1) A placekicker must kick a football from a point 36.0 meters (about 40 yards) from the goal.

The crossbar of the goal is 3.05 meters high. When kicked, the ball leaves the ground with a speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 53.0 to the horizontal. A) By how much does the ball clear or fall short of the crossbar? B) Does the ball approach the crossbar while still rising or while falling? C) How much time elapses from the kick until the ball passes the plane of the crossbar? Picture: 20.0m/s =53.0 3.05m

36m Strategy (Part A): Break down the initial velocity vector into its x and y components. Then use the xcomponent to determine how long it takes to travel the 36m. We assume that no outside force acts on the ball, so the x-component of the initial velocity is constant for the duration of the kick. We then use the y-component of the initial velocity to form our y-position function. We then plug in the time it takes to reach the goal into the y-position function to determine if it is less-than or greater-than the height of the crossbar (3.05m). Step 1: Break the initial velocity into x and y components V0x = 20.0cos(53) = 12.0363m/s V0y = 20.0sin(53) = 15.9727m/s Step 2: Find time to travel to goal post

Step 3: Setup the y-position function y(t) = 0.5gt2 + V0yt + Y0 (Y0 = 0, the initial position is ground level) y(t) = (0.5)(-9.81m/s2)t2 +(15.9727m/s)t Step 4: Find the y-position at the time when ball is at the goal (3sec) y(3sec) = (0.5)(-9.81m/s2)(3sec)2 +(15.9727m/s)(3sec) = 3.7731m

3.7731 is greater than the height of the height of the crossbar (3.05m), so the goal is good. To find the difference, subtract the height of the crossbar from the actual height of the kick at the goal. Difference = 3.77m 3.05m = 0.72m above the crossbar Strategy (Part B): We now have the y-position function, so we can determine if it is rising or falling when it goes over the crossbar by using some elementary calculus. We can take the derivative of the y-position function and obtain the y velocity function. We can then plug in the time that it is above the crossbar (3sec) into the y-velocity function and if the value is positive, the ball is rising; and if the value is negative, the ball is falling. Step 1: Take the derivative of y position function y(t) = 0.5gt2 + V0yt + Y0 y (t) = Vy(t) = gt + V0y Vy(t) = (-9.81m/s2)t + 15.9727m/s Step 2: Evaluate the y-velocity function at the time it is above the crossbar (3sec) Vy(3sec) = (-9.81m/s2)(3sec) + 15.9727m/s = -13.4573m/s The y-velocity is a negative value, so the ball is falling back toward earth as it passes over the crossbar Strategy (Part C): The plane of the crossbar is a horizontal plane located 3.05m above the ground. In order to find the time when the ball passes through the plane, we set the y-position function equal to 3.05m, and solve for time. When we do that we will obtain two values for time: one as the ball is rising and the other as the ball is falling. Step 1: Setup the equation y-position equal to 3.05m y(t) = (0.5)(-9.81m/s2)t2 +(15.9727m/s)t = 3.05m (0.5)(-9.81m/s2)t2 +(15.9727m/s)t 3.05m = 0 We subtracted 3.05m from both sides to set the equation equal to zero to use the Quadratic Formula to find time.

Step 2: Use the Quadratic Formula to solve for time For at2 + bt + c = 0, t = and

= 0.203692sec

= 3.05272sec