1

DHAFAMPALCOLLECTED VHITINGS

Volunc III


THE DEAUTIFUL TFEE
















2
DHAFAMPAL COLLECTED VHITINGS
Volunc I
Indian Scicncc and TccInology in iIc EigIiccniI Ccniury
Volunc II
Civil Disolcdicncc in Indian Tradiiion
VoIume III
Tbe BeautIIuI Tree: IndIgenous IndIan EducatIon
In tbe EIgbteentb Century
Volunc IV
PancIayai Faj and India's Poliiy
Volunc V
Essays on Tradiiion, Fccovcry and Frccdon
3
THE DEAUTIFUL TFEE

Indgcnous Indun Educuton n tIc EgItccntI Ccntu

I
DIaranal















OiIcr India Prcss
Mausa 403 507, Coa, India
4
Tbe BeautIIuI Tree
Dy DIaranal


Firsi Ediiion (1983} ly Dillia Inc
Sccond Ediiion (1995} ly KccriIi PullisIing Housc and AVP
Prinicrs and PullisIcrs, Coinlaiorc

TIs cdton s uIsIcd us ut o u sccu coccton o
DIuunu`s utngs, I.
OiIcr India Prcss
Mausa 403 507, Coa, India.


CoyrigIi (2000} DIaranal


Covcr Dcsign ly Orijii Scn



DstIutcd I.
OiIcr India Doolsiorc,
Alovc Mausa Clinic,
Mausa 403 507 Coa, India.
PIonc. 91-832-263306; 256479. Fa. 91-832-263305

OIP oc cgudng cnuonncntu concnsuton.
5% of iIc lisi ricc of iIis lool will lc nadc availallc ly OiIcr
India Prcss io ncci iIc cosis of raising naiural forcsis on rivaic
and connuniiy lands in ordcr io concnsaic for iIc ariial usc
of ircc ul in acr roduciion.




ISDN No.. 81-85569-49-5 (HD} Sci
ISDN No.. 81-85569-50-9 (PD} Sci

Prinicd ly Sujii PaiwardIan for OiIcr India Prcss ai MUDFA,
383 Narayan, Punc 411 030, India.
5
In ncnory
of SIri JayaralasI Narayan
for
Iis unflagging inicrcsi and guidancc
in iIis worl.
6
...TIut docs not nsI tIc ctuc. Vc Iuuc tIc cducuton o tIs
utuc stutc. I su utIout cu o n gucs Icng cIucngcd
succcssu, tIut todu Indu s noc tcutc tIun t uus t o
u Iundcd cus ugo, und so s Hunu, Iccuusc tIc HtsI
udnnstutos, uIcn tIc cunc to Indu, nstcud o tuIng Iod o
tIngs us tIc ucc, Icgun to oot tIcn out. TIc scutcIcd tIc
so und Icgun to ooI ut tIc oot, und ct tIc oot Ic tIut, und
tIc Icuutu tcc csIcd. TIc uugc scIoos ucc not good
cnougI o tIc HtsI udnnstuto, so Ic cunc out utI Is
ogunnc. Euc scIoo nust Iuuc so nucI uuIcnuu,
Iudng, und so otI. Vc, tIcc ucc no sucI scIoos ut u.
TIcc uc stutstcs ct I u HtsI udnnstuto uIcI sIou
tIut, n uccs uIcc tIc Iuuc cucd out u suuc, unccnt
scIoos Iuuc gonc I tIc Ioud, Iccuusc tIcc uus no ccognton
o tIcsc scIoos, und tIc scIoos cstuIsIcd utc tIc Euocun
uttcn ucc too cxcnsuc o tIc coc, und tIccoc tIc
coud not ossI ouctuIc tIc tIng. I dc unIod to u u
ogunnc o conuso nu cducuton o tIcsc nusscs
nsdc o u ccntu. TIs uc oo count o nnc s uIc to
sustun sucI un cxcnsuc nctIod o cducuton. Ou stutc uoud
cuuc tIc od uugc scIoonustc und dot cuc uugc utI u
scIoo IotI o Ios und gs.
(MAHATMA CANDHI AT CHATHAM HOUSE, LONDON,
OCTODEF 20, 1931}
...I Iuuc not ct o tIc usut o tIc suIcct o cducuton n tIc
uugcs dung tIc c-HtsI cod. I un n cocsondcncc utI
scucu cducutonsts. TIosc uIo Iuuc ccd do suot n ucu
Iut do not oducc uutIot tIut uoud Ic uccctcd us oo. M
cudcc o cscntncnt st nuIcs nc cng to tIc stutcncnt I
nudc ut CIutIun Housc. I don`t uunt to utc Iutng n
Harijan. You don`t uunt nc ncc to su tIut tIc oo I Iud n
nnd Ius Iccn cIucngcd I ou!
(CANDHIJI TO SIF PHILIP HAFTOC, SECAON,
AUCUST, 1939}
7
CONTENTS
Prcfacc 1
Iniroduciion 7
DOCUMENTS.
A. Survcy of Indigcnous Educaiion in iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy 1822-26 89
D. Fra Paolino Da Dariolonco on Educaiion of CIildrcn
in India, 1796 256
C. Alcandcr Wallcr on Indian Educaiion, Liicraiurc,
cic., circa, 1820 262
D. Eiracis fron W. Adan's Stutc o Educuton n
Hcngu. lSJ5-JS 270
E. Eiracis fron C.W. Lciincr's Hsto o Educuton n
tIc PunuI sncc Anncxuton und n lSS2 343
F. Corrcsondcncc lciwccn Sir PIili Hariog and
MaIaina CandIi on iIc Qucsiion of Indigcnous
Indian Educaiion in iIc Early DriiisI Pcriod,
and oiIcr acrs 348
C. Lisi of Tanjorc Tcnlcs Fccciving Fcvcnuc
Assignncnis 386
Lisi of Individuals in Tanjorc rccciving Fcvcnuc
Assignncnis 413
Indc 421

8
1
Prcfacc
A grcai dcal of scIolarly worl Ias lccn ullisIcd on iIc Iisiory
of cducaiion in India, csccially during iIc 1930s, and 1940s. In
faci, wriiings on iIc suljcci, iniiially ly DriiisI officials-cun-
scIolars, siaricd io acar as carly as iIc nid-ninciccniI ccn-
iury. Mosi of iIcsc Iisiorics, Iowcvcr, rclaic io iIc ancicni
criod, sonciincs going as far lacl as iIc icniI or iwclfiI
ccniury A.D. OiIcrs dcal wiiI iIc Iisiory of cducaiion during
DriiisI rulc and iIcrcaficr. Dcsidcs dciailcd scIolarly worls on
sccific ancicni cducaiional insiiiuiions (sucI as iIosc ai
Nalanda or Taila}, iIcrc arc norc gcncral worls lilc iIai of A.S.
Aliclar
1
on iIc ancicni criod. For iIc laicr criod, iIcrc Iavc
lccn scvcral ullicaiions. lcsidcs iIc iwo voluncs of Sccctons
on Educutonu Hccods, ullisIcd and rcccnily rcrinicd ly
iIc Covcrnncni of India iisclf,
2
iIc worl of S. NurullaI and J.P.
Nail nay lc ncniioncd Icrc.
3
TIc laiicr worl is inicrcsiingly
dcscrilcd ly iIc iwo auiIors (iIus indicaiing iis iinc and nood}
as an aiicni ai a 'wcll-docuncnicd and conrcIcnsivc accouni
of Indian cducaiional Iisiory during iIc lasi onc Iundrcd and
siiy ycars and io inicrrci ii fron iIc Indian oini of vicw.'
4

FcacIing a far widcr audicncc is iIc voluninous worl of
Pandii Sundarlal, firsi ullisIcd in 1939,
5
iIougI crIas lcss
acadcnic. TIc 36iI cIaicr of iIis cclclraicd worl cniiilcd, 'TIc
Dcsiruciion of Indian Indigcnous Educaiion', runs inio 40 agcs,
2
and quoics cicnsivcly fron various DriiisI auiIoriiics. TIcsc
san alnosi a ccniury. fron iIc DisaicI fron England of 3rd
Junc 1814 io iIc Covcrnor Ccncral in India, io iIc olscrvaiions
of Ma Mucllcr; and iIc 1909 rcnarls of iIc DriiisI lalour
lcadcr, Kcir Hardic. Howcvcr, givcn iIc criod in wIicI iIc lool
was wriiicn and iIc inacccssililiiy of iIc dciailcd nanuscrii
rccords, ii was incviiallc iIai iIc auiIor Iad io lasc Iis worl
cniircly on cisiing rinicd sourccs. NcvcriIclcss, as an
iniroduciion, iIis cIaicr of HIuut ncn Angc Hu is a
landnarl on iIc suljcci of indigcnous Indian cducaiion in iIc
laic 18iI and carly 19iI ccniurics.
Vcry liiilc, Iowcvcr, Ias lccn wriiicn on iIc Iisiory, or
siaic of cducaiion during iIis criod, siariing wiiI iIc iIiriccniI
ccniury and u uniil iIc carly ninciccniI ccniury. Undoulicdly,
iIcrc arc a fcw worls lilc iIai of S.M. Jaffar
6
criaining io
Muslin cducaiion. TIcrc arc a cIaicr or iwo, or sonc cursory
rcfcrcnccs in nosi cducaiional Iisiorics criaining io iIc criod
of DriiisI rulc, and io iIc dccaycd siaic of indigcnous Indian
cducaiion in iIc laic cigIiccniI and carly ninciccniI ccniurics.
NurullaI and Nail's lool
7
dcvoics iIc firsi 43 agcs (oui of 643
agcs} io discussing iIc siaic of indigcnous cducaiion in iIc
carly ninciccniI ccniury, and in cIallcnging ccriain laicr DriiisI
vicws aloui iIc naiurc and cicni of ii.
Mosi of iIc discussion on iIc siaic of indigcnous Indian
cducaiion in iIc carly ninciccniI ccniury, and iIc diffcring vicw-
oinis wIicI givc risc io ii, usc as iIcir sourcc naicrial (a} iIc
nucI iallcd aloui rcoris ly Willian Adan, a forncr CIrisiian
nissionary, on indigcnous cducaiion in sonc of iIc disiricis of
Dcngal and DiIar 1835-8,
8
(l} ullisIcd ciracis of a survcy
nadc ly iIc DriiisI auiIoriiics rcgarding indigcnous cducaiion
in iIc Donlay Prcsidcncy during iIc 1820s,
9
and (c} ullisIcd
ciracis fron anoiIcr widcr survcy of indigcnous cducaiion
nadc
3
in iIc Madras Prcsidcncy (fron Canjan in iIc noriI io
Tinncvclly in iIc souiI, and Malalar in iIc wcsi} during 1822-
25.
10
A nucI laicr worl on iIc suljcci, lui norc or lcss of a
sinilar naiurc is iIai of C.W. Lciincr criaining io indigcnous
cducaiion in iIc Punjal.
11

Anongsi iIc alovc-ncniioncd sourccs, C.W. Lciincr's
worl, lascd on carlicr govcrnncnial docuncnis and on Iis own
survcy, is iIc nosi cliciily criiical of DriiisI olicics. Ii Iolds
iIc DriiisI auiIoriiics rcsonsillc for iIc dccay, and cvcn iIc
dcsiruciion of indigcnous cducaiion in iIc PunjaliIc arca
wiiI wIicI Iis lool is conccrncd. TIc rcoris of Adan, as wcll
as iIc rcoris of sonc of iIc collcciors in iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy
12
rcfcr lilcwisc io iIc dccay of indigcnous cducaiion
in iIc arcas of India wiiI wIicI iIcy wcrc conccrncd. Of coursc,
iIcy do so nucI lcss cliciilyand in languagc norc suiicd io
DriiisI officcrs and gcnilcncn(Lciincr, iIougI a DriiisI
official, was 'noi an EnglisInan'}.
13

MaIaina CandIi's long addrcss ai iIc Foyal Insiiiuic of
Inicrnaiional Affairs, London on 20 Ociolcr, 1931, siaicd iIai
liicracy Iad dcclincd in India in iIc asi 50-100 ycars and Icld
iIc DriiisI rcsonsillc for ii. TIc siaicncni rovidcd a rcal cdgc
io iIc olscrvaiions of Adan, Lciincr, and oiIcrs and io iIc vicw
wIicI Indians Iad Icld for dccadcs. Ii was iIcn iIai all iIc
alovc sourccs rclaiing io indigcnous cducaiion in iIc carlicr
ari of iIc ninciccniI ccniury assuncd iIcir grcai inoriancc.
TIc crson wIo, crIas noi only as an individual, lui also as a
rcrcscniaiivc of DriiisI rulc in India, conicsicd wIai CandIiji
Iad said was Sir PIili Hariog, onc iinc vicc-cIanccllor of Dacca
Univcrsiiy, and cIairnan of iIc 'auiliary conniiicc of iIc
Indian Siaiuiory Connission'. Hc aslcd CandIiji for 'rccisc
rcfcrcnccs io iIc rinicd docuncnis on wIicI' CandIiji's 'siaic-
ncnis wcrc lascd.'
14
Noi finding saiisfaciion (during nucI of
iIis criod CandIiji and Iis collcagucs wcrc in rison} Hariog,
four
4
ycars laicr dclivcrcd a scrics of iIrcc lcciurcs ai iIc Univcrsiiy of
London Insiiiuic of Educaiion wiiI iIc ain of counicring
CandIiji's siaicncni. Aficr adding iIrcc ncnoranda and
ncccssary rcfcrcnccs, Hariog goi iIcsc ullisIcd in lool forn in
1939.
15

Counicring CandIiji and iIc carlicr sourccs in iIis
nanncr, Sir PIili Hariog was rcally noi lcing original. Hc was
ncrcly following a wcll-iroddcn DriiisI aiI in dcfcncc of DriiisI
acis and olicics in India; a aiI wIicI Iad lccn cIaricd sonc
125 ycars carlicr ly Willian Willcrforcc, laicr considcrcd as iIc
faiIcr of Viciorian England, in iIc DriiisI Housc of Connons.
16

Hariog Iad lccn rcccdcd in Iis own iinc in a sinilar cnicrrisc
ly W.H. Morcland, wIo could noi accci Vinccni SniiI's
olscrvaiion iIai 'iIc Iircd lalourcr in iIc iinc of Allar and
JaIangir rolally Iad norc io cai in ordinary ycars iIan Ic Ias
now.'
17
SniiI's cIallcngc acars io Iavc lcd Morcland fron iIc
lifc of a rciircd scnior rcvcnuc sciilcncni officcr inio iIc rolc of
an ccononic Iisiorian of India.
18
Quiic undcrsiandally, ai lcasi
iill iIc 1940s, and lurdcncd as iIcy wcrc wiiI a scnsc of
nission, iIc DriiisI could noi accci any criiicisn of iIcir
aciions, dclilcraic, or oiIcrwisc, in India (or clscwIcrc} during
iIc iwo ccniurics of iIcir rulc.
A najor ari of iIc docuncnis rcroduccd in iIis lool
criain io iIc Madras Prcsidcncy Indigcnous Educaiion Survcy.
TIcsc wcrc firsi sccn ly iIis wriicr in 1966. As ncniioncd
alovc, an alsiraci of iIis survcy was includcd in iIc Housc of
Connons Pacrs as carly as 1831-32. Yci, wIilc nany scIolars
nusi Iavc conc across iIc dciailcd naicrial in iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy Disirici Fccords, as wcll as iIc Prcsidcncy Fcvcnuc
Fccords (iIc laiicr incidcnially cisi in Madras as wcll as in
London}, for sonc unclaincd rcasons iIis naicrial sccns io
Iavc cscacd acadcnic aiicniion. TIc rcccni Madras Univcrsiiy
docioral iIcsis criaining io iIc various Madras Prcsidcncy
disiricis covcring iIis criod also docs noi sccn io Iavc nadc
any usc of iIis daia, dcsiic iIc faci iIai sonc of ii docs coniain
sonc occasional rcfcrcncc io naiicrs of cducaiion.
TIc Hcuutu Tcc is noi lcing rcscnicd wiiI a vicw io
dccry DriiisI rulc. FaiIcr, ii is iIc coniinuaiion of an cffori io
5
conrcIcnd, io iIc cicni ii is ossillc for iIis auiIor, iIrougI
naicrial of iIis lind rclaiing io iIc laic cigIiccniI and carly
ninciccniI ccniurics, iIc rcaliiy of iIc India of iIis criod. iis
sociciy, iis infra-siruciurc, iis nanncrs and insiiiuiions, iIcir
sircngiIs and wcalncsscs. TIc lool ioucIcs on anoiIcr ascci
of iIis India in norc or lcss iIc sanc nanncr as iIc auiIor's
iwo carlicr lools in iIis ficld, Indun Sccncc und TccInoog n
tIc EgItccntI Ccntu,
19
and Cu DsoIcdcncc n Indun
Tudton.
20
FuriIcrnorc, an aiicni Ias lccn nadc in iIc
Iniroduciion io siiuaic iIc infornaiion on iIc indigcnous Indian
cducaiion of iIc criod in iis icnoral conici and, wiiI iIai in
vicw, lricf ncniion is nadc of iIc siaic of cducaiion in England
uniil iIc lcginning of iIc ninciccniI ccniury.
A nunlcr of fricnds Iavc ialcn inicrcsi in iIis naicrial
and offcrcd nc iIcir valuallc advicc and oinion during iIc asi
scvcral ycars. I an graicful io all of iIcn. WiiIoui iIcir suori
and cncouragcncni, iIis worl nay ncvcr Iavc lccn conlcicd.
Evcn norc so, I an grcaily indclicd io iIc Univcrsiiy of Oford
for lcing lind cnougI io consuli iIcir Univcrsiiy arcIivcs in
ordcr io answcr sonc of ny qucrics criaining io iIc acadcnic
courscs, cic., ai Oford ai iIc lcginning of iIc ninciccniI
ccniury. Sinilarly, I an nucI olligcd io iIc India Officc Lilrary
& Fccords (I.O.F.}, and io Mr Mariin Moir in ariicular, for
sulying nc wiiI coics of iIc Hariog-CandIi corrcsondcncc.
I an also olligcd io iIc A.N. SinIa Insiiiuic of Social Siudics,
Paina, for offcring nc a scnior fcllowsIi of iIc insiiiuic during
1972-73 and io iIc CandIian Insiiiuic of Siudics, Varanasi, iIc
CandIi Pcacc Foundaiion, Ncw DclIi, iIc CandIi Scva SangI,
Scvagran, and iIc Associaiion of Voluniary Agcncics for Fural
Dcvcloncni, Ncw DclIi, for inicrcsi in and suori io iIis
vcniurc, as occasion dcnandcd.
TIc ici of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy naicrial (includcd in iIc
Anncurcs}, iIougI firsi consulicd in iIc India Officc Lilrary, is
ialcn fron iIc rccords in iIc Tanilnadu Siaic ArcIivcs (rc-
viously iIc Madras Fccord Officc}. For iIis faciliiy, and for nucI
lindncss and considcraiion sIown io nc, ny iIanls go io iIc
fairly ovcr-worlcd siaff of iIc ArcIivcs. TIc noic ly Alcandcr
Wallcr, also rcroduccd Icrc, is fron iIc Wallcr of Dowland
6
Pacrs in iIc Naiional Lilrary of Scoiland, EdinlurgI. My
sinccrc iIanls go io iIc Naiional Lilrary for crnission and
faciliiics io consuli iIcsc and oiIcr acrs, as also io iIc
ScoiiisI Fccord Officc, iIc Univcrsiiy of EdinlurgI, and iIc
Uiiar PradcsI Siaic ArcIivcs, AllaIalad, for sinilar crnission
and faciliiics.
Finally, I an Ionourcd ly iIc AsIran PraiisIiIan,
Scvagran, for cicnding nc an inviiaiion io wriic iIis lool in
iIc AsIran, and for roviding nc iIc ncccssary faciliiics and for
ircaiing nc as onc of iIcir own. Conlciing iIis worl living ncar
CandIiji's Iui Ias indccd lccn a grcai rivilcgc.

TIc iiilc of iIis lool Ias lccn ialcn fron iIc scccI wIicI
MaIaina CandIi Iad nadc ai CIaiIan Housc, London, on 20
Ociolcr, 1931. Hc Iad said.
...iIc DriiisI adninisiraiors, wIcn iIcy canc io India,
insicad of ialing Iold of iIings as iIcy wcrc, lcgan io rooi
iIcn oui. TIcy scraicIcd iIc soil and lcgan io lool ai iIc
rooi, and lcfi iIc rooi lilc iIai, and tIc Icuutu tcc cr-
isIcd.
TIc suliiilc Ias also lccn cIoscn accordingly. AliIougI
iIc Madras Prcsidcncy daia wIicI forns iIc lull of iIis lool
was collccicd during 1822-25, iIc cducaiional sysicn io wIicI
iIc daia criaincd was nucI oldcr. Ii was siill iIc doninani
sysicn during iIc 18iI ccniury, aficr wIicI ii siaricd dccaying
vcry raidly. TIc Adan Fcoris rcflcci iIai dcclinc in iIc fouriI
dccadc of iIc 19iI ccniury.

Fclruary 19, 1981. DHAFAMPAL
AsIran PraiisIiIan,
Scvagran.

