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h h 2
6µU 2
Z Z
3U
φ= Φ dy = µ − 2y dy = .
−h −h h h
c) Write the mechanical energy equation for this flow. Integrate over the channel width and relate the
total dissipation φ to the pressure gradient and the mass flux.
The mechanical energy equation is obtained by multiplying the Navier-Stokes equations by ui (the
energy is ρ(1/2)ui ui ). One gets
D 1 ∂p ∂τij
ρ ui ui = ρFi ui − ui + ui .
Dt 2 ∂xi ∂xj
1
the energy equation reduces to
∂
0 = uP + (uτxy ) − Φ.
∂y
Integrating across the channel each term in the expression above, one obtains for the first term
Z h Z h
uP dy = P udy = QP,
−h −h
where Q is the flow rate. This term represents the work rate by pressure forces.
The second term Z h
∂ h
(uτxy ) dy = [(uτxy )]−h = 0
−h ∂y
due to the no-slip boundary conditions.
Rh
The third term is the total dissipation φ = −h
Φ dy defined above. Summarising
Z h
0 = QP − Φ dy.
−h
One can check the results, using the expression for φ obtained in b). Just recall that
Z h
Q= udy = 2U h,
−h
3µU
and the pressure gradient can be expressed in terms of U as P = h2 . Therefore QP = 6µU 2 /h = φ.
2
Y
−h
Figure 1: Coordinate system for plane Poiseuille flow.
µU 2 µcp U 2
= .
K∆T K cp ∆T
U2 M 2 a2w M 2 γRTW M 2 TW
= = = (γ − 1) .
cp ∆T cp ∆T cp ∆T ∆T
∂2T ∗
+ P r E 9y ∗2 = 0,
∂y ∗2
∂T ∗ 9
+ P r E y ∗3 = C,
∂y ∗ 3
3
T ∗ + P r E y ∗4 = Cy ∗ + D.
4
3
C and D are determined imposing the boundary conditions at y ∗ = ±1.
1 3 1
D= 1 + P rE ; C = − .
2 2 2
The solution is composed of two parts, the first, linear in y, is the temperature distribution one would obtain
in the presence of a temperature difference between the two walls. The second, fourth order contribution, is
the heating due to dissipation in the fluid.
0.5 Pr E
y*
−0.5
−1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
T*
b) Write the heat flux at the wall. Determine the value of P rE for which the heat flux at the lower wall is
zero.
∂T ∗
1 3 ∗3
1
|y∗ =−1 = − + P rE −4y = (−1 + 6P rE).
∂y ∗ 2 4 y ∗ =−1 2
The wall heat flux is
∂T K ∂T ∗ K 1
qy = −K |y=−h = − ∆T ∗ |y∗ =−1 = − ∆T (−1 + 6P rE).
∂y h ∂y h 2
Normalising
qy K∆T 1
=− (−1 + 6P rE) =
ρcp U ∆T hρcp U ∆T 2
K/(ρcp ) κ 1 1
− (−1/2 + 3P rE) = − (−1/2 + 3P rE) = − (−1/2 + 3P rE).
hU Uh Re P r
Thus qy = 0 if P rE = 1/6.