MODULE 5

Bow -Briefly bend your body towards someone as a formal way of greeting them, because you want to show respect or because youre thinking deeply about something. He bowed slightly when the president approached. David bowed his head and whispered the prayer. -Bow to pressure or to somebodys wishes [yield] No way am I going to bow to the whims and fancies of my children. -To shrink away or crouch especially for shelter from something that menaces, domineers, or dismays. They cowered at the sight of the gun. to bend low and move back because you are frightened cower back/against/under etc. -To lower the body stance especially by bending the legs. A sprinter crouched ready to go. -To lie close to the ground with the legs bent. A pair of cats, crouching on the brink of a fight -To bend or bow servilely : cringe -To stand at a low height. Cottages crouched along the river. -To bend over something so that you are very near to it [lean, crouch over] -If you duck, you move your head or the top half of your body quickly downwards to avoid something that might hit you, or to avoid being seen. He ducked in time to save his head from a blow from the poker... He ducked his head to hide his admiration... I wanted to duck down and slip past but they saw me. - to thrust under water - to lower (as the head) quickly : bow The ceiling was so low I had to duck. - avoid, evade We can't afford to duck the issue any longer. He ducked his head so they wouldn't see him. - to plunge under the surface of water - to descend suddenly : dip - to lower the head or body suddenly : dodge bow, bob - to move quickly He ducked around a corner. - to evade a duty, question, or responsibility They've been ducking each other for months. -if a group of people huddle together, they stay very close to each other, especially because they are cold or frightened: We lay huddled together for warmth. huddle around People huddled around the radio, waiting for news. -to lie or sit with your arms and legs close to your body because you are cold or frightened She huddled under the blankets. The snow blew against his huddled body. American English to sit or stand with a small group of people in order to discuss something privately: The executive board huddled to discuss the issue. -if American football players huddle, they gather around one player who tells them

Cower

Crouch

Duck

Huddle

Hunch

Squat

Stoop

Burst

Disturb

the plan for the next part of the game. -to wrap closely in (as clothes) -to bend down and forwards so that your back forms a curve, hunch over He had to hunch over the steering wheel to see anything. -Hunch your shoulders-to raise your shoulders into a rounded shape because you are cold, anxious etc. Wes hunched his shoulders and leaned forward on the edge of the counter. He hunched his shoulders as he headed out into the storm. to sit with your knees bent under you and your bottom just off the ground, balancing on your feet, squat down He squatted down beside the little girl. - to live in a building or on a piece of land without permission and without paying rent -to crouch close to the ground as if to escape observation a hare squatting in the grass - to assume or maintain a position in which the body is supported on the feet and the knees are bent so that the buttocks rest on or near the heels He squatted behind the bush to avoid being seen. A family has been squatting in that house for months. If you stoop, you stand or walk with your shoulders bent forwards. She was taller than he was and stooped slightly. stoop down to bend your body forward and down: We had to stoop to pass through the low entrance. Dave stooped down to tie his shoes. -to stand with your back and shoulders bent forwards -stoop to something -to do something bad or morally wrong, which you do not normally do [stoop to doing something] I didn't expect you to stoop to lying. -stoop to somebody's/that level Don't stoop to her level. -fly or dive down swiftly usually to attack prey 1. She stooped down to hug the child. 2. He had to stoop to pick it up. 3. He tends to stoop as he walks. 4. He really did that? I didn't think he could stoop so low. -to be full of something literally My suitcase is bursting with things. I cant lift it for an inch. -to be very full of something figuratively She was bursting with happiness. -interrupt to interrupt someone so that they cannot continue what they are doing: Sorry to disturb you, but I have an urgent message. The thieves fled when they were disturbed by a neighbor. Do not disturb (=a sign you put on a door so that people will not interrupt you). -worry to make someone feel worried or upset: What disturbs you most about this latest development? -move to move something or change its position: If you find a bird's nest, never disturb the eggs.