Noics
1. A.S. Aliclar. Educuton n Anccnt Indu, 2nd Ed., Dcnarcs, 1944.
2. Naiional ArcIivcs of India. Sccctons on tIc Educutonu Hccods,
I.1781-1839, II.1840-1859 ly H.SIar and J.A. FicIcy 1920, 1922
(rcrinicd 1965}.
3. Sycd NurullaI and J.P. Nail. Hsto o Educuton n Indu dung tIc
HtsI Pcod, Donlay, 1943.
4. IId, Prcfacc.
5. HIuut ncn Angc Hu (in Hindi}. WIilc iis firsi cdiiion in 1929 was
inncdiaicly lanncd ly iIc DriiisI, ii was again ullisIcd in 1939 in
iIrcc voluncs (1780 agcs}, and Ias noi only lccn rcullisIcd again,
lui Ias lcconc a classic of iis lind, roviding a dciailcd accouni (ri
6. S.M. Jaffar. Educuton n Musn Indu, PcsIawar, 1936.
7. Hsto o Educuton n Indu dung tIc HtsI cod, l94J.
8. W. Adan. Hcots on tIc Stutc o Educuton n Hcngu lSJ5 und lSJS,
cdiicd ly AnaiInaiI Dasu and rcrinicd, Calcuiia, 1941.
7
9. Housc of Connons Pacrs, 1831-32, Vol.9.
10. IId., .413-417, 500-507.
11. C.W. Lciincr. Hsto o Indgcnous Educuton n tIc PunuI sncc
Anncxuton, und n lSS2, lSSJ; (Fcrini. Languagcs Dci., Punjal,
Paiiala, 1973}.
12. Scc rcoris of Madras Collcciors rcroduccd in Anncurcs A(i}-(}.
13. PIili Hariog. Sonc Asccts o Indun Educuton Pust und Pcscnt,
OUP, 1939. Prcfacc, viii.
14. India Officc Lilrary. MSS EUF D 551, Hariog io MaIaina CandIi
21.10.1931.
15. Hariog. o. ct.
16. Hansard. Junc 22 and July 1, 1813.
17. V.A. SniiI. AIIu. TIc Gcut Mogu, Clarcndon Prcss, 1917, .394.
18. London. Jounu o tIc Hou Asutc Socct, l9l?, .815-825.
19. Indun Sccncc und TccInoog n tIc EgItccntI Ccntu. Sonc
Contcnou Euocun Accounts, OiIcr India Prcss, Coa, 2000.
20. Cu DsoIcdcncc n Indun Tudton. VtI sonc Eu NnctccntI
Ccntu Docuncnts, OiIcr India Prcss, Coa, 2000.
7
Iniroduciion
Indian Iisiorical lnowlcdgc, ly and largc, Ias lccn dcrivcd, ai
lcasi uniil rcccni dccadcs, fron iIc wriiings and accounis lcfi ly
forcigncrs. TIis alics cqually io our lnowlcdgc aloui iIc
siaius of Indian cducaiion ovcr iIc asi fivc ccniurics. TIc
univcrsiiics of Taila and Nalanda, and a fcw oiIcrs uniil
rcccnily Iavc lccn lciicr lnown and wriiicn aloui rinarily
lccausc iIcy Iad lccn dcscrilcd ccniurics ago ly sonc Crccl
or CIincsc iravcllcr, wIo Iacncd io lcc a journal wIicI Iad
survivcd, or Iad connunicaicd sucI infornaiion io Iis
conairiois wIo asscd ii down io our iincs.
Travcllcrs and advcniurcrs of a ncw lind lcgan io wandcr
around aris of India fron aloui 1500 A.D., and norc so fron
aloui iIc closc of iIc 16iI ccniury. Sincc for ccniurics iIc arcas
iIcy canc fron Iad Iad no dircci linls wiiI India, and as iIcy
Iad conc fron wIolly diffcrcni clinaics and sociciics, io iIcn
nosi asccis of Indiaiis nanncrs, rcligions, IilosoIics,
ancicni and conicnorary arcIiicciurc, wcaliI, lcarning, and
cvcn iis cducaiional nciIodswcrc sonciIing quiic diffcrcni
fron iIcir own laclgrounds, assuniions and ccricncc.
Prior io 1770, (ly wIicI iinc iIcy Iad lcconc aciual
rulcrs of largc arcas}, iIc DriiisI, on wIosc wriiings and rcoris
iIis lool is rinarily lascd,
1
Iad raiIcr a diffcrcni sci of
inicrcsis. TIcsc inicrcsis, as in iIc sulscqucni criod ioo, wcrc
largcly ncrcaniilc, iccInological, or wcrc conccrncd wiiI
conrcIcnding, and cvaluaiing Indian siaiccrafi; and, iIcrcly,
cicnding iIcir influcncc and doninion in India. Indian
rcligions, IilosoIics, scIolarsIi and iIc cicni of
cducaiionnoiwiiIsianding wIai a fcw of iIcn nay Iavc
wriiicn on iIc Parsis, or iIc Danias of SuraiIad scarccly
inicrcsicd iIcn uniil iIcn.
SucI a lacl of inicrcsi was duc arily io iIcir diffcrcni
ccciaiions fron India. TIc nain rcason for iIis, Iowcvcr, lay
in
8
iIc faci iIai iIc DriiisI sociciy of iIis criodfron iIc nid-
siiccniI io aloui iIc laicr ari of iIc cigIiccniI ccniuryIad
fcw sucI inicrcsis. In naiicrs lilc rcligion, IilosoIy, lcarning
and cducaiion, iIc DriiisI wcrc inirovcricd ly naiurc. Ii is noi
iIai Driiain Iad no iradiiion of cducaiion, or scIolarsIi, or
IilosoIy during iIc 16iI, 17iI, or carly 18iI ccniurics. TIis
criod roduccd figurcs lilc Francis Dacon, SIalcscarc,
Milion, Ncwion, cic. Ii Iad iIc Univcrsiiics of Oford,
Canlridgc, and EdinlurgI wIicI Iad iIcir lcginnings in iIc
13iI and 14iI ccniurics A.D. Dy iIc laicr ari of iIc 18iI
ccniury, Driiain also Iad around 500 Crannar ScIools.
Howcvcr, iIis considcrallc lcarning and scIolarsIi wcrc liniicd
io a vcry sclcci cliic. TIis lccanc csccially narlcd aficr iIc
nid-siiccniI ccniury, wIcn iIc Proicsiani rcvoluiion lcd io iIc
closing of nosi of iIc nonasicrics; wIilc iIc siaic scqucsicrcd
iIcir inconcs and rocriics.
Dcforc iIc Proicsiani rcvoluiion, according io A.E. Dolls,
'iIc Univcrsiiy of Oford nigIi lc dcscrilcd as iIc cIicf CIariiy
ScIool of iIc oor and iIc cIicf Crannar ScIool in England, as
wcll as iIc grcai lacc of cducaiion for siudcnis of iIcology, of
law and ncdicinc"'
2
; and 'wIcrc insiruciion was noi graiuiious
iIrougIoui iIc scIool, sonc arrangcncni was nadc, ly ncans
of a graduaicd scalc of adnission fccs and quaricragcs and a
sysicn of nainicnancc io lring iIc lcncfiis of iIc insiiiuiion
wiiIin iIc rcacI of iIc oorcsi.'
3
FuriIcr, wIilc a vcry carly
siaiuic of England sccificd. 'No onc sIall ui iIcir cIild
arcniicc wiiIin any ciiy or lorougI, unlcss iIcy Iavc land or
rcni of 20 sIillings cr annun. lui iIcy sIall lc ui io sucI
lalour as iIcir faiIcrs or noiIcrs usc, or as iIcir csiaics
rcquirc;' ii nonciIclcss also siaicd iIai 'any crson nay scnd
iIcir cIildrcn io scIool io lcarn liicraiurc.'
4

Fron aloui iIc nid-16iI ccniury, Iowcvcr, a conirary
ircnd sci in. Ii cvcn lcd io iIc cnacincni of a law 'iIai iIc
EnglisI Dillc sIould noi lc rcad in cIurcIcs. TIc rigIi of
rivaic rcading was granicd io nollcs, gcniry and ncrcIanis
iIai wcrc IouscIoldcrs. Ii was crcssly dcnicd io ariificcrs'
rcniiccs, io journcyncn and scrving ncn of iIc dcgrcc of
yconcn or undcr", io Iuslandncn and lalourcrs' so as 'io allay
ccriain synions
9
of disordcr occasioncd ly a frcc usc of iIc Scriiurcs.'
5

According io iIis ncw ircnd, ii was 'ncci for iIc lougInan's
son io go io iIc lougI, and iIc ariificcr's son io aly iIc iradc
of Iis arcni's vocaiion. and iIc gcnilcncn's cIildrcn arc ncci
io Iavc iIc lnowlcdgc of Covcrnncni and rulc in iIc
connonwcaliI. For wc Iavc as nucI nccd of lougIncn as any
oiIcr Siaic. and all soris of ncn nay noi go io scIool.'
6

A ccniury and a Ialf laicr (iIai is, fron aloui iIc cnd of
iIc 17iI ccniury}, iIcrc is a slow rcvcrsal of iIc alovc ircnd,
lcading io iIc sciiing u of sonc CIariiy ScIools for iIc
connon colc. TIcsc scIools arc nainly conccivcd io rovidc
'sonc lcvcragc in iIc way of gcncral cducaiion io raisc iIc
lalouring class io iIc lcvcl of rcligious insiruciion'; and, norc so
in Walcs, 'wiiI iIc oljcci of rcaring iIc oor ly rcading and
Dillc siudy for iIc Sunday worsIi and caiccIciical
insiruciion.'
7

Aficr a sIori siari, Iowcvcr, iIc CIariiy ScIool novcncni
lccanc raiIcr dornani. Around 1780, ii was succccdcd ly iIc
Sunday scIool novcncni.
8
'Poular cducaiion', cvcn ai iIis
criod, 'was siill aroacIcd as a nissionary cnicrrisc.' TIc
nain was 'iIai cvcry cIild sIould lcarn io rcad iIc Dillc.'
9
'TIc
Ioc of sccuring a dcccni olscrvancc of Sunday'
10
lcd io a
conccniraicd cffori on iIc ronoiion of Sunday scIools. Aficr
sonc ycars, iIis aiicniion focusscd on iIc ncccssiiy of day
scIools. Fron iIcn on, scIool cducaiion grcw aacc.
NcvcriIclcss, cvcn
10
as laic as 1834, 'iIc curriculun in iIc lciicr class of naiional
scIools was liniicd in iIc nain io rcligious insiruciion, rcading,
wriiing and ariiInciic. in sonc couniry scIools wriiing was
ccludcd for fcar of cvil conscqucnccs.'
11

TIc najor incius io iIc Day scIool novcncni canc fron
wIai was icrncd iIc 'Pccl's Aci of 1802'. TIis Aci rcquircd iIc
cnloycr of young cIildrcn 'io rovidc, during iIc firsi four
ycars of iIc scvcn ycars of arcniiccsIi, concicni insiruciion
in rcading, wriiing and ariiInciic, and io sccurc iIc rcscncc of
Iis arcniicc ai rcligious icacIing for onc Iour cvcry Sunday
and aiicndancc ai a lacc of worsIi on iIai day.'
12
'Dui iIc Aci
was unoular', and iis 'raciical cffcci...was noi grcai.'
13
Ai
aloui iIc sanc iinc, Iowcvcr, iIc noniiorial nciIod of icacIing
uscd ly JoscI Lancasicr (and also ly Andrcw Dcll, suoscdly
lorrowcd fron India}
14
canc inio raciicc and grcaily Iclcd
advancc iIc causc of oular cducaiion. TIc nunlcr of iIosc
aiicnding scIool was csiinaicd ai around 40,000 in 1792, ai
6,74,883 in 1818, and 21,44,377 in 1851. TIc ioial nunlcr of
scIools, ullic as wcll as rivaic in 1801 was siaicd io lc 3,363.
Dy siagcs, ii rcacIcd a ioial of 46,114 in 1851.
15

In iIc lcginning, 'iIc icacIcrs wcrc scldon concicni',
and 'Lancasicr insinuaics iIai iIc ncn wcrc noi only ignorani
lui drunlcn.'
16
As rcgards iIc nunlcr of ycars of scIooling,
Dolls wriics iIai 'allowing for irrcgulariiy of aiicndancc, iIc
avcragc lcngiI of scIool lifc riscs on a favourallc csiinaic fron
aloui onc ycar in 1835 io aloui iwo ycars in 1851.'
17

TIc foriuncs of EnglisI Pullic scIools arc said io Iavc
fallcn sirilingly during iIc cigIiccniI ccniury. In January 1797,
iIc fanous scIool ai SIrcwslury, for insiancc, did noi Iavc
'alovc iIrcc or four loys.' Aficr sonc najor rcorganisaiion, ii
Iad aloui 20 uils a ycar laicr.
18
In ullic scIools lilc Eion,
icacIing consisicd of wriiing and ariiInciic (a nunlcr of
EnglisI and
11
Laiin lools wcrc siudicd}; wIilc iIosc in iIc fifiI forn also
lcarni ancicni CcograIy, or Algclra. 'TIosc wIo siaycd ai Eion
long cnougI' also 'wcni iIrougI ari of Euclid.'
19
Howcvcr ii was
'noi iill 1851 iIai MaiIcnaiics lccanc a ari of iIc rcgular
scIool worl and cvcn ai iIai daic iIosc wIo iaugIi iIc suljcci
wcrc noi rcgardcd as crsons of full sianding on iIc siaff of
nasicrs.'
20

ScIool cducaiion, csccially clcncniary cducaiion ai iIc
colc's lcvcl, rcnaincd an unconnon connodiiy iill around
1800. NonciIclcss, iIc univcrsiiics of Oford, Canlridgc, and
EdinlurgI wcrc crIas as inoriani for Driiain as Taila and
Nalanda wcrc in ancicni India; or laccs lilc Navadwcc wcrc as
laic as iIc laicr ari of iIc 18iI ccniury.
21
Sincc nany of iIosc
wIo lcgan io conc io India fron Driiain csccially aficr 1773 as
iravcllcrs, scIolars, or judgcs Iad Iad iIcir cducaiion in onc of
iIcsc iIrcc univcrsiiics,
22
ii nay lc rclcvani io rovidc Icrc a
lricf accouni of iIc courscs siudicd iogciIcr wiiI iIc nunlcr of
siudcnis, in onc of iIcsc univcrsiiics around 1800. TIc
univcrsiiy cIoscn Icrc is iIai of Oford, and ii is assuncd iIai
iIis infornaiion is also fairly rcrcscniaiivc of siudics ai
Canlridgc and EdinlurgI ai iIis criod.
TIc growiI of iIc Univcrsiiy of Oford (following England's
ruiurc wiiI Fonc} nay lc indicaicd wiiI iIc following
cIronological lisi of rofcssorsIis crcaicd iIcrc fron 1546
onwards.
23

1546 5 ProfcssorsIis foundcd ly Hcnry VIII.
1. Diviniiy, 2. Civil Law, 3. Mcdicinc, 4. Hclrcw,
5. Crccl
1619 Cconciry, and Asironony
12
1621 Naiural PIilosoIy
1621 Moral PIilosoIy (lui lrcal lciwccn 1707-
1829}
1622 Ancicni Hisiory (i.c. Hclrcw, and Euroc}
1624 Crannar, FIcioric, MciaIysics (fcll inio
disusc, rclaccd ly Logic in 1839}
1624 Anaiony
1626 Music
1636 Aralic
1669 Doiany
1708 Pociry
1724 Modcrn Hisiory and Modcrn Languagcs
1749 Ecrincnial PIilosoIy
1758 Connon Law
1780 Clinical Insiruciion
1795 Anglo-Saon (i.c. languagc, liicraiurc, cic.}
1803 CIcnisiry
In iIc lcginning of iIc ninciccniI ccniury, iIcrc wcrc
ninciccn collcgcs and fivc Ialls in Oford. TIcrc wcrc aloui 500
fcllows in iIc collcgcs, a fcw of wIon wcrc cngagcd in icacIing
in cacI collcgc. In addiiion, iIcrc wcrc ninciccn rofcssors in
1800. TIis ioial Iad incrcascd io 25 ly 1854.
TIcology and classics wcrc iIc nain suljccis wIicI wcrc
siudicd ai iIc lcginning of iIc ninciccniI ccniury.
Eaninaiions wcrc sci in classics lnown as Ltcuc Hununocs.
TIcsc includcd Crccl and Laiin languagc and liicraiurc, noral
IilosoIy, rIcioric and logic, and iIc clcncnis of iIc
naiIcnaiical scicnccs and Iysics.
Lcciurcs wcrc also availallc on oiIcr ioics, c.g. law,
ncdicinc and gcology.
Aficr 1805, iIcrc was an incrcasc in iIc nunlcr of
siudcnis cnicring iIc Univcrsiiy. TIc nunlcr of siudcnis on iIc
rolls rosc fron aloui 760 in iIc carly ninciccniI ccniury io
aloui 1300 in 1820-24.
TIc nain sourccs of financial suori of iIc collcgcs in
Oford wcrc iIcir cndowncnis, nainly in land, and inconc fron
siudcnis. TIc rooriion of inconc fron cacI sourcc varicd fron
13
collcgc io collcgc. Taling a widcr vicw of all iIc ccnscs of a
univcrsiiy coursc (including cloiIing and iravclling}, a arcni
wIo cloiIcd Iis son and suoricd Iin ai univcrsiiy as wcll as
during iIc vacaiion could ccci io ay fron 600-800 for Iis
four ycar coursc around 1850.
24

WIilc iIc DriiisI, as wcll as iIc DuicI, iIc Poriugucsc,
and iIc FrcncI, dirccily or in iIc nanc of iIc various Easi India
Conanics iIcy Iad sci u in iIc laic 16iI and carly 17iI
ccniurics wcrc lusy cicnding iIcir lascs, faciorics,
foriificaiions and iIc lilc, and wIcrcvcr ossillc occuying
wIolc icrriiorics in iIc Indian Occan arca, Eurocan scIolars on
iIcir ari wcrc irying io undcrsiand various asccis of iIc
civilizaiions cisiing in iIis arca. Pronincni anongsi iIcsc wcrc
ncnlcrs of scvcral CIrisiian nonasiic ordcrs, iIc nosi wcll
lnown lcing iIc Jcsuiis, wIo wcrc sccialising in iIc ficlds of
iIc scicnccs, cusions, nanncrs, IilosoIics and rcligions.
TIcrc wcrc sonc oiIcrs wiiI inicrcsis of a norc oliiical, Iis-
iorical or ccononic naiurc. Many of iIcn iool io narraiing iIcir
own advcniurcs, and occasionally, nisforiuncs in iIc 'falulous'
and 'coiic' Easi. Duc io iIc widcsrcad inicrcsi of iIc Eurocan
cliic, nucI of iIis wriiing was ullisIcd in onc or norc
Eurocan languagcs soon aficr. Accounis and discussions wIicI
Iacncd io lc of a liniicd, lui grcai scIolarly or rcligious
inicrcsi, wcrc coicd ly Iand nany iincs ovcr.
25

14
II
TIis grcai accunulaiion of naicrial, fron aloui iIc nid-18iI
ccniury, lcd io scrious scIolarly aiicniion and dclaic on India,
and arcas of SouiI Easi Asia, ariicularly wiiI rcgard io iIcir
oliiics, laws, IilosoIics and scicnccs, csccially Indian
asironony. TIis conicnorary Eurocan inicrcsi, (csccially
anongsi ncn lilc Voliairc, Allc Faynal and Jcan Sylvain Dailly}
arouscd a sinilar inicrcsi in Driiain. TIis was norc so anongsi
iIosc connccicd wiiI iIc Univcrsiiy of EdinlurgI, lilc Adan
Fcrguson, Willian Folcrison, JoIn Playfair
26
and A. Maco-
nocIic. In 1775, Adan Fcrguson rcconncndcd io Iis forncr
siudcni, JoIn MacIcrson (icnorarily io lc Covcrnor Ccncral
of Dcngal during 1784-85} 'io collcci iIc fullcsi dciails you can of
cvcry circunsiancc rclaiing io iIc siaic and ocraiion of olicy
in India...TIai you nay iIc lciicr arcIcnd wIai I ncan ly iIc
dciail...sclcci sonc iown and iis disirici. Procurc if ossillc an
accouni of iis cicni and nunlcr of colc. TIc diffcrcni classcs
of iIai colc, iIc occuaiions, iIc rcsourccs, iIc way of lifc of
cacI. How iIcy arc rclaicd and iIcir nuiual dccndcncics. WIai
coniriluiions Covcrnncni, or sulordinaic nasicrs draw fron
iIc lalourcr of any dcnoninaiion and Iow ii is drawn. Dui I lcg
ardon for saying so nucI of an oljcci wIicI you nusi lnow so
nucI lciicr iIan I do. TIc nan wIo can lring ligIi fron India
(i.c. of iis naicrial rcsourccs, cic.} inio iIis couniry and wIo Ias
addrcss io nalc Iis ligIi lc followcd nay in a fcw ycars Icncc
nalc Iinsclf of grcai conscqucncc and Icrc I sIall concludc ny
lciicr...'
27
A. MaconocIic advocaicd, on iIc oiIcr Iand (firsi in 1783
28

and iIcn again in 1788}, iIc ialing of sucI ncasurcs ly 'our
nonarcI, iIc sovcrcign of iIc lanls of iIc Cangcs...as nay lc
ncccssary for discovcring, collcciing and iranslaiing wIaicvcr is
cicni of iIc ancicni worls of iIc Hindoos.' Hc iIougIi iIai if
iIc DriiisI 'rocurcd iIcsc worls io Euroc, asironony and
15
aniiquiiics, and iIc scicnccs connccicd wiiI iIcn would lc
advanccd in a siill grcai rooriion.' Hc olscrvcd furiIcr iIai
'iIc aniiquiiics of iIc rcligion and Covcrnncni of iIc Hindoos
arc noi lcss inicrcsiing iIan iIosc of iIcir scicnccs'; and fcli iIai
'iIc Iisiory, iIc ocns, iIc iradiiions, iIc vcry fallcs of iIc
Hindoos nigIi iIcrcforc iIrow ligIi uon iIc Iisiory of iIc
ancicni world and in ariicular uon iIc insiiiuiions of iIai
cclclraicd colc fron wIon Moscs rcccivcd Iis lcarning and
Crcccc Icr rcligion and Icr aris.' Prof. MaconocIic also siaicd
iIai iIc ccnirc of nosi of iIis lcarning was Dcnarcs, wIcrc 'all
iIc scicnccs arc siill iaugIi' and wIcrc 'vcry ancicni worls in
asironony arc siill ciani.'
29

