Agenda

Reminders
Email vs. WebCT Discussions
Use Email for specific individual questions Include BUS272 in the Subject Provide background information Use WebCT Discussions for general questions

BUS 272 Behaviour in Organizations

Lecture 2: Perception, Personality & Emotion

Post your Student Introduction Complete Demographic Questionnaire

Questions? Perception, Personality & Emotions

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Objectives
By the end of todays lecture, you should be able to:

Perception
What is Perception?
The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment

Explain how perception, personality and emotions influence peoples behaviour

Why is it Important?
People's behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is not on reality itself e.g., job interviews

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What Factors Affect Perception?

THE SITUATION

Perceptual Errors
Attribution Theory Selective Perception Halo Effect Contrast Effect Projection Stereotyping Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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Time Work setting Social setting

PERCEPTION

THE PERCEIVER

Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

THE TARGET

Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity

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Attribution Theory
How we decide if others actions are internally or externally caused
Internal Attribution
behaviour is due to motivation/ability rather than situation/fate

Rules of Attribution

Internal Attribution

Yes
Consistent with Past?

No
Distinctive for this Setting?

No
Consensus with Others?

External Attribution
behaviour is due to situation/fate rather than the person

Depends on Distinctiveness (that person across situations) Consensus (other people in same situation) Consistency (that person over time)
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No

Yes
External Attribution

Yes

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Attribution Errors

Selective Perception
Eskimo & Indian Swan & Squirrel

ME Self-Serving Bias

OTHERS Fundamental Attribution Error

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The Halo Effect

Contrast Effect

Primacy :: Recency :: False-Consensus

Source: www.dilbert.com Nov 3, 2008 BUS 272 14 BUS 272 Source: www.someecards.com 15

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Projection

Stereotyping

Source: brainalchemist.com BUS 272 16 BUS 272 17

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Break Time!

Source: http://prevential.com/success-factors-self-fulfilling-prophecy BUS 272 18 BUS 272 19

Personality

Defining Personality
Relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics
External traits observable behaviours Internal states thoughts, values, etc. inferred from behaviours

Nature vs. Nurture?

Both!
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Some variability, adjust to suit the situation

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

The Big Five (OCEAN)

Openness to experience vs. Closed-mindedness Neuroticism vs. Emotional stability Conscientiousnes vs. Undirectedness

Extraversion (E) (I) Introversion Sensing (S) (N) Intuition Thinking (T) (F) Feeling Judging (J) (P) Perception
Combined to form types: INTJ, ESTJ, ENTP Find your type: www.personalitytype.com/career_quiz

Agreeableness vs. Antagonism

Extraversion vs. Introversion

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The Big Five (2)

The Big Five (3)

Extraversion: sociable, talkative, assertive, outgoing

Agreeableness: good-natured, trusting, cooperative, courteous, caring

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Conscientiousness: responsible, dependable, persistent, achievementoriented, careful

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Emotional Stability: Calm, self-confident, secure (Neuroticism: anxious, hostile)

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Openness to Experience: Imaginative, artistically sensitive, intellectual, flexible

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Other Major Personality Attributes

Core Self-Evaluation Machiavellianism Narcissism Self-Monitoring Risk-Taking Type A / B Personality Proactive Personality
Source: Josef Kunstmann, The Embrace BUS 272 28

Emotions
Psychological and physiological episodes (events) experienced toward an object, person, or event that create a state of readiness Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something Seven basic emotions:
happiness, sad, angry, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust
Photo: Lie to Me

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Emotional Labour
Effort, planning and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions Employees can experience a conflict between:
Felt emotions Displayed emotions

Emotional Intelligence
An assortment of non-cognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a persons ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures
Be self-aware Detect emotions in others Manage emotional cues and information

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Model of Emotional Intelligence

Highest

EI = EQ

Relationship Management Social Awareness

Managing other peoples emotions Perceiving and understanding the meaning of others emotions

SelfManagement

Managing our own emotions Perceiving and understanding the meaning of your own emotions
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Self-Awareness
Lowest

Summary
Perception is important because
Perception = the process people use to interpret & organize their impressions, to give meaning to their environment People behave based on PERCEPTIONS, not reality
e.g., job interviews, performance reviews, relationships

Next Week
Thank you! To Do List
Quiz 3 Chapter 3 Demographic Questionnaire

Perception depends on the perceiver, the target and the situation There are all sorts of reasons why our perceptions are faulty (perceptual errors) Personality is stable as an adult (but emphasized / de-emphasized by the situation)
Major personality categorizations: Myers-Briggs, The Big 5, others

Have a safe & pleasant week

Readings
Chapter 3

Self-Tests
What do you value? (p.114)

Emotions and EI
High EI leads to higher job performance
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