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1.1 To identify matrix as the product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U.
1.2 To factor a matrix into a product of elementary matrices.
1.3 To find and use an LU – factorization of a matrix to solve a system of linear equations.
1.4 To use matrix multiplication to encode and decode messages.
1.5 To find the least squares regression line for a set of data.
3. Discussion:
Another general approach to solve Ax = b is known as the method of LU – Factorization, which provides
new insights into matrix algebra and has many theoretical and practical uses. Efficient computer
algorithms for handling practical problems can be developed from it.
The symbols L and U denote lower triangular matrix and upper triangular matrices, respectively.
0 0
0 lower triangular matrix (L) 0 upper triangular matrix (U)
0 0
By writing AX = Lux and letting Ux = y, variable x can be solved in two stages. First, solve Ly = b for y;
then solve Ux = y for x. Each system is easy to solve because the coefficient matrices are triangular. In
particular, neither system requires any row operations. A cryptogram is a message written according to
a secret code (the Greek word kryptos means “hidden”). The following describes a method of using
matrix multiplication to encode and decode messages.
space – 0 D–4 H–8 L – 12 P – 16 T – 20 X – 24
A–1 E–5 I –9 M – 13 Q – 17 U – 21 Y – 25
B–2 F–6 J – 10 N – 14 R – 18 V – 22 Z – 26
C–3 G–7 K – 11 O – 15 S – 19 W – 23
Matrix form a linear regression model y = Ax + E the coefficient of the least square regression line is
given by the matrix equation A = (XTX) –1(XTY)
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: MATH 022A
Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
4. Procedure:
Activity 1. Determine the sequence of elementary matrices and corresponding inverse of each
elementary
1 5 3 1 0 0
matrix of = 3 4 2 using the identity matrix = 0 1 0
2 1 5 0 0 1
Using the solution on solving lower triangular matrix of A, fill up all the elementary matrices and its
inverse by row operation on each step.
elementary matrix inverse of elementary matrix
1 5 3
= 0 1 7/11
0 0 1
2. Is the answer in number 1 the same as the upper triangular matrix? _______________________
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: MATH 022A
Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
answer in fraction
_____ _____ _____
_____ _____ _____
_____ _____ _____
L U A
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ = _____ _____ _____
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
Explain: __________________________________________________________
Solving a linear equation system Ax = b. First, we can express the coefficient matrix A in the form of the
LU – Factorization. Then we may solve the linear system by the following procedure:
Example 1
L y = b
_____ _____ _____ 0
_____ _____ _____ = 10
_____ _____ _____ −11
2. Solve Ux = y
U x = y
_____ _____ _____ _____
_____ _____ _____ = _____
_____ _____ _____ _____
1 1 1
= 4 5 3 to decode the cryptograph using MATLAB
5 6 3
example on MATLAB encode: [55 63 40] * [inv(B)] = answer ( decoded row matrix )
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥ Y= ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
answer: _____________________________________________
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: MATH 022A
Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
Exercises
1 0 2
2. Decode the following Filipino riddles and answer it, using matrix C = 2 −1 1
0 1 2
a.) 10 24 67 29 –14 16 16 –1 29 37 –9 47 13 10 45 1 2 6
43 –10 55 13 –1 23 28 –7 35 44 –10 47 23 –10 15
b.) 23 4 43 2 24 51 26 –12 15 25 11 72 19 –7 15 23 –6 27
14 11 50 39 –18 23 15 –1 27 41 –15 37 13 7 39 49 –20 38
21 0 41 14 0 28
3. A notebook manufacturing company has experience the following costs ( in P1000 ) for the
first half of the year.
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥ Y= ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
a.) Find the least squares regression line for the cost from January to June.
_______________________________________________________________________
b.) If the company produce a 3.8 notebook, predict the cost of the company.
_________________________________________________________________________
c.) If the company produce a 5.35 notebook, predict the cost of the company.
_________________________________________________________________________
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: MATH 022A
Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
Conclusion
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