Around iIc sanc iinc, a sinilar vcin of iIougIi and sonc
corrcsonding aciion Iad siaricd anongsi iIosc wIo Iad lccn
cnirusicd wiiI iIc ccrcisc of oliiical owcr and iIc carrying
oui of iIc olicics and insiruciions fron London, wiiIin India.
TIc norc raciical and inncdiaic uroscs of govcrnancc
(following Adan Fcrguson} lcd io iIc wriiing of worls on Hindu
and Muslin law, invcsiigaiions inio iIc rigIis of rocriy and
iIc rcvcnucs of various arcas, and io assisi all iIis, io a
culiivaiion of Sanslrii and Pcrsian anongsi sonc of iIc DriiisI
iIcnsclvcs. Acquainiancc wiiI iIcsc languagcs was fcli
ncccssary so as io cnallc iIc DriiisI io discovcr lciicr, or io
discard, cIoosc, or sclcci wIai suiicd iIcir urosc nosi. In iIc
roccss sonc of iIcn also dcvclocd a crsonal inicrcsi in
Sanslrii and oiIcr Indian liicraiurc for iis own salc, or for iIc
sori of rcasons wIicI Prof. MaconocIic Iad in vicw. CIarlcs
Willins, Willian Joncs, F.W. Ellis in Madras, and Li Wilford (iIc
laiicr goi cngagcd in sonc vcry coiic rcscarcI ai Varanasi} wcrc
anongsi iIc norc wcll lnown ncn of iIis caicgory.
TIrcc aroacIcs (sccningly diffcrcni lui in rcaliiy
conlcncniary io onc anoiIcr} lcgan io ocraic in iIc DriiisI
Icld arcas of India rcgarding Indian lnowlcdgc, scIolarsIi and
ccnircs of lcarning fron aloui iIc 1770s. TIc firsi rcsulicd fron
growing DriiisI owcr and adninisiraiivc rcquircncnis wIicI (in
addiiion io sucI undcrialings iIai ncn lilc Adan Fcrguson Iad
rcconncndcd} also nccdcd io rovidc a garl of lcgiiinacy and a
laclground of rcvious indigcnous rcccdcnis (Iowcvcr
16
farfcicIcd} io iIc ncw conccis, laws and roccdurcs wIicI wcrc
lcing crcaicd ly iIc DriiisI siaic. Ii is rinarily iIis
rcquircncni wIicI gavc liriI io DriiisI Indology. TIc sccond
aroacI was a roduci of iIc nind of iIc EdinlurgI
cnligIicnncni (daiing lacl io around 1750} wIicI ncn lilc
MaconocIic rcrcscnicd. TIcy Iad a fcar, lorn oui of Iisiorical
ccricncc, IilosoIical olscrvaiion and rcflcciion (iIc
urooiing of cniirc civilizaiions in iIc Ancricas}, iIai iIc
conqucsi and dcfcai of a civilisaiion gcncrally lcd noi only io iis
disinicgraiion, lui iIc disacarancc of rccious lnowlcdgc
associaicd wiiI ii. TIcy advocaicd, iIcrcforc, iIc rcaraiion of
a wriiicn rccord of wIai cisicd, and wIai could lc goi fron iIc
lcarncd in laccs lilc Varanasi. TIc iIird aroacI was a
rojcciion of wIai was iIcn lcing aiicnicd in Crcai Driiain
iisclf. io lring colc io an insiiiuiionaliscd, fornal, law-aliding
CIrisiianiiy and, for iIai sonc liicracy and icacIing lccanc
csscniial. To acIicvc sucI a urosc in India, and io assisi
cvangclical cIoriaiion and roaganda for cicnding CIrisiian
'ligIi' and 'lnowlcdgc' io iIc colc, rcaraiion of iIc
grannars of various Indian languagcs lccanc urgcni. TIc iasl
according io Willian Willcrforcc, callcd for 'iIc circulaiion of iIc
Ioly scriiurcs in iIc naiivc languagcs' wiiI a vicw io iIc
gcncral diffusion of CIrisiianiiy, so iIai iIc Indians 'would, in
sIori lcconc CIrisiians, if I nay so crcss nysclf, wiiIoui
lnowing ii.'
30
All iIcsc cfforis, joincd iogciIcr, also lcd io iIc founding of
a fcw DriiisI sonsorcd Sanslrii and Pcrsian collcgcs as wcll as
io iIc ullicaiion of sonc Indian icis or sclcciions fron iIcn
wIicI suiicd iIc urosc of govcrnancc. Fron now on, CIrisiian
nissionarics also lcgan io ocn scIools. Occasionally, iIcy
wroic aloui iIc siaic and cicni of indigcnous cducaiion in iIc
aris of India in wIicI iIcy funciioncd. Howcvcr, DriiisI inicrcsi
was noi ccnicrcd on iIc colc, iIcir lnowlcdgc, or cducaiion,
or iIc lacl of ii. FaiIcr, iIcir inicrcsi in ancicni icis scrvcd
iIcir urosc. iIai of naling iIc colc conforn io wIai was
cIoscn for iIcn fron sucI icis and iIcir ncw inicrrciaiions.
TIcir oiIcr inicrcsi (iill 1813, iIis was only anongsi a scciion of
iIc DriiisI} was in iIc cIrisiianisaiion of iIosc wIo wcrc
considcrcd rcady for sucI convcrsions (or, in iIc DriiisI
Irascology of iIc criod, for rccciving 'iIc llcssings of
CIrisiian ligIi and noral inrovcncnis'}. TIcsc convcrsions
wcrc also cccicd io scrvc a norc oliiical urosc, in as nucI
as ii was fcli iIai ii could csiallisI sonc affiniiy of ouilool and
lclicf
17
lciwccn iIc rulcrs and iIc rulcd. A rinary considcraiion in all
DriiisI dccisions fron iIc vcry lcginning, coniinucd io lc iIc
ain of nainising iIc rcvcnuc rccciis of Covcrnncni and of
discovcring any ossillc ncw sourcc wIicI Iad rcnaincd ccni
fron aying any rcvcnuc io Covcrnncni.
III
Insiruciions rcgarding iIc collcciion of infornaiion aloui iIc
cicni and naiurc of indigcnous Indian cducaiion (including iis
conicnorary siaic} wcrc largcly iIc conscqucncc of iIc long
dclaic in iIc Housc of Connons in 1813. TIis dclaic focusscd
on iIc clausc rclaiing io iIc ronoiion of 'rcligious and noral
inrovcncni' in India.
31
Dcforc any ncw olicy could lc dcviscd,
iIc cisiing osiiion nccdcd io lc lciicr lnown. Dui iIc qualiiy
and covcragc of iIcsc survcys varicd fron Prcsidcncy io
Prcsidcncy, and cvcn fron disirici io disirici. (TIis gcncrally
Iacns in iIc gaiIcring of any sucI infornaiion, and norc so
wIcn sucI collcciion of daia was a fairly ncw iIing.}
TIc infornaiion wIicI is iIus availallc ioday, wIciIcr
ullisIcd, or siill in nanuscrii forn in iIc govcrnncni
rccordsas is iruc of iIc dciails of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy
indigcnous cducaiion survcylargcly lclongs io iIc 1820's and
1830's criod. An unofficial survcy nadc ly C.W. Lciincr in
1882 for iIc Punjal conarcd iIc siiuaiion iIcrc for iIc ycars
lcforc 1850, wiiI iIai in 1882.
Dcforc IigIligIiing iIc nain oinis of infornaiion givcn ly
iIc survcys and iIcn rocccding wiiI iis analysis, sonc
rclininary olscrvaiions aloui iIc daia as a wIolc arc in ordcr.
TIc firsi olscrvaiion conccrns iIc largcly quaniiiaiivc
naiurc of iIc daia rcscnicd and iIc faci iIai ii conccniraics
largcly on iIc insiiiuiion of iIc scIool as wc lnow ii ioday. TIis,
Iowcvcr, nay Icl roagaic wrong inrcssions.
Ii is inoriani io cnIasizc iIai indigcnous cducaiion was
carricd oui iIrougI utIsIuus, nudussuIs and guuIuus.
Educaiion in iIcsc iradiiional insiiiuiionswIicI wcrc aciually
lci alivc ly rcvcnuc coniriluiions ly iIc connuniiy including
18
illiicraic casaniswas callcd sIIsIu (and includcd iIc idcas of
unu, sI and sunudI}. TIcsc insiiiuiions wcrc, in faci, iIc
waicring Iolcs of iIc culiurc of iradiiional connuniiics.
TIcrcforc, iIc icrn 'scIool' is a wcal iranslaiion of iIc rolcs
iIcsc insiiiuiions rcally laycd in Indian sociciy.
For iIis rcason, iIc quaniiiaiivc naiurc of iIc daia
rcscnicd sIould lc rcad wiiI grcai cauiion. TIc incrcasc in iIc
nunlcrs of scIools in England nay noi ncccssarily Iavc lccn a
good iIing, as ii ncrcly significd iIc arrival of faciory scIooling.
On iIc oiIcr Iand, iIc dcclinc in iIc nunlcrs of iradiiional
cducaiional insiiiuiions is io lc inicnscly dclorcd, sincc iIis
ncani qualiiy cducaiion was lcing rclaccd ly a sulsiandard
sulsiiiuic. TIcsc asccis nusi always lc lci ai iIc lacl of our
ninds wIcn wc conncncc analysing iIc daia for significancc.
Dcforc wc do iIai, iIc IigIligIis firsi.
TIc nosi wcll-lnown and conirovcrsial oini wIicI
cncrgcd fron iIc cducaiional survcys lics in an olscrvaiion
nadc ly Willian Adan. In Iis firsi rcori, Ic olscrvcd iIai iIcrc
cisi aloui 1,00,000 villagc scIools in Dcngal and DiIar around
iIc 1830s.
32
TIis siaicncni acars io Iavc lccn foundcd on
iIc inrcssions of various IigI DriiisI officials and oiIcrs wIo
Iad lnown iIc diffcrcni arcas raiIcr iniinaicly and ovcr long
criods; ii Iad no lnown lacling of official rccords. Sinilar
siaicncnis Iad lccn nadc, nucI lcforc W. Adan, for arcas of
iIc Madras Prcsidcncy. Mcn lilc TIonas Munro, Iad olscrvcd
iIai 'cvcry villagc Iad a scIool.'
33
For arcas of iIc ncwly
cicndcd Prcsidcncy of Donlay around 1820, scnior officials lilc
C.L. Prcndcrgasi noicd 'iIai iIcrc is Iardly a villagc, grcai or
snall, iIrougIoui our icrriiorics, in wIicI iIcrc is noi ai lcasi
onc scIool, and in largcr villagcs norc.'
34
Olscrvaiions nadc ly
Dr C.W. Lciincr in 1882 sIow iIai iIc srcad of cducaiion in
iIc Punjal around 1850 was of a sinilar cicni.
19
Sincc iIcsc olscrvaiions wcrc nadc, iIcy Iavc lccn
ircaicd vcry diffcrcnily. ly sonc, wiiI iIc sanciiiy rcscrvcd for
divinc uiicranccs; and ly oiIcrs, as llasIcnous. Naiurally, iIc
firsi vicw was linlcd wiiI iIc growiI of a vocal Indian
naiionalisn. Iis concnis, lcsidcs ronincni Indians of iIc laic
ninciccniI and carly iwcniiciI ccniury, Iavc also includcd nany
illusirious EnglisIncn, lilc Kcir Hardic, and acadcnics lilc Ma
Mucllcr. TIc sccond, iIc llasIcnous vicw of iIcn, was
olviously Icld ly iIosc wIo wcrc in iIc laicr criod, in onc
caaciiy or anoiIcr, conccrncd wiiI iIc adninisiraiion of India;
or iIosc wIo fcli incllcd, sonciincs lccausc of iIcir
conniincni io ccriain iIcorciical fornulaiions on iIc
dcvcloncni of sociciics, io ircai all sucI inrcssions as unrcal.
Esccially aficr 1860, ii Iad lcconc ncccssary io cnsurc iIai
ncn wIo Iad Iad a long criod of scrvicc in iIc DriiisI Indian
adninisiraiion or iis ancillary lrancIcs and wIo also Iad iIc
aliliiy io wriic, sIould cngagc in iIc dcfcncc of DriiisI rulc,
csccially iis lcginnings, and conscqucnily aiicni io rcfuic any
siaicncnis wIicI inlicd iIai iIc DriiisI Iad danagcd India in
any significani nanncr.
WIilc nucI inl Ias lccn sili on sucI a conirovcrsy, liiilc
aiicni is lnown io Iavc lccn nadc for lacing iIcsc siaic-
ncnis or olscrvaiions in iIcir coniciual crscciivc. Lcaving
Lciincr's worl, nosi of iIcsc siaicncnis lclong io iIc carly
dccadcs of iIc ninciccniI ccniury. For iIc laicr DriiisI
adninisiraior, iIc difficuliy of arcciaiing iIc sulsiancc of iIc
conirovcrsy is quiic undcrsiandallc. For England Iad fcw
scIools for iIc cIildrcn of ordinary colc iill aloui 1800. Evcn
nany of iIc oldcr Crannar ScIools wcrc in oor sIac ai iIc
iinc. Morcovcr, iIc ncn wIo wroic aloui India (wIciIcr
conccrning iis cducaiion, or iis indusiry and crafis, or iIc
soncwIai IigIcr rcal wagcs of Indian agriculiural lalourcrs
conarcd io sucI wagcs in England}
35
lclongcd io iIc laic
cigIiccniI and carly ninciccniI ccniury sociciy of Crcai Driiain.
Naiurally, wIcn iIcy wroic aloui a scIool in cvcry villagc in
IndiawIciIcr iIai nay or nay noi Iavc lccn liicrally irucin
conirasi io iIc DriiisI siiuaiion, ii nusi Iavc acarcd io iIcn
so. And iIougI iIcy did noi nucI ncniion iIis conirasi in so
nany words, ii nay rcasonally lc assuncd iIai, as crcciivc
olscrvcrs, ii was iIc vcry conirasi wIicI lcd iIcn io nalc sucI
judgcncnis.
TIcsc survcys, lascd noi on ncrc inrcssions lui on Iard
daia, rcvcal a grcai dcal. iIc naiurc of Indian cducaiion; iis
20
conicni; iIc duraiion for wIicI ii ordinarily lasicd; iIc nunlcrs
aciually rccciving insiiiuiional cducaiion in ariicular arcas;
and, nosi inorianily, dciailcd infornaiion on iIc laclground
of iIosc lcncfiiing fron iIcsc insiiiuiions.
TIc idca of a scIool cisiing in cvcry villagc, dranaiic and
iciurcsquc in iisclf, aiiracicd grcai noiicc and ccliscd iIc
cqually inoriani dciails. TIc norc dciailcd and Iard facis Iavc
rcccivcd Iardly any noiicc or analysis. TIis is loiI naiural and
unforiunaic. For iIcsc laiicr facis rovidc an insigIi inio iIc
naiurc of Indian sociciy ai iIai iinc. Dcccr analysis of iIis daia
and adcquaic rcflcciion on iIc rcsulis followcd ly rcquircd
furiIcr rcscarcI nay Icl solvc cvcn iIc riddlc of wIai Ias lccn
icrncd 'iIc lcgcnd of iIc 1,00,000 scIools'.
36

According io iIis Iard daia, in icrns of iIc conicni, iIc
and rooriion of iIosc aiicnding insiiiuiional scIool cducaiion,
iIc siiuaiion in India in 1800 is ccriainly noi infcrior io wIai
oliaincd in England iIcn; and in nany rcsccis Indian
scIooling sccns io Iavc lccn nucI norc cicnsivc (and, ii
sIould lc rcncnlcrcd, iIai ii is a grcaily danagcd and
disorganiscd India iIai onc is rcfcrring io}. TIc conicni of
siudics was lciicr iIan wIai was iIcn siudicd in England. TIc
duraiion of siudy was norc rolongcd. TIc nciIod of scIool
icacIing was sucrior and ii is iIis vcry nciIod wIicI is said io
Iavc grcaily Iclcd iIc iniroduciion of oular cducaiion in
England lui wIicI Iad rcvailcd in India for ccniurics. ScIool
aiicndancc, csccially in iIc disiricis of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy,
cvcn in iIc dccaycd siaic of iIc criod 1822-25, was
rooriionaicly far IigIcr iIan iIc nunlcrs in all variciy of
scIools in England in 1800. TIc condiiions undcr wIicI
icacIing iool lacc in iIc Indian scIools wcrc lcss dingy and
norc naiural;
37
and, ii was olscrvcd, iIc icacIcrs in iIc Indian
scIools wcrc gcncrally norc dcdicaicd and solcr iIan in iIc
EnglisI vcrsions. TIc only ascci, and ccriainly a vcry inoriani
onc, wIcrc Indian insiiiuiional cducaiion sccns io Iavc laggcd
lcIind was wiiI rcgard io iIc cducaiion of girls. Quiic ossilly,
girl scIooling nay Iavc lccn rooriionaicly norc cicnsivc in
England in 1800, and was dcfiniicly iIc casc, a fcw dccadcs
laicr. Accounis of cducaiion in India do oficn siaic (iIougI ii is
difficuli io judgc iIcir sulsianiivc accuracy fron iIc daia wIicI
is so far lnown}, iIai
21
iIc alscncc of girls in scIools was claincd, Iowcvcr, ly iIc
faci iIai nosi of iIcir cducaiion iool lacc in iIc Ionc.
Ii is, Iowcvcr, iIc Madras Prcsidcncy and Dcngal-DiIar
daia wIicI rcscnis a lind of rcvclaiion. TIc daia rcvcals iIc
laclground of iIc icacIcrs and iIc iaugIi. Ii rcscnis a iciurc
wIicI is in sIar conirasi io iIc various scIolarly ronouncc-
ncnis of iIc asi 100 ycars or norc, in wIicI ii Iad lccn
assuncd iIai cducaiion of any sori in India, iill vcry rcccni
dccadcs, was nosily liniicd io iIc iwicc-lorn
38
anongsi iIc
Hindoos, and anongsi iIc Muslins io iIosc fron iIc ruling
cliic. TIc aciual siiuaiion wIicI is rcvcalcd was diffcrcni, if noi
quiic conirary, for ai lcasi anongsi iIc Hindoos, in iIc disiricis
of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy (and dranaiically so in iIc Tanil-
scaling arcas} as wcll as iIc iwo disiricis of DiIar. Ii was iIc
grous icrncd Soodras, and iIc casics considcrcd lclow iIcn
39

