The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology

In Honor of Dr. Stanley A. South August 24-25, 2012 Founders Hall Charles Towne Landing State Historic Site Charleston, South Carolina

In The Half Pint Flask Dr. Barksdale, a collector from Up North collects a SC Dispensary bottle from an African American grave, and soon grows to regret it as he runs afoul of the Plat Eye, a menacing spirit from Gullah folklore.

Special Thanks to the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism and Charles Towne Landing State Historic Site for allowing us to use this great facility, and to the Friends of Charles Towne Landing for providing refreshments. Contact SECHSA through Natalie Adams Pope, New South Associates, 722 Blanding St., Columbia, SC 29201 nadamspope@newsouthassoc.com or Carl Steen, Diachronic Research Foundation, PO Box 50394 Columbia, SC 29250 diachronic@aol.com

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology

PROGRAM Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology In Honor of Dr. Stanley A. South August 24-25, 2012 Founders Hall Charles Towne Landing State Historic Site Charleston, South Carolina Friday, August 24th 8:00 Registration Opens 9:00-9:10 Welcome and Announcements David Jones (SC Parks, Recreation, and Tourism) 9:10-9:30 Historic Sites Archaeology: Then and Now Stanley South, Carl Steen, Natalie Adams Pope, and Jodi Barnes (SCIAA, Diachronic Research Foundation, New South Associates and SC SHPO) Charleston Archaeology and Rural Comparisons 9:30-9:50 Carol Colaninno-Meeks (Univ. of Georgia), Elizabeth Reitz (Univ. of Georgia), and Martha Zierden (The Charleston Museum) The Lower Market and the Beef Market: Evidence for Provisioning Charleston, South Carolina. 9:50-10:10 Brad Botwick (New South Associates) Toys of Other Days: An Archaeological Collection from the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy Academy, Charleston 10:10-10:30 Eric Poplin (Brockington & Associates) Combahee Ferry: Exploring the Role of Taverns in the Colonial and Antebellum Lowcountry Break 10:30-10:50 Industrial and Mill Village Archaeology 10:50-11:10 Karen G. Wood and W. Dean Wood (Southern Research, Historic Preservation Consultants, Inc.) That Dam Job on the Chattahoochee River 11:10-11:30 Stacy Lundgren (Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forests, USFS) Passport in Time at Scull Shoals Mill Village Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012 3

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology 11:30-11:50 Keith Stephenson and George Wingard (Savannah River Archaeological Research Program) Cottages for the Proletariat: Life and Labor on Blue Row in the Graniteville Textile Mill Village, 1850-1875 Lunch 11:50 - 1:30 Symposium: Historic Period Southern Potters: Current Research and Historical Context. Organized by Carl Steen (Diachronic Research Foundation) 1:30-1:50 Ron Anthony (The Charleston Museum) Historic Aboriginal Occupation at Stono Plantation: A Descriptive Summary 1:50-2:10 Carl Steen (Diachronic Research Foundation) Alkaline Glazed Stoneware Origins 2:10-2:30 J.W. Joseph (New South Associates) Alkaline Glazed Pottery of the Southeastern U.S.: A Guide for Archaeologists 2:30-2:50 George Wingard and Keith Stephenson (Savannah River Archaeological Research Program) Rural Life on the Aiken Plateau: Investigations at an Early 20th-Century Tenant Farm and the Stoneware of Enslaved African-American Potter-Poet Dave 2:50-3:10 Chris Espenshade (New South Associates) Regional Insight from a County-Wide Survey: Revisiting the Washington County Pottery Survey Break 3:10-3:30 Interpreting African-American Culture During the Postbellum Era 3:30-3:50 Valerie Davis (New South Associates) From the Cradle to the Grave: The Way of Life and Death at Avondale Burial Place, Bibb County, Georgia 3:50-4:10 Hugh Matternes (New South Associates) An Eternal Bed: Coffins and Caskets from the Avondale Burial Place 4:10-4:30 Jodi Barnes (S.C. Dept. of Archives and History) Fishing Weights, Earthenware Pots, and Turtle Soup: An Archaeology of Gullah Communities 4:30-4:50 Natalie Adams Pope (New South Associates) We Made A Day: the Interpretation of Tenancy at the L.E. Gay Plantation near Cuthbert, Georgia 4 Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology

4:50-5:10 Sam Smith (Tennessee Division of Archaeology) An Archaeological Survey of Tennessees Rosenwald School Sites Closing Announcements and Updates Saturday, August 25th Carolina Interior Towns: Archaeology and Economic Networks 9:00-9:20 Ken Lewis (Michigan State University) How Twas Done: Joseph Kershaw, the Rise of a Commercial Economy in South Carolinas Backcountry, and Its Implications for Archaeology 9:20-9:40 Roy Stine (UNC-Greensboro) Geophysical Remote Sensing at the Colonial Town of Martinville, North Carolina 9:40-10:00 Linda Stine (UNC-Greensboro) Beyond the Battle: Conceptualizing Martinville Break 10:00-10:20 The Archaeology and Interpretation of 18th to Early 19th Century Plantations, Farmsteads, and Native American Settlements 10:20-10:40 Sarah E. Cowie (Univ. of Nevada, Reno), Christopher LeBlanc (Univ. of Nevada, Reno), and Dean Wood (Southern Research, Historic Preservation Consultants, Inc.) Culture Contact and Persistence: Intrasite Patterning at Late Lawson Field Phase Creek Sites in Georgia 10:40-11:00 Rachel Tibbets (Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc.) The Elusive Middle Class: An Early American Farmstead on the New River 11:00-11:20 Bobby Southerlin (Archaeological Consultants of the Carolina, Inc.) Archaeological Evaluation of the Rebecca Vaughan House Site 11:20-11:40 Stacey Young (Independent Researcher) Life and Work on the Plantation: Archaeological Investigations of a House at Hampton Plantation 11:40-12:00 - Kelly Goldberg (Univ. of South Carolina) Narratives of the Past: Positioning Modern Memory in a Historic Context

Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Lunch 12:00-1:30 Symposium: An Archaeological Phoenix Slowly Ascending From The Ashes: New Explorations at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson 44 Years Since Stanley Went South (of the Border) Organized by Thomas E. Beaman, Jr (Wake Technical Community College) and Shannon Walker (Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Park) 1:30-1:50 Shannon Walker (Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Park) Slowly Ascending From the Ashes: The Growth and Development of Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site in the Post-Stanley South Era 1:50-2:10 Jennifer L. Gabriel (East Carolina Univ.) New Data, Old Methods: The Rediscovery, Definition and Functional Analysis of the George Moore House at Colonial Brunswick Town 2:10-2:30 Jim McKee (Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Park) and Hannah Smith (East Carolina Univ.) Reaching for the Channel: New Evidence of a Colonial Period Wharf at Port Brunswick 2:30-2:50 Thomas E. Beaman, Jr. (Wake Technical Community College) and Vincent H. Melomo (William Peace Univ.) a pretty good shanty with a chimney: The Peace-ful Exploration of Civil War Barracks at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site 2:50-3:10 - Daniel J. Polito (Appalachian State Univ.), Thomas E. Beaman, Jr. (Wake Technical Community College), and Vincent Melomo (William Peace Univ.) The Concept and Methodology behind the 2011 Systematic Metal Detector Survey for Civil War Barracks at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site 3:30 3:50 Thomas E. Beaman, Jr. (Wake Technical Community College), Kenneth W. Robinson (Archaeological and Historical Services), and John J. Mintz (North Carolina Office of State Archaeology) A View from Within and Beyond Fort Anderson: The Archaeology of William T. Shermans Federal Invasion of the Cape Fear Region Break: 3:30-3:50 Business Meeting: 3:50-4:50 Happy Hour 5 7 pm.

Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Posters Locating the defensive works at St. Giles Kussoe: Magnetometer results from Lord Anthony Ashley Coopers Carolina plantation - Jon Bernard Marcoux (Auburn University, Montgomery) and Andrew Agha (Independent Researcher) St. Giles Kussoe house is historically known as the New World plantation established by Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, one of the key founders of the Carolina colony and main author of the Fundamental Constitution of the colony. Lord Ashley developed his plantation site on the upper reaches of the Ashley River in 1674 for trade with Native Americans and to develop a large cattle ranch. Indentured servants in Spanish hands revealed that Lord Ashleys settlement was fortified with a palisade and moat. Excavations to positively identify his plantation in 2009 were successful, and after a field school with the College of Charleston and The Charleston Museum in 2011, evidence of structures and activity areas created during the c.1674-1683 occupation are clear. Since the site was never settled at after its demise, all of the European ceramics, glass trade beads, and Contact period Native American pottery fall nicely into the last quarter of the seventeenth century. Also, artifacts representative of a military occupation were recovered; further supporting evidence for the site to be an early Carolina trading post. However, the moat, if it existed, was unfound. In January 2012, site Principal Investigator Andrew Agha and site Ceramicist Nicole Isenbarger, and Jon Bernard Marcoux (Auburn University Montgomery) conducted a geophysical survey of the site using a magnetic gradiometer, primarily to test for the existence of the defensive feature. Many anomalies were recorded, along with a clear outline of a linear feature that is most likely the moat. In this poster, we present the results of the magnetometer survey along with preliminary data addressing the sites occupation. The Identity of a Plantation Structure: The Preliminary Analysis of an Early Structure at Mont Repose Plantation St Lukes Parish, Jasper County, South Carolina Heather Amaral (Georgia Southern University). During the 2000 Archeology Field School, Georgia Southern University began an investigation of a nineteenth century plantation structure near Ridgeland, South Carolina. The plantation, Mont Repose, is an example of an inland rice plantation operated in this region during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The structure was initially believed to be a kitchen for this plantation but more recent fieldwork has suggested that this designation may need to be re-examined. Recent excavations have yielded specific artifacts suggesting that the structure may have sheltered a variety of daily functions in addition to specific kitchen activities. Preliminary Mean Ceramic Dating suggests a possible association with an earlier occupation of this site. A 1739 coin, sewing items, various personal possessions and a gold gilded broche were found along with other higher status artifacts. The demise of the structure likely byway of a catastrophic event will also be examined. This poster will present the preliminary archival research, fieldwork, a preliminary analysis of a sample from the artifact assemblage and suggestions for future research. Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012 7

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology A Monumental Legacy Documenting South Carolinas Inland Rice Fields - Joshua N. Fletcher, Charles F. Philips, Carol J. Poplin, and John Cason (Brockington and Associates, Inc.) Rice and the enslaved people who constructed and tended the fields created the wealth that built Charleston from 1700 until the end of the Civil War in 1865. The most remarkable monuments to the incredible labor required to build this rice empire are the remnants of canals, ditches, and embankments still present in the secluded swamps and marshes of the Lowcountry. They are quiet memorials to generations of enslaved people who labored unceasingly and unpaid for nearly 200 years. In 2008, Charleston County Government funded an archaeological survey of the extension of Palmetto Commerce Parkway from Ladson Road to Ashley Phosphate Road. Researchers found remnants of a system of inland rice fields that once were part of two early 18th century plantations: Windsor Hill Plantation and Woodland Plantation. Charleston County worked with the South Carolina Department of Archives and History to develop a plan to document and protect these important historical features. Our poster explores our work done at the Palmetto Commerce Parkway rice fields and other area rice fields, the important role archaeology plays in generating and preserving information about African American history that may not be available through documentary resources, and ways researchers can share this knowledge with the public. The Examination of an Ice House at Old Town Plantation Elizabeth Gillespe (Georgia Southern Univ.) Old Town plantation has had a long and prosperous life. The property has been occupied historically for more than 200 hundred years. Christopher Fitzsimmons purchased the property in 1809. Fitzsimmons created a working plantation and an elaborate homestead at Old Town. It is his occupation that this research centers around. Excavations in 1994 revealed the foundation footings of his home, the associated springhouse and his ice house. Excavations focused on the ice house in 2007 and as the depth of the structure increased the possibilities became limited as to what this structure could be. At the close of excavations what emerged was a square brick lined structure that yielded over three meters of debris and a brick lined unmortared herringbone patterned floor that allowed water to drain slowly. LiDAR was also used to map and give accurate measurements of the site. Analysis of the Kitchen Structure At Mont Repose Plantation, Coosawatchie, South Carolina Sue M. Moore (Georgia Southern Univ.) Since 2000 Georgia Southern University has had an ongoing project researching the archaeology and history of Mont Repose Plantation near Coosawhatchie, South Carolina. This project has 8 Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology been the subject of four completed theses and two in progress. The focus of this poster is to present our current state of knowledge about one of the buildings that has been excavated, the probable kitchen structure. With little documentary evidence to support the archaeology it has been difficult to assign a definite function to this building. The artifacts indicate that it may have been a multipurpose structure that served as kitchen, laundry and dwelling. Evidence has also suggested that the building was destroyed catastrophically based on the presence of nearly whole vessels found crushed in place. This poster will present some of the artifactual evidence that is being analyzed and our current state of knowledge about the life and death of this building. Making Geographic Cents Amanda L. Morrow (Georgia Southern University) This poster graphically illustrates the wide range of geographic origins of numismatic artifacts recovered from Camp Lawton, a Confederate prison for Union soldiers located in Millen, Georgia. It was built and occupied in late 1864 and abandoned upon Shermans approach from Atlanta. During the mid-19th century, the American economy was in turmoil. Coins were often hoarded out of circulation by a frightened populace, which in turn caused commerce to slowly grind to a halt. The numismatic assemblage excavated at Camp Lawton is an interesting microcosm of the larger wartime economy and resulted in an extremely diverse sample of what would have been common pocket change for daily transactions. Rises in the Rice Fields, Aerial LiDAR applications on Inland Rice Plantations contexts Matthew Newberry (Georgia Southern University) The use of remote sensing technology, such as aerial LiDAR (light detection and ranging), provides archaeologists with a significant tool to aid in research as well as digitally record sites. Inland and coastal rice plantation contexts are extremely well suited for the application of aerial LiDAR in locating potential new sites as well as providing a fairly accurate map of the overall landscape and topography. LiDAR scans produce a more accurate map than traditional topographic maps which enables archaeologist to locate and study sites with limited surface relief. Cotton Hall was a rice plantation near Coosawhatchie South Carolina that possessed several of these sites that were only noticed by using aerial LiDAR as a topographic guide. Archaeological excavation including shovel testing and test units were used to Ground Truth these specific agricultural sites. LiDAR scans are also being used in this research to make sense of topographic elements shown on historic plat maps and to determine property ownership. This poster will present the preliminary results from the first season of fieldwork. From Excavation to Exhibition: Unearthing Stories of the African Diaspora - Carol J. Poplin and John Cason (Brockington and Associates) In 1720, Scotsman Alexander Nisbett boarded a ship bound for Charles Towne and the new Carolina Colony. Three thousand miles away, captive Africans were forced onto ships bound Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012 9

