BAHAN PROGRAM INTERVENSI

PPSMI UNTUK MURID

TINGKATAN LIMA
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
MINIMUM SYLLABUS REQUIREMENT
1.FUNCTIONS:
Express the relation between the following pairs of sets in the form of arrow diagram,
ordered pair and graph.
Arrow diagram Ordered pair Graph
a ) Set A =
{ Kelantan, Perak ,
Selangor }
Set B = { Shah
Alam , Kota
Bharu ,Ipoh }
Relation: City of the
state in Malaysia
b )Set A
={ triangle,rectangle,
pentagon }
Set B = { 3,4,5 }
Relation : Number of
Sides
Determine domain , codomain , object, image and range of relation.
1. Diagram 1 shows the relation between set P and set Q.
a. Domain = { }
b. Codomain = { }
c. Object =
d. Image =
e. Range =...
f. Ordered Pairs =
3
2
-2
5
4
3
9
Set P
Set Q
Diagram 1
-3 1
1
Classifying the types of relations
State the type of the following relations
a)
..
b )
.
c)
..
d)

x
4
16
2
2
x
36
4
6
3
2
4
9
4
9
Prime
-3
-3
x
3
2
4
-2
9
-3
Even
x
X
x
X
2
Type of number
2.QUADRATIC EQUATIONS:
A. TO EXPRESS A GIVEN QUADRATIC EQUATION IN GENERAL FORM
ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
Example 1
.x
2
= 5x 9
.x
2
5x + 9 = 0
Compare with the general form
ax
2
+ bx c = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9
Example 2
4x =
x
x x 2
2

4x(x) = x
2
2x
4x
2
- x
2
2x = 0
3x
2
2x = 0
Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0
Exercises
Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c
1. 3x =
x 2
5
.2. (2x + 5) =
x
7
3. x( x + 4 ) = 3 .4. (x 1)(x + 2) = 3
5.
x
4
=
x
x

+
5
3 6. x
2
+ px = 2x - 6
7. px (2 x) = x 4m 8. (2x 1)(x + 4) = k(x 1) + 3
9. (7 2x + 3x
2
) =
3
1 + x
10. 7x 1 =
x
x x 2
2

B. FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS

Example 1
3 , 2
x = 3 , x = 2
x - 3 = 0 , x-2 = 0
(x-3)(x-2)=0
x
2
5x + 6 = 0
Example 2
1, - 3
x = 1 , x = -3
x 1 = 0 , x + 3 = 0
(x 1 ) ( x + 3 ) = 0
x
2
+ 2x 3 = 0
a) 4 , -7
b)
2 ,
3
1
c)
3
1
,
2
1
d)
5
1
,
3
2
e) 4 , 0
3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS: INEQUALITIES
Example
Find the range of values of x for which 0 15 2
2
> x x
Solution
0 15 2
2
> x x
Let ( ) 15 2
2
= x x x f
=( )( ) 5 3 + x x
When ( ) 0 = x f
( )( ) 0 5 3 = + x x
3 = x or 5
For 0 15 2
2
> x x
5 > x or 3 < x
3
( ) 0 < x f
5
4.SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS: EXPRESS ONE UNKNOWN IN TERM OF
THE OTHER UNKNOWN
Guidance Example
1 Arrange the linear equation such that
one of the two unknowns becomes the
subject of the equation.
(avoid fraction if possible)
x + 2y = 1
x =
2 Substitute the new equation from step 1
into the non-linear equation . Simplify
and express in the form
ax
2
+ bx + c = 0.
( )
2
+ 4y
2
= 13
= 0
3 Solve the quadratic equation by
factorisation, completing the square or
by using the formula
(2y 3)( ) = 0,
y =
2
3
or
4 Substitute the values of the unknown
obtained in step 3 into the linear
equation.
When y =
2
3
,
x = 1 2( ) =
When y = ,
x =
5.INDICES AND LOGARITHM: INDICES
Examples Exercises
Solve each of the following equations
1. 3
3x
= 81
3
3x
= 3
4
3x = 4
x =
3
4
1. 9
x
= 27
1-x
2. 2
x
. 4
x+1
= 64
2
x
. 2
2 (x+1)
= 2
6
x + 2x + 2 = 6
3x = 4
x =
3
4
2. 4
x
. 8
x -1
= 4
3. 0 16 8
1
=
+ x x
( ) ( ) 0 2 2
1
4 3
=
+ x x
( ) ( )
1
4 3
2 2
+
=
x x
4 4 3
2 2
+
=
x x
3x = 4x + 4
x = - 4
3. 5
x
- 25
x+1
= 0
6.COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Examples Solution
1. Determine whether the straight lines
2y x = 5 and x 2y = 3 are parallel.
2y x = 5,
y = 5
2
1
+ x ,
2
1
1
= m
x 2y = 3
y = 3
2
1
x ,
2
1
2
= m
Since
2 1
m m = , therefore the straight lines 2y x = 5
and x 2y = 3 are parallel.
2. Given that the straight lines 4x + py = 5
and 2x 5y 6 = 0 are parallel, find the
value of p.
Step1: Determine the gradients of both straight
lines.
4x + py = 5
y =
p
x
p
5 4
+ ,
p
m
4
1
=
2x 5y 6 = 0
y = 3
2
5
+ x ,
2
5
2
= m
Step 2: Compare the gradient of both straight lines.
Given both straight lines are parallel, hence
2 1
m m =
5
2 4
=
p
p = -10
3. Find the equation of the straight line
which passes through the point P(-3, 6)
and is parallel to the straight line
4x 2y + 1 = 0.
4x 2y + 1 = 0, y = 2x +
2
1
.
Thus, the gradient of the line, m = 2.
Therefore, the equation of the line passing through
P(-3, 6) and parallel to the line 4x 2y + 1 = 0 is
y - 6 = 2 (x - -3)
y = 2x + 12.
Examples Solution
1. Determine whether the straight lines
3y x 2 = 0 and y + 3x + 4 = 0 are
perpendicular.
3y x 2 = 0
y =
3
2
3
1
+ x ,
3
1
1
= m
y + 3x + 4 = 0
y= 3x 4, 3
2
= m
) 3 (
3
1
2 1
= m m = -1.
Hence, both straight lines are perpendicular.
Examples Solution
2. Find the equation of the straight line
which is perpendicular to the straight
line x + 2y 6 = 0 and passes through
the point (3, -4).
x + 2y 6 = 0
y = 3
2
1
+ x ,
2
1
1
= m
Let the gradient of the straight line which is
perpendicular =
2
m
2
2
1
m |
.
|