wIo rcdoninaicd in iIc iIousands of iIc iIcn siill-cisiing
scIools in raciically cacI of iIcsc arcas.
TIc lasi issuc conccrns iIc condiiions and arrangcncnis
wIicI alonc could Iavc nadc sucI a vasi sysicn of cducaiion
fcasillc. iIc soIisiicaicd ocraiivc fiscal arrangcncnis of iIc
rc-DriiisI Indian oliiy. TIrougI iIcsc fiscal ncasurcs,
sulsianiial rooriions of rcvcnuc Iad long lccn assigncd for
iIc crfornancc of a nuliiliciiy of ullic uroscs. TIcsc sccn
io Iavc siaycd norc or lcss iniaci iIrougI all iIc rcvious
oliiical iurnoils and nadc sucI cducaiion ossillc. TIc
collasc of iIis arrangcncni iIrougI a ioial ccniralisaiion of
rcvcnuc, as wcll as oliiics lcd io dccay in iIc cconony, social
lifc, cducaiion, cic. TIis infcrcncc, if ai all valid, warranis a rc-
caninaiion of iIc various currcnily Icld inicllcciual and
oliiical assuniions wiiI rcgard io iIc naiurc of rc-DriiisI
Indian sociciy, and iis oliiical and siaic siruciurc.
Dcforc discussing iIis lasi issuc any furiIcr, Iowcvcr, ii is
ncccssary firsi io undcrsiand iIc various asccis of iIc cduca-
iional daia, and iIc conirovcrsy ii gavc risc io in iIc 1930s.
Sincc iIc dciailcd daia of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy is iIc lcasi
lnown and iIc nosi conrcIcnsivc, wc sIall caninc ii firsi.
22
IV
TIc availallc acrs connccicd wiiI iIis survcy includc iIc
insiruciions of Covcrnncni, iIc circular fron iIc Doard of Fcvc-
nuc io iIc disirici collcciors convcying iIc insiruciions and iIc
rcscrilcd forn according io wIicI infornaiion Iad io lc con-
ilcd, iIc rclics of iIc collcciors fron all iIc 21 disiricis of iIc
Prcsidcncy, iIc rocccdings of iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc on iIc
infornaiion rcccivcd wIilc sulniiiing ii io Covcrnncni, and iIc
Madras Covcrnncni's rocccdings on ii. TIcsc arc all
rcroduccd as Anncurc A (i}-(}. Ii would Iavc lccn uscful for
a norc iIorougI analysis, and for lciicr undcrsianding of iIc
siiuaiion if iIc dciails fron wIicI iIc collcciors conilcd iIcir
rcoris could lc found. A rcfcrcncc io iIc rccords of a fcw
disiricis, rcscrvcd in iIc Tanilnadu Siaic ArcIivcs docs noi,
Iowcvcr, indicaic any addiiional naicrial Iaving survivcd in
iIcn. If any Talula rccords siill cisi for iIis criod ii is quiic
ossillc iIcy nay coniain norc dciailcd daia aloui ariicular
villagcs, iowns, collcgcs and scIools.
In addiiion io iIc insiruciions convcycd in iIc Minuic of
iIc Covcrnor-in-Council, and iIc ici of iIc lciicr fron
Covcrnncni io iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc (loiI of wIicI wcrc scni io
iIc collcciors}, iIc rcscrilcd forn rcquircd fron iIcn dciails of
iIc nunlcr of scIools and collcgcs in iIc disiricis, and iIc
nunlcr of nalc and fcnalc scIolars in iIcn. TIc nunlcr of
scIolars, nalc as wcll as fcnalc wcrc furiIcr io lc rovidcd
undcr iIc following caicgorics. (i} DraInin scIolars, (ii} Vyscc
scIolars, (iii} Soodra scIolars, (iv} scIolars of all oiIcr casics
and (v} Mussalnan scIolars. TIc nunlcrs undcr (i} io (iv} wcrc
io lc ioiallcd scaraicly. To iIcsc wcrc addcd iIosc undcr (v},
iIus arriving ai iIc ioial nunlcr of Hindoo and Mussalnan
scIolars, in iIc disirici, or sonc ari of ii. TIc caicgory 'all oiIcr
casics', as ncniioncd carlicr, cvidcnily sccns io Iavc inlicd all
sucI casics considcrcd soncwIai lclow iIc Sai-Soodra
caicgory. TIis includcd nosi sucI grouings wIicI ioday arc
lisicd anong iIc scIcdulcd casics.
Ii nay lc noicd fron iIc docuncnis iIai wIilc a rcly was
rcccivcd fron iIc collccior of Canara, Ic did noi scnd any daia
aloui iIc nunlcr of scIools, and collcgcs, or any csiinaiion of
iIc nunlcr of iIosc wIo nay Iavc lccn rccciving insiruciion in
iIc disirici, iIrougI wIai Ic icrncd rivaic cducaiion. Aari
fron iIc siaicncni iIai 'iIcrc arc no collcgcs in Canara', cic.,
23
Ic was of iIc vicw iIai icacIing in Canara could noi lc icrncd
'ullic cducaiion'; as ii was organiscd on a soncwIai
disconiinuous lasis ly a nunlcr of arcnis in an arca ly
gciiing iogciIcr and cngaging iIc scrviccs of a icacIcr(s} for iIc
urosc of icacIing iIcir cIildrcn. TIc najor difficuliy for iIc
collccior, Iowcvcr, sccncd io lc iIai 'iIc rcaraiion of iIc
ncccssary infornaiion would ialc u a considcrallc iinc'; and,
iIai cvcn if ii wcrc collccicd, no 'jusi criicrion of iIc aciual
cicni of scIools as cisi in iIis zillaI could lc forncd uon ii.'
Hc Iocd, iIcrcforc, iIai Iis lciicr iisclf would lc considcrcd as
a saiisfaciory rcly. Ii nay lc addcd Icrc iIai Canara (fron
aloui 1800 onwards, and iill ai lcasi iIc 1850s}, cvcn norc iIan
iIc noriIcrn arcas of coasial AndIra, was iIc sccnc of coniinual
oosiiion and casani rcsisiancc io DriiisI rulc. Dcsidcs, ii also
gcncrally Iacncd iIai wIcncvcr any sucI daia was ordcrcd io
lc collccicd (and iIis Iacncd quiic oficn} on onc ioic or
anoiIcr, iIc qualiiy and cicni of iIc infornaiion sulicd ly
iIc collcciors varicd a grcai dcal. To sonc cicni, sucI diffcr-
cnccs in iIcsc rciurns arosc fron iIc varying rclcvancc of an
cnquiry fron disirici io disirici. A norc inoriani rcason, cr-
Ias, was iIc faci iIai lccausc of iIc frcqucni cIangc of collcc-
iors and iIcir Eurocan assisianis, nany of iIcn (ai iIc iinc
sucI infornaiion was rcquircd} wcrc noi vcry faniliar wiiI iIc
disirici undcr iIcir cIargc. FuriIcrnorc, quiic a nunlcr wcrc
for various rcasons, ioo involvcd in oiIcr norc rcssing
aciiviiics, or, ncnially nucI lcss cquicd io ncci sucI
coniinual dcnands for infornaiion.
TIc infornaiion fron iIc disiricis, iIcrcforc, varics a grcai
dcal in dciail as wcll as qualiiy. WIilc iIc daia fron aloui Ialf
iIc disiricis was organiscd ialula-wisc, and in sonc cvcn arga-
na-wisc, fron iIc oiIcr Ialf ii was rcccivcd for iIc disirici as a
wIolc. TIrcc disiricisVizagaaian, Masuliaian and
Tanjorcaddcd onc furiIcr caicgory io iIc rcscrilcd forn
rovidcd ly Covcrnncni, viz. iIc caicgory of CIciiris or FajaI
scIolars lciwccn iIc colunns for DraInin and Vyscc scIolars.
FuriIcr, wIilc sonc of iIc collcciors csccially of Dcllary,
CuddaaI, Cunioor and FajaInundry scni fairly dciailcd
iciual rclics, sonc oiIcrs lilc Tinncvclly, Vizagaaian and
Tanjorc lcfi ii io iIc daia io icll iIc siory. A fcw of iIc collcciors
also ncniioncd iIc lools uscd in iIc scIools and insiiiuiions of
IigIcr lcarning in iIcir disiricis. TIc collccior of FajaInundry,
lcing iIc nosi dciailcd, rovidcd a lisi of 43 lools uscd in
Tclugu scIools. Hc also idcniificd sonc of iIosc uscd in iIc
scIools of IigIcr lcarning, as wcll as in iIc scIools icacIing
Pcrsian and Aralic.
24
25
26
TOTAL SCHOOLS, COLLECES AND SCHOLAFS
TuIc l givcs iIc ioial nunlcr of scIools and insiiiuiions of
IigIcr lcarning, along wiiI iIc nunlcr of siudcnis in iIcn in
iIcir disiricis. TIc daia is ialcn fron iIc rcoris of iIc
collcciors. Incidcnially, iIc collcciors of Canjan and
Vizagaaian indicaicd iIai iIc daia iIcy wcrc scnding was
soncwIai inconlcic. TIis nigIi also Iavc lccn iruc of sonc of
iIc oiIcr disiricis wIicI wcrc wIolly or arily undcr Zanindary
icnurc.
Two of iIc collcciors also scni dciailcd infornaiion
criaining io iIosc wIo wcrc lcing cducaicd ai Ionc, or in sonc
oiIcr rivaic nanncr. TIc collccior of Malalar scni dciails of
1,594 scIolars wIo wcrc rccciving cducaiion in TIcology, Law,
Asironony, MciaIysics, EiIics and Mcdical Scicncc in Iis
disirici fron rivaic iuiors. TIc collccior of Madras, on iIc oiIcr
Iand, rcoricd in Iis lciicr of Fclruary 1826 iIai 26,963 scIool-
lcvcl scIolars wcrc iIcn rccciving iuiiion ai iIcir Ioncs in iIc
arca undcr Iis jurisdiciion. Morc will lc said aloui iIis rivaic
cducaiion sulscqucnily.
TIc rcoris of iIc collcciors wcrc uliinaicly rcvicwcd ly
iIc Covcrnncni of iIc Prcsidcncy of Madras on 10 MarcI 1826.
TIc Covcrnor, Sir TIonas Munro, was of iIc vicw iIai wIilc iIc
insiiiuiional cducaiion of fcnalcs sccncd ncgligillc, iIai of iIc
loys lciwccn iIc agcs of 5 io 10 ycars acarcd io lc a 'liiilc
norc iIan onc-fouriI' of iIc loys of iIai agc in iIc Prcsidcncy
as a wIolc. Taling inio considcraiion iIosc wIo wcrc csiinaicd
as lcing iaugIi ai Ionc, Ic was inclincd 'io csiinaic iIc oriion
of iIc nalc oulaiion wIo rcccivc scIool cducaiion io lc ncarcr
io onc-iIird iIan onc-fouriI of iIc wIolc.'
CASTE-WISE DIVISION OF MALE SCHOOL STUDENTS
TIc norc inicrcsiing and Iisiorically norc rclcvani infornaiion,
Iowcvcr, is rovidcd ly iIc casic-wisc division of siudcnis. TIis
is iruc noi only as rcgards loys, lui also wiiI rcscci io iIc
raiIcr snall nunlcr of girls wIo, according io iIc survcy, wcrc
rccciving cducaiion in scIools. FuriIcrnorc, iIc infornaiion
lcconcs all iIc norc curious and criincni wIcn iIc daia is
groucd inio iIc fivc nain languagc arcasOriya, Tclugu,
Kannada, Malayalan and Tanil. TIcsc consiiiuicd iIc
Prcsidcncy of Madras ai iIis criod, and iIrougIoui iIc
ninciccniI ccniury. TuIc 2 givcs iIc casic-wisc nunlcr of
scIool-going nalc siudcnis in cacI disirici of iIc fivc languagc
arcas.
27

Ii Ias gcncrally lccn assuncd iIai iIc cducaiion of any
lind in India, wIciIcr in iIc ancicni criod, or jusi ai iIc
lcginning of DriiisI rulc was nainly conccrncd wiiI iIc IigIcr
and niddlc siraia of sociciy; and, in casc of iIc Hindoos (wIo in
iIc Madras Prcsidcncy accounicd for ovcr 95% of iIc wIolc
oulaiion}, ii was norc or lcss liniicd io iIc iwicc-lorn.
Howcvcr, as
28
will lc sccn fron TuIc 2, iIc daia of 1822-25 indicaic norc or
lcss an oosiic osiiion. SucI an oosiic vicw is iIc nosi
ronounccd in iIc Tanil-scaling arcas wIcrc iIc iwicc-lorn
rangcd lciwccn 13% in SouiI Arcoi io sonc 23% in Madras, iIc
29
Muslins forn lcss iIan 3% in SouiI Arcoi and CIinglcui io
10% in Salcn, wIilc iIc Soodras and iIc oiIcr casics rangcd
fron aloui 70% in Salcn and Tinncvclly io ovcr 84% in SouiI
Arcoi.
To nalc iIc forcgoing ialulaiion norc casily
conrcIcnsillc iIc casic-wisc daia nay lc convcricd inio
crccniagcs of iIc wIolc for cacI disirici. TuIc J sIows iIc
rcsuli of sucI convcrsion.
In Malayalan-scaling Malalar, iIc rooriion of iIc
iwicc-lorn was siill lclow 20% of iIc ioial. Dccausc of a largcr
Muslin oulaiion, Iowcvcr, iIc nunlcr of Muslin scIool
siudcnis wcni u io ncarly 27%; wIilc iIc Soodras, and iIc
oiIcr casics accounicd for sonc 54% of iIc scIool going
siudcnis.
In iIc largcly Kannada-scaling Dcllary, iIc rooriion of
iIc iwicc-lorn (iIc DraInins and iIc Vysccs} wcni u io 33%,
wIilc iIc Soodras, and iIc oiIcr casics siill accounicd for sonc
63%.
TIc osiiion in iIc Oriya-scaling Canjan was sinilar. iIc
iwicc-lorn accouniing for sonc 35.6%, and iIc Soodras and
oiIcr casics lcing around 63.5%.
Ii is only in iIc Tclugu-scaling disiricis iIai iIc iwicc-
lorn forncd iIc najor rooriion of iIc scIool going siudcnis.
Hcrc, iIc rooriion of DraInin loys varicd fron 24% in
CuddaaI io 46% in Vizagaaian; of iIc Vysccs fron 10.5% in
Vizagaaian io 29% in CuddaaI; of iIc Muslins fron 1% in
Vizagaaian io 8% in Ncllorc; and of iIc Soodras and oiIcr

30
casics fron 35% in Cunioor io ovcr 41% in CuddaaI and
Vizagaaian.
SCHOOLS CLASSIFIED ACCOFDINC TO THE LANCUACE
OF INSTFUCTION
Sonc of iIc disiricis also rovidcd infornaiion rcgarding iIc
languagc in wIicI cducaiion was inaricd, and iIc nunlcr of
scIools wIcrc Pcrsian or EnglisI wcrc iaugIi. TIc nunlcr of
scIools icacIing EnglisI was only 10, iIc IigIcsi lcing 7 in iIc
disirici of NoriI Arcoi. Ncllorc, NoriI Arcoi and Masuliaian
Iad 50, 40 and 19 Pcrsian scIools rcscciivcly, wIilc Coinla-
iorc Iad 10, and FajaInundry 5. NoriI Arcoi and Coinlaiorc
Iad scIools wIicI iaugIi CraniIan (1 and 5 rcscciivcly} as
wcll as icacIing Hindvcc |a sori of Hindusiani| (16 and 14
rcscciivcly}, and Dcllary Iad 23 MaraiIi scIools. TIc disirici of
NoriI Arcoi Iad 365 Tanil and 201 Tclugu scIools, wIilc
Dcllary Iad ncarly an cqual nunlcr of scIools icacIing Tclugu
and Kannada. TuIc 4 indicaics iIis daia norc clcarly.
ACE OF ENFOLLMENT, DAILY TIMINCS, ETC.
As ncniioncd carlicr, iIc daia varics considcrally fron disirici
io disirici. Many of iIc collcciors rovidcd infornaiion rcgarding
iIc agc ai wIicI loys (and crIas girls ioo} wcrc adniiicd io
scIool, iIc usual agc lcing fivc. According io iIc collccior of
FajaInundry, 'iIc fifiI day of iIc fifiI noniI of iIc fifiI ycar of
iIc loy's agc is iIc lucly day" for Iis firsi cnirancc inio scIool',
wIilc according io iIc collccior of CuddaaI, iIc agc for
adnission for DraInin loys was fron iIc agc of fivc io si and
iIai for Soodras fron si io cigIi. TIc collccior of CuddaaI
furiIcr ncniioncd iwo ycars as iIc usual criod for wIicI iIc
loys siaycd ai scIool. Ncllorc and Salcn ncniioncd 3 io 5 or 6
ycars, wIilc nosi oiIcrs siaicd iIai iIc duraiion of siudy varicd
fron a nininun of fivc io aloui a nainun of 15 ycars. WIilc
sonc collcciors did noi iIinl nucI of iIc iIcn currcni
cducaiion in iIc scIools, or of iIc lcarning and scIolarsIi of
iIc icacIcrs, sonc iIougIi iIc cducaiion inaricd uscful. TIc
collccior of Madras olscrvcd. 'Ii is gcncrally adniiicd iIai lcforc
iIcy (i.c. iIc siudcnis} aiiain iIcir 13iI ycar of agc, iIcir
acquircncnis in iIc various lrancIcs of lcarning arc uncon-
nonly grcai.'
40

31
32
Fron iIc infornaiion givcn, ii sccns iIai iIc scIool funciioncd
for fairly long Iours. usually siariing aloui 6 A.M., followcd ly
onc or iwo sIori inicrvals for ncals, cic., and finisIing ai aloui
sunsci, or cvcn laicr. TuIc 5 cIaris oui iIc infornaiion wIicI
was rcccivcd on iIcsc oinis fron iIc scvcral collcciors. TIc
funciioning of iIcsc scIools, iIcir nciIods of icacIing, and iIc
suljccis iaugIi arc lcsi dcscrilcd in iIc annccd accounis of
Fra Paolino Da Dariolonco (A.D. 1796} and of Alcandcr Wallcr
(ca 1820}.
41

DOOKS USED IN SCHOOLS
TIc nain suljccis rcoricd io lc iaugIi in iIcsc Indian scIools
wcrc rcading, wriiing and ariiInciic. TIc following lisis of lools
uscd in iIc scIools of Dcllary, as also of FajaInundry nay lc
woriI noiing, and nay io sonc dcgrcc indicaic iIc conicni of
lcarning in iIcsc scIools.
NAMES OF THE DOOKS IN USE IN THE SCHOOLS IN
DELLAFY DISTFICT
42

A. Most connon uscd
1. Fanayanun 2. MaIa DIaraia 3. DIagvaia
D. Uscd I CIdcn on Munuuctung Cusscs
1. Nagalingayna-KuiIa 2. VisIvalurna-Poorana
3. KunalcsIcrra KalilanaIaia
C. Uscd I Lnguut CIdcn
1. Duwaoorana 2. FagIavan-Kunlauya
3. Cccruja Kullana 4. UnlIavanooria
5. CIcnna-Dusavaswara-Poorana 6. Curilagooloo, cic.
D. LgItc Ltcutuc Hcud
1. PuncIaianira 2. DIaialauncIavunsaicc
3. Punllcc-sooooliaIullcr 4. MaIaniarungcncc
33
E. Dctonucs und Gunnus uscd
1. NigIanioo 2. Unara 3. Suldanunlurcc
4. SIuldccnuncc-Durana 5. Vyacurna 6. Andradcccca
7. AndrananasungraIa, cic.
NAMES OF THE DOOKS IN USE IN THE SCHOOLS IN
FAJAHMUNDFY
43

1. Daula Fanauyanun 2. Foolncny Cullcyanun
3. PaurcjaniaIairaranun 4. Molly Fanauyanun
5. Faunayanun 6. Dansarady Saiacun
7. Krccsina Saiacun 8. Soonaiy Saiacun
9. Janalcy Saiacun 10. Prasunnaragara Saiacun
11. Fanaiarala Saiacun 12. DaIscara Saiacun
13. Dccsanavccausa Saiacun 14. Dccnalingaswara Saiacun
15. Soorcyanaraina Saiacun 16. Narraina Saiacun
17. PlaIolanda CIaraira 18. Vasoo CIaraira
19. Manoo CIarcira 20. Sununga CIarcira
21. Nala CIarcira 22. Vanana CIarcira
23. Caniniun 24. Pauvooloory Caniniun
25. DIauraian 26. DIaugavaiun
27. Vcjia Valousun 28. Kroosinalcclan Vclausun
29. FaiIanaiIava Vclausun 30. Suiana Slundun
31. Asina Slundun 32. FaiIanaiIava Sunvadun
33. DIaunoonaly Paranaycn 34. VccralIadra Vcjaycn
35. Lcclansoondary Paranaycn 36. Anarun
37. SooraniIanaswarun 38. Voodcyagaurvcn
39. Audcurvcn 40. Cajandra MoicIun
41. AndIrananasungraIan 42. CoocIalourlsyanun
43. Fcsclajana ManolIaranun
INSTITUTIONS OF HICHEF LEAFNINC
WIilc scvcral of iIc collcciors olscrvcd iIai no insiiiuiions of
IigIcr lcarning wcrc iIcn lnown io cisi in iIcir disiricis, iIc
rcsi rcoricd a ioial of 1,094 sucI laccs. TIcsc wcrc
cnuncraicd undcr iIc icrn 'collcgcs' (as ncniioncd in iIc
rcscrilcd forn}. TIc largcsi nunlcr of iIcsc, 279, wcrc in iIc
disirici of FajaInundry wiiI a ioial of 1,454 scIolars,
Coinlaiorc canc nci wiiI 173 sucI laccs (724 scIolars},
Cunioor Iad 171 (wiiI 939 scIolars}, Tanjorc 109 (wiiI 769
scIolars}, Ncllorc 107, NoriI Arcoi 69 (wiiI 418 scIolars}, Salcn
53 (wiiI 324 scIolars}, CIinglcui 51 (wiiI 398 scIolars},
Masuliaian 49
34
35
(wiiI 199 scIolars}, Dcllary 23, TricInooly 9 (wiiI 131
scIolars}, and Malalar wiiI onc old insiiiuiion nainiaincd ly
iIc Sanudrin Faja (Zanorin}, wiiI 75 scIolars. In nosi oiIcr
disiricis wIcrc no sucI insiiiuiions wcrc lnown, iIc collcciors
rcoricd iIai sucI lcarningin iIc Vcdas, Sasiras, Law,
Asironony, Canccisasiran, EiIics, cic.was inaricd in
AgraIarans, or usually ai Ionc. TIc daia rcgarding sucI
rivaicly conducicd lcarning in Malalar nay lc indicaiivc of iIc
cicni of sucI lcarning in oiIcr disiricis also (discusscd in a
sulscqucni scciion}. TuIc b indicaics iIcsc and oiIcr dciails
norc clcarly.
In nosi arcas, iIc DraInin scIolars forncd a vcry snall
rooriion of iIosc siudying in scIools. HigIcr lcarning,
Iowcvcr, lcing norc in iIc naiurc of rofcssional sccialisaiion,
sccns in iIc nain io Iavc lccn liniicd io iIc DraInins. TIis
was csccially iruc rcgarding iIc discilincs of TIcology,
MciaIysics, EiIics, and io a largc cicni of iIc siudy of Law.
Dui iIc discilincs of Asironony and Mcdical Scicncc sccn io
Iavc lccn siudicd ly scIolars fron a variciy of laclgrounds
and casics. TIis is vcry cvidcni fron iIc Malalar daia. oui of
808 siudying Asironony, only 78 wcrc DraInins; and of iIc 194
siudying Mcdicinc, only 31 wcrc DraInins. Incidcnially, in
FajaInundry, fivc of iIc scIolars in iIc insiiiuiion of IigIcr
lcarning wcrc Soodras. According io oiIcr Madras Prcsidcncy
survcys, of iIosc raciising Mcdicinc and Surgcry, ii was found
iIai sucI crsons lclongcd io a variciy of casics. Anongsi iIcn,
iIc larlcrs, according io DriiisI ncdical ncn, wcrc iIc lcsi in
Surgcry.
44

Dcsidcs iIc accouni rovidcd ly iIc Sanudrin Faja
rcgarding iIc funciioning of iIc insiiiuiion suoricd ly Iis
fanily in Malalar,
45
iIc collcciors of Cunioor, CuddaaI,
Masuliaian, Madura and Madras also wroic in sonc dciail on
iIc suljcci of IigIcr lcarning. According io iIc collccior of
Madras. 'Asironony, Asirology, cic. arc in sonc insianccs iaugIi
io iIc cIildrcn of iIc oorcr class of DraInins graiis, and in
ccriain fcw cascs an allowancc is givcn rooriionaic io iIc
circunsianccs of iIc arcnis or guardians.' TIc collccior of
Madura on iIc oiIcr Iand ncniioncd iIai.
36
In agraIaran villagcs inIaliicd ly DraInins, ii Ias lccn
usual fron iinc inncnorial io alloi for iIc cnjoyncni of
iIosc wIo siudy iIc Vaidans and Pooranans (rcligion and
Iisiorical iradiiions} an cicni of nauniun land yiclding
fron 20 io 50 fanans cr annun and in a fcw lui rarc
insianccs io iIc cicni of 100 fanans and iIcy
graiuiiously and gcncrally insiruci sucI uils as nay
voluniarily lc lrougIi io iIcn.
46

TIc collccior of Masuliaian nadc a sinilar olscrvaiion
and siaicd.
If iIc loys arc of Vydcca DraInins, iIcy arc, so soon as
iIcy can rcad rocrly, rcnovcd dircci fron scIools io
collcgc of Vaduns and Sasiruns.
TIc forncr is said io lc iIc noiIcr of all iIc scicnccs of
Hindoos, and iIc laiicr is iIc connon icrn for all iIosc
scicnccs, wIicI arc in Sanslrii, viz law, asironony,
iIcology, cic. TIcsc scicnccs arc iaugIi ly DraInins only,
and norc csccially DraInins Iolding AgraIarans,
Mauniuns, FozunaIs, or oiIcr cnoluncnis, wIosc duiy ii
is io olscrvc iIcir rcligious olligaiion on all occasions.
In nosi of iIc iowns, villagcs and Ianlcis of iIis couniry,
iIc DraInins arc icacIing iIcir loys iIc Vadun and
Sasiruns, ciiIcr in collcgcs or clscwIcrc in iIcir rcscciivc
Iouscs.
47