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology for an unknown place and a future full of uncertainty. The lives of Europeans and Africans converged in South Carolina. At a place called Dean Hall, Alexander Nisbett and his enslaved laborers built a plantation to grow rice. Two hundred and eighty years later, when DuPont decided to build a new Kevlar fiber plant at this location, the company sponsored an important historical and archaeological study. Archaeologists came to the site of the old plantation to unearth the history of the people who created Dean Hall. They uncovered remnants of 14 slave cabins and recovered over 125,000 artifacts associated with their daily lives. After the investigations were completed, archaeologists, museum specialists, and designers worked together to translate the results of the archaeological study into stories for the public. Our poster explores the work done at the site of Dean Hall Plantation slave row, the important role archaeology plays in generating and preserving information about African American history that may not be available through documentary resources, and the great obligation researchers have to share this knowledge with the public. Symposia Abstracts An Archaeological Phoenix Slowly Ascending From The Ashes: New Explorations at Brunswick Town and Fort Anderson 44 Years Since Stanley Went South (of the Border) Organized by Thomas E. Beaman, Jr., RPA (Wake Technical Community College) and Shannon Walker (Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site) From 1958 until 1968, Stanley South served as archaeologist and site manager of a newly acquired State property that contained the remnants of Brunswick Town, a colonial port town on the western bank of the Cape Fear River in southeastern North Carolina, and Fort Anderson, an Civil War era earthen fortification built over the towns ruins. Tasked with the development of the site into an historical park, South excavated a total of 23 colonial period ruins of over 60 identified. Data from these investigations formed the base of much scientific archaeological patterns and processes for historic sites, such as the Brunswick Pattern of Refuse Disposal, the Carolina Artifact Pattern, and Mean Ceramic Dating. In fact, a number of presentations at the first few Conferences on Historic Sites Archaeology were dedicated to Souths introduction and discussions of these and other ideas gleaned from his excavations at Brunswick Town. However, in 1968 when Stanley literally went South for greener pastures in Columbia, archaeology at Brunswick Town ceased. Over the next few decades, historians and curators tended the household ruins and excavated artifacts with only the information contained in Souths technical reports. It was not until the mid 1990s that archaeologists truly rediscovered the archaeological potential of what South had accomplished at Brunswick Town. After number of recent artifact and processual studies from the previously excavated collections, the decision was finally made to investigate areas that South previously chose not to fully explore during the sites development. With the resurrection of the regional Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology, this symposium offers a similar rise from the ashes by honoring Stanley Souths legacy of pioneering archaeology at Brunswick Town by discussing recent investigations and 10 Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology discoveries inspired by his original work that are now beginning to add the first new interpretive information to the site in over four decades. Historic Period Southern Potters: Current Research and Historical Context Organized by Carl Steen (Diachronic Research Foundation) Pottery has been made in the South for thousands of years, but this symposium will focus on the post-contact, or historic period. European potters came across with the Spanish at Santa Elena in the 1580s, and the Germans of the South Carolina Townships in the 1730s. They landed in Virginia in the 17th Century, and Pennsylvania in the 18th, where they were swept up in the expansion of the colonies and later, states, to the south and west. Meanwhile, Native Americans and Africans made pottery during the historic period as well, in different, yet converging styles. While British and Chinese potters provided most of the fancy wares that have survived in museums and private collections, local potters usually made everyday wares for local use. Researchers in the south have conducted work that is locally based, as well as state-wide surveys to document these unique industries and identify specifics on potters, regions, and traditions. These have involved a complement of researchers, including archaeologists, folklorists, ceramic scholars, historians and museums. Paper Abstracts Adams Pope, Natalie (New South Associates) We Made A Day: the Interpretation of Tenancy at the L.E. Gay Plantation near Cuthbert, Georgia The L.E. Gay plantation was established in the 1880s by the Louis E. Gay family and remains a family-owned concern to present. Consisting of mechants, farmers, pilots, and entrepreneurs, the family history is intriguing and notably well represented by strong female figures. Living in Cuthbert, they maintained a close relationship with their nearby plantation which would remain their primary livelihood. Over 50 hands worked the plantation at its productive height. Most if not all were African American families, and tenant houses ringed the plantations cultivated fields, which showed the physical impress of their labor. The five houses that fronted U.S. Highway 27 in the study area of a highway improvement project are part of this larger history and setting. This paper contains a discussion of the challenges faced when interpreting the archaeology of tenancy, particularly under the confines of a highway improvement project. It also discusses the promise of future research despite these challenges and confines.

Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

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The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Anthony, Ronald W. (The Charleston Museum) Historic Aboriginal Occupation at Stono Plantation: A Descriptive Summary Interest in historic period aboriginals in South Carolina appears to have increased over the last decade(s) as archaeologists strive to address questions of cultural interaction during the colonial period. Towards this end, evidence of historic Indian occupation at Stono plantation, on James Island, S.C., will be presented and discussed. Barnes, Jodi (S.C. Department of Archives and History) Fishing Weights, Earthenware Pots, and Turtle Soup: An Archaeology of Gullah Communities The individual site is the predominate scale of archaeological analysis. Yet sites connected with the postbellum African American past have been understudied because the people associated with them were poorer, had fewer material goods and less substantial housing, and left more ephemeral archaeological remains. As the landscape of coastal South Carolina changes due to development and tourism and sites family cemeteries, fishing grounds, stores, churches, schools, and houses -- connected with Gullah peoples face destruction. In this paper, I present the community as a co-residential collection of individuals and households that are created through day-to-day interaction and shared experiences, differentiated by class and other social experiences. I argue that this scale of analysis, the community, provides a framework for valuing and interpreting the material remains of Gullah heritage. Beaman, Thomas E., Jr. (Wake Technical Community College) and Vincent H. Melomo, PhD. (William Peace University) a pretty good shanty with a chimney: The Peace-ful Exploration of Civil War Barracks at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site Constructed in 1862 over the ruins of the Colonial port of Brunswick, Fort Anderson was part of the Confederate coastal defense network designed to protect Wilmington, North Carolina. Throughout the American Civil War, the site was occupied by several Confederate units and served as a quarantine station for goods imported to the Cape Fear Region by the active blockade runner trade. With the fall of the other coastal defenses, the several hundred troops swelled overnight to approximately 2300 Confederate soldiers. Within a month, approximately 6500 Federal forces overtook the earthen fortification. Almost immediately after, formerly enslaved African-American refugees that had followed Shermans Army from Georgia and South Carolina, with reported numbers between 500 and 2500 individuals, settled in both Fort Anderson and neighboring Orton Plantation. However, by the end of June 1865, the fort was totally abandoned. 12 Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology

Early archaeological work in the 1950s documented the presence of Civil War-era chimney falls of recycled colonial bricks and ballast stones in an undeveloped, wooded area of the public historic site, but they remained unexplored. This paper details the exploration of these architectural and archaeological features, their associated structures and potential occupants, as well as unexpected colonial and prehistoric discoveries, by the 2009 and 2011 William Peace University archaeological field schools. In particular, it explores the promise and challenges of identifying particular barracks design and specific personnel associated with them. This research was conducted to provide interpretive information for the Civil War Sesquicentennial at the site. Beaman, Thomas E., Jr. (Wake Technical Community College), Kenneth W. Robinson (Archaeological and Historical Services), and John J. Mintz (NC Office of State Archaeology) The Archaeology of Civil War Sites in the Cape Fear Region: Coastal Bombardments and Shermans Carolina Campaign in North Carolina Following months of a scorched earth campaign through Georgia and South Carolina, the Federal army of General William Tecumseh Sherman entered North Carolina in early March 1865. Shermans arrival was preceded by land and sea attacks on Confederate coastal fortifications at Fort Fisher and Fort Anderson in the lower Cape Fear region in January and February. Sherman encountered persistent and strong opposition to his advance through the upper Cape Fear region of North Carolina from Confederate troops under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston. A short skirmish took place at Monroes Crossroads on March 10, and over the next couple of days the Union army entered Fayetteville to retake the Fayetteville Arsenal. The army then proceeded northward toward Goldsboro with the goal of crippling Confederate supply lines feeding Lees Army of Northern Virginia. General Johnston mounted major attacks on Shermans army at Averasboro and Bentonville, which only slowed Shermans advance. The battle of Bentonville, fought March 19-21, was the last major battle of the Civil War. Within a few weeks, Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox, President Lincoln was assassinated, and on April 18 General Johnson surrendered his Confederate army to Sherman at Bennett farm near Durham, N.C. As the sesquicentennial commemoration of these events rapidly approaches, this paper summarizes the contributions that archaeology has made to better understand the history of the American Civil War in the Cape Fear region of North Carolina. The paper also focuses on Fort Anderson, a lesser known component of the Brunswick Town historic site.

Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

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The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Botwick, Brad (New South Associates) Toys of Other Days: An Archaeological Collection from the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy Academy, Charleston Excavations for the Addlestone Library in Charleston exposed a rich artifact deposit related to the parochial schools and orphanages that occupied the site during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The property had a long association with Charlestons Catholic church. Beginning in the 1870s, St. Patricks Male Orphanage occupied the site and was merged with a girls institution at the turn of the century to form the City Orphan Asylum, operated by the Academy of Our Lady of Mercy. The site later became a retreat for laywomen before finally becoming the Bishop England High School in 1916. Archaeological deposits date to the time when the Bishop England School acquired the site. The artifact sample consists of a unique collection of housewares and toys that provide insights into the lives of children and the arrangements for their education and housing in an institutional context. While these items provide a glimpse at the lives of children (and teachers/caregivers) that is intrinsically interesting, the assemblage also illustrates ideas regarding child rearing, concepts of childhood, and how children might have established their own identities within this context. Colaninno-Meeks, Carol (University of Georgia), Elizabeth Reitz (University of Georgia), and Martha Zierden (The Charleston Museum) The Lower Market and the Beef Market: Evidence for Provisioning Charleston, South Carolina In 2009, archaeologists with the Mayors Walled City Task Force exposed a portion of Charlestons early 18th century fortifications at East Bay and Tradd Streets. Guided by late 18th century plats, archaeologists exposed the 1711 redan that projected into the harbor from the curtain line along the Bay. The plat also portrayed the Lower Market, constructed in 1750 on a wharf in front of the redan. The excavation project exposed multiple layers of fill and paving associated with the market, as well as artifacts and faunal remains from market activities. The Lower Market at Tradd Street and the Fish Market at Queen Street were built in 1750, as the original market was rebuilt as the Beef Market. The three markets served a growing population. Archeological data from the Lower Market will be described and compared to those from the Beef Market, excavated in 2004. This study describes the role of urban markets in provisioning the city, and the significance of African American fishers, fruiterers, and hucksters in supplying that market. The study also addresses issues of site formation, sanitation, and daily life on the citys waterfront.

