Ph.D. Courses LIST OF Ph.

D COURSES PHY-701 PHY-702 PHY-703 PHY-704 PHY-705 PHY-706 PHY-707 PHY-708 PHY-709 PHY-710 PHY-711 PHY-712 PHY-713 PHY-714 PHY-715 Thin Film Physics High Vacuum Technology Crystallography & Structure Analysis Magnetic Oxide Materials Electronic Theory of Alloys Physics of Solar Cells Chalcopyrite Semiconductor Optical Communication Phase Transformation in Solids Photovoltaics Materials Dielectric Properties of Materials. X-Ray Flourecscence Structural Thermodynamics Of Alloys Permanent Magnetic Materials Inorganic Glass Systems

PHY-701 THIN FILM PHYSICS Thin film deposition technology, Evaporation methods, Cathodic sputtering, Chemical methods transport phenomenon in insulting films, Electroforming, Voltage controlled, Negative resistance, Electron emission, Electroluminescence, Memory switching. Recommended Books: Thin film Phenomena K.L. Chopra, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Handbook of Thin Film Technology, edited by Leon I. Massel & R. Glang, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Thin Film Processes, edited by J.L. Vossen & W. Kern Academic Press.

PHY-702

HIGH VACUUM TECHNOLOGY

Introduction to vacuum technology and its applications, Basic Physics for vacuum: (Behaviour of Gases and Basic Performance factors in vacuum systems), Vacuum Pumps (Mechanical), Fluid entertainment pumps, special pumps, Vacuum Gauges, Vacuum Volves, Vacuum Pump fluid & greases, Leak Detection, Vacuum system design.

Text Books
1. A users Guide to Vacuum Technology by John F.O. Hanion, John Wiley & Sons (1980). Recommended Books:

Hand Book of Thin Film Technology by Leon I, Maissel and Reinhard Glang. McGraw-Hill Book Company (1970). Vacuum Technology, Thin Films and Sputtering by R.V. Stuert, Academic Press, Inc.(1983).

PHY-703 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE ANALYSIS. Objectives: Introduce concepts of symmetry, and geometric crystallography and have the students be able to apply these concepts to diverse problems in materials science and engineering. Introduce concepts regarding the physics of diffraction so that the students will be able to understand the strengths and weaknesses of diffraction methods as a materials characterization technique. Have the students understand the physics of X-ray interactions with matter so that theyf can appreciate the effects of these interactions on materials analysis problems. Have the students understand, through a combination of lecture and laboratory exercises, the principle methods of materials analysis by X-ray diffraction, and the be able to apply them to specific materials analysis problems.

Course Description: Crystallography; crystallographic calculations; properties of common crystal structures of engineering materials. The stereographic projection and its use in depicting angular relationships in crystals and as a tool for solving crystallographic problems. The theory of diffraction of X-rays, including the determination of both the direction and intensities of diffracted beams; calculation of the structure factor and usifng it in diffraction problems. The reciprocal lattice, including an introduction to the concept of reciprocal space and the reciprocal lattice and the expression of diffraction phenomena in terms of the reciprocal lattice. X-ray physics, including X-ray spectra (both continuous and characteristic), X-ray production (both conventional and synchrotron sources), X-ray absorption, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray safety. Specific X-ray analysis techniques, including single crystal diffraction, the powder diffraction method, use of the X-ray diffractometer, indexing of powder patterns, precision lattice parameter determination, thin film diffraction, phase diagram determination, use of the JCPDS database, and the determination of preferred orientation.

Recommended Books:

Rhodes, Gale Crystallography Made Crystal Clear: A Guide for Users of Macromolecular Models 3rd Edition Springer 2006. Massa, Werner Crystal Structure Determination 2nd Edition Springer 2004. David, W.I., K. Shankland, L.B. McCusker, and Ch. Baerlocher/ Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction data 1st Edition Oxford University Press 2002.