Agitate

Maintain

Intervene

I promise not to disturb anything. -change to change a normal situation in a way that causes problems: My hormone balance is disturbed by my pregnancy. New procedures often disturb the comfortable habits of the workforce. -disturb the peace to behave in a noisy and unpleasant way in public -to argue strongly in public for something you want, especially a political or social change agitate for/against unions agitating for higher pay -agitate to do something His family are agitating to get him freed. - to make someone feel anxious, upset, and nervous: I must warn you that any mention of Clare agitates your grandmother. -to shake or mix a liquid quickly The storm agitated the sea. -to make a series of small irregular or violent movements <set the washing machine so it will agitate for four minutes before going into the rinse cycle> -to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before: Careers Officers maintain contact with young people when they have left school. Britain wants to maintain its position as a world power. A lot depends on building and maintaining a good relationship with your customers. The hotel prides itself on maintaining high standards. How can we maintain control of spending? -to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc. stay the same: It is important to maintain a constant temperature inside the greenhouse. This is the most efficient way to build up and maintain a reasonable level of physical fitness. -to strongly express your belief that something is true [= claim] maintain (that) Critics maintain that these reforms will lead to a decline in educational standards. maintain your innocence (=say that you did not commit a crime) He maintained his innocence and said the allegations were 'ridiculous'. -look after something to keep a machine, building etc in good condition by checking and repairing it regularly: The report found that safety equipment had been very poorly maintained. The company is responsible for maintaining public telephone boxes. - to provide someone with the things they need, such as money or food [= provide for]: How can you maintain a family on $900 a month? -to become involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens intervene in The police don't usually like to intervene in disputes between husbands and wives. The army will have to intervene to prevent further fighting. - to interrupt someone when they are speaking: 'Stop shouting, Emily,' John intervened. -if an event intervenes, it delays or interrupts something else: He was just establishing his career when the war intervened.

Upchuck Upcoming Uphold

Uplifted

Upsurge

Uptight

Upmarket

if a period of time intervenes, it comes between two events: In the six years that intervened I saw them once. -to bring food or drink up from your stomach and out through your mouth because you are ill or drunk [= vomit] happening soon: the upcoming elections -to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist: a committee that aims to uphold educational standards -if a court upholds a decision made by another court, it states that the decision was correct: The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal. -feeling happier and more hopeful: He felt uplifted by her presence. - literary- raised upwards -a sudden increase upsurge in There was an upsurge in violence during June and July. -a sudden strong feeling upsurge of There was a genuine upsurge of religious feeling. -behaving in an angry way because you are feeling nervous and worried uptight about You have to learn to laugh instead of getting uptight about things. -having strict traditional attitudes and seeming unable to relax -designed for or used by people who have a lot of money [ downmarket]: an upmarket restaurant -move/go upmarket a brand that's moved upmarket (=it is trying to attract richer people)

Uptrend Upshot -the final result of a situation: The upshot was that after much argument they all agreed to help her. Upholstered -to cover a chair with material Layabout Layman a lazy person who avoids work -someone who is not trained in a particular subject or type of work, especially when they are being compared with someone who is [ expert]: To the layman (=laymen in general) all these plants look pretty similar. If you don't understand what the doctor says, ask to have it explained in layman's terms (=in simple language). -someone who is not a priest but is a member of a church a space next to a road where vehicles can stop an occasion when an employer ends a worker's employment for a temporary period of time because there is not enough work: more lay-offs in the car industry the way in which something such as a town, garden, or building is arranged layout of the layout of the park