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Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Cowie, Sarah E. (University of Nevada, Reno), Christopher C. LeBlanc (University of Nevada, Reno), and W. Dean Wood (Southern Research, Historic Preservation Consultants) Culture Contact and Persistence: Intrasite Patterning at Late Lawson Field Phase Creek Sites in Georgia. This paper addresses a recent shift in culture contact studies in the US. Until recently, most research addressed the interactions between native and non-native groups by emphasizing short-term interactions, processes of acculturation, sudden and dramatic changes in indigenous lifeways, and power relationships in the form of domination and resistance. However, in the past few years, research on colonial entanglements has placed more emphasis on long-term behavior processes, indigenous agency, and persistence of indigenous daily practices. Here, we offer a study of intrasite patterning at late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century Creek sites in Georgia, where it has been enlightening to focus on the persistence of certain Creek practices in addition to the tumultuous changes they experienced. The built environment of these sites may relate to the Creek cosmogonic concept of the four-cornered circle, which has antecedents in Mississippian and Creek Square Grounds, and current ties to present-day Creeks practice of the Green Corn Ceremony. Davis, Valerie (New South Associates) From the Cradle to the Grave: The Way of Life and Death at Avondale Burial Place, Bibb County, Georgia Avondale Burial Place was an unmarked nineteenth-century African-American burial ground in Bibb County, Georgia. Discovery of the cemetery prompted a multi-perspective investigation to learn about a community that has all but vanished. From slavery to post-Civil War economic depression, events shaped lives and left indelible marks on the culture and people of central Georgia. Drawing from historical records, archeological investigations, records from descendants, bioarchaeological examinations and bio-chemical analyses, the cemetery provided a venue to explore the life and world of the burial community. In the years leading up to and following the Civil War, the long established theme of hard physical labor and poor health plagued the African American farming community. Inadequate sources of nutrition and limited access to healthy foods left the poor unable to defend themselves against a host of other diseases. Malaria, yellow fever, tuberculosis, and hookworm infected thousands of people per year, and children were often the most susceptible. Infant mortality rates were remarkably high in the South, and Avondale was no exception. Children who survived into adulthood, particularly at Avondale, were often shorter than their well-nourished, healthy counterparts. For adults, the cost of intense physical labor was high, which took its toll on their bodies and left them susceptible to illness. The rise and spread of tenancy and the infancy of modern medicine left the poor vulnerable to the hardships of rural southern America. Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012 15

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Espenshade, Christopher T. (New South Associates) Regional Insight from a County-Wide Survey: Revisiting the Washington County Pottery Survey The 2001-2002 survey of traditional pottery shops in Washington County, Virginia, provided a detailed picture of the stoneware industry in this locale. The survey also touched on several broader, regional themes of interest to students of folk pottery. These included: the effects of human geography on decorative and technological traditions; the high degree of mobility of potters; the nature of the inter-shop and intra-shop relationships; the ease of finding pottery shops; and the disjunction between surviving pieces and archaeological remains. In closing, potential avenues are identified for additional research in Washington County. Gabriel, Jennifer L. (East Carolina University) New Data, Old Methods: The Rediscovery, Definition and Functional Analysis of the George Moore House at Colonial Brunswick Town Archaeological investigations by William Peace University Field Schools in 2009 and 2011 focused on Civil War-era barracks behind Battery A at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site. While many Civil War artifacts and features were found, these excavations also uncovered evidence of several colonial households and outbuildings that appear on the 1769 map of the town by C.J. Sauthier. These occupations were identified but minimally defined by Stanley South in the late 1950s, as they were located at the northern edge of the town, a part of the site not developed for public visitation. Upon correlation with the 2009 and 2011 excavation area map with Souths 1960 base map of Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson, it was realized that one of the concentrations of colonial period artifacts near a barracks structure corresponded with one of these residences. South had identified this structure as N29. Additional exploration after the field school revealed two of the piers, a concentrated layer of ballast stone, and a stratum of charred remains that included horsehair plaster and mortar. While only partial architectural features were recovered, likely a result of the harsh transformational processes during and since the Civil War, it is believed that excavations have revealed a portion of the house foundation. Despite the lack of architectural preservation that is the hallmark of many of the publically visible excavated households, the pattern analysis of recovered artifacts and historical records both indicate the presence of a series of elite owners of this home, which included individuals such as Roger Moore and his son, George Moore. This study details the rediscovery, definition, and functional analysis of this newly defined elite Brunswick Town household.

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Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Goldberg, Kelly (University of South Carolina) Narratives of the Past: Positioning Modern Memory in a Historic Context The field of historic archaeology is uniquely situated with access to both the past and the present. Beyond analysis of artifact collections, researchers frequently take advantage of plats, documents, and oral accounts to gain the best possible understanding of a particular site. When oral accounts are not available from the descendants of specific inhabitants, however, does that necessarily rule out the possible use of oral histories in research? This paper answers this question through consideration of the Ferguson Road Tract site on James Island, Charleston, South Carolina. This site was excavated in 2007, and yielded a complex artifact assemblage suggesting multiple occupations, extending possibly as late as the early nineteenth century. While recent research suggests that the current property owners are not directly descended of the eighteenth and nineteenth century occupants, they nonetheless feel a connection to the land and its history. Oral histories taken with the current landowners highlight childhood memories playing on an iconographic live oak tree, with an estimated age of approximately 1500 years. Both throughout childhood and today, influenced by their own experiences, the landowners have considered what historical interactions with this same environment would have looked like. These personal reflections on the landscape will help to bridge the gap between past and present and offer a valuable perspective for site interpretation. Joseph, J.W. (New South Associates) Alkaline Glazed Pottery Of The Southeastern U.S.: A Guide For Archaeologists Alkaline glazed pottery originated in the Edgefield District of South Carolina and spread into Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama, and parts of Tennessee as well as to Texas. It is found on most southeastern archaeological sites but is seldom identified beyond classification as alkaline glazed stoneware. The alkaline tradition was a kin-based folk pottery that exhibits a number of variables that can be used in identification. While most archaeologists attribute alkaline pottery from their sites as churns or jugs, southern potters also made a wide array of forms that can be found in archaeological assemblages. This paper looks at the locations where alkaline glazed pottery was made; the forms produced; and variations in glazes, markings, and decorations to provide southeastern historical archaeologists with the clues needed to better interpret and identify alkaline glazed pottery on their sites. Lewis, Kenneth E. (Michigan State University) How Twas Done: Joseph Kershaw, the Rise of a Commercial Economy in South Carolinas Backcountry, and Its Implications for Archaeology In the two decades prior to the American Revolution, South Carolinas Backcountry underwent Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012 17