\
|
= -1
2
m =
The equation of the straight line
=
y =
7.STATISTICS
The number of vehicles that pass by a toll plaza from 1 p.m to 2 p.m. for 60
consecutive days is shown in the table below.
Number of vehicles Number of days
59 50 4
69 60 10
79 70 24
89 80 16
99 90 6
Calculate the median of the number of cars using formula.
Solution :
Number of
vehicles
Number of days
(f)
Cumulative
frequency
59 50 4 4
69 60 10 (14)
79 70 (24) 38
89 80 16 ( )
99 90 6 ( )
Step 1 : Median class is given by =
30
2
60
2
T T T
n
= =
Therefore, the median class is 79 70
Step 2 : Median = c
f
F
n
L
m
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
2
= (___)
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
24
14
2
60
( __ )
= 76.17
L = lower boundary of the median
class = 69.5
n =

= 60 f
F = cumulative frequency before the
median class = 14
f
m
= frequency of the median class
=24
c = size of the median class
= upper boundary lower
boundary
Median lies in this
interval
To estimate the mode using a histogram
Modal class = 79 70
(c)
Class boundary Number of days
(frequency)
49.5 59.5 4
10
24
16
6
(c) The histogram is shown below
49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 Number of vehicles
Mode = 76
Frequency
5
10
15
20
25
8.CIRCULAR MEASURE
Convert Measurements in radians to degrees and vice versa.
Convert the following angles in radians to degrees and minutes.
a. 1.5 rad b. 0.63 rad
c. rad
2
t
d. rad
2
3t
Convert the following angles to radians.
a. 50
0
b. 124.3
0
c. 72
0
35 d. 285
0
21
Arc Length of a circle
Find the length of arc.
1.
0.5 rad
8 cm
Q
P
O
2.
152
6.4 cm
O
B
A
Complete the table below by finding the values of u , r or s.
u r s
1. 1.5 rad 9 cm
2. 14 cm 30 cm
3. 2.333 rad 35 cm
Complete the table below, given the areas and the radii of the sectors and
angles subtended.
u
2
2
1
r A= , u is in radians
Area of sector Radius Angle subtended
1. 38.12 cm 50
0
2. 90 cm
2
9.15 cm
3. 72 cm
2
u =1.64 rad
4. 18t cm
2
6.5 cm
5. 200 cm
2
1.778 rad
6. 145 cm
2
8 cm
1.PROGRESSIONS
1. Find the 9
th
term of the arithmetic
progression.
2, 5 , 8 , ..
Solution:
a = 2
d = 5-2=3
9
2 (9 1)3 T = +
= _______
2. Find the 11
th
term of the arithmetic
progression.
5
3, , 2,........
2
3. For the arithmetic progression
0.7, 2.1 , 3.5, .. ,find the 5
th
term .
4. Find the
th
n term of the arithmetic
progression
1
4, 6 , 9,.....
2
5. Find the 7
th
term of the geometric
progression.
- 8, 4 , -2 , ..
Solution:
a = - 8 r =
8
4