Layby Layoff

Layout

Elude

Install

Divert

Transfer

All the flats in the building had the same layout. -the way in which writing and pictures are arranged on a page layout of the layout of a business letter page layout software to escape from someone or something, especially by tricking them [= avoid]: He eluded his pursuers by escaping into a river. -if something that you want eludes you, you fail to find or achieve it: She took the exam again, but again success eluded her. -if a fact or the answer to a problem eludes you, you cannot remember or solve it [= escape]: The exact terminology eludes me for the moment. to put a piece of equipment somewhere and connect it so that it is ready to be used: They've installed the new computer network at last. Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. -to add new software to a computer so that it is ready to be used [ uninstall]: We've installed new anti-virus software. -to put someone in an important job or position, especially with a ceremony: Churchill was installed as Chancellor of the university. install yourself in/at etc. to settle somewhere as if you are going to stay for a long time - to change the use of something such as time or money divert something into/to/(away) from etc. something The company should divert more resources into research. Officials diverted revenue from arms sales to the rebels. - to change the direction in which something travels divert a river/footpath/road etc. Canals divert water from the Truckee River into the lake. The high street is closed and traffic is being diverted. -if you divert your telephone calls, you arrange for them to go directly to another number, for example because you are not able to answer them yourself for some time: Remember to divert your phone when you are out of the office. -to deliberately take someone's attention from something by making them think about or notice other things divert (somebody's) attention (away from somebody/something) The crime crackdown is an attempt to divert attention from social problems. He'd been trying to divert suspicion away from himself. Formal- to amuse or entertain someone - to move from one place, school, job etc. to another, or to make someone do this, especially within the same organization transfer (from something) to something Swod transferred from MI6 to the Security Service. -transfer somebody (from something) to something They're transferring him to a special unit at Great Ormond Street Hospital. You'll be transferred to the Birmingham office. -Formal- to move from one place to another, or to move something from one place to another The exhibition transfers to York City Art Gallery on 23rd January. Transfer the meat to warm plates.

Discharge

Decline

-to sell a sports player to another team: He was transferred for a fee of 8 million. - to move money from one account or institution to another I'd like to transfer $500 to my checking account. -transfer your affections/loyalty/allegiance etc. He was transferring his attention to his secretary. -to change from loving or supporting one person to loving or supporting a different one - if a skill, idea, or quality transfers from one situation to another, or if you transfer it, it can be used in the new situation: Ideas that work well in one school often don't transfer well to another. - to officially give power etc. to another person or organization: The ageing president is preparing to transfer power to his son. - to connect the call of someone who has telephoned you to someone else's telephone so that that person can speak to them: Hold on one moment while I transfer your call. - to officially give property or land to someone else - to change from one bus, plane etc. to another while you are travelling, or arrange for someone to do this: You will be met on arrival at the airport and transferred to your hotel. - to copy recorded information, music etc. from one system to another: Transfer the files onto floppy disk. - if a disease is transferred from one person or animal to another, the second person or animal begins to have the disease It is unlikely that the disease will be transferred from animals to humans. -to officially allow someone to leave somewhere, especially the hospital or the army, navy etc., or to tell them that they must leave: Hospitals now tend to discharge patients earlier than in the past. The judge discharged the jury. -discharge somebody from something Several of the recruits were discharged from the Army due to medical problems. discharge yourself British English (=leave hospital before your treatment is complete) -conditionally discharge somebody British English (=let someone leave prison if they obey particular rules) Dunning was conditionally discharged for two years. - to send out gas, liquid, smoke etc., or to allow it to escape discharge something into something Sewage is discharged directly into the sea. Rainwater collects here and then discharges into the river Kennett. formal to fire a gun or shoot an arrow etc.: [British English] A soldier accidentally discharged his weapon. - formal-to do or pay what you have a duty to do or pay discharge your duties/responsibilities/obligations etc. The trustees failed to discharge their duties properly. - if a piece of electrical equipment discharges, or if it is discharged, it sends out electricity - if a wound or body part discharges a substance such as pus (=infected liquid), the substance slowly comes out of it - formal -to take goods or passengers off a ship, plane etc. a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of something