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology a transition from a frontier economy characterized by relative isolation, limited and diverse production, and regional self-sufficiency to one based on specialized production of specialized crops for export and much closer integration with the larger Atlantic World. In the absence of an effective administrative structure and a broader institutional base, this change was brought about through a process by which individual agents developed networks capable of amassing capital and resources and linking resident factions to organize capitalist production and create the regional political stability necessary to build commercial trade in South Carolinas interior. This process is evident in the geographical distribution of activities that reflect the networks growth and structure and in the location and nature of the settlements they created. The placement of these settlement sites, as well as their content, constitute material evidence of the Backcountrys transition and the process that brought it about. Lundgren, Stacy (USFS) Passport in Time at Scull Shoals Mill Village On the banks of the Oconee River in Greene County, Georgia stand the remains of Scull Shoals Mill Village, once the center of a vibrant cotton manufacturing community during much of the 19th century. The site of several enterprises beginning ca. 1811 with the establishment of Georgias first paper mill, Scull Shoals endured devastation by fire, war, and flooding, and finally ceased to exist as an industrial entity in 1895. After foreclosure, with the mill equipment dismantled and sold, much of the brick salvaged, and most of the village inhabitants dispersed, the propertys use turned agricultural until its sale to the US Government during the Great Depression under the auspices of the Resettlement Administration, one of several New Deal programs created during Franklin Delano Roosevelts presidency. Occupied by tenant farmers through the end of World War II, the property containing the ruins of the historic mill village was then managed by the Soil Conservation Service until 1959, when it became the purview of the US Forest Service. Shortly afterward, the Oconee National Forest declared 35 acres in the immediate vicinity of Scull Shoals mill ruins the Scull Shoals Historical Area, a Near Natural Area, so designated to preserve and protect the historical and archaeologist site in the pre-NHPA era. Since that time, the mill village has been the setting for interpretive talks, sporadic journalistic interest, picnicking and fishing, and more recently, the focus of archaeological investigations utilizing volunteers recruited through the Forest Service Passport in Time program, a historic preservation program now entering its third decade. This paper presents an overview of Historic Scull Shoals Mill Village PIT excavations conducted over the span of eight years, culminating in last Novembers raceway bridge project. These investigations offer a glimpse into 19th century life, industry, architecture, and economy in the Georgia Piedmont.

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The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Matternes, Hugh B. (New South Associates) An Eternal Bed: Coffins and Caskets from the Avondale Burial Place The Avondale Burial Place (9BI164) was a 19th through early 20th Century African American Cemetery in rural Bibb County, Georgia. The burial ground contained 101 individuals representing tenant farmers and likely included pre-Emancipation era farm laborers. The cemetery exhibits a mixture of Christian, West African, and southern folk burial traditions. Reconstruction of grave contents from the Avondale Burial Place revealed that nearly every individual had been placed in a casket or coffin. Many graves contained burial cases that reflected a simple construction and hexagonal form consistent with pre-Emancipation era handmade forms. Other coffins and caskets reflected non-locally made hardwares and were potentially commercially made products. Given the rural, semi-isolated, and economically deprived context of the burial community, where and how could these objects have arrived at Avondale? A review of regional historic records indicated that there was enough demand for mortuary products within the African American community to allow a variety of entrepreneurs to focus on this segment of the population. Distinctly African American funeral directors, undertakers, burial and mutual aid societies were capable of providing burial cases to outlying communities. Burial cases at Avondale reflected a shift away from isolation to greater participation in more mainstream industry-driven burial traditions. McKee, Jim (Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site) and Hannah Smith (East Carolina University) Reaching for the Channel: New Evidence of a Colonial Period Wharf at Port Brunswick In 1726, the town of Brunswick was established as a world-class port, exporting considerable quantities of tar, pitch, and turpentine from the colony of North Carolina. The 1769 Sauthier map illustrates at least 5 public docking and loading areas along the waterfront of the colonial town, which were instrumental in both the exportation of naval stores and importation of British cargo and culture into the Cape Fear region. In his decade of exploration of the site from 1958 to 1968, Stanley South located and mapped two ballast stone features that mirror the location of the two northernmost mapped wharves. The northernmost was interpreted as Ballast Stone from [a] 1748 Wharf and the other as Ballast Stone from a pre-1769 Wharf. South also observed a set of wood pilings associated with the latter, and described them as colonial wharf pilings. A wooden pier structure associated with these wood pilings has recently been identified and documented. The evidence indicates that it was likely the second public wharf to be built, dating to approximately 1745-1765. This wharf is of crib construction, approximately 160 feet in length and 20 feet wide. It consists of at least 6 cribs, measuring 24 feet long by 20 feet wide. Using the mean ceramic dating formula and pipe stem dating formulas, the likely date for construction and use of this wharf were determined. Additional organic artifacts have provided further evidence for the age of the wharf, based on stylistic changes in clothing throughout the colonial period. Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012 19

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology

Polito, Daniel J. (Appalachian State University), Thomas E. Beaman, Jr. (Wake Technical Community College), and Vincent H. Melomo (William Peace University) The Concept and Methodology behind the 2011 Systematic Metal Detector Survey for Civil War Barracks at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site Following the fall of Confederate Fort Anderson to Federal forces in February 1865, Captain W.J. Twining drew a detailed map of the fort. This plan map included extensive earthen defense works and two different locations of soldiers barracks. The smaller collection of barracks was shown at the northern end of the fort behind Battery A, with the larger grouping illustrated near the center but well behind Battery B. In tandem with the 2011 William Peace University Archaeological Field School, which continued its excavations in the barracks area behind Battery A, a systematic metal detector survey was conducted with the assistance of the Eastern North Carolina Metal Detector Association to determine the second, larger location of the barracks area on Twinings map. The specific methodology for this investigation was largely based on the 2009-2010 metal detector survey of Alamance Battleground State Historic Site. Based on an overlay of Twinings map with the modern site plan of Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site, seven contiguous 100 foot square blocks, gridded into 4 ft. squares, were established over the area suspected barracks location. This area included feature N18, a barracks chimney base excavated by South in 1959 prior to the establishment of a parking lot. This study will provide an overview of the metal detector survey, including how methods to improve manpower efficiency and better control over artifact recovery were developed and implemented. This paper details these methodological improvements and offers preliminary results of this survey. Poplin, Eric C. (Brockington and Associates, Inc.) Combahee Ferry: Exploring the Role of Taverns in the Colonial and Antebellum Lowcountry Many have argued that taverns were the birthplace of the American Revolution as well as many other social movements during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. And this may well be the case for these public meeting places in urban settings. But in rural areas, they are more focused on providing travelers the opportunity to break their journey, with either a meal or a nights rest (or both). Recent excavations at Combahee Ferry, where US Highway 17 today crosses the Combahee River, permit an examination of a rural tavern/ferry keepers residence in the greater social setting of the immediate area and the region. Comparisons to taverns in other portions of the eastern United States and in urban Charleston present differences that undoubtedly reflect less broad functions of a rural tavern compared to a similar enterprise in an urban setting. 20 Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology

Smith, Samuel D. (Tennessee Division of Archaeology) An Archaeological Survey of Tennessees Rosenwald School Sites A long series of thematic surveys concerning categories of 18th- to 19th-century historicperiod archaeological sites has been carried out under auspices of the Tennessee Division of Archaeology since the mid 1970s. Following the start of the 21st century some of this work has focused on sites dating to the first half of the 20th century. A current, ongoing survey is based on recording the sites of approximately 354 schools and several teachers homes and shops that were built in Tennessee with assistance from the Rosenwald Fund. This funding program for African-American schools in the South began as a cooperative endeavor between Booker T. Washington, of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, and Julius Rosenwald, noted philanthropist and President of Sears, Roebuck and Co. Funding was initiated in 1912 and continued until Rosenwalds death in 1932, by which time approximately 5,400 schools and related buildings had been constructed in 15 states. Rosenwald Schools were built according to specific architectural plans, initially focusing on rural one-room schools, but later including larger models. Some of the buildings survive, and some have undergone adaptive reuse. However, the work so far completed suggests only about 15% of the Tennessee Rosenwald sites still have above ground architectural remains. The project is employing traditional archaeological site recording methods, enhanced by web-based search techniques. This presentation provides a summary of the kinds of remains being recorded, and the methods used to discover the remains. In the past few years there has been much interest in studying standing examples of these schools across the South, but the Tennessee project is the first to approach the topic as an archaeological site survey. As with other cases concerning the remains of minority group activity, Rosenwald school sites offer many interesting challenges for interpretation as historic-period archaeological resources, including potential interpretation by excavation. South, Stanley A., Carl Steen, Natalie Adams Pope, and Jodi Barnes (SCIAA, Diachronic Research Foundation, New South Associates, SC SHPO) Historic Sites Archaeology: Then and Now In 1959 Stanley South got tired of the historical archaeologists being treated as something less than real archaeologists, and founded the Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology. The CHSA met for the next 23 years, but in 1983 the meetings stopped. South has kept the name alive with his Volumes in Historical Archaeology publication series. Now, in 2012, for different reasons the need for a regional Historic Sites Archaeology Conference arises. Stan will discuss the early days, while Natalie Adams and Carl Steen introduce the present conference and its goals.

Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

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The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Southerlin, Bobby (Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc.) Archaeological Evaluation of the Rebecca Vaughan House Site In 1831, Southampton County, Virginia, was the setting of the most well-known slave uprising in the United States: The Southampton Insurrection, also known as Nat Turners Rebellion. Nat Turner and his followers raided a number of plantations in Southampton County before being stopped by the local militia. The last plantation raided by Turner and his followers was owned by Rebecca Vaughan. The Southampton County Historical Society received grant money to construct the Nat Turner Historic Trail. Grant money included funding for the refurbishing of the Rebecca Vaughan house. Plans for preserving and refurbishing the house included relocating it to a new location in Courtland, Virginia. Limited archaeological excavations were conducted at the original site of the house to expose subsurface architectural features which would aid in reconstructing specific details of the house. Archaeological investigations helped refine details about the houses foundation, brickwork, and cellar which will be incorporated into the house at its new location. Steen, Carl (Diachronic Research Foundation) Alkaline Glazed Stoneware Origins For thousands of years potters in Asia made stoneware and porcelain glazes from ash and silica. Yet until Abner Landrum started using the formula in the Old Edgefield District around 1810 it was not used by European or American potters. This paper discusses the diffusion of the concept, and the ways Dr. Landrum may have learned of it, and began to apply the glaze formula that eventually spread across the south to Texas. Stephenson, Keith and George Wingard (Savannah River Archaeological Research Program) Cottages for the Proletariat: Life and Labor on Blue Row in the Graniteville Textile Mill Village, 1850-1875 In 1845, the South Carolina legislature granted a charter to industrialist William Gregg to incorporate the Graniteville Manufacturing Company. Located in lower Horse Creek Valley of Aiken County, Greggs model community centered on a two-storied textile mill built of locally quarried blue granite. The mill was fronted by a commons consisting of an extensive lawn garden with trimmed gravel sidewalks and spouting water fountains. Greggs community included two churches, an academy, hotel, stores, and workers boarding-houses and cottages. All of these buildings were constructed in the Gothic Revival style out of native pine. Gregg brought into existence the first typical Southern cotton-mill village according to biographer Broadus 22 Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Mitchell. In so doing, Gregg created a pattern that would be emulated by numerous textile mill owners of company towns throughout the Deep South. Today, twenty-three operatives cottages still stand on Gregg Street commonly known as Blue Row because these structures originally were painted with a decorative blue wash presumably to match the blue-colored granite mill. Currently, the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program is conducting archaeological research in Graniteville focusing primarily on the workers cottages of Blue Row. Our objective is to gain a better understanding of the early home/yard landscape, such as the locations of outbuildings, wells, and subsistence garden-plots. Additionally, recovered artifact types will illustrate the welfare of each houses inhabitants during the third quarter of the 19th century. Stine, Linda France (University of North Carolina, Greensboro) Beyond the Battle: Conceptualizing Martinville March 15, 1781 the Battle of Guilford Courthouse rolled over the hamlet of Guilford Courthouse. Before the wars end neat lots were laid out and the village expanded, was neatened and renamed Martinville. Archaeological Investigations summer 2011 uncovered evidence of ties to the Moravian towns to the west and the German and Quaker potters to the east and south. Trade is also evident by the presence of European refined earthenwares, personal items and other artifacts. The village settlement pattern is being teased out of the remote sensing and archaeological results. Stine, Roy (University of North Carolina, Greensboro) Geophysical Remote Sensing at the Colonial Town of Martinville, North Carolina A ground penetrating radar and a dual gradiometer magnetometer were used prior to and during an archaeology excavation at the Colonial Town of Martinville, North Carolina. The historic Guilford Courthouse stood in Martinville which is now located in the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, Guilford County, North Carolina. The exact location of the courthouse and many of the structures that once stood in the town have vanished from the historic record. The Military Park is one of the most important battles in the Revolutionary War and lead to General Cornwallis moving his army to Yorktown, Virginia where he surrendered to General George Washington. Both instruments were employed to help the archaeologists and geographers gain insight into below ground cultural deposits. This research in-turn helped the archaeologists to determine where to place excavation units. Both instruments revealed a variety of features both known and lost to the historic record. Some of the findings included recovering evidence of past excavations undertaken in the 1970s, whose exact locations were not currently known, this allow the team to reorient the old excavation maps and place them accurately upon the landscape. The GPR and the magnetometer recovered three and possibly four heretofore unknown structures at the site. One of the structures has what appears to be a path leading to it from historic New Garden Road. Also recovered was the location of the retreat Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012 23