PHY-704 Magnetic Oxide Materials 1. The crystal structure of ferrites: Spinel structure, Hexagonal structure, Garnet structure. 2. Preparation of ferrites: solid state reactions, combustion synthesis, coprecipitation, sol-gel, method, microwave sintering, preparation of ferrite thin films. 3. Magnetization in ferrimagnetic materials: Neels theory of ferromagnetism, Spontaneous Magnetization, comparison of Neels theory with experimental data, Saturation moments in ferrites, ferrite solid solutions, the origin of the interactions in ferrimagnetics. 4. Magnetic properties of ferromagnetics, Initial permeability, Magnetocrystalline anisotropy, Magnetostricitive anisotropy, Hysteresis in ferrimagnetirics, Magnetooptical properties. 5. Microwave resonance and relaxation (microwave absorption in ferrites). 6. Electrical Transport Properties: Resistivity, Dielectric constant, thermopower, magnetoresistance, conduction mechanisms. Recommended books: 1. K.J. Standly, Oxide Magnetic Materials Clarendon Press Oxford (1972). 2. D.J. Craik, Magnetic Oxides Part-I, John Wiley & sons (1975). 3. Magnetic Ceramics Raul Valenzua Cambridge University press, 1994. 1st Edition. 4. The physical principles of Magnetism by Alan H. Morrish, John Willey & sons 1966. 5. Introduction to Magnetic Materials by B. D. Cullity, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1972 PHY-705 ELECTRONIC THEORY OF ALLOYS Drude theory of metals, the Sommerfeld theory of metals, Failure of free electron model, electron levels in periodic potential, electrons in a weak periodic potential, the tight binding method, other methods for calculation of band structure of metals, classical and semi-classical theory of calculation in metals, Fermi surface and its measurements, band structure of some selected metals, electronic structure of alloys, solid solutions, Home Rothery rules, Order disorder phenomena and its physical basis. Recommended Books: Solid State Physics, Neil Ashcroft and N. David Mermin, Sunders College Publishing 1976. Principles and theory of solids, James Zyman, Cabridge 1972.

Solid State Physics, Advances in Research and Applications, Vol.148, Edited by F.Seitz.

PHY-706 PHYSICS OF SOLAR CELLS. Review of Semiconductor properties Introduction to Energy Sources, Crystal Structure and Orientations, Forbidden Energy Gaps, Probability of Occupation of Allowed States, Electrons and Holes, Energy Density of Allowed States, Densities of Electrons and Holes, Band Model of a Group IV Semiconductors, Group III and V Dopants, Location of Fermi Level in Doped Semiconductors, Carrier Transport Through Drift and Diffusion. Interaction of Light with Semiconductors, Recombination Processes. p-n Junction Diodes and Other Devices Structures Electrostatic of p-n Junctions, Junction Capacitance, Carrier Injection, Diffusive Flow in Quasi-Neutral Regions, Dark and Illuminated Characteristics, Homojunctions, Semiconductor Heterojunctions, Metal-Semiconductor Heterojunctions, Low-Resistance Contacts, MIS Solar Cells, Photoelectrochemical Cells, Materials and Structural Characteristics affecting Cell Performance, Short-Circuit Current Limits & Losses, OpenCircuit Voltage Limits & Losses, Effect of Temperature, Fill Factor Losses, Efficiency Measurement and its Improvements. Design of Solar Cells and Modules Optimal Cell Design Consideration, Collection Probability of Generated Carriers, Junction Depth, Lateral esistance of Top Layer, Doping of Substrates, Back Surface Fields, TopLayer Limitations, Dead Layers, High Doping Effects, Contribution to Saturation Current Density, Top-Contact Design, Optical Design, Antireflection coating Textured Surfaces, Spectral Response, Solar Cell Modules. Solar Cell Materials & Applications Amorphous-Silicon Solar Cells, Cadmium Sulphide-Copper Sulphide Solar Cells, Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells, Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells, copper Temary and Quaternary Chalcopyrite Solar Cells, Advanced Concentrator Solar Cells, Energy Storage, Uses of Solar Cells in Water Pumping and in Residential Systems, Central Power Plants for Space Applications. Recommended Books Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications by Martin A. Green, Prentice-Hall, Inc., (1982). Solar Energy Utilization by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers-Dehli (1991). Solar energy Conversion: The Solar Cells by Richard C. Neville, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, (1978). Solar Cells: From Basic to Advanced Systems by Chenming Hu & Richard M. White, McGraw Hill Book Company (1983).

PHY-707 CHALCOPYRITE SEMICONDUCTORS Crystalline & Amorphous Semiconductor Materials Materials used in solid-state devices and in basic research, Preparation & measurement of semi conducting materials, Silicon and germanium, Other element semiconductor, III-V compounds, II-VI compounds, Ternary and quaternary compounds, Very-narrow-gap semiconductors, Oxide semiconductors, Refractory semiconductors, Superconducting semiconductors, Magnetic semiconductors, Organic semiconductors, Low-mobility semiconductors, Amorphous semiconductors. The Chalcopyrite Structure and Crystal Growth The Chalcopyrite structure, Phase transition in chalcopyrite crystals, Tetrahedral coordinated compounds, Dissociation pressure of chalcopyrite compounds, Phase relationship in mixed I-III-VI2 systems, General consideration of crystal growth, Growth of I-III-VI2 crystals, Mechanical behaviour of chalcopyrite compounds. Electronic Structure of I-III-VI2 Semiconductors Introduction, Valence band structure, Temperature dependence of the direct energy gap, pd hybridization, Exciton optical properties. Electrical Properties Electrical Properties of I-III-VI2 compounds, Annealing characteristics, Transport measurements of sulfides, selenides, and tellurides. Luminescence Luminescence spectra of I-III-VI2 compounds, Stimulated emission spectra of I-III-V2 compounds, CdS-CuGaS2 electroluminescent diodes. Recommended Books Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Properties and applications, J.L. Shay and J.H. Wernick, Pergamon Press.