TIc norc dcscriiivc accounis, Iowcvcr, wcrc fron
CuddaaI and Cunioor. TIc collccior of CuddaaI siaicd.
AliIougI iIcrc arc no scIools or collcgcs suoricd ly
ullic coniriluiion, I ougIi noi io onii iIai anongsi
DraInins, insiruciion is in nany laccs graiuiiously
affordcd and iIc oorcr class oliain all iIcir cducaiion in
iIis way. Ai iIc agc of fron 10 io 16 ycars, if Ic Ias noi
iIc ncans of oliaining insiruciion oiIcrwisc, a young
DraInin lcavcs Iis Ionc, and rocccds io iIc rcsidcncc of
a nan of Iis own casic wIo is willing io afford insiruciion
wiiIoui rcconcnsc io all iIosc rcsoriing io Iin for iIc
urosc. TIcy do noi, Iowcvcr, dcrivc sulsisicncc fron
Iin for as Ic is gcncrally oor Iinsclf, Iis ncans could
noi of coursc givc suori io oiIcrs, and cvcn if Ic Ias iIc
ncans Iis giving food and cloiIing io Iis uils would
aiiraci so nany as
37
io dcfcai iIai oljcci iisclf wIicI is rofcsscd. TIc Doard
would naiurally cnquirc Iow iIcsc cIildrcn wIo arc so
dcsiiiuic as noi io lc allc io rocurc insiruciion in iIcir
own villagcs, could sulsisi in iIosc io wIicI iIcy arc
sirangcrs, and io wIicI iIcy iravcl fron 10 io 100 nilcs,
wiiI no inicniion of rciurning for scvcral ycars. TIcy arc
suoricd cniircly ly cIariiy, daily rccaicd, noi rcccivcd
fron iIc insirucior for iIc rcasons alovc ncniioncd, lui
fron iIc inIaliianis of iIc villagcs gcncrally. TIcy rcccivc
sonc oriion of alns daily ai iIc door of cvcry DraInin in
iIc villagc, and iIis is conccdcd io iIcn wiiI a
cIccrfulncss wIicI considcring iIc oljcci in vicw nusi lc
csiccncd as a nosi Ionourallc iraii in iIc naiivc
cIaracicr, and iis unolirusivcncss ougIi io cnIancc iIc
valuc of ii. Wc arc undoulicdly indclicd io iIis lcncvolcni
cusion for iIc gcncral srcad of cducaiion anongsi a class
of crsons wIosc ovcriy would oiIcrwisc lc an
insurnouniallc olsiaclc io advanccncni in lnowlcdgc,
and ii will lc casily infcrrcd iIai ii rcquircs only iIc lilcral
and fosicring carc of Covcrnncni io lring ii io crfcciion.
48

TIc collccior of Cunioor was cqually dcscriiivc and
olscrvcd iIai iIougI iIcrc sccncd io lc 'no collcgcs for
icacIing iIcology, law, asironony, cic. in iIc disirici' wIicI arc
cndowcd ly iIc siaic yci,
TIcsc scicnccs arc rivaicly iaugIi io sonc scIolars or
discilcs gcncrally ly iIc DraInins lcarncd in iIcn,
wiiIoui ayncni of any fcc, or rcward, and iIai iIcy, iIc
DraInins wIo icacI arc gcncrally nainiaincd ly ncans of
nauniun land wIicI Iavc lccn granicd io iIcir anccsiors
ly iIc ancicni Zanindars of iIc ZillaI, and ly iIc forncr
Covcrnncni on diffcrcni accounis, lui iIcrc acars no
insiancc in wIicI naiivc Covcrnncnis Iavc granicd
allowanccs in noncy and land ncrcly for iIc nainicnancc
of iIc icacIcrs for giving insiruciion in iIc alovc scicnccs.
Dy iIc infornaiion wIicI Ias lccn goi iogciIcr on iIc
suljcci, ii acars iIai iIcrc arc 171 laccs wIcrc
iIcology, laws and asironony, cic. arc iaugIi rivaicly,
and iIc nunlcr of discilcs in iIcn is 939. TIc rcadcrs of
iIcsc scicnccs cannoi gcncrally gci icacIcrs in iIcir
rcscciivc villagcs and arc iIcrcforc olligcd io go io oiIcrs.
In wIicI casc if iIc rcadcr lclongs io a fanily iIai can
afford io suori Iin Ic gcis
38
wIai is rcquircd for Iis ccnscs fron Iis Ionc and wIicI
is csiinaicd ai iIrcc ruccs cr noniI, lui wIicI is only
sufficicni io suly Iin wiiI Iis viciuals; and if on iIc
oiIcr Iand, Iis fanily is in ioo indigcni circunsianccs io
nalc sucI allowancc, iIc siudcni rocurcs Iis daily
sulsisicncc fron iIc Iouscs in iIc villagc wIcrc iaugIi
wIicI willingly furnisI sucI ly iurns.
SIould colc lc dcsirous of siudying dcccr in iIcology,
cic. iIan is iaugIi in iIcsc aris, iIcy iravcl io Dcnarcs,
Navadwccun,
49
cic. wIcrc iIcy rcnain for ycars io ialc
insiruciion undcr iIc lcarncd undiis of iIosc laccs.
50

SOME DOOKS USED IN HICHEF LEAFNINC
TIc lools uscd in iIcsc insiiiuiions nay lc assuncd io Iavc
lccn iIc Vcdus, iIc various Sustus, iIc Puunus, iIc norc wcll
lnown lools on Guncctu, and JotsI-sIustus, and Eic
liicraiurc. Ecci in iIc rcori fron FajaInundry, iIcrc is no
ncniion of any lools in iIc rcoris fron oiIcr disiricis.
According io FajaInundry, sonc of iIc lools uscd iIcrc wcrc.
NAMES OF THE DOOKS IN USE IN THE COLLECES IN
FAJAHMUNDFY
51

Vuduns, ctc.
1. Foogvadun 1. Fagoovunsan
2. Yajoorvadun 1. CoonarasunlIavcn
3. Sanavadun 1. MogIasundascn
4. Sroudun 1. DIaravy
5. Dravcdavcdun or 1. MaulIun
Nunlauyanun
5.
6. NaycsIadun
7. Andasasirun
Sustuns
1. Sanslrii Crannar
SiddIanda Cownoody
39
2. Turlun
3. JcyoicsIcn
4. Durnasasirun
5. Cauvcycns
Dcsidcs, as FajaInundry Iad a fcw Pcrsian scIools,
52
ii also
scni a lisi of Pcrsian and Aralic lools siudicd. TIcsc wcrc.
NAMES OF THE DOOKS IN USE IN THE PEFSIAN
SCHOOLS IN FAJAHMUNDFY
1. CarcnaI AunadunnannaI
2. Harclarun in Pcrsian
3. InsIaI CuliIa and Coolsian
4. DaIurdanisI and Dosian
5. Aldul PIazul InsIaI
6. CaliIa
7. KIoran
PFIVATE TUITION (OF EDUCATION AT HOME}
Scvcral collcciors, csccially iIc collccior of Canara, wIo did noi
scnd any siaiisiical rciurns ai all, ncniioncd iIc faci iIai nany
of iIc loys and csccially iIc girls rcccivcd cducaiion ai Ionc
fron iIcir arcnis, or rclaiivcs, or fron rivaicly cngagcd iuiors.
Many also siaicd iIai IigIcr lcarning is lcing inaricd in
AgraIarans, cic. Howcvcr, ii was only iIc collcciors of Malalar
and of iIc ciiy of Madras wIo scni any siaiisiical daia on iIc
suljcci. TIc collccior of Malalar scni sucI daia wiiI rcgard io
IigIcr lcarning, wIilc iIc collccior of Madras aloui iIc loys and
girls wIo wcrc rccciving cducaiion in iIcir Ioncs. DoiI iIc
rciurns arc rcroduccd in TuIcs ?A H.
Fcgarding iIc daia conccrning IigIcr lcarning fron
Malalar, ii is rcasonallc io assunc iIai iIougI lcarning
iIrougI rivaic iuiors did cisi in nosi oiIcr disiricis, ii was
carricd oui in Malalar io a far grcaicr cicni duc io iis raiIcr
diffcrcni Iisiorical and sociological laclground. As will lc noicd
fron TuIcs ?A H, iIosc siudying in iIis fasIion ai iIis criod
(1823} wcrc aloui iwcniy-onc iincs iIc nunlcr of iIosc
aiicnding iIc
40
41

soliiary collcgc suoricd ly iIc norc or lcss rcsourcclcss fanily
of iIc Sanudrin Faja. TIc Malalar daia also sIows 194 crsons
siudying ncdicinc. As indigcnous ncdical raciiiioncrs cisicd
in cvcry oiIcr disirici and crIas in cvcry villagcsonc of
iIcn siill in rcccii of rcvcnuc assignncnis for iIcir scrviccs io
iIc connuniiyii can logically lc assuncd iIai sinilar
icacIing in Mcdical Scicncc cisicd in nosi oiIcr disiricis ioo.
WIai nunlcr and rooriions in iIc various discilincs
wcrc iIus cducaicd rivaicly in iIc oiIcr disiricis, Iowcvcr, is a
scculaiivc qucsiion. Siill, ii nay noi lc ioo crroncous io
assunc iIai iIc nunlcr of iIosc 'rivaicly' siudying TIcology,
Law, Asironony, MciaIysics, EiIics, Pociry and Liicraiurc,
Mcdical Scicncc, Music, and Dancc (all of wIicI cisicd in iIis
criod} was crIas scvcral iincs iIc nunlcr of iIosc wIo wcrc
rccciving sucI cducaiion insiiiuiionally.
TIc daia fron Madras rcgarding iIc nunlcr of loys and
girls rccciving iuiiion ai iIcir Ioncs is cqually criincni. In
conarison io iIosc lcing cducaicd in scIools in Madras, iIis
42
nunlcr is 4.73 iincs. TIougI ii is iruc iIai Ialf of iIcsc
rivaicly iuiorcd wcrc fron anongsi iIc DraInins and iIc
Vysccs, siill iIosc fron iIc Soodras forn 28.7% of iIis nunlcr,
and fron iIc oiIcr casics 13%. FuriIcrnorc, iIc Indian ari of
Madras ciiy ai iIis criod was norc of a sIaniy-iown. In
conarison io iIc oldcr iowns and ciiics of iIc Prcsidcncy, ii
was a rclaiivcly ladly organiscd lacc, iIc siaius of iis Indian
inIaliianis lcing raiIcr lowcr in iIc social scalc iIan iIcir
counicraris in oiIcr laccs lilc Madura, Tanjorc, TricIinooly,
cic. Ii nay lc quiic rolallc, iIcrcforc, iIai iIc nunlcr of iIosc
rivaicly cducaicd in oiIcr disiricis, if noi sonc 4 io 5 iincs
norc iIan iIosc aiicnding scIool as in Madras ciiy, was siill
arccially largc. TIc olscrvaiion of TIonas Munro iIai iIcrc
was 'rolally sonc crror' in iIc nunlcr givcn of 26,903 lcing
iaugIi ai Ionc in Madras ciiya rcnarl incidcnially wIicI Ias
lccn nadc nucI of ly laicr conncniaiors on iIc suljccidocs
noi Iavc nucI validiiy. If iIc nunlcr Iad lccn considcrcd
scriously crroncous, a ncw conuiaiion for iIc ciiy of Madras,
io wIicI alonc ii criaincd, would Iavc lccn no difficuli naiicr,
csccially as iIis rciurn Iad lccn sulniiicd io iIc Covcrnor a
wIolc ycar lcforc iIis conncni. Ii was crIas rcquircd of
TIonas Munroas Icad of iIc cccuiivcio crcss sucI a
rcscrvaiion. Undoulicdly, ii was iIc sori of conncni wIicI iIc
nalcrs of olicy in London wisIcd io Icar.
55
TIis drafi, Iowcvcr,
was followcd ly iIc rcnarl iIai 'iIc siaic of cducaiion Icrc
cIiliicd, low as ii is conarcd wiiI iIai of our own couniry, is
IigIcr iIan ii was in nosi Eurocan counirics ai no vcry disiani
criod.' As nay lc gucsscd fron iIc daia criaining io Driiain,
iIc icrn 'ai no vcry disiani criod' rcally ncani iIc lcginning of
iIc ninciccniI ccniury, wIicI Iad lccn iIc rcal siari of iIc Day
scIools for nosi cIildrcn in iIc DriiisI Islcs.
43
EDUCATION OF CIFLS
As ncniioncd carlicr, iIc nunlcr of girls aiicnding scIool was
vcry snall. Lcaving asidc iIc disirici of Malalar and iIc Jcyoor
division of Vizagaaian disirici, iIc girls fron iIc DraInin,
CIciiri, and Vyscc casics wcrc raciically non-cisicni in
scIools. TIcrc wcrc, Iowcvcr, sonc Muslin girls rccciving
scIool cducaiion. 56 in TricInooly, and 27 in Salcn. TIc
Hindoo girls wIo aiicndcd scIool, iIougI again noi in any largc
nunlcr, wcrc fron iIc Soodra and oiIcr Hindoo casics; and,
according io iIc collcciors of Masuliaian, Madura, Tinncvclly
and Coinlaiorc, nosi of iIcn wcrc siaicd io lc dancing girls, or
girls wIo wcrc rcsunally going io lc dcuduss in iIc icnlcs.
TuIc S rcscnis iIc disirici and casic-wisc nunlcr of iIc girls
aiicnding scIool, or said io lc rccciving rivaic iuiiion.
As will lc noiiccd fron TuIc 9, iIc osiiion in Malalar, as
also in Jcyoor Zanindary of Vizagaaian disirici, was nucI
diffcrcni. TIc rclaiivc nunlcrs of girls and loys aiicnding scIool
in iIcsc iwo arcas
56
arc rcscnicd in TuIc S lclow.
In crccniagc icrns of iIc ioial, iIc rooriion of girls io
loys in scIool was iIc IigIcsi, 29.7%, in iIc Jcyoor
Zanindary of iIc Vizagaaian disirici. Evcn norc surrising,
iIc rooriion of DraInin girls io DraInin loys in scIool was
as IigI as 37%. Sinilarly, in Malalar iIc rooriion of Muslin
girls io Muslin
44
45
46
loys in scIool lcing ai 35.1% is iruly asionisIing.
57
Evcn
anongsi iIc Vysccs, iIc Soodras and iIc oiIcr casics in
Malalar, iIc rooriion of girls io loys was fairly IigI ai 15.5%,
19.1% and 12.4% rcscciivcly; iIc rooriion of iIc ioials lcing
18.3%. TIai iwo sucI widcly scaraicd arcas (Malalar on iIc
wcsi coasi wIilc Jcyoor Zanindary lcing in iIc Iilly iracis on
iIc souiIcrn lordcr of Orissa} Iad sucI a sociological sinilariiy
rcquircs dcccr siudy.
V
TIc undcrialing of iIc survcy was wclconcd ly London in May
1825, wIcn ii wroic io Madras. 'Wc iIinl grcai crcdii is duc io
Sir TIonas Munro for Iaving originaicd iIc idca of iIis cnquiry.'
Howcvcr, aficr rcccii of iIc survcy infornaiion and acrs, iIc
rcly Madras rcccivcd ridiculcd and aliogciIcr disnisscd wIai
Iad lccn rcoricd io lc funciioning. In iIc ullic dcsaicI of
16 Aril 1828, Madras was iold iIai 'iIc infornaiion scni', wIilc
lacling in ccriain rcsccis, was 'yci sufficicnily conlcic io
sIow, iIai in roviding iIc ncans of a lciicr cducaiion for iIc
naiivcs, liiilc aid is io lc cccicd fron iIc insiruncnis of
cducaiion wIicI alrcady cisi.'
ADAM'S FEPOFT ON INDICENOUS EDUCATION IN
DENCAL AND DIHAF
TIiriccn ycars aficr iIc iniiiaiion of iIc survcy in iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy, a norc liniicd scni-official survcy of indigcnous
cducaiion was ialcn u in iIc Prcsidcncy of Dcngal. TIis was
wIai is lnown as iIc cclclraicd Adun`s Hcots, or io givc iIc
full iiilc Hcots on tIc Stutc o Educuton n Hcngu lSJb und
lSJS.
58

47
Ii consisis of iIrcc rcoris. iIc st, daicd 1si July 1836, lcing a
survcy of iIc availallc cisiing infornaiion rcgarding indigcnous
cducaiion and iis naiurc and faciliiics in iIc various disiricis of
Dcngal (.1-126}; iIc sccond, daicd 23 Dcccnlcr 1835, lcing a
survcy of iIc rcvalcni siiuaiion undcrialcn ly W. Adan in iIc
TIana of Naiiorc in iIc disirici of FajsIaIy (.127-208,
.528-578}; and iIc tId, daicd 28 Aril 1838, lcing a survcy
of iIc siiuaiion in aris of MursIcdalad, and iIc wIolc of iIc
disiricis of DccrlIoon, Durdwan, SouiI DcIar and TirIooi,
cnding wiiI Adan's rcflcciions, rcconncndaiions and
conclusions (.209-467}.
Adun`s PIuscoog und Pcscntuton
In siic of iIc conirovcrsics wIicI Adun`s Hcots Iavc givcn
risc ioiIc nosi noiallc onc lcing Iis ncniion of iIcrc lcing
crIas 1,00,000 villagc scIools siill cisiing in Dcngal and
DiIar in sonc forn iill iIc 1830siIc ioial inrcssion
roduccd ly iIcn is onc of cicnsivc dccay of iIcsc insiiiuiions.
Largcly duc io Adan's cvangclical, noralisiic ionc, rcading iIcn
is a raiIcr dcrcssing lusincss. Adan Iinsclf was no grcai
adnircr of iIc Indian icacIcr, or iIc naiurc and conicni of
Indian cducaiion. Howcvcr, as Adan siaricd fron iIc vicw iIai
iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni of iIc day sIould inicrcsi iisclf in iIc
sIcrc of clcncniary and IigIcr Indian cducaiion and also
suori ii financially, Ic sccncd io Iavc iIougIi ii ncccssary io
usc all ossillc arguncnis and inagcry io lring Ionc iIis
oini. Undcr iIc circunsianccs, ii was ncccssary for Iin io
dranaiisc iIc dccay as wcll as iIc rclaiivc siaic of ignorancc of
iIc icacIcrs, as wcll as iIc lacl of lools, luildings, cic., in
ordcr io cvolc iIc dcsircd synaiIciic rcsonsc. FuriIcrnorc, ii
is inoriani io noic iIai W. Adan iniiially Iad conc io Dcngal
in 1818 as a Daiisi Missionary. TIougI Ic lcfi nissionary
aciiviiy aficr sonc ycars, and iool io journalisn insicad, Ic
rcnaincd a roduci of Iis conicnorary DriiisI iincs, a criod
doninaicd ly iwo rincial currcnis of oinion. onc wIicI saw
iIc ncccssiiy of cvangclising
48
India, advocaicd ly ncn lilc Willian Willcrforcc; iIc oiIcr, iis
wcsicrnisaiion, synloliscd ly ncn lilc T.D. Macaulay and
Willian Dcniincl. As indicaicd carlicr, loiI idcas wcrc
cnconasscd in iIc CIaricr Aci of 1813. Addiiionally, iIc
rcoris of Adan, aliIougI noi fornal official docuncnis, wcrc
nonciIclcss sanciioncd and financcd ly iIc ordcrs of iIc
Covcrnor Ccncral Iinsclf. Naiurally, iIcrcforc, wIilc iIcy nay
inly nany iIingsas do sonc of iIc rcoris of iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy collcciorsiIcy wcrc ncvcriIclcss Irascd in sucI a
way as noi io lay iIc llanc dirccily on asi govcrnncni olicy
and aciion.
Vucd und VuuuIc Socoogcu Dutu
TIc norc inoriani oini wIicI concs iIrougI Adan's
voluninous wriiing, Iowcvcr, was Iis rcnarlallc indusiry and
iIc dciail and variciy of daia wIicI Ic was allc io collcci. st,
fron iIc osi-1800 cisiing sourccs; and sccond, iIrougI Iis
own invcsiigaiions. WIilc iIc conirovcrsy aloui Iis 1,00,000
villagc scIools in Dcngal and DiIar is finally forgoiicn, iIc
naicrial wIicI Ic rovidcd (rcgarding iIc casic conosiiion of
iIc uils iaugIi as wcll as iIc icacIcrs, iIcir avcragc agcs ai
various criods, and iIc lools wIicI wcrc iIcn in usc in iIc
disiricis Ic survcycd} will siill Iavc grcai rclcvancc.
Sccctons Hcoduccd
Sonc sclcciions fron Adan's naicrial arc rcroduccd in iIc
rcscni worl (Anncurc D}. TIcsc includc. (i} dcscriiions of
clcncniary cducaiion ialcn fron iIc firsi and sccond rcoris; (ii}
dcscriiion of IigIcr lcarning, fron iIc firsi rcori, (iii} a scciion
on Mcdical cducaiion ialcn fron iIc sccond rcori, lascd on
invcsiigaiions in Naiiorc, FajsIaIy; and (iv}, sonc ialulaiions of
iIc lasic daia for iIc fivc survcycd disiricis coniaincd in iIc
iIird rcori. TIis laiicr ialulaiion is givcn undcr iIc following
Icads.
a. Elcncniary ScIools and casic-wisc division of siudcnis
l. Elcncniary ScIools and casic-wisc division of icacIcrs
c. Dools uscd in Elcncniary ScIools
d. Dciails of insiiiuiions of Sanslriiic Lcarning
c. Dools uscd in Sanslriiic Siudics
f. Dciails of insiiiuiions of Pcrsian and Aralic Lcarning
g. Dools uscd in Pcrsian and Aralic Siudics
I. Suljcci and disiriciwisc duraiion of Siudy
49
TIc Fst Hcot. A Suuc o Post-lSUU Mutcu
Adan's firsi rcori is a gcncral siaicncni of iIc siiuaiion and a
rcscniaiion of iIc daia wIicI Ic could dcrivc fron osi-1800
official and oiIcr sourccs. His conclusions. st, cvcry villagc
Iad ai lcasi onc scIool and in all rolaliliiy in Dcngal and
DiIar wiiI 1,50,748 villagcs, 'iIcrc will siill lc 1,00,000' villagcs
iIai Iavc iIcsc scIools.
59
Sccond, on iIc lasis of crsonal
olscrvaiion and wIai Ic Iad lcarni fron oiIcr cvidcncc, Ic
infcrrcd iIai on an avcragc iIcrc wcrc around 100 insiiiuiions of
IigIcr lcarning in cacI disirici of Dcngal. Conscqucnily, Ic
concludcd iIai iIc 18 disiricis of Dcngal Iad aloui 1,800 sucI
insiiiuiions. Conuiing iIc nunlcr siudying in iIcsc laiicr ai
iIc lowcsi figurc of si scIolars in cacI, Ic also conuicd iIai
sonc 10,800 scIolars sIould lc siudying in iIcn. Hc furiIcr
olscrvcd iIai wIilc iIc clcncniary scIools 'arc gcncrally Icld in
iIc Ioncs of sonc of iIc nosi rcscciallc naiivc inIaliianis or
vcry ncar iIcn', iIc insiiiuiions of IigIcr lcarning Iad luildings
gcncrally of clay wiiI 'sonciincs iIrcc or fivc roons' and 'in
oiIcrs ninc or clcvcn roons', wiiI a rcading-roon wIicI is also
of clay. TIcsc laiicr laccs wcrc also uscd for iIc rcsidcncc of
iIc scIolars; and iIc scIolars wcrc usually fcd and cloiIcd ly
iIc icacIcrs, and wIcrc rcquircd, wcrc assisicd ly iIc local
colc. Aficr dcscriling iIc nciIod of icacIing in loiI iycs of
insiiiuiions and going inio iIcir daily rouiinc, Adan iIcn
rcscnicd and canincd iIc osi-1800 daia on iIc suljcci,
disirici ly disirici. TuIc lU givcs an alsiraci of iIis
caninaiion.
TIc Sccond Hcot. Suuc o Nuttoc TIunu
TIc sccond rcori was wIolly dcvoicd io Adan's siudy of iIc
siiuaiion in iIc TIana of Naiiorc in iIc disirici of FajsIaIy. Ii
was lilc a nodcrn iloi survcy in wIicI Adan dcvclocd Iis
50
51
52
nciIods and fasIioncd Iis iools for iIc norc cicnsivc survcy
wIicI was Iis rinary ain. TIc rcsulis of iIis Naiiorc survcy of
485 villagcs wcrc ialulaicd, villagc ly villagc, ly Adan. FuriIcr
dciails wcrc rovidcd for sonc of iIcn in anoiIcr ialulaiion.
TIc oulaiion of iIis TIana was 1,20,928; iIc nunlcr of
fanilics 30,028 (in iIc rooriion of onc Hindoo io iwo
Muslins}; iIc nunlcr of clcncniary scIools 27, and of scIools
of lcarning 38 (all iIcsc laiicr lcing Hindoo}. In 1,588 fanilics
(80% of iIcsc lcing Hindoo}, cIildrcn occasionally rcccivcd
insiruciion ai Ionc. TIc nunlcr of scIolars in clcncniary
scIools was 262, and cducaiion in iIcn was lciwccn iIc agcs of
8-14; wIilc iIc scIolars in scIools of lcarning wcrc 397, 136 of
iIcsc lcing local crsons and 261 fron disiani laccs, iIc laiicr
also rccciving loiI food and lodging. TIc avcragc criod of siudy
in iIcsc laiicr insiiiuiions was 16 ycars, fron aloui iIc agc of
11 io iIc agc of 27. Howcvcr, wIilc iIc nunlcr in clcncniary
scIools was so low, iIcsc 485 villagcs nonciIclcss Iad 123
naiivc gcncral ncdical raciiiioncrs, 205 villagc dociors, 21
nosily DraInin snallo inoculaiors raciising according io iIc
old Indian nciIod,
60
297 woncn-nidwivcs, and 722 snalc
conjurors.
TIc TId Hcot. Suuc o Fuc Dstcts
TIc iIird rcori of Adan Ias iIc nosi daia. In iIis rcori, Adan
givcs iIc findings of Iis survcys in ari of iIc disirici of
MursIcdalad (20 tIunus wiiI a oulaiion of 1,24,804 oui of 37
tIunus wiiI a ioial disirici oulaiion of 9,69,447}, and iIc
wIolc of iIc disiricis of DccrlIoon and Durdwan in Dcngal, and
of SouiI DcIar and TirIooi in DiIar. In onc tIunu of cacI
disirici, Adan carricd oui iIc cnquirics crsonally and also
gaiIcrcd addiiional infornaiion. In iIc rcsi, ii was donc for Iin
according io Iis insiruciions and rofornas ly Iis iraincd
Indian assisianis. Earlicr, Adan's inicniion was io visii cvcry
villagc in crson; lui Ic found iIai 'iIc suddcn acarancc of a
Eurocan in a villagc oficn insircd icrror, wIicI ii was always
difficuli, and sonciincs inossillc, io sulduc.'(.214} Hc,
iIcrcforc, gavc u iIis idca of a crsonal visii io cvcry villagc; in
ari io savc iinc.
Lunguugc-usc Duson
TIc ioial nunlcr of scIools of all iycs in iIc sclccicd disiricis
nunlcrcd 2,566. TIcsc scIools wcrc dividcd inio Dcngali
(1,098},
53
Hindi (375}, Sanslrii (353}, Pcrsian (694}, Aralic (31}, EnglisI
(8}, Cirls (6}, and infanis (1}. TIc nunlcr of scIools in iIc
disirici of Midnaorc was also givcn. 548 Dcngali scIools, 182
Oriya scIools, 48 Pcrsian scIools, and onc EnglisI scIool. TuIc
ll givcs iIc osiiion, disirici-wisc.