Gaze

Glance

There has been a decline in the size of families. decline of the decline of manufacturing rapid/sharp/steep/dramatic decline a rapid decline in unemployment steady/gradual/long-term decline The island's population initially numbered 180, but there was a gradual decline until only 40 people were left. the economic decline faced by many cities widely held belief that educational standards are in decline (=falling) The port fell into decline (=became less important and less busy) in the 1950s. to look at someone or something for a long time, giving it all your attention, often without realizing you are doing so [= stare] gaze into/at Nell was still gazing out of the window. Patrick sat gazing into space (=looking straight in front, not at any particular person or thing). -to quickly look at someone or something glance at/up/down etc. The man glanced nervously at his watch. Wyatt glanced around the restaurant. Emily glanced over her shoulder. -to read something very quickly glance at/through etc. Can you glance through these figures for me? glance off (something) phrasal verb 1 to hit a surface at an angle and then move away from it in another direction: The bullet had crushed his helmet and glanced off. 2 literary if light glances off a surface, it flashes or shines back from it: The sun was glancing off the icy tips of gleaming rock. WORD CHOICE: WORD CHOICE:

glance (verb) means 'to look quickly and deliberately' and a glance is the act of quickly looking at someone or something I glanced at my watch. She gave me an amused glance. glimpse (verb) means 'to see something or someone by chance for a very short time' and a glimpse is a sight that you see by chance for a very short time I glimpsed someone behind the curtain. We got a glimpse of her face as she hurried past. Glimpse -a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly They caught a glimpse of a dark green car. -brief/fleeting/quick glimpse (=a very short look) We only had a fleeting glimpse of the river. -a short experience of something that helps you begin to understand it glimpse of/into/at - a glimpse of what life might be like in the future Peer o look very carefully at something, especially because you are having difficulty seeing it: He was peering through the wet windscreen at the cars ahead. Philippa peered into the darkness. Peep to look at something quickly and secretly, especially through a hole or opening [=

Peek

Chip

peek] peep into/through/out etc. The door was ajar and Helen peeped in. Henry peeped through the window into the kitchen. - if something peeps from somewhere, you can just see a small amount of it peep through/from/out etc. I could see her toes peeping out from under the sheet. - to look at something because it is interesting or attractive: On our website you can peep our video interview with R&B's newest supergroup. - to look quickly at something, or to look at something from behind something else, especially something that you are not supposed to see [ peep] peek at/through/into etc Carefully he peeked through the glass window in the door. Paula opened the box and peeked inside. Shut your eyes and don't peek! - if something peeks from somewhere, you can just see a small amount of it: The moon peeked out from behind the clouds. peek noun [countable] Diane took a quick peek at herself in the mirror. -if you chip something, or if it chips, a small piece of it breaks off accidentally: Gary fell and chipped one of his front teeth. He chipped a bone in his knee and was carried off the pitch. These plates chip really easily. chip off The paint had chipped off the gate. -to remove something, especially something hard that is covering a surface, by hitting it with a tool so that small pieces break off: Archaeologists were carefully chipping away at the rock. Chip out the plaster with a steel chisel. - to hit a golf ball or kick a football or a rugby ball so that it goes high into the air for a short distance: United scored just before half-time when Adcock cleverly chipped the ball over the keeper. - to cut potatoes into thin pieces ready to be cooked in hot oil chip away at something phrasal verb to gradually make something less effective or destroy it: Writers such as Voltaire and Diderot were chipping away at the foundations of society. Fears about the future chipped away at her sense of well-being. chip in phrasal verb -to interrupt a conversation by saying something that adds more detail chip in with Other committee members chipped in with suggestions. 'It won't be easy,' Jeff chipped in. I'd just like to chip in, Bill, if I might. -if each person in a group chips in, they each give a small amount of money so that they can buy something together: We all chipped in to buy Amy a graduation present. -chip in (with) something