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology road or a gully. Both of these lost landscape features played important roles in the revolutionary battle at the Courthouse. All of the data are assembled into a GIS to help complete the picture of the area surrounding where Guilford Courthouse stood during this pivotal battle for American Independence. Tibbets, Rachel (Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas) The Elusive Middle Class: An Early American Farmstead on the New River Site 31ON1767 is a late 18 to early 19 century rural farmstead in the coastal th th region of North Carolina. It was occupied by a middle class family for perhaps only a single generation. Data recovery at this site has provided insight into the everyday life on an ordinary family farm during this period of time. One of the main issues encountered during the course of this investigation was the paucity of archaeological work conducted on similar sites in Coastal North Carolina. Sites such as 31ON1767 often tend to be overlooked in favor of sites with slaves and/ or wealthy or high-profile occupants. While this practice addresses both the higher and lower ends of the economic spectrum, it has resulted in a dearth of research on the average citizen. The limitations of available data inhibits our ability to place such sites in a broader historical context. Abundant archaeological and historical investigations have been conducted at sites in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia, where there is a large body of comparative data in terms of artifact assemblages, site layouts, artifact patterns, and ideas of status and ethnicity. North Carolina differed from its neighboring states in socioeconomic terms during this time period. Consequently, comparisons to contemporaneous sites using commonly accepted artifact pattern analyses has highlighted more differences than similarities. Joseph (1989) addressed the variations he noted at sites in Georgia by establishing the Georgia Slave Artifact Pattern. We advocate the development of a North Carolina Slave Artifact Pattern to aid future comparative analyses. Walker, Shannon (Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site) Slowly Ascending From The Ashes: The Growth and Development of Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site in the Post-Stanley South Era A nearly inaccessible wilderness; this was the lower Cape Fear of the early eighteenth century. In August of 1958, Dr. Stanley South found himself in a harsh and inhospitable environment that was not unlike that of the early Cape Fear settlers. Yet, over the course of a decade, he and his assistants were able to uncover and essentially resurrect the once lost port city of Brunswick and hulking expanse of Fort Anderson. His departure marked the end of active archaeology at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site, but his early work served as a model for site development and interpretation for nearly forty years.

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The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology This paper will explore development of Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site in the post-Stanley South era. Located on the banks of North Carolinas lower Cape Fear River, this plot of land had once been a bustling colonial port. Later on during the Civil War, this same stretch had morphed into the largest interior fortification of the Cape Fear Defense System. Yet by the end of the nineteenth century, this significant piece of ground had been abandoned, overtaken by dense forest growth. Essentially, it had become a place of mere legend, with the hulking shell of St. Philips Church the only visible reminder of its place in history that is, until that faithful summer of 1958. I will begin this paper with an introduction and brief history of the area, covering the significance of this site on the lower Cape Fear. Next, I will examine site preservation efforts and Dr. Souths decade of work at the site. The bulk of this work will delve into the development of and carrying out of interpretation at the site: how it both followed and deviated from Souths original plans and dreams. Wingard, George and Keith Stephenson (Savannah River Archaeological Research Program) Rural Life on the Aiken Plateau: Investigations at an Early 20th-Century Tenant Farm and the Stoneware of Enslaved African-American Potter-Poet Dave Recent excavations at the Savannah River Site by the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program focused on an early 20th-century tenant farm. Investigations concentrated on a refuse midden adjacent to the farmhouse. The most significant artifact recovered in context was a 19th-century stoneware vessel manufactured in the Edgefield District, South Carolina inscribed by the literate, enslaved potter known as Dave. This utilitarian vessel harkened back to a rural lifeway of subsistence farming. The first half of the 20th century saw an economic restructuring in the rural lifeway from subsistence to that of consumerism. Analysis efforts focused on the development of a framework for assessing assemblage diversity and any tendency toward increasing consumerism. Wood, Karen G. and W. Dean Wood (Southern Research, Historic Preservation Consultants, Inc.) That Dam Job on the Chattahoochee River Two National Historic Landmark mill dams on the Chattahoochee River in Columbus, Georgia are being removed to restore the river to a natural state. The Eagle and Phenix dam is 1,000 feet long and 30 feet high. It is located at the Fall Line, between Georgia and Alabama, and was constructed in 1882 spanning the Great Gorge of the Chattahoochee River. The City Mills dam, built in 1901, is 500 feet long and 15 feet high and is located one mile upstream. These dams harnessed about ten percent of the estimated 20,000 net horsepower potential of the river. Charleston, SC August 24-25, 2012 25

The Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Behind these masonry dams are at least six earlier wooden dams, raceways and numerous other industrial features that date from 1828 to 1869. The work is revealing a continually adapting water distribution system that delivered water power to factories allowing Columbus to rank second only to Richmond, Virginia in Confederate industrial production. The industrial development of the water power potential at Columbus is distinctive as private investments rather than municipal efforts were employed. Our work is ongoing and includes underwater archaeological surveys before the dams are breached, pedestrian archaeological surveys of the newly exposed river bed, Level One HAER documentation, 3D laser scans, dendro-chronology and public history components. Young, Stacey L. (Independent Researcher) Life and Work on the Plantation: Archaeological Investigations of a House at Hampton Plantation Recent excavations at Hampton Plantation State Historic Site have focused on identifying the full dimensions and architectural layout of a house occupied in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The house is located in a yard area approximately 300-meters west of the mansion and its detached kitchen. Based on previous excavations and historic documents, the house is believed to have been occupied by enslaved workers with specialized roles on the plantation. Results of the recent work have yielded over 12,000 artifacts in addition to features that may be associated with a second structure. This paper discusses the results of this work.

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