PHY-708 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 1. Electromagnetic Theory Introduction, Complex function formation, Consideration of Energy and Power in Electromagnetic fields, Wave propagation in Isotropic media, Wave propagation in Crystals. 2. The Propagation of Rays & Beams Introduction, Lens Wave Guide, Propagation of Rays between miners, Rays in hence like media, Wave equation in Quadratic index media, Gussian beam in homogeneous medium, Fundamental Gussian beam in a lens like medium, ABCD law. 3. Properties of Optical Beam in Fibers Introduction, Wave Propagation in Cylindrical coordinates, Step Index circular wave guides, linearly polarized waves, graded index fibers. 4. Optical Resonators.

Introduction fabry perot Etalon, fabry perot Etalon as optical spectrum analyzer, optical resonator with spherical mirrors, modes, resonance frequencies in optical resonators, losses, diffraction theory. 5. Theory of Laser Oscillation and some Laser Systems. Introduction fibry perot laser, power in laser oscillators, laser oscillation and mode locking, pumping and laser efficiency, ruby laser, Nd+3: YAG Laser, Neodymium glass laser, CO2 laser, Ar laser, Excimer Laser, Organic dye Laser.Propagation, Modulation and Oscillation in Optical Dielectric Waveguides: Introduction, Wave Guide modes, TE&TM modes, Theory of coupled modes, periodic wave guide, Distribution feedback laser, Electro-optic modulation and mode coupling in dielectric wave guides, Directional coupling, Leaky dielectric wave guides. Recommended Books: 1. Optical by Amnon Yariv. PHY-709 PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN SOLIDS. Fundamental theory of diffusion phase transformations in solid metals and alloys; applications of thermodynamics to calculation of phase boundaries and driving forces for transformations; theory of solid-solid nucleation, diffusion growth theory, applications of thermkodynamics and nucleation and growth theory to the principal experimental systems of precipitation from solid solution, the massive transformations, the cellular and the pearlite reactions, martensitic transformations, the role of shear in diffusion phase transformations. Recommended Books Phase Transitions in Solids, (An Approach to the study of Chemistry and Physics of Solids), C.N.R. Rao and K.J. Rao, McGrow-Hill Publishing Co., New York and London, 1978.

PHY-710 PHOTOVOLTAICS MATERIALS. Characteristics of II-VI Binary and Ternary Alloys, Criteria for Choice of Window and Absorber Materials, Different Deposition Techniques for Single Crystal & Polycrystalline Materials, Effect of Annealing in Different Environment, Some Characterization Techniques such as EBIC, DLTS, Rutherford Back Scattering etc. Interface Configurations used in Solar Cells, Selection of Optimum Band gap for Photovoltaic Devices, Formation of Ohmic Contacts and their description. Text Books: Bardsley, Hurle and Mullin, Crystal Growth: A tutorial Approach, North Holland Publishing Company, 1979. S.J. Fonash, Solar Cell Device Physics, Academic Press, 1981.

Recommended Books:

P.R. Vaya, Semiconductor Materials, Narosa Publishing House,

1993. Milton Ohring, The Material Science of Thin Films, Academic press, INC. 1092.

PHY-711 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS. Dielectric fundamentals, Structure of dielectrics, Electrical conduction in dielectrics, Polarization mechanisms, Dielectric breakdown, Dielectric relaxation, Dielectric devices. Recommended Books: Physics of Solid Dielectrics, Ion Bunget & Mihai Popescu, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. Physics of Dielectric Materials, V. Tareev, Mir Publishers Moscow, 1975. Dielectrics and Waves, A. Von Hippel, Joh Wiley, New York 1959. Dielectric Materials & Applications, A. Von Hippel, Joh Wiley, New York 1954. Dielectrics, J.C. Anderson, Chapman & Hall, London, 1963. Dielectric Solids, P.A. Zaky & R.Hawley, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1970 Dielectrics, P.J. Harrop, Butterworth, London, 1972.