=
2
1

T
7
= (-8)(
2
1

)
7-1
=
8
1

6. Find the 8
th
term of the geometric
progression.
16, -8, 4,
7. For the geometric progression
9
4
,
3
2
, 1 , .. ,find the 9
th
term .
8. Find the 3
th
term of the geometric
progression
50, 40, 32.
Find the sum to infinity of geometric progressions
Find the sum to infinity of a given
geomertric progression below:
Example:
2 2
6, 2, , ,.......
3 9

a = 6
2 1
6 3
r

= =
1
6
=
1
1- -
3
9
=
2
a
S
r

| |
|
\ .
1. 24, 3.6, 0.54, .
2. 81, -27,9, ..
3.
1 1 1
, , ,.......
2 4 8
..
1
a
S
r

sum to infinity
a = first term
r = common ratio
S

=
* example on recurring decimals
2.LINEAR LAW
STEPS TO PLOT A STRAIGHT LINE
Using a graph paper.
QUESTION
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 2 9 20 35 54
The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x
and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation
y = px
2
+ qx
a) Draw the line of best fit for
x
y
against x
Table
Identify Y and X from part (a)
Construct a table
Follow the scale given.
Label both axes
Line of best fit
Determine : gradient
m
Y-intercept c
Non- linear
SOLUTION
a) From your graph, find,
i) p
ii) q
STEP 1
y = px
2
+ qx
x
y
=
x
px
2
+
x
qx
x
y
= px + q
Y = mX + c
Note : For teachers reference
STEP 2
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 2 9 20 35 54
x
y
1 3 5 7 9
STEP 3
Reduce the non-linear
To the linear form
The equation is divided throughout by x
To create a constant that is free from x
On the right-hand side i.e, q
Linear form
Y = mX + c
construct table
Using graph paper,
- Choose a suitable scale so that the graph
drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axis
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit
x
y
12
10
x
8
x
6
x
4
x
2
x
2 3 4 5 6
x
- 2
- 4
1
STEP 4
Gradient , p =
2 6
1 9

= 2
y- intercept = q= -3
From the graph,
find p and q
Construct a right-angled triangle,
So that two vertices are on the line
of best fit, calculate the gradient, p
Determine the y-intercept, q
from the straight line graph
3.INTEGRATION
1. Given that
2
1
( ) 3 f x dx =
}
and
2
3
( ) 7 f x dx =
}
. Find
(a)
| |
2
1
the value of k if ( ) 8 kx f x dx =
}
(b)
| |
3
1
5 ( ) 1 f x dx
}
Answer : (a) k =
22
3
(b) 48
2. Given that
4
0
( ) 3 f x dx =
}
and
4
0
( ) 5 g x dx =
}
. Find
(a)
4 0
0 4
( ) ( ) f x dx g x dx
} }
(b)
| |
4
0
3 ( ) ( ) f x g x dx
}
Answer: (a) 15
(b) 4
4.VECTOR
VECTOR IN THE CARTESIAN COORDINATES
1. State the following vector in terms in
~
i and
~
j and also in Cartesian coordinates
Example Solutions
~
2
2
0
OA i

| |
= =
|
\ .
~
0
3
3
OB j

| |
= =
|
\ .
~
~
3 4
3
4
OP p i j

= = +
| |
=
|
\ .
~
j
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2
1
0
~
p
~
i
B
P
A
Exercise Solutions
(a) OP

= (b) OQ

=
(c) OR

= (d) OS

=
(e) OT

= (f) OW

=
2. Find the magnitude for each of the vectors
Example
3
~
~
2 i j =
2 2
3 2
13 unit
+
=
(a)
~
~
2 5 i j + =
(b)
~
~
5 12 i j = (c)
~
i j =
1
4
3
2
1
2
S
R
P
Q
-1
-3
-2
-1
T
W
3 1 4
~
i
~
j
-2
O
3. Find the magnitude and unit vector for each of the following
Example
~ ~
~
3 4 r i j = +
Solution :
2 2
~
~ ~
~
Magnitude, 3 4
= 5
1
unit vector, r, (4 3 )
5
r
i j
.
= +
= +
(a)
~ ~
~
2 6 r i j =
(b)
~
6
3
a
| |
=
|
\ .
(c)
~
1
2
h
| |
=
|