Fou Stugcs o ScIoo Instucton
Adan dividcd iIc criod scni in clcncniary scIools inio four
siagcs. According io Iin iIcsc wcrc. iIc st siagc, scldon
ccccding icn days, during wIicI iIc young scIolar was iaugIi
'io forn iIc lciicrs of iIc alIalci on iIc ground wiiI a snall
siicl or sli of lanloo', or on a sandloard. TIc sccond siagc,
cicnding fron iwo and a Ialf io four ycars, was 'disiinguisIcd
ly iIc usc of iIc aln lcaf as iIc naicrial on wIicI wriiing is
crforncd', and iIc scIolar was 'iaugIi io wriic and rcad', and
connii 'io ncnory iIc Couc Tallc, iIc Nuncraiion Tallc as
far as 100, iIc KutIu Tallc (a land ncasurc Tallc}, and iIc Sc
Tallc', cic. TIc tId siagc cicndcd 'fron iwo io iIrcc ycars,
wIicI arc cnloycd in wriiing on iIc laniain-lcaf.' Addiiion,
suliraciion, and oiIcr ariiInciical rulcs wcrc addiiionally
iaugIi during iIis criod. In iIc outI, and lasi siagc, of u io
iwo ycars, wriiing was donc on acr. TIc scIolar was cccicd
io lc allc io rcad iIc Hunuunu, Munsu Mungu, cic., ai Ionc,
as wcll as lc qualificd in accounis, and iIc wriiing of lciicrs,
ciiiions, cic. TuIc l2 indicaics iIc nunlcrs, using iIc various
naicrials on wIicI wriiing was donc in iIc survcycd arcas.
54

Ecncntu Educuton o A Scctons
TIc firsi siriling oini fron iIis lroadcr survcy is iIc widc
social siraia io wIicI loiI iIc iaugIi and iIc icacIcrs in iIc
clcncniary scIools lclongcd. Ii is iruc iIai iIc grcaicr roor-
iion of iIc icacIcrs canc fron iIc KayasiIas, DraInins, Sadgo
and Aguri casics. Yci, quiic a nunlcr canc fron 30 oiIcr casic
grous also, and cvcn iIc CIandals Iad 6 icacIcrs. TIc
clcncniary scIool siudcnis rcscni an cvcn grcaicr variciy, and
ii sccns as if cvcry casic grou is rcrcscnicd in iIc siudcni
oulaiion, iIc DraInins and iIc KayasiIas nowIcrc forning
norc iIan 40% of iIc ioial. In iIc iwo DiIar disiricis, iogciIcr
iIcy forncd no norc iIan 15 io 16%. TIc norc surrising figurc
is of 61 Don, and 61 CIandal scIool siudcnis in iIc disirici of
Durdwan, ncarly cqual io iIc nunlcr of Vaidya siudcnis, 126,
in iIai disirici. WIilc Durdwan Iad 13 nissionary scIools, iIc
nunlcr of Don and CIandal scIolars in iIcn wcrc only four;
and, as Adan ncniioncd, only 86 of iIc 'scIolars lclonging io
16 of iIc lowcsi casics' wcrc in iIcsc nissionary scIools, wIilc
674 scIolars fron iIcn wcrc in iIc 'naiivc scIools'.
55
TcucIng o Accounts
Fcgarding iIc conicni of clcncniary icacIing, Adan ncniioncd
various lools wIicI wcrc uscd in icacIing. TIcsc varicd consid-
crally fron disirici io disirici, lui all scIools in iIc survcycd
disiricis, ccci crIas iIc 14 CIrisiian scIools, iaugIi ac-
counis. Also, nosi of iIcn iaugIi loiI conncrcial and
agriculiural accounis. TuIc lJ givcs a disirici-wisc siaicncni.
Tallc 13. ACCOUNTS TEACHINC IN ELEMENTAFY SCHOOLS
AND CHFISTIAN SCHOOLS

TIc agc of adnission in clcncniary scIools varicd fron 5
io 8 ycars, and, iIai of lcaving scIool fron 13 ycars io 16.5
ycars.
Insttutons o SunsItc Lcunng
TIc scIools of Sanslriiic lcarning in iIc survcycd disiricis (in all
353} nunlcrcd as IigI as 190 in Durdwan (1,358 scIolars} and
as low as 27 in SouiI DcIar (437 scIolars}. TIc icacIcrs (355 in
all} wcrc rcdoninanily DraInins, only 5 lcing fron iIc Vaidya
casic. TIc suljccis rcdoninanily iaugIi wcrc Crannar (1,424
siudcnis}, Logic (378 siudcnis}, Law (336 siudcnis} and Liicra-
iurc (120 siudcnis}. OiIcrs, in ordcr of nunlcrs siudying iIcn,
wcrc MyiIology (82 siudcnis}, Asirology (78 siudcnis}, Lcicology
(48 siudcnis}, FIcioric (19 siudcnis}, Mcdicinc (18 siudcnis},
Vcdania (13 siudcnis}, Tanira (14 siudcnis}, Minansa (2
siudcnis}, and SanlIya (1 siudcni}. TIc duraiion of iIc siudy
and iIc agcs wIcn ii was siaricd and conlcicd varicd a grcai
dcal fron suljcci io suljcci, and also fron disirici io disirici.
56
TIc siudy of Crannar siaricd ai iIc carlicsi agc (9 io 12 ycars}
and of Law, MyiIology, Taniras, cic. aficr iIc agc of 20. TIc
criod of siudy ordinarily lasicd fron aloui 7 io 15 ycars.
Insttutons TcucIng Pcsun und AuIc
TIosc siudying Pcrsian (wIicI Adan ircaicd norc as a
scIool suljcci iIan as a naiicr of IigIcr lcarning} nunlcrcd
3,479, iIc largcsi, 1,424, lcing in SouiI DcIar. TIc agc of
adnission in iIcn rangcd fron 6.8 ycars io 10.3 ycars, and iIc
siudy sccncd io Iavc coniinucd for sonc 11 io 15 ycars. Ovcr
Ialf of iIosc siudying Pcrsian wcrc Hindoos, iIc KayasiIas
lcing rcdoninani.
61

Aralic was lcing siudicd ly 175 scIolars, rcdoninanily
Muslins; lui 14 KayasiIas, 2 Aguris, 1 Tcli, and 1 DraInin
wcrc also siudcnis of Aralic. TIc lools uscd in Pcrsian lcarning
wcrc nuncrous and an arcciallc nunlcr for iIc siudy of
Aralic.
Finally, as far as agc was conccrncd, iIc icacIcrs in all
iycs of insiiiuiions wcrc largcly in iIcir iIiriics.
VI
DF C.W. LEITNEF ON INDICENOUS EDUCATION IN THE
PANJAD
Sonc 45 ycars aficr Adan, Dr C. W. Lciincr, (onc iinc Princial
of Covcrnncni Collcgc, LaIorc, and for sonciinc aciing Dirccior
of Pullic Insiruciion in iIc Panjal} rcarcd an cvcn norc
voluninous survcy of indigcnous cducaiion iIcrc.
62
TIc survcy
is vcry sinilar io iIai of W. Adan. Lciincr's languagc and
conclusions, Iowcvcr, wcrc norc dircci and nucI lcss
conlcncniary io DriiisI rulc. Incidcnially, as iinc asscd, iIc
inaliliiy of iIc DriiisI rulcrs io facc any criiicisn grcw
corrcsondingly.
57
TIcy Iad rcally lcgun io lclicvc in iIcir 'divincly ordaincd'
nission in India, and oiIcr conqucrcd arcas.
63

Ai any raic, Lciincr's rcscarcIcs sIowcd iIai ai iIc iinc of
iIc anncaiion of iIc Panjal, iIc lowcsi conuiaiion gavc
'3,30,000 uils in iIc scIools of iIc various dcnoninaiions
wIo wcrc acquainicd wiiI rcading, wriiing and sonc nciIod of
conuiaiion.' TIis is in conirasi wiiI 'liiilc norc iIan 1,90,000'
uils in 1882. FuriIcrnorc, 35-40 ycars rcviously, 'iIousands
of iIcn lclongcd io Aralic and Sanslrii collcgcs, in wIicI
oricnial Liicraiurc and sysicns of oricnial Law, Logic,
PIilosoIy, and Mcdicinc wcrc iaugIi io iIc IigIcsi siandards.'
Lciincr wcni inio grcai dciail, disirici ly disirici, lasing Iinsclf
on carlicr official wriiings; and, iIcn carricd oui a dciailcd
survcy of Iis own rcgarding iIc osiiion in 1882. A fcw lricf
ciracis fron iIis worl, criaining io Iis gcncral siaicncni, iIc
iyc of scIools wIicI Iad cisicd carlicr, and iIc lisi of lools
uscd in iIc Sanslriiic scIools is includcd anongsi iIc
docuncnis rcroduccd in iIis worl (Anncurc E}.
In iIc docuncnis rcroduccd in iIis worl, or in iIosc
oiIcrs of iIc cigIiccniI, or carly ninciccniI ccniury on iIc
suljcci of cducaiion in India, wIilc iIcrc is nucI on iIc
qucsiion of IigIcr lcarning, csccially of TIcology, Law,
Mcdicinc, Asironony, and Asirology, iIcrc is scarccly any
rcfcrcncc io iIc icacIing and iraining in iIc scorcs of
iccInologics, and crafis wIicI Iad iIcn cisicd in India. TIcrc
is also liiilc ncniion of iraining in Music, and Dancc. TIcsc
laiicr iwo, ii nay lc rcsuncd, wcrc largcly ialcn carc of ly iIc
conlc icnlc organisaiions.
TIc najor causc of iIc lacl of rcfcrcncc aloui iIc forncr,
Iowcvcr, is olviously lccausc iIosc wIo wroic on cducaiion
wIciIcr as govcrnncni adninisiraiors, iravcllcrs, CIrisiian
nissionarics, or scIolarswcrc iIcnsclvcs uninicrcsicd in Iow
sucI crafis wcrc iaugIi, or asscd fron onc gcncraiion io
58
anoiIcr. Sonc of iIcn wcrc cvidcnily inicrcsicd in a ariicular
iccInology, or crafi. as indicaicd ly iIc wriiings on iIcir
nanufaciurc of iron and siccl, iIc fasIioning of agriculiural
iools, iIc coiion and sill iciilcs, iIc naicrials uscd in
arcIiicciurc, and luildings, iIc naicrials uscd in iIc luilding of
sIis, iIc nanufaciurc of icc, acr, cic. Dui cvcn in sucI
wriiings, iIc inicrcsi lay in iIc ariicular nciIod and
iccInology and iis iccInological and scicniific dciails; and, noi
in Iow iIcsc wcrc lcarni.
Yci anoiIcr causc for iIc lacl of infornaiion on iIc
icacIing of iccIniqucs and crafis nay ossilly lic in iIc faci
iIai ordinarily in India nosi crafis wcrc lasically lcarni in iIc
Ionc. WIai was icrncd arcniiccsIi in Driiain (onc could noi
raciisc any crafi, rofcssion, cic., in England wiiIoui a long
and arduous criod undcr a nasicr crafisnan, or iccInologisi}
was norc infornal in India, iIc arcnis usually lcing iIc
icacIcrs and iIc cIildrcn iIc lcarncrs. AnoiIcr rcason nigIi
Iavc lccn iIai ariicular iccInologics or crafis, cvcn lilc iIc
rofcssion of iIc digging of ianls, or iIc iransoriaiion of
connodiiics wcrc iIc funciion of ariicular sccialisi grous,
sonc of iIcn ocraiing in nosi aris of India, wIilc oiIcrs in
ariicular rcgions, and iIcrcforc any fornal icacIing and
iraining in iIcn nusi Iavc lccn a funciion of sucI grous
iIcnsclvcs. Fcnarls availallc io iIc cffcci iIai, 'ii is circncly
difficuli io lcarn iIc aris of iIc Indians, for iIc sanc casic, fron
faiIcr io son, ccrciscs iIc sanc iradc and iIc unisIncni of
lcing ccludcd fron iIc casic on doing anyiIing injurious io iis
inicrcsis is so drcadful iIai ii is oficn inossillc io find an
induccncni io nalc iIcn connunicaic anyiIing',
64
acar io
indicaic sonc organisaiion of individual iccInologics ai grou
lcvcls. Howcvcr, io lnow anyiIing rcgarding iIcir icacIing, iIc
innovaiions and inrovisaiions in iIcn, (iIcrc nusi Iavc lccn
innuncrallc sucI insianccs cvcn if iIcsc wcrc on a dcclinc}, ii is
csscniial io Iavc nucI norc dciailcd infornaiion on sucI
grous, iIc naiurc of iIcsc iccInologics, and wIai in csscncc
consiiiuicd a fornal, or infornal arcniiccsIi in iIc diffcrcni
crafis. On iIis so far wc sccn io Iavc liiilc infornaiion.
TIc following indicaiivc lisi of iIc crafis lisicd in sonc of
iIc disiricis of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy (collccicd in iIc carly 19iI
ccniury rccords for lcvying ia on iIcn} nay givc, Iowcvcr,
sonc idca of iIcir variciy.
59
TANKS, HUILDINGS, ETC.
Sionc-cuiicrs Wood woocrs (Wood cuiicrs}
Marllc ninc worlcrs Danloo cuiicrs
CIunan nalcrs Wuddcrs (Tanl diggcrs}
Sawycrs Dricl-laycrs
METALLUHGY
Iron orc collcciors Cocr-sniiIs
Iron nanufaciurcrs Lcad wasIcrs
Iron forgc ocraiors Cold dusi collcciors
Iron furnaccs ocraiors Iron-sniiIs
Worlcrs of snclicd ncial Cold-sniiIs
inio lars Horsc-sIoc nalcrs
Drass-sniiIs
TEXTILES
Coiion clcancrs Finc cloiI wcavcrs
Coiion lcaicrs Coarsc cloiI wcavcrs
Coiion cardcrs CIiniz wcavcrs
Sill nalcrs Carci wcavcrs
Sinncrs Suircnzc carci wcavcrs
Ladu, or Pcnyasccs Coi iac wcavcrs
coiion sinncrs Cunllcc wcavcrs
CIay iIrcad nalcrs TIrcad urdaI wcavcrs
CIay rooi diggcrs (a dyc} Cunny wcavcrs
Fungruazc, or dycrs PariaI wcavcrs (a vcry largc
Mudda wada, or dycrs in rcd
nunlcr}
Indigo nalcr Mussalnan wcavcrs
Darlcr wcavcrs Dycrs in indigo
DoyaI wcavcrs Loon nalcrs
SnooiI and glazc cloiI ncn Sill wcavcrs
OTHEH CHAFTSMEN
Prcarcrs of cariI for langlcs Sali nalcrs
Danglc nalcrs EariI sali nanufaciurcrs
Pacr nalcrs Sali-circ nalcrs
Firc-worls nalcrs Arracl disiillcrs
Oilncn Collcciors of drugs and roois
Soa nalcrs Uiar nalcrs, druggisis
MISCELLANEOUS
Doai-ncn Sandal nalcrs
FisIcrncn Unlrclla nalcrs
60
Ficc-lcaicrs SIoc nalcrs
Toddy nalcrs Pcn ainicrs
Prcarcrs of cariI Mai nalcrs
for wasIcrncn Carcnicrs
WasIcrncn Dullcc nalcrs
Darlcrs Winding insiruncni nalcrs
Tailors Scal nalcrs
Daslci nalcrs CIucllcrs
Mai nalcrs

