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Energy Conservation Equation Derivation

This document derives the general form of the energy equation used in fluid dynamics by starting with the basic energy equation and making substitutions using definitions from thermodynamics. It introduces concepts like enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Through multiple steps of differentiation and substitution, it arrives at the final form of the energy equation relating the rate of change of internal energy to temperature, pressure, advection, diffusion, and compression/expansion terms.

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Sanket Shah
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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204 views11 pages

Energy Conservation Equation Derivation

This document derives the general form of the energy equation used in fluid dynamics by starting with the basic energy equation and making substitutions using definitions from thermodynamics. It introduces concepts like enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Through multiple steps of differentiation and substitution, it arrives at the final form of the energy equation relating the rate of change of internal energy to temperature, pressure, advection, diffusion, and compression/expansion terms.

Uploaded by

Sanket Shah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Conservation of Energy-22

Derivation
The energy equation is:
Using the definition and simplifying
Q u P gw
V
Dt
D
z
T
k
z y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
+ + +

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

= .
2 Dt
De
2

V
2
Using the definition and simplifying
gives the above equation gives:
( ) Q u P T k u + = . .

Dt
D

gz
V
u e + + =
2

2
(13.1)
Conservation of Energy-23
Derivation
The equ
n
(13.1) is not a very convenient to use
since we wish to have temperature as the
variable.
Use thermodynamics to modify this form Use thermodynamics to modify this form
Enthalpy h is a function of pressure and
temperature:
dP
P
h
dT C
dP
P
h
dT
T
h
dh
P T h h
T
P
T P
|

+ =
|

+
|

=
= ) , (
(13.2)
Conservation of Energy-24
Derivation
The second term in equ
n
(13.2) is not easily
usable and needs manipulation
Entropy s is also a function of T and P.
P T s s = ) , (
For an isothermal process
dP
P
s
dT
T
s
ds
P T s s
T P
|

+
|

=
= ) , (

T T
h s
dh dP ds dP
p p
| |
= =
| |


(13.3)
Conservation of Energy-25
Derivation
Again from thermodynamics we borrow the
following relationship:
For an isothermal process substitute equ
n
vdp Tds dh + = (13.4)
For an isothermal process substitute equ
n
(13.3) in equ
n
(13.4) :
The second term is not easily usable and
needs modification
T T
h s
dP T dP vdP
P P

| |
= +
| |


(13.5)
Conservation of Energy-26
Derivation
Again from thermodynamics borrow the
equation for the Gibbs Free Energy
g is also a function P and T. Therefore
sdT vdP dg =
(13.6)
g is also a function P and T. Therefore
Comparing equ
n
(13.6) and equ
n
(13.7):
( , )
T
P
g g T P
g g
dg dP dT
P T
=
|

|
= +
| |


1
;
T
g
P

|
=
|


(13.7)
(13.8)
P
g
s
T

|
=
|


(13.9)
Conservation of Energy-27
Derivation
Differentiate equ
n
(13.8) with T
Note that the derivative of g with respect to
2
1
P
g
T P T
| |
=
|

\
(13.10)
Note that the derivative of g with respect to
P can be a function of T even though T is
maintained constant in the process
Differentiate equ
n
(13.9) with P
2
T
g s
P T P

|
=
|


(13.11)
Conservation of Energy-28
Derivation
Equate equ
n
(13.10) with equ
n
(13.11):
Substitute equ
n
(13.12) in equ
n
(13.5)
1
T
P
s
P T
| |
|
=
| |

\
(13.12)
Substitute equ
n
(13.12) in equ
n
(13.5)

1 1

1 1

2
+
|

=
+
|
|

\
|

=
+
|

=
|

P
T T
T
T
T
T
P
s
T
P
h
(13.13)
Conservation of Energy-29
Derivation
Using the definition of coefficient of thermal
expansion
Use equ
n
(13.14) in equ
n
(13.13) to get:
P
T
|

1
(13.14)
Use equ
n
(13.14) in equ
n
(13.13) to get:
Use in equ
n
(13.2)
) 1 (
1 1
T
T
P
h
T

= + =
|

dP T dT C dh
P
) 1 (
1

+ =
(13.15)
Conservation of Energy-30
Derivation
Note that for an ideal gas =1/T and therefore
Note that for an incompressible fluid also
.
dT C dh
P
=
(13.16)
.
For an incompressible fluid h=h(T) i.e. putting
=0 in equ
n
(13.15) is meaningless
From thermodynamics definition of enthalpy:
dT C dh
P
=
1

h u P

= +
(13.17)
(13.18)
Conservation of Energy-31
Derivation
Differentiate equ
n
(13.18)

d
dt

d 1
u dh dv dP
P v
dt dt dt
u dh d dP
P


=
= +
(13.19)
Use continuity equ
n
(10.7) in equ
n
(13.19):

d 1
dt
u dh d dP
P
dt dt dt

= +
dt
dP
u P
dt
dP
T
dt
dT
C
P
+ = . ) 1 (

d
.
dt
u dh dP
P u
dt dt
=
(13.19)
Conservation of Energy-32
Derivation
The final relationship between internal energy and
temperature is therefore
Now substitute in the energy equation
u P
dt
dP
T
dt
dT
C
dt
u d
P
.

= (13.20)
Now substitute in the energy equation
The above is the final form of the energy equation
we use in future.
Q
dt
dP
T T k
dt
dT
C
Q u P T k u P
dt
dP
T
dt
dT
C
P
P
+ + =
+ =


. or,
. ) .( .
(13.21)

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