\ .
SPM 2003/no. 12 / paper 1.
1. Diagram 2 shows two vectors, and QO OP

.
Express
(a) OP

in the form
x
y
| |
|
\ .
,
(b) OQ

in the form xi + yj. [ 2 marks]

P(5, 3)
y

Q(-8, 4)
x O
5.TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
To sketch the graph of sine or cosine function , students are encouraged to follow the
steps below.
1. Determine the angle to be labeled on x-axis.
eg : Function angle
y = sin x x = 90
o
y = cos 2x 2x = 90
o
x = 45
o
y = sin x
2
3
x
2
3
= 90
o
x = 60
o
2. Calculate the values of y for each value of x by using calculator
eg : y = 1 2 cos 2x
x 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
y -1 1 3 1 -1 1 3 1 -1
3. Plot the coordinates and sketch the graph
6.PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
1. The number of ways of arranging all the
alphabets in the given word.
Example Solution:
6! = 6.5.4.3.2.1
= 720
2. The number of ways of arranging four
of the alphabets in the given word so that
last alphabet is S
Example Solution:
The way to arrange alphabet S = 1
The way to arrange another 3 alphabets=
5
P
3
The number of arrangement = 1 x
5
P
3
= 60
3. How many ways to choose 5 books
from 20 different books
Example solution:
4. In how many ways can committee of 3
men and 3 women be chosen from a group
of 7 men and 6 women ?
45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
x
y
3
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Alternative method
The number of ways=
20
C
5
= 15504
Example Solution:
The numbers of ways =
7
C
3
x
6
C
3
= 700
7.PROBABILITY
Question Answer
The above figure shows six
numbered cards. A card is
chosen at random. Calculate
the probability that the
number on the chosen card
(a) is a multiple of 3 and a
factor of 12
(b) is a multiple of 3 or a
factor of 12.
Let
A represent the event that the number on the chosen card
is a multiple of 3, and
B represent the event that the number on the chosen card
is a factor of 12.
A = {3, 6, 9}, n(A)= 3
B = {2, 3, 4, 6}, n(B) = 4
AB = {3, 6}
AB = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9}
(a) P(AB) =
3
1
6
2
= .
(b) P(AB) =
6
5
2 3 4 6 8 9
Black
Yellow
Black
Yellow
Black
Yellow
10
6
10
4
10
4
10
4
10
6
10
6
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
=
6
2
6
4
6
3
+
=
6
5
.
Question Solution
A box contains 5 red balls, 3 yellow balls
and 4 green balls. A ball is chosen at
random from the box. Calculate the
probability that the balls drawn neither a
yellow nor a green.
P (yellow) =
3
12
.
P(green) =
4
12
P(yellow or green) =
3
12
+
4
12
=
7
12
.
No Questions Solutions
1.
Box C contains 4 black marbles and 6
yellow marbles. A marbles is chosen
at random from box C, its colour is
noted and the marbles is noted and the
marbles is returned to the box. Then a
second marbles is chosen. Determine
the probability that
(a) both the marbles are black.
(b) the two balls are of different
colours.
(c) at least one of the balls chosen is
yellow.
(a) P(black black)=
10
4
10
4
=
25
4
(b) P(same colours)
= P(black black) + P(yellow yellow)
=
|
.
|