TIcrc is a scnsc of widcsrcad ncglcci and dccay in iIc
ficld of indigcnous cducaiion wiiIin a fcw dccadcs aficr iIc
onsci of DriiisI rulc. TIis is iIc najor connon inrcssion
wIicI cncrgcs fron iIc 1822-25 Madras Prcsidcncy daia, iIc
rcori of W. Adan on Dcngal and DiIar 1835-38, and iIc laicr
Panjal survcy ly C.W. Lciincr. If siudics of iIc dciailcd daia
criaining io iIc innuncrallc crafis, iccInologics and
nanufaciurcs of iIis criod, or for iIai naiicr of social
organisaiion wcrc io lc nadc, iIc conclusions in all rolaliliiy
will lc liiilc diffcrcni. On iIc oiIcr Iand, iIc dcscriiions of lifc
and sociciy rovidcd ly carlicr Eurocan accounis (i.c. accounis
wriiicn rior io iIc onsci of Eurocan doninancc} of diffcrcni
aris of India, and iIc daia on Indian coris rclaiing io iIis
carlicr criod (noiwiiIsianding iIc oliiical iurnoil in ccriain
aris of India}, on iIc wIolc lcavcs an inrcssion of a sociciy
wIicI sccns rclaiivcly roscrous and livcly. TIc conclusion
iIai iIc dccay noiiccd in iIc carly 19iI ccniury and norc so in
sulscqucni dccadcs originaicd wiiI Eurocan surcnacy in
India, iIcrcforc, sccns incscaallc. TIc 1769-70 faninc in
Dcngal (wIcn, according io DriiisI rccord, onc-iIird of iIc
oulaiion aciually crisIcd}, nay lc ialcn as a ncrc
forcrunncr of wIai was io conc.
In iIc conici of sonc Iisiorical dialcciic, Iowcvcr, sucI a
dccay nigIi Iavc lccn incviiallc; crIas, cvcn ncccssary, and
io lc dclilcraicly induccd. For insiancc, Karl Mar, as sucI no
fricnd of incrialisn or caiialisn, wriiing in 1853 was of iIc
vicw, iIai, 'England Ias io fulfill a doullc nission in India. onc
dcsiruciivc, iIc oiIcr rcgcncraiingiIc anniIilaiion of iIc old
Asiaiic sociciy, and iIc laying of iIc naicrial foundaiion of
Wcsicrn sociciy in Asia.'
65
Howcvcr, ii is noi India alonc wIicI
61
ccricnccd iIis Icnoncnon of dclilcraic dcsiruciion. OiIcr
arcas of iIc world, csccially iIc Ancricas and Africa, sccn io
Iavc ccricnccd sucI dcsiruciion io an cvcn grcaicr cicni. TIc
ncarly ioial anniIilaiion of iIc naiivc colc of iIc Ancricas
aficr iIcir suljugaiion ly Euroc fron 1500 A.D. onwardsis
an occurrcncc of cqually grcai inori. A naiivc oulaiion
csiinaicd ly nodcrn scIolars io Iavc lccn in iIc rangc of 90 io
112 nillion around 1500 A.D.,
66
far norc nuncrous iIan iIc
csiinaicd ioial oulaiion of Euroc iIcnIad dwindlcd io
ncrcly a fcw nillion ly iIc cnd of iIc 19iI ccniury. Ii is
rolallc iIai wIilc diffcring in cicni and nunlcrs, sinilar
dcsiruciion and anniIilaiion Iad occurrcd in diffcrcni aris of
iIc world iIrougI conqucsi and suljugaiion ai various iincs
during Iunan Iisiory. FuriIcr, quiic ossilly, no colc or
culiurc in iIc world can aliogciIcr clain innoccncc for iisclf
fron any ariiciaiion ai onc iinc or anoiIcr in sucI
occurrcnccs. NonciIclcss, wIaicvcr nay lc iIc casc rcgarding
iIc world lcforc 1500 A.D., iIc oini is iIai aficr iIis daic,
ancicni, funciioning, csiallisIcd culiurcs in nosi arcas of iIc
world, if noi wIolly clininaicd, Iad lcconc largcly dcrcsscd
duc io iIc cansion of Eurocan doninancc. TIis rcquircs liiilc
roof. Ii is olvious.
During iIc laiicr ari of iIc 19iI ccniury, inrcssions of
dccay, dcclinc and dcrivaiion lcgan io agiiaic iIc nind of iIc
Indian colc. SucI inrcssions no douli rcsulicd fron
concrcic crsonal, arcnial and social ccricncc of wIai Iad
gonc lcforc. TIcy wcrc, crIas, soncwIai caggcraicd ai
iincs. Dy 1900, ii Iad lcconc gcncral Indian lclicf iIai iIc
couniry Iad lccn dccinaicd ly DriiisI rulc in all ossillc ways;
iIai noi only Iad ii lcconc inovcrisIcd,
67
lui ii Iad lccn
dcgradcd io iIc furiIcsi ossillc cicni; iIai iIc colc of India
Iad lccn cIcaicd of nosi of wIai iIcy Iad; iIai iIcir cusions
and nanncrs wcrc ridiculcd, and iIai iIc infrasiruciurc of iIcir
sociciy nosily
62
crodcd. Onc of iIc siaicncnis wIicI iIus canc u was iIai iIc
ignorancc and illiicracy in India was causcd ly DriiisI rulc; and,
convcrscly, iIai ai iIc lcginning of DriiisI oliiical doninancc,
India Iad Iad cicnsivc cducaiion, lcarning and liicracy. Dy
1930, nucI Iad lccn wriiicn on iIis oini in iIc sanc nanncr
as Iad lccn wriiicn on iIc dclilcraic dcsiruciion of Indian crafis
and indusiry, and iIc inovcrisIncni of iIc Indian counirysidc.
Howcvcr, io nany wiiIin iIc canding siraia of wcsicrniscd
IndianswIciIcr Marisis, Falians, or caiialisi-roadcrs, iIcir
vicws on India and iIcir conicni for ii alnosi cquallcd iIai of
Willian Willcrforcc, Jancs Mill, or Karl MarsucI cIargcs
sccncd farfcicIcd, and cvcn if iruc, irrclcvani.
Ii is againsi iIis laclground iIai, during Iis visii in 1931
io aiicnd iIc DriiisI-sonsorcd confcrcncc on India (lnown as
iIc Found Tallc Confcrcncc}, MaIaina CandIi was inviicd io
addrcss iIc Foyal Insiiiuic of Inicrnaiional Affairs, London. In
iIis addrcss CandIiji also lricfly dwcli on iIc causcs of illiicracy
in India. WIai Ic said sccncd io Iavc nadc sarls fly.
TIc ncciing Icld on 20 Ociolcr 1931, undcr iIc ausiccs
of iIc Insiiiuic, is rcoricd io Iavc lccn aiicndcd ly influcniial
EnglisI ncn and woncn drawn fron all aris of England, and
was rcsidcd ovcr ly Lord LoiIian.
68
TIc suljcci on wIicI
CandIiji solc was 'TIc Fuiurc of India'. Dcforc dcscriling iIis
fuiurc, Iowcvcr, Ic dcali wiiI scvcral issucs, lilc. (i} iIc Hindu-
Muslin-SilI rollcn, (ii} iIc rollcn of unioucIaliliiy, and (iii}
'iIc dcc and cvcr dcccning ovcriy' of iIc 85% of iIc Indian
colc wIo livcd in iIc villagcs. Fron iIis Ic novcd on io iIc
rollcns wIicI rcquircd urgcni aiicniion and Iow 'if iIc
Congrcss Iad iis way' iIcy would lc dcali wiiI. Anongsi iIc
forcnosi, Ic laccd 'iIc ccononic wclfarc of iIc nasscs' as wcll
as iIc rovision of adcquaic occuaiions for iIosc rcquiring
iIcn. Hc also addrcsscd ossillc soluiions io iIc rollcns of
saniiaiion and Iygicnc, and of ncdical assisiancc wIicI Ic fcli
noi only nccdcd aclcis of quininc, cic., lui norc so nill and
fruii. Nci, Ic iurncd Iis aiicniion io cducaiion; and, fron iIai,
io iIc ncglcci of irrigaiion and iIc nccd for using long-lnown
indigcnous nciIods and iccIniqucs io acIicvc ii. In conclusion,
Ic siaicd iIai wIilc Ic Iad iold iIcn 'wIai wc would do
consiruciivcly', yci 'wc sIould Iavc io do sonciIing dcsiruciivc
also.' As illusiraiivc of iIc rcquircd dcsiruciion, Ic ncniioncd
'iIc insuoriallc wcigIi of niliiary and civil ccndiiurc' wIicI
India
63
could ill afford. Fcgarding iIc forncr, Ic siaicd iIai 'if I could
ossilly Iavc ny way, wc sIould gci rid of iIrcc-quaricrs of iIc
niliiary ccndiiurc.' Fcgarding civil ccndiiurc Ic gavc an
insiancc of wIai Ic ncani. 'Hcrc iIc Princ Minisicr gcis fifiy
iincs, iIc avcragc inconc; iIc Viccroy in India gcis fivc
iIousand iincs iIc avcragc inconc.' Hc wcni on io add. 'Fron
iIis onc canlc you can worl oui for yoursclvcs wIai iIis civil
ccndiiurc also ncans io India.'
CandIiji's olscrvaiion on cducaiion cnIasizcd iwo nain
oinis. (i} 'iIai ioday India is norc illiicraic iIan ii was fifiy or a
Iundrcd ycars ago'; and (ii} iIai 'iIc DriiisI adninisiraiors',
insicad of looling aficr cducaiion and oiIcr naiicrs wIicI Iad
cisicd, 'lcgan io rooi iIcn oui. TIcy scraicIcd iIc soil and
lcgan io lool ai iIc rooi, and lcfi iIc rooi lilc iIai and iIc
lcauiiful ircc crisIcd.' Hc siaicd all iIis wiiI conviciion and a
scnsc of auiIoriiy. Hc said iIai Ic was 'wiiIoui fcar' of Iis
'figurcs lcing cIallcngcd succcssfully.'
TIc cIallcngc canc inncdiaicly, Iowcvcr, fron Sir PIili
Hariog, a foundcr of iIc ScIool of Oricnial Siudics, London,
69
a
forncr vicc-cIanccllor of iIc Univcrsiiy of Dacca and ncnlcr
and cIairnan of scvcral cducaiional conniiiccs on India sci u
ly iIc DriiisI lciwccn 1918 and 1930. Aficr qucsiioning
CandIiji ai iIc ncciing, a long corrcsondcncc cnsucd lciwccn
iIcn during iIc nci 5-6 wccls, cnding wiiI an Iour long
inicrvicw wIicI PIili Hariog Iad wiiI iIc MaIaina. In iIc
inicrvicw, PIili Hariog was rcfcrrcd io sonc of iIc sourccs
wIicI CandIiji Iad rclicd on, including iwo ariiclcs fron Young
Indu of Dcccnlcr 1920 ly Daulai Fan Cuia. (i} 'TIc Dcclinc of
Mass Educaiion in India,' and (ii} 'How Indian Educaiion was
crusIcd in iIc Panjal.' TIcsc ariiclcs wcrc largcly lascd on
Adan's rcoris and C.W. Lciincr's lool and sonc oiIcr officially
ullisIcd naicrial fron iIc Panjal, Donlay and Madras.
TIcsc, Iowcvcr, did noi sccn sufficicni roof io PIili Hariog,
and Ic rccaicdly insisicd iIai CandIiji sIould wiiIdraw iIc
siaicncni Ic Iad nadc ai iIc CIaiIan Housc ncciing.
CandIiji roniscd iIai aficr Iis rciurn io India, Ic would lool
for sucI naicrial wIicI Hariog could ircai as sulsianiiaiing
wIai CandIiji Iad said, adding iIai 'if I find iIai I cannoi
suori iIc siaicncni nadc ly nc ai CIaiIan Housc, I will givc
ny rciraciion nucI widcr ulliciiy iIan iIc CIaiIan Housc
scccI could cvcr aiiain.'
64
AnoiIcr inoriani oini wIicI, according io Hariog,
cncrgcd during Iis inicrvicw was iIai CandIiji 'Iad noi accuscd
iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni of Iaving dcsiroycd iIc indigcnous
scIools, lui |iIai| iIcy Iad lci iIcn dic for wani of cncour-
agcncni.' To iIis, Hariog's rcly was iIai 'iIcy Iad rolally lci
iIcn dic lccausc iIcy wcrc so lad iIai iIcy wcrc noi woriI
lccing.'
In iIc ncaniinc, Hariog Iad lccn worling and sccling
oinion, advicc and vicws of iIc Iisiorian Edward J. TIonson.
TIonson agrccd wiiI Hariog iIai CandIiji could noi ossilly
lc rigIi; and iIai Ic Iinsclf also did noi 'lclicvc wc dcsiroycd
indigcnous scIools and indigcnous indusiry oui of nalicc. Ii was
incviiallc.' Hc fcli nonciIclcss iIai, wiiI rcgard io gcncral
cducaiion, 'wc did rccious liiilc io congraiulaic oursclvcs on
uniil iIc lasi dozcn ycars.'
70
In a furiIcr lciicr, TIonson
claloraicd Iis vicws on iIc suljcci. on Iow liiilc was donc uniil
aficr 1918; iIai iIc 'vcry Ioclcssncss of iIc Iugc Indian jol
uscd io orcss' cvcn iIosc wIo Iad oficn 'firsi class rccord of
inicllcci' in laccs lilc Oford 'lcforc cnicring iIc ICS.' Hc noicd
furiIcr. 'I an rcading old rccords ly rc-nuiiny rcsidcnis, iIcy
iccn wiiI infornaiion iIai nalcs you Ioc iIai iIc
CongrcsswallaI will ncvcr gci Iold of ii.' SoncIow iIc
corrcsondcncc lciwccn Hariog and Edward TIonson cndcd
on a sour noic. PcrIas, ii did noi rovidc Hariog iIc sori of
inicllcciual or faciual suori Ic was aciually looling for. Ai any
raic, aficr iIc inicrvicw wiiI CandIiji, Hariog finally dcsaicIcd
Iis rcluiial of CandIiji's siaicncni (as inicndcd fron iIc
lcginning} for ullicaiion in Intcnutonu Aus.
71
In iIis Ic
concludcd iIai 'iIc rcscni osiiion is iIai Mr CandIi Ias so far
lccn unallc io sulsianiiaic
65
Iis siaicncni in any way'; lui 'Ic Ias undcrialcn io rciraci iIai
siaicncni, if Ic cannoi suori ii.'
WiiIin a fcw days of rcacIing India, CandIiji was ui in
Ycrvada Prison. Fron iIcrc Ic wroic io Hariog on 15 Fclruary
1932 inforning Iin of Iis inaliliiy ai iIai noncni io saiisfy
Iin, ncniioning iIai Ic Iad aslcd Prof K.T. SIaI io lool inio
iIc naiicr. K.T. SIaI's long and dciailcd lciicr rcacIcd Hariog
soon aficr. In ii, SIaI also rcfcrrcd io iIc various lnown
wriiings on iIc suljcci including iIosc of Ma Mucllcr, Ludlow,
C.L. Prcndcrgasi, and iIc norc cclclraicd TIonas Munro, W.
Adan, and C.W. Lciincr (alrcady rcfcrrcd io in iIc forcgoing
agcs}. For Donlay, SIaI quoicd C.L. Prcndcrgasi, a ncnlcr of
iIc Council in iIc Donlay Prcsidcncy (lricfly rcfcrrcd io carlicr}
wIo Iad siaicd in Aril 1821.
I nccd Iardly ncniion wIai cvcry ncnlcr of iIc Doard
lnows as wcll as I do, iIai iIcrc is Iardly a villagc, grcai or
snall, iIrougIoui our icrriiorics, in wIicI iIcrc is noi ai
lcasi onc scIool, and in largcr villagcs norc; nany in cvcry
iown, and in largc ciiics in cvcry division; wIcrc young
naiivcs arc iaugIi rcading, wriiing and ariiInciic, uon a
sysicn so ccononical, fron a Iandful or iwo of grain, io
crIas a rucc cr noniI io iIc scIool nasicr, according
io iIc aliliiy of iIc arcnis, and ai iIc sanc iinc so
sinlc and cffcciual, iIai iIcrc is Iardly a culiivaior or
ciiy dcalcr wIo is noi concicni io lcc Iis own
accounis wiiI a dcgrcc of accuracy, in ny oinion, lcyond
wIai wc ncci wiiI anongsi iIc lowcr ordcrs in our own
couniry; wIilsi iIc norc slcndid dcalcrs and lanlcrs
lcc iIcir lools wiiI a dcgrcc of casc, conciscncss, and
clcarncss I raiIcr iIinl fully cqual io iIosc of any DriiisI
ncrcIanis.
72

Knowing wIai Hariog considcrcd as sufficicni roof, SIaI
lcgan Iis lciicr ly saying iIai Ic 'nccd Iardly oini oui iIai ai
iIc iinc undcr rcfcrcncc, no couniry in iIc world Iad lilc
dcfiniic, auiIoriiaiivc, siaiisiical infornaiion of iIc iyc onc
would now rccognisc as rocr roof in sucI discussions'; and
iIai 'all, iIcrcforc, iIai onc can ccci ly way of roof in sucI
naiicrs, and ai sucI a iinc, can only lc in iIc forn of
inrcssions of colc in a osiiion io forn idcas a liiilc lciicr
and norc scicniific iIan iIosc of lcss foriunaicly siiuaicd, or
lcss wcll-cndowcd, olscrvcrs.' SIaI finally concludcd wiiI iIc
vicw iIai 'iIc
66
closcr cnquiry of iIis iyc conducicd ly Lciincr is far norc
rcliallc, and so also iIc oItc dctu of colc in iIc osiiion io
Iavc clcar inrcssions'; and fcli iIai 'cvcn iIosc inrcssions
nusi lc Icld io givc raiIcr an undcrcsiinaic iIan oiIcrwisc.'
Dui SIaI's long lciicr was a wasicd cffori as far as Hariog
was conccrncd. Ii consiiiuicd ncrcly a furiIcr rovocaiion. In
Iis rcly, Hariog iold SIaI iIai 'your lciicr docs noi ioucI iIc
nain qucsiion wIicI I ui io Mr CandIi'; and concludcd iIai 'I
an afraid iIai I an aliogciIcr unallc io accci your conclusion
wiiI rcgard io iIc Iisiory of liicracy in Dcngal during iIc asi
100 ycars, of wIicI iIcrc rcnains a good dcal io lc said.'
TIougI ii is noi fair io conarc individuals and io
scculaic on iIc noiivaiions wIicI novc iIcn, ii docs sccn
iIai ai iIis siagc Sir PIili Hariog Iad fcclings sinilar io iIosc
ccricnccd ly W.H. Morcland aficr iIc laiicr Iad rcad Vinccni
SniiI's olscrvaiions (in Iis lool on AIIu tIc Gcut Mogu} iIai
'iIc Iircd landlcss lalourcr in iIc iinc of Allar and JaIangir
rolally Iad norc io cai in ordinary ycars iIan Ic Ias now.'
73

In rcvicwing iIc lool, Morcland Iad iIcn said, 'Mr Vinccni
SniiI's auiIoriiy in Indian Hisiory is so dcscrvcdly grcai iIai
iIis siaicncni, if allowcd io siand unqucsiioncd, will rolally
ass quiclly inio a dogna of iIc scIools; lcforc ii docs so, I
vcniurc io lcad for furiIcr caninaiion of iIc daia.'
74
And fron
iIcn on, Morcland sccns io Iavc sci Iinsclf iIc iasl of
counicring sucI a 'Icrciical vicw, and of sioing ii fron
lcconing a dogna of iIc scIools.'
WIaicvcr Iis noiivaiion, PIili Hariog sci Iinsclf iIc iasl
of roving CandIiji wrong on iIis ariicular issuc. TIc rcsuli
was rcscnicd in iIrcc 'JoscI Paync Lcciurcs for 1935-36'
dclivcrcd ai iIc Univcrsiiy of London Insiiiuic of Educaiion
undcr iIc iiilc, Sonc Asccts o Indun Educuton. Pust und
Pcscnt.
75
TIc lcciurcs wcrc rcscnicd along wiiI iIrcc
Mcnoranda. (a} Noic on iIc siaiisiics of liicracy and of scIools
in India during iIc lasi
67
Iundrcd ycars. (l} TIc Fcoris of Willian Adan on Vcrnacular
Educaiion in Dcngal and DiIar 1835-38, and iIc lcgcnd of iIc
'1,00,000 scIools', and (c} Dr C.W. Lciincr and Educaiion in iIc
Panjal 1849-82. TIcsc wcrc ullisIcd in carly 1939 ly iIc
Oford Univcrsiiy Prcss undcr iIc alovc iiilc. In Mcnorandun
'A', using iIc low figurcs scni ly A.D. Canlcll for iIc disirici of
Dcllary, Hariog qucsiioncd TIonas Munro's calculaiion iIai 'iIc
rooriion of nalcs cducaicd in scIools was ncarcr onc-iIird
iIan onc-fouriI.' Hc counicrcd insicad 'iIai Munro's figurcs
nay Iavc lccn ovcr-csiinaics lascd on iIc rciurns of collcciors
lcss carcful and inicrcsicd in cducaiion iIan Canlcll.' Hariog's
conclusion ai iIc cnd was iIai 'uniil iIc aciion ialcn ly Munro,
ElIinsionc, and Dcniincl in iIc iIrcc rcsidcncics, iIc DriiisI
Covcrnncni Iad ncglccicd clcncniary cducaiion io iis dcirincni
in India. Dui I Iavc found no cvidcncc iIai ii iricd io dcsiroy or
urooi wIai cisicd.' In a fooinoic, Hariog furiIcr olscrvcd. 'In
Crcai Driiain iisclf ii was noi uniil 1833 iIai iIc Housc of
Connons nadc a grani of 30,000 ounds for iIc uroscs of
cducaiion.' Hc also raiscd various Indian crsonaliiics, and
norc so India's quaini niiurc of 'nosi ancicni and nosi
nodcrn'.
In Iis Prcfacc, aficr rcfcrring io 'iIc inaginary lasis for
accusaiions noi infrcqucnily nadc in India iIai iIc DriiisI
Covcrnncni sysicnaiically dcsiroycd iIc indigcnous sysicn of
clcncniary scIools and wiiI ii a liicracy wIicI iIc scIools arc
rcsuncd io Iavc crcaicd', Hariog olscrvcd. 'WIcn Mr CandIi,
in an addrcss givcn ai iIc Foyal Insiiiuic of Inicrnaiional Affairs
on 20 Ociolcr 1931, lcni Iis owcrful suori io iIosc
accusaiions, and cIallcngcd coniradiciion, ii was olviously
ncccssary io rc-caninc iIc facis.'
76

68
Ii nay lc fair io olscrvc iIai, dcsiic Iis considcrallc
lcarning and ccricncc, Hariog sccncd io Iavc laclcd loiI
inaginaiion and a scnsc of Iisiory. Hc was far ioo conniiicd io
iIc dognas of rc-1939 Driiain. His innigrani JcwisI
laclground nay Iavc acccniuaicd sucI an ouilool furiIcr.
WIaicvcr iIc rcasons, ii sccncd inconccivallc io Hariog iIai
laic cigIiccniI, or carly ninciccniI ccniury India could Iavc Iad
iIc cducaiion and faciliiics wIicI CandIiji and oiIcrs Iad
claincd. Sinilarly, ii Iad lccn inconccivallc io Willian
Willcrforcc, 125 ycars carlicr, iIai iIc Hindoos could
conccivally Iavc lccn civiliscd (as was siaicd ly nany DriiisI
officcrs and scIolars wIo in Willcrforcc's days Iad Iad long
crsonal ccricncc of lifc in India} wiiIoui iIc lcncfiis of
CIrisiianiiy. To Hariog, as also io Edward TIonson, and lcforc
iIcn io an cicni cvcn io W. Adan, and sonc of iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy Collcciors, ii was aionaiic iIai iIcsc Indian
cducaiional insiiiuiions anounicd io vcry liiilc, and iIai iIc
Indian sysicn Iad 'lcconc ncrcly sclf-crciuaiing, and
oiIcrwisc larrcn.'
Dcsidcs CandIiji's siaicncni, iwo oiIcr facis sccn io Iavc
Iad quiic an usciiing cffcci on PIili Hariog. TIc st, alrcady
rcfcrrcd io, wcrc iIc wriiings of C.W. Lciincr. TIc sccond sccns
io Iavc Iuri Iin cvcn norc. iIis was a siaicncni rclaiing io
wIai Hariog callcd 'wIai of iIc inncdiaic fuiurc'. In iIis
conici, Hariog noicd iIai, 'an carncsi Qualcr nissionary Ias
rcdicicd iIai undcr iIc ncw rcginc |cvidcnily ncaning iIc
osi-DriiisI rcginc| iIcrc will lc a Counicr-Fcfornaiion in
cducaiion, wIicI will no longcr lc Wcsicrn lui Easicrn'; and, Ic
olscrvcd. 'TIus India will go lacl a iIousand ycars and norc io
iIc old days...io iIosc days wIcn sIc gavc oui a grcai wcaliI of
idcas, csccially io iIc rcsi of Asia, lui acccicd noiIing in
rciurn.' SucI a roscci was galling indccd io PIili Hariog,
lurdcncd as Ic waslilc Iis illusirious rcdcccssorswiiI iIc
idca of rcdccning India norally as wcll as inicllcciually, ly
usIing ii along iIc wcsicrn road.
As CandIiji was iIc rinc causc of iIis cffori, Hariog scni
a coy of Iis lcciurcs io Iin. Hc wroic io CandIiji iIai Ic Iad
'liiilc douli iIai you will find iIai a closc analysis of iIc facis
rcvcals no cvidcncc io suori iIc siaicncni wIicI you nadc ai
iIc Foyal Insiiiuic of Inicrnaiional Affairs'; adding iIai CandIiji
'will iIcrcforc fccl jusiificd now in wiiIdrawing iIai siaicncni.'
CandIiji rclicd sonc noniIs laicr. His lciicr Iad all iIc
ingrcdicnis of a classic rcly. 'I Iavc noi lcfi off iIc ursuii of iIc
suljcci of cducaiion in iIc villagcs during iIc rc-DriiisI
69
criod. I an in corrcsondcncc wiiI scvcral cducaiionisis. TIosc
wIo Iavc rclicd do suori ny vicw lui do noi roducc
auiIoriiy iIai would lc acccicd as roof. My rcjudicc or
rcscniincni siill nalcs nc cling io iIc siaicncni I nadc ai
CIaiIan Housc. I don'i wani io wriic Ialiingly in Huun. You
don'i wani nc ncrcly io say iIai iIc roof I Iad in nind Iad
lccn cIallcngcd ly you!'
TIcrc iIc naiicr cndcd as far as CandIiji was conccrncd.
On 10 Scicnlcr 1939, Iowcvcr, aficr lcarning of CandIiji's
siaicncni rcgarding iIc War in Euroc, Hariog wroic Iin a vcry
graicful lciicr.
I cannoi waii io crcss io you ny rofound graiiiudc,
sIarcd, I an surc ly an innuncrallc nunlcr of ny fcllow
couniryncn, all ovcr iIc world, for iIc aiiiiudc you Iavc
ialcn u in rcgard io iIc rcscni War ai your inicrvicw
wiiI iIc Viccroy, rcoricd in iIc Tncs.
Hariog's lool of lcciurcs lcd io nucI inncdiaic wriiing in
India on iIc suljcci. Evcn a ncw cdiiion of iIc conlcic Adun`s
Hcots was ullisIcd ly iIc Univcrsiiy of Calcuiia. Yci, wIai
was wriiicn roduccd iIc sanc daia and analysis all ovcr again;
and, in iIc nain, covcrcd iIc sanc ground, and advanccd norc
or lcss iIc sanc arguncnis as Iad alrcady lccn advanccd ly
K.T. SIaI in Iis long lciicr io PIili Hariog in Fclruary 1932.
77

