhilipGlassandTerryRiley Wrote"ShakerLoops"inthe1970'sforstrings