Darwinism

Darwinism, as explained by Brittanica Encyclopedia, is a theory of the evolutionary mechanism propounded by Charles Darwin as an explanation of organic change. Darwin's meticulously documented observations led him to question the then current belief in special creation of each species. It denotes his specific view, that evolution is driven mainly by natural selection. Theory of evolution states that, living things came into existence by means of coincidences, and developed further as a consequence of coincidental effects. According to Darwinism, the forces of nature built simple inanimate elements into highly complex and flawless designs. After years of studying and correlating the notes he had made as naturalist he was prompted to present his evidence for the descent of all life from a common ancestral origin. Darwin observed that although all organisms tend to reproduce in a geometrically increasing ratio, the numbers of a given species remain more or less constant. From this he deduced that there is a continuing struggle for existence, for survival. He pointed out the existence of variations and suggested that the variations that prove helpful to a plant or an animal in its struggle for existence better enable it to survive and reproduce. These favorable variations are thus transmitted to the offspring of the survivors and spread to the entire species over successive generations. This process he called the principle of natural selection -- "survival of the fittest". Proponent Charles Robert Darwin He firmly established the theory of organic evolution known as Darwinism. His interest in natural history led to his friendship with the botanist J. S. Henslow ; through him came the opportunity to make a five-year cruise as official naturalist aboard the Beagle. This started Darwin on a career of accumulating and assimilating data that resulted in the formulation of his concept of evolution and his explication of natural and sexual selection. Weaknesses Did not consider whether such forces in fact exist in nature Natural mechanisms which can accomplish evolution according to the Darwinian scenario were not discussed Tries to explain the disappearance of non-optimal genetic modifications by lesser, or lack of, adaptation of individuals to the environment, but it does not say anything about the origin of modifications or about the processes in which they are carried out. The main argument of natural selection, or putting it another way: "that which exists is because it has survived and hasnt disappeared" is a tautology for which there is no humanly way to deny it.

The model only works in long-term in our physical scale. Did not scientifically show the randomness in all of the cases of the variation in genetic information Lack of the scientific method of this theory; specifically, it is a theory supported by the inductive reasoning from the observation of certain facts and making inferences about generality. Significant shortcomings when it comes to explaining reality Impossibility of producing the commonly called evolutionary leaps Aspects related to the sexual differentiation and the evolutionary leaps discussed in the section about the objectives of evolution, and that make up part of the main argument of the General Theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life, are completely absent from the approaches of the Darwinian theory

MACHIAVELLIANISM Machiavellianism is a persons tendency to deceive and manipulate others for personal gain. It is the political doctrine of Machiavelli, which denies the relevance of morality in political affairs and holds that craft and deceit are justified in pursuing and maintaining political power. Machiavellianism has a bad reputation. Being called Machiavellian is never praise. In popular usage, it refers to someone who is sneaky, conniving, deceitful, and untrustworthy. A Machiavellian person is often thought to be indifferent to ethical and moral considerations in the same way that a sociopath is incapable of sympathy or compassion. Sometimes the Machiavellian is imagined to be someone who actually prefers double-dealing, backstabbing methods to any others. In contrast, it is a perspective on human nature, the world, and our places in it. Inspired by what Machiavelli wrote almost five centuries ago, modern Machiavellianism urges you to think carefully about the obvious facts and then act meaningfully, in accordance to your own inner nature. The key positions of Machiavellian thinking are summarized in the following pages. High Machs High Machs tend to take a more detached, calculating approach in their interaction with other people. Machiavellians tend to be low on agreeableness and conscientiousness. High Machs distinguishes itself from others in the way that they see events as Machiavelli did, and simply believe that while right and wrong have reality, that it is impractical to be ethical all the time, and that there is a difference between outright deception or exploitation. Furthermore, High Machs tend to take consequences very seriously, and when dedicated to a course of action which may backfire, it is usually because the potential consequences have been weighed quite carefully. Low Machs Low Machs tend to take a more personal, empathic approach in their interaction with other people. They tend to be more trusting of others and more honest. They believe humans are essentially good natured. At the extreme, low Machs tend to be passive, submissive, highly agreeable, dependent and socially inept; in contrast with those who are more Machiavellian, they have before also tend to believe that everyone has a good and bad side. Proponent Niccol Machiavelli Machiavelli is an influential Florentine political theorist and humanist. Believing human nature to be essentially selfish, Machiavelli advocated the need for strong government. The term Machiavellian, to describe immoral and deceitful political behaviour, arose from a simplification of his ideas. Machiavelli's best-known work, Il principe, describes the means by which a prince may gain and maintain his power. His "ideal" prince is a supremely adaptable, amoral, and

calculating tyrant who would be able to establish a unified Italian state. The book offered advice on how the ruler of a small state might best preserve his power, including judicious use of force. WEAKNESSES Often characterized by idolatrous worship of the nation Often lowers ethical sights Do not hesitate to use brutal force Threatens to destroy nation and the globe

Bibliography

Riemer, N. (1996). Creative Breakthroughs in politics. Westport: Praeger Publishers. "Darwinism." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Darwinis.html Darwinism. (2010). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/151986/Darwinism "Charles Robert Darwin." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-DarwinCR.html Machiavellianism. (2006). Retrieved February 22, 2019, from http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Machiavellianism#External_links