PHY-712 X-RAY FLOURECSCENCE Fundamental, Instrumentation and Qualitative Analysis Properties of X-rays Dispersion of X-rays and Spectrometers Excitation and Scattering of X-rays Detectors and Dead time Counting chain electronics, pulse height selection, Sine-theta amplifiers, pulse shift and distortions; Energy dispersive spectrometry Matrix effects, mass absorption coefficients, particle size and mineralogical effects, surface effects, and infinite thickness Introduction to quantitative major and trace XRFS analysis, counting statistics Selection of instrumental variables Sampling and sample preparation: crushing, grinding, binders, fluxes and fusions Setting up XRF methods and running an XRF laboratory Safety The WDXRF spectrometer The EDXRF spectrometer Qualitative analysis using wavelength and energy dispersive spectrometers Semi-quantitative analysis using wavelength scans Setting detector voltages, determination of detector resolution, setting of pulse height

selector Determination of mass absorption coefficients by transmission, calculation from major element composition, and by Compton peak measurements Quantitative major and trace element analysis using influence (alpha) coefficients and mass absorption coefficients Quantitative Analysis and Data Reduction Methods Quantitative major and trace element analysis: - Choice for angle/counting positions - Determination of background intensity - Spectral line interferences - X-ray tube line interferences - Compton peaks - Standards and Standardization - Crystal fluorescence problems and their solutions Influence factors and alpha-coefficients Software for major and trace element data reduction Special sample preparation techniques Quality of data and error-checking procedures Micro-sample analysis (EDXRFS and WDXRFS) Applications of XRFS in industry Recommeded books: 1. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, by B. D. Cullity, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Philippines, 2000. 2. X-ray Diffraction Procedures, by Harold P. Klug and Leroy E. Alexander, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A., 1974. PHY-713 STRUCTURAL THERMODYNAMICS OF ALLOYS Fundamental concepts of classical thermodynamics of solid solutions in equilibrium states:

Variation of thermodynamic functions with composition at constant pressure or volume and temperature, classification of different types of homogeneous solid solutions according to expression of free energy, experimental determination of curves of activity and of free energy, conditions for de-mixing of solid solutions, equilibrium diagrams, statistical thermodynamics of solid solutions

Structural thermodynamics of alloys not in equilibrium state:

Evolution of structure towards equiulibrium, hardening by precipitation, thermodynamics consideration on formation of metastable phases during ageing of very hard alloys, theory

of precipitation, growth of precipitates formed by homogeneous nucleation, discontinuous precipitation, martensitic transformations in alloys. Recommended books: 1. Structural Thermodynamics of Alloys, by Jack Manenc, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Boston, U.S.A, 1973. 2. Thermodynamics of Materials(Vol. 1), by David V. Ragone, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A., 1995.

PHY-714 PERMANENT MAGNETIC MATERIALS 1. Introduction: Basis of permanent magnetism: Moments, magnetization and magnetic fields, Atomicscale magnetism, Extrinsic properties, Magnetic materials: Classification, Permanent magnets 2. Basic magnetism: Fields and interactions: Electromagnetic fields, Quantum theory of atomic magnetism, Dirac equation and spin moment, Magnetic forces and susceptibilities, *Diatomic twoelectron exchange, *Many-body models and approximations, Magneto-static interactions, Magnetic ions: Atomic wave-functions, Ionic moments, *Charge distribution, Ionic excitations, Magnetic order: Zero-temperature magnetic order, Finite-temperature models and approximations, *Beyond the mean-field theory, Itinerant magnetism: The magnetism of free electrons, Band structure and moment formation, *Spin fluctuations 3. Anisotropy and coercivity: Magnetic anisotropy: Phenomenology, Physical origin of anisotropy, Rare-earth anisotropy, 3d anisotropy, Temperature dependence, Basic micro magnetics: *The micromagnetic energy functional, Domains and domain walls, Coherent rotation, Nucleation in homogeneous ellipsoids, Extrinsic properties: Hysteresis loops, Origin of coercivity, Nucleation in inhomogeneous permanent magnets, Pinning, Nano-structured permanent magnets, Magnetic viscosity: *Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, The logarithmic law, Micro-structural origin of magnetic viscosity References: Permanent Magnetism, R. Skomski and J. M. D. Coey, Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd. 1999, ISBN 07503-0478-2 PHY-715 INORGANIC GLASS SYSTEMS Fundamentals of glassy state, Glass formation principles, Methods of producing glass, Structure of glasses, Composition -structure - property relationship, Phase separation, Density and thermal expansion, Transport properties,electronic conduction, Mechanical properties, optical properties, Dielectric properties, Glass technology. Recommended Books:

1. Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, Arun K. Varshneya, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, 1994. 2. Glass Science, Robert H. Doremus, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973. Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, James E. Shelby, the Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1997 s