Crack

52 people in the music industry each chipped in $250 apiece. - to break or to make something break, either so that it gets lines on its surface, or so that it breaks into pieces: Don't put boiling water in the glass or it will crack. Concrete is liable to crack in very cold weather. He picked up a piece of rock and cracked it in half. She fell and cracked a bone in her leg. He cracked a couple of eggs into a pan. - to make a quick loud sound like the sound of something breaking, or to make something do this: Thunder cracked overhead. He cracked his whip and galloped off. Dennis rubbed his hands together and cracked his knuckles. - to hit someone or something hard crack something on something I slipped and cracked my head on the door. She cracked him over the head with a hammer. - to be unable to continue doing something because there is too much pressure and you do not have the mental strength to continue crack under Some young executives crack under the pressure of having to meet tough sales targets every month. He cracked under interrogation and confessed. - if your voice cracks, it starts to sound different because you are feeling strong emotions: His voice cracked slightly as he tried to explain. - to find the answer to a problem or manage to understand something that is difficult to understand [= solve]: I think we've cracked the problem of the computer crashing all the time. It took them nearly two months to crack the code. This new evidence could help detectives to crack the case. - informal to stop a person from being successful: Political enemies have tried to crack me. - to open a safe illegally in order to steal the things inside it -to illegally copy computer software or change free software which may lack certain features of the full version, so that the free software works in the same way as the full version: You can find out how to crack any kind of software on the web. -British English informal to manage to do something successfully: I think we've cracked it! He seems to have got it cracked. -crack a joke informal to tell a joke: He kept cracking jokes about my appearance. - British English informal to open a bottle of alcohol for drinking: We cracked open a few bottles. -get cracking informal to start doing something or going somewhere quickly: I think we need to get cracking if we're going to catch this train. -crack the whip informal to make people work very hard

Crash

-informal used to say that something is not as good as people say it is: I thought the film was OK, but it's not all it's cracked up to be. -crack down phrasal verb to become more strict in dealing with a problem and punishing the people involved crack down on The government is determined to crack down on terrorism. The police are cracking down hard on violent crime. crackdown -crack into something to secretly enter someone else's computer system, especially in order to damage the system or steal the information stored on it [ hack]: A teenager was accused of cracking into the company's network. -crack on to continue working hard at something in order to finish it crack on with I need to crack on with my project work this weekend. -crack up crack (somebody) up to laugh a lot at something, or to make someone laugh a lot: Everyone in the class just cracked up. She's so funny. She cracks me up. -to become unable to think or behave sensibly because you have too many problems or too much work: I was beginning to think I was cracking up! -to have an accident in a car, plane etc. by violently hitting something else [ collide]: The jet crashed after take-off. crash into/onto etc. The plane crashed into a mountain. crash a car/bus/plane etc. He was drunk when he crashed the car. -to hit something or someone extremely hard while moving, in a way that causes a lot of damage or makes a lot of noise crash into/through etc. A brick crashed through the window. We watched the waves crashing against the rocks. The plates went crashing to the ground. A large branch came crashing down. - to make a sudden loud noise: Thunder crashed and boomed outside. - if a computer crashes, or if you crash the computer, it suddenly stops working: The system crashed and I lost three hours' worth of work. - if a stock market or shares crash, they suddenly lose a lot of value -British English to lose very badly in a sports event: Liverpool crashed to their worst defeat of the season. -sleep [intransitive] spoken a) to stay at someone's house for the night: Can I crash at your place on Saturday night? b) also crash out to go to bed, or go to sleep very quickly, because you are very