VII
TIc significancc of wIai CandIiji said ai CIaiIan Housc in
Ociolcr 1931 ougIi io Iavc lccn undcrsiood noi in iIc liicral
way in wIicI PIili Hariog did, lui wiiIin iIc ioial conici of
MaIaina CandIi's addrcss, wIicI aiicnicd io rcvcal iIc
ovcrall disruiion and dcclinc of Indian sociciy and iis
insiiiuiions undcr DriiisI rulc. TIai a grcai dccay Iad sci in ly
iIc 1820s, if noi a fcw dccadcs carlicr, in iIc sIcrc of
cducaiion was adniiicd ly iIc Madras Prcsidcncy survcy, as
wcll as ly W. Adan wiiI rcgard io Dcngal and DiIar. In 1822-
25, iIc nunlcr of iIosc in ordinary scIools was ui ai ovcr
1,50,000 in iIc Madras Prcsidcncy. Evidcnily, iIc infcrcncc iIai
iIc nunlcr was arccially, crIas a grcai dcal IigIcr sonc
20 or 30 ycars carlicr, cannoi
70
lc rulcd oui. Ai any raic, nowIcrc was iIcrc any suggcsiion
nadc iIai ii was nucI lcss iIan ii Iad lccn in 1822-25. TIc
oulaiion of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy in 1823 was csiinaicd ai
1,28,50,941, wIilc iIc oulaiion of England in 1811 was
csiinaicd ai 95,43,610. It nu Ic notcd on tIs tIut, uIc tIc
dccnccs n tIc ouuton o tIc tuo cgons ucc not tIut
sgncunt, tIc nunIcs o tIosc uttcndng tIc uuous tcs o
scIoos (CIut, Sundu, Ccuutng) n Engund ucc n u n
tIc ncgIIouIood o uound ?5,UUU us conucd to ut cust
douIc tIs nunIc utIn tIc Mudus Pcsdcnc. FutIc, noc
tIun Iu o tIs nunIc o ?5,UUU n EngsI scIoos consstcd o
tIosc uIo uttcndcd scIoo ut tIc nost on o 2-J Ious on u
Sundu.
Houcuc, utc uIout lSUJ, cuc cu u nuIcd nccusc
tooI ucc n tIc nunIc o tIosc uttcndng scIoos n Engund.
TIc csut. tIc nunIc o ?5,UUU uttcndng un sot o scIoo
uound lSUU osc to b,?4,SSJ I lSlS, und 2l,44,J?? n lS5l,
.c. un nccusc o uIout 29 tncs n u cod o uIout t cus.
It s tuc tIut tIc contcnt o tIs cducuton n Engund dd not
nouc nucI dung tIs Iu ccntu. NctIc dd tIc cod
scnt n scIoo nccusc. on noc tIun un uucugc o onc cu n
lSJ5 to uIout tuo cus n lS5l. TIc cu ncuton o GundI-
`s oIscuuton, und o tIc nonuton oudcd I tIc Mudus
Pcsdcnc cocctos, V. Adun und G.V. Lctnc, s tIut o tIc
ooung 5U-lUU cus, uIut Iucncd n InduutIn tIc
dcucong stuuton o cutuc cousc und stugnutonoucd
tIc cucsc o tIc dcuconcnts tuIng ucc n Engund. Ii is
sucI a fccling, and iIc iniuiiion of sucI an occurrcncc, iIai
drovc CandIiji, firsily, io nalc Iis olscrvaiion in London in
Ociolcr 1931, and sccondly, disinclincd io wiiIdraw ii cigIi
ycars laicr. CandIiji sccncd io lc looling ai iIc issuc fron a
Iisiorical, social, and a Iunan vicwoini. In narlcd conirasi,
ncn lilc Sir PIili Hariog, as so connonly cIaracicrisiic of iIc
sccialisi, wcrc largcly quillling aloui Irascs; inicni solcly on
icling Iolcs in wIai did noi fii iIc rcvailing wcsicrn iIcorics
of social and oliiical dcvcloncni.
Siaiisiical conarisons wcrc wIai Sir PIili Hariog and
nany oiIcrs in Iis iinc wanicd. And iIcsc can, io a largc
cicni, sciilc iIis dclaic. sonc conarison of iIc 1822-25
Madras scIool-aiicnding scIolars is nadc Icrc wiiI iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy daia criaining io iIc 1880s and 1890s. Dccausc of
inconlcicncss of iIc carlicr daia availallc fron Dcngal and
DiIar, and also fron iIc Prcsidcncy of Donlay,
78
sucI a
conarison
71
docs noi sccn ossillc for iIcsc arcas, nucI lcss for iIc wIolc
of India.
According io iIc 1879-80 Fcori of iIc Dirccior of Pullic
Insiruciion for iIc Madras Prcsidcncy, iIc ioial nunlcr of
cducaiional insiiiuiions of all iycs (including collcgcs,
sccondary, niddlc and rinary scIools, and sccial, or iccInical
insiiiuiions} iIcn nunlcrcd 10,553. Oui of iIcsc, iIc rinary
scIools nunlcrcd 10,106. TIc ioial nunlcr aiicnding iIcn.
2,38,960 nalcs, and 29,419 fcnalcs. TIc ioial oulaiion of iIc
Prcsidcncy ai iIis iinc is siaicd as 3,13,08,872. WIilc iIc
nunlcr of fcnalcs aiicnding iIcsc insiiiuiions was cvidcnily
largcr in 1879-80 conarcd io 1822-25, iIc rooriionaic
nunlcrs of nalcs was clcarly nucI rcduccd. Using iIc sanc
conuiaiion as iIosc alicd in 1822-25 (i.c. onc-niniI of iIc
ioial oulaiion ircaicd as of scIool-going agc}, iIosc of iIis agc
anongsi iIc nalc oulaiion (ialing nalcs and fcnalcs as
cqual} would Iavc nunlcrcd 17,39,400. TIc nunlcr of nalcs in
rinary scIools lcing 2,18,840, iIc rooriion of iIis agc grou
in scIools iIus iurns oui io lc 12.58%. TIis rooriion in iIc
dccaycd cducaiional siiuaiion of 1822-25 was ui ai onc-fouriI,
i.c. ai 25%. If onc wcrc io ialc cvcn iIc ioial of all iIosc in cvcry
iyc of insiiiuiion, i.c. iIc nunlcr 2,38,960, iIc rooriion in
1879-80 riscs only io 13.74%.
Fron 1879-80 io 1884-85, iIcrc was sonc incrcasc,
Iowcvcr, io lc found. WIilc iIc oulaiion wcni down sligIily io
3,08,68,504, iIc ioial nunlcr of nalc scIolars wcni u io
3,79,932, and iIai of fcnalcs io 50,919. Evcn iIis largcr
nunlcr of nalc scIolars canc u only io 22.15% of iIc
conuicd scIool-agc nalc oulaiion; and, of iIosc in rinary
scIools io 18.33%. TIcsc figurcs arc nucI lowcr iIan iIc 1822-
25 officially calculaicd rooriion. Incidcnially, wIilc iIcrc was
an ovcrall incrcasc in nunlcr of fcnalcs in cducaiional insiiiu-
iions, iIc nunlcr of Muslin girls in sucI insiiiuiions in iIc
disirici of Malalar in 1884-85 was only 705. Hcrc ii nay lc
rccollccicd iIai 62 ycars carlicr, in Augusi 1823, iIc nunlcr of
Muslin girls in scIools in Malalar was 1,122; and, ai iIai iinc,
iIc oulaiion of Malalar would Iavc lccn lclow Ialf of iIai in
1884-85.
Elcvcn ycars laicr in 1895-96, iIc nunlcr in all iycs of
cducaiional insiiiuiions incrcascd furiIcr. WIilc iIc oulaiion
Iad grown io 3,56,41,828, iIc nunlcr of iIosc in cducaiional
72
insiiiuiions Iad incrcascd io 6,81,174 nalcs, and 1,10,460 fc-
nalcs. Ii is ai iIis iinc iIcn iIai iIc rooriion (ialing all iIosc
nalcs aiicnding cducaiional insiiiuiions} rosc io 34.4%. jusi
aloui cqual io iIc rooriion wIicI TIonas Munro Iad
conuicd in 1826 as onc-iIird (33.3%} of iIosc rccciving any
cducaiion wIciIcr in indigcnous insiiiuiions, or ai Ionc. Evcn
ai iIis criod, i.c. 70 ycars aficr Munro's conuiaiion, Iowcvcr,
iIc nunlcr of nalcs in rinary cducaiion was jusi 28%.
Coning io 1899-1900, iIc lasi ycar of iIc ninciccniI
ccniury, iIc nunlcr of nalcs in cducaiional insiiiuiions wcni
u io 7,33,923 and of fcnalcs io 1,29,068. Ai iIis criod, iIc
nunlcr of scIool-agc nalcs was calculaicd ly iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy Dirccior of Pullic Insiruciion as 26,42,909, iIus
giving a crccniagc of 27.8% aiicnding any cducaiional
insiiiuiion. Evcn ialing a synaiIciic vicw of iIc laicr daia,
wIai clcarly concs oui of iIcsc conarisons is iIai iIc
rooriion of iIosc in cducaiional insiiiuiions ai iIc cnd of iIc
ninciccniI ccniury was siill no largcr iIan iIc rooriions
csiinaicd ly TIonas Munro of iIc nunlcr aiicnding iIc
insiiiuiions of iIc dccaying indigcnous sysicn of iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy in 1822-25.
TIc DriiisI auiIoriiics in iIc laic ninciccniI ccniury nusi
Iavc lccn icnicdas wc find siaic auiIoriiics arc in our own
iincsio sIow iIcir acIicvcncnis in lrigIicr Iucs and iIus crr
on iIc sidc of inflaiing figurcs. iIcrcforc, iIis laicr daia nay lc
ircaicd wiiI sonc scciicisn. TIis was ccriainly noi iIc casc
wiiI iIc 1822-25 daia wIicI, in iIc clinaic of iIai criod, could
noi Iavc lccn considcrcd inflaicd in any scnsc of iIc word.
Fron iIc alovc, ii nay lc infcrrcd iIai iIc dccay wIicI is
ncniioncd in 1822-25 rocccdcd io grow in sircngiI during iIc
nci si dccadcs. During iIis criod, nosi of iIc indigcnous
insiiiuiions norc or lcss disacarcd. Any surviving rcnnanis
wcrc alsorlcd ly iIc laic 19iI ccniury DriiisI sysicn. FuriIcr,
ii is only aficr 1890 iIai iIc ncw sysicn lcgins io cqual iIc
1822-25 officially calculaicd rooriions of nalcs in scIools
quaniiiaiivcly. Iis qualiiy, in conarison io iIc indigcnous
sysicn, is anoiIcr naiicr aliogciIcr.
TIc alovc conarison of iIc 1822-25 Madras indigcnous
cducaiion daia wiiI iIc daia fron iIc 1880s and 1890s criod
also sccns io rovidc addiiional suoriif sucI suori wcrc
rcquircdio iIc dcduciions wIicI C.W. Lciincr Iad conc io in
1882. TIcsc rcvcal iIc dcclinc of indigcnous cducaiion in iIc
Panjal in iIc rcvious 35-40 ycars.
73
VIII
During iIis rolongcd dclaic, iIc criiical issuc iIai was scldon
ioucIcd uon and aloui wIicI in iIcir various ways, iIc
Madras Prcsidcncy collcciors, iIc rcoris of Adan, and iIc worl
of Lciincr rovidcd a variciy of clucs, was Iow all iIcsc
cducaiional insiiiuiionsiIc 1,00,000 scIools in Dcngal and
DiIar, and a 'scIool in cvcry villagc' according io Munro and
oiIcrswcrc aciually organiscd and nainiaincd. For, ii is
ridiculous io suosc iIai any sysicn of sucI widc and
univcrsal dincnsions could cvcr Iavc nainiaincd iisclf wiiIoui
iIc ncccssary concciual and infrasiruciural suoris ovcr any
lcngiI of iinc.
Modcrn Indians icnd io quoic forcigncrs in nosi naiicrs
rcflcciing on India's rcscni, or iis asi. Onc scIool of iIougIi
uscs all sucI forcign lacling io sIow India's riniiivcncss, iIc
larlaric, uncouiI and wIai is icrncd 'arocIial' naiurc of iIc
cusions and nanncrs of iis colc, and iIc ignorancc,
orcssions and ovcriy wIicI Indians arc said io Iavc always
suffcrcd fron. To iIcn India for nosi of iis asi Iad livcd ai
wIai is icrncd, iIc 'fcudal' siagc or wIai in norc rcccni Marisi
icrninology is callcd iIc 'sysicn of Asiaiic social organisns'. Yci,
io anoiIcr scIool, India Iad always lccn a glorious land, wiiI
ninor llcnisIcs, or accidcnis of Iisiory Icrc and iIcrc; all in all
rcnaining a land of 'DIarnic' and lcncvolcni rulcrs. For yci
oiIcrs sulscriling io iIc olscrvaiions of iIc nucI-quoicd
CIarlcs Mcicalfc, and Hcnry Mainc, ii Ias nosily lccn a Iay
land of 'villagc rcullics'.
Unforiunaicly, duc io iIcir DriiisI-oricnicd cducaiion, or
lccausc of sonc dcccr causcs (lilc iIc scIolasiic and Iair-
sliiiing icndcncy of DraInanical lcarning}, Indians Iavc
lcconc sincc iIc asi ccniury, ioo liicral, ioo nucI caugIi u
wiiI ncrc words and Irascs. TIcy Iavc losi raciically all
scnsc of iIc synlolic naiurc of wIai is said, or wriiicn.
79
Ii is
noi surrising,
74
iIcrcforc, iIai wIcn Indians iIinl of villagc rcullics, wIai
occurs io iIcn is noi wIai iIc word 'rcullic' inlics in
sulsiancc; lui, insicad, iIc visual inagcs of iis sIcll, iIc
clccicd asscnlly, iIc sysicn of voiing, cic.
WIai CIarlcs Mcicalfc, and csccially Hcnry Mainc wroic
on iIis oini was rinarily on iIc lasis of iIc carlicr DriiisI
infornaiion, i.c. wIai Iad lccn dcrivcd fron iIc laic cigIiccniI
and carly ninciccniI ccniury DriiisI iravcllcrs, adninisiraiors,
cic., as wcll as fron iIc wriiings of oiIcr Eurocans lcforc
iIcn. Ii inlicd (and, quiic naiurally, iIc DriiisI Iad no
ariicular rcason io scll ii oui for us Indians} iIai iIc 'villagc'
(ii is innaicrial Iow iIcy dcfincd ii}, io an cicni, Iad all iIc
scnllancc of iIc Siaic. ii conirollcd rcvcnuc and ccrciscd
auiIoriiy wiiIin iis sIcrc. How iIis 'villagc' Siaic was
consiiiuicd, (wIciIcr in iIc nanncr of an oligarcIy, or ly iIc
rcrcscniaiion of iIc various casics, crafis, or oiIcr grous
wiiIin ii, or ly rcrcscniaiion of all fanilics, or in sonc oiIcr
nanncr}, wIilc inoriani in iisclf as a suljcci for cloraiion,
was noi iis lasic clcncni. TIc lasic clcncni of iIis 'villagc
rcullic' was iIc auiIoriiy ii wicldcd, iIc rcsourccs ii conirollcd
and discnscd, and iIc nanncr of sucI rcsourcc uiilisaiion.
NoiwiiIsianding all iIai Ias lccn wriiicn aloui cnircs
AsIolan, Vijayanagar, MugIal, cic., and of 'oricnial dcsoiisn'
ii is lcyond any douli iIai iIrougIoui iis Iisiory, Indian sociciy
and oliiy Ias lasically lccn organiscd according io non-
ccniralisi conccis. TIis faci is noi only lrougIi oui in rcccni
rcscarcI. TIc cigIiccniI and carly ninciccniI ccniury Eurocan
rcoris, nanuscrii as wcll as ullisIcd wriiings also lcar
cvidcncc io ii. TIai iIc annual ccIcqucr rccciis of JaIangir
did noi anouni io norc iIan 5% of iIc conuicd rcvcnuc of Iis
cnirc, and iIai of Aurangzcl (wiiI all Iis zcal for nainising
sucI rccciis}, did noi cvcr ccccd 20% is synionaiic of iIc
conccis and arrangcncnis wIicI govcrncd Indian oliiy.
Ii can lc argucd of coursc iIai sucI a non-ccniralisi oliiy
nadc India oliiically wcal; or, raiIcr, sofi in iIc niliiary
scnscgivcn iIai only IicrarcIical and ccniralisi siaics arc
oliiically and niliiarily sirong and viallc. TIis nay all lc iruc
and is woriIy of scrious considcraiion. NonciIclcss, iIc firsi
rcquisiic is io undcrsiand iIc naiurc of Indian sociciy and oliiy
csccially as ii funciioncd iwo or iIrcc ccniurics ago. FuriIcr,
iis various dincnsions and coniours, sircngiIs and wcalncsscs
nccd io lc lnown, and noi only fron Eurocan wriiings lui
nucI norc so fron Indian sourccs; iIai is fron sourccs rooicd
75
in iIc iradiiions and lclicfs of various arcas, connuniiics,
grous, cic.,wiiI sccial aiicniion lcing aid io iIcir own
inagcs of iIc sociciy of wIicI iIcy wcrc a ari.
Ii is suggcsicd Icrcand iIcrc is voluninous daia
scaiicrcd in iIc DriiisI rccords iIcnsclvcs wIicI confirn iIc
vicwiIai in icrns of iIc lasic ccnscs, loiI cducaiion and
ncdical carc, lilc iIc ccnscs of iIc local olicc, and iIc
nainicnancc of irrigaiion faciliiics, Iad rinary clains on
rcvcnuc. Ii was rinarily iIis rcvcnuc wIicI noi only
nainiaincd IigIcr cducaiion, lui alsoas was sonciincs
adniiicd in iIc DriiisI rccordsiIc sysicn of clcncniary
cducaiion.
80
Ii is quiic rolallc iIai, in addiiion io iIis lasic
rovision, iIc arcnis and guardians of iIc scIolars also
coniriluicd a liiilc according io iIcir varying caaciiics ly way
of rcscnis, occasional fccding of iIc unrovidcd scIolars, cic.,
iowards iIc nainicnancc of iIc sysicn. Dui io suosc iIai
sucI a dcc rooicd and cicnsivc sysicn wIicI rcally caicrcd io
all scciions of sociciy could lc nainiaincd on iIc lasis of iuiiion
fccs, or iIrougI noi only graiuiious icacIing lui also fccding of
iIc uils ly iIc icacIcrs, is io lc grossly ignorani of iIc aciual
funciioning of iIc Indian social arrangcncnis of iIc iinc.
According io iIc Dcngal-DiIar daia of iIc 1770s and
1780s, iIc rcvcnucs of iIcsc arcas wcrc dividcd inio various
caicgorics in addiiion io wIai was callcd iIc KIusu, i.c., iIc
sourccs wIosc rcvcnuc was rcccivcd in iIc ccIcqucr of iIc
ruling auiIoriiy of iIc rovincc, or sonc largcr unii. TIcsc
caicgorics iogciIcr (ccluding iIc KIusu}, sccn io Iavc lccn
allocaicd or assigncd iIc najor rooriion of iIc rcvcnuc
sourccs (crIas around 80% of iIc conuicd rcvcnuc of any
arca}. Two of iIcsc caicgorics wcrc icrncd CIuIcun Zcnn, and
Huzcc Zcnn in iIc Dcngal and DiIar rccords of iIis criod. TIc
forncr, CIuIcun Zcnn, rcfcrrcd io rcciicnis of rcvcnuc wIo
wcrc cngagcd in adninisiraiivc, ccononic, accouniing aciiviiics,
cic., and wcrc rcnuncraicd ly assignncnis of rcvcnuc. TIc
laiicr, Huzcc Zcnn, rcfcrrcd io iIosc wIoaccording io iIc
DriiisIwcrc in rcccii of wIai wcrc icrncd 'rcligious and
cIariiallc allowanccs'. A sulsianiial oriion of iIcsc rcligious
allowanccs was olviously
76
assigncd for iIc nainicnancc of rcligious laccs. largcly icnlcs