\
|
25
4
+
|
.
|

\
|

10
6
10
6
=
25
13
.
(c) 1 P(both blacks) = 1
25
4
=
25
21
10
4
8.PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Example 1 :
Find the value of each of the following probabilities by reading the standardised normal
distribution table.
(a) P(Z > 0.934)
(b) P(Z s 1.25)
Solution
(b) P(Z s 1.25) = 1 P(Z > 1.25)
= 1 0.1057
= 0.8944
(c) P(Z > - 0.23)
Solution
(c) P(Z > - 0.23) = 1 P(Z < - 0.23)
= 1 P(Z > 0.23)
= 1 0.40905
= 0.59095
1.25
1.25
(d) P(Z > - 1.512)
Solution
(d) P(Z < - 1.512) = P(Z > 1.512)
= 0.06527
(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2)
Solution
(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2) = P(Z > 0.4) P(Z > 1.2)
= 0.3446 0.1151
= 0.2295
(f) P(- 0.828 < Z s - 0. 555)
Solution
(f) P(- 0.828 < Z s - 0. 555) = P(Z > 0.555) P(Z > 0.828)
= 0.28945 0.20384
= 0.08561
-1.512 1.512
-0.23
0.23
0.4 1.2
0.4 1.2
-0.828 -0.555
0.555
0.828
(g) P(- 0.255 s Z < 0.13)
Solution
(g) P(- 0.255 s Z < 0.13) = 1 P(Z < - 0.255) P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 P(Z > 0.255) P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 0.39936 0.44828
= 0.15236
14.3 Score- z
Example 2 :
Find the value of each of the following :
(a) P(Z > z) = 0.2546
(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329
(c) P(Z < z) = 0.6623
(d) P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723
-0.255 0.13 0.13
-0.255
Solution
(a) P(Z > z) = 0.2546
Score-z = 0.66
(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329
Score-z = -1.84
(c) P(Z < z) = 0.6623
1 - P(Z > z) = 0.6623
P(Z > z) = 1 0.6623
= 0.3377
Score-z = 0.419
(d) P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723
1 P(Z < z) P(Z > 0.548) = 0.4723
1 P(Z < z) 0.2919 = 0.4723
P(Z < z) = 1 0.2919 0.4723
= 0.2358
Score-z = -0.72
Normal Distribution
Type 1
P( Z > positive no)
P ( Z > 1.2 ) = 0.1151
.....................................................
Type 2
P(Z < negative no)
P ( Z < - 0.8 ) = P (Z > 0.8)
Type 6
P (Negative no < Z < Negative no )
P ( -1.5 < Z < - 0.8 )
= P ( 0.8 < Z < 1.5 )
= P ( Z > 0.8 ) P ( Z > 1.5 )
= 0.2119 0.0668 = 0.1451
Type 1
P ( Z > K ) = less than 0.5
P ( Z > K ) = 0.2743
K = 0.6
z
0.2546
= 0.2119
.....................................................
Type 3
P ( Z < positive no)
P ( Z < 1.3 )
= 1 P ( Z>1.3)
= 1 0.0968
= 0.9032
.....................................................
.
Type 4.
P( Z > negative no)
P ( Z > - 1.4 )
= 1 P ( Z < -1.4 )
= 1 0.0808
= 0.9192
....................................................
Type 5
P( positive no < Z < positive
no)
P ( 1 < Z < 2 )
= P ( Z > 1 ) P ( Z > 2 )
= 0.1587 0. 0228
= 0.1359
.....................................................
.
Type 7
P ( negative no < Z < postive no )
P ( -1.2 < Z < 0.8 )
= 1 P ( Z > 0.8) P ( z < -1.2 )
= 1 P ( Z > 0.8 ) P ( Z >
1.2 )
= 1 0.2119 0.1151
=0.673
......................................................
Type 2
P ( Z < K ) = less than 0.5
P( Z < K ) = 0.3446
P ( Z > - K ) = 0.3446
- K = 0.4
K = - 0.4
.......................................................
Type 3
P( Z < K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z < K ) = 0.8849
P ( Z > K ) = 1 0.8849
= 0.1151
K = 1.2
......................................................
Type 4
P ( Z > K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z > K ) = 0.7580
P( Z < K ) = 1 0.7580 = 0.2420
P ( Z > -k ) = 0.2420
- K= 0.7
K = - 0.7
10.LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Problem interpretation and the formation of the relevant equations or inequalities
The table below shows the mathematical expressions for the different inequalities used.
Mathematical Expressions Inequality
a y greater than x
x y >
b y less than x
x y <
c y not more than x
x y s
d y not less than x
x y >
e The sum of x and y is not more than k k y x s +
f
y is at least k times the value of x kx y >
g y exceeds x at least k y x k >
Example:
A company delivers 900 parcels using x lorries and y vans. Each lorry carries 150
parcels while each van carries 60 parcels. The cost of transporting the parcels using a
lorry is RM 60 while that of a van is RM 40 . The total cost spent on transportation is not
more than RM 480.
(a) Write down two inequalities other than x 0 and y 0 , that satisfy all of the above
conditions.
Solution
(a)
30 2 5
900 60 150
> +
> +
y x
y x
..
24 2 3
480 40 60
s +
s +
y x
y x
.
The two inequalities that satisfy the given conditions are :
30 2 5 > + y x and 24 2 3 s + y x
1
2