Crush

Shatter

Smash

tired: I crashed out on the sofa this afternoon. - informal to go to a party that you have not been invited to: We crashed Joe's party yesterday. -crashing bore British English old-fashioned someone who is very boring -to press something so hard that it breaks or is damaged: His leg was crushed in the accident. Two people were crushed to death in the rush to escape. -to press something in order to break it into very small pieces or into a powder: Crush two cloves of garlic. -crush a rebellion/uprising/revolt etc. to use severe methods to stop people from fighting you or opposing you [= put down]: The revolution was crushed within days. -crush somebody's hopes/enthusiasm/confidence etc. to make someone lose all hope, confidence etc -to make someone feel extremely upset or shocked: Sara was crushed by their insults. crush on somebody phrasal verb to have a feeling of romantic love for someone, especially someone you do not know well: a guy in my class that I'm crushing on -to break suddenly into very small pieces, or to make something break in this way shatter into The plate hit the floor, and shattered into tiny bits. The explosion shattered the building. - to completely destroy someone's hopes, beliefs, or confidence: Their hopes and dreams were shattered by war. A few weeks in a tiny damp room soon shattered his illusions about university life. to break into pieces violently or noisily, or to make something do this by dropping, throwing, or hitting it: Vandals had smashed all the windows. Firemen had to smash the lock to get in. Several cups fell to the floor and smashed to pieces. - to hit an object or surface violently, or to make something do this: A stolen car smashed into the bus. He smashed his fist down on the table. -smash a record to do something much faster, better etc. than anyone has done before: The film smashed all box office records. -to destroy something such as a political system or criminal organization: Police say they have smashed a major crime ring. - to hit a high ball with a strong downward action, in tennis or similar games smash something down phrasal verb -to hit a door, wall etc. violently so that it falls to the ground smash something in phrasal verb to hit something so violently that you break it and make a hole in it:

Snap

The door had been smashed in. -smash somebody's face/head in (=hit someone hard in the face or head) I'll smash his head in if he comes here again! smash something up phrasal verb -to deliberately destroy something by hitting it: Hooligans started smashing the place up. to break with a sudden sharp noise, or to make something break with a sudden sharp noise: A twig snapped under my feet. The wind snapped branches and power lines. -snap (something) off (something) I snapped the ends off the beans and dropped them into a bowl. -snap (something) in two/in half (=break into two pieces) The teacher snapped the chalk in two and gave me a piece. -to move into a particular position suddenly, making a short sharp noise, or to make something move like this snap together/back etc. The pieces just snap together like this. The policeman snapped the handcuffs around her wrist. -snap (something) open/shut She snapped her briefcase shut. -to say something quickly in an angry way: 'What do you want?' Mike snapped. snap at He snapped at Walter for no reason. - to suddenly stop being able to control your anger, anxiety, or other feelings in a difficult situation: The stress began to get to her, and one morning she just snapped. Something inside him snapped and he hit her. - if an animal such as a dog snaps, it tries to bite you The dog started snapping at my heels. - to take a photograph: Dave snapped a picture of me and Sonia. -to make a short, sharp noise by moving one of your fingers quickly against your thumb, for example in order to get someone's attention or to mark the beat of music -snap to it spoken used to tell someone to hurry and do something immediately: Come on, snap to it, get that room cleaned up! - American English to end a series of events - used especially in newspapers: The Rockets snapped a seven-game losing streak by beating Portland. - if soldiers snap to attention, they suddenly stand very straight snap-on snap on/off phrasal verb to switch something on or off, or to switch on or off snap something on/off Kathy snapped off the light. A light snapped on in one of the huts. snap out of something

phrasal verb to stop being sad or upset and make yourself feel better: Chantal's been depressed for days. I wish she'd snap out of it. snap somebody/something up phrasal verb to buy something immediately, especially because it is very cheap: People were snapping up bargains. to eagerly take an opportunity to have someone as part of your company, team etc.: Owen was snapped up by Liverpool before he'd even left school. smash with a lot of force shatter into many pieces split into two pieces snap into two pieces, with a sudden loud noise tear paper/cloth burst pipe/tyre/balloon crumble break into a lot of small pieces disintegrate break into a lot of small pieces and be destroyed fracture if a bone fractures or you fracture it, it breaks slightly so that a small line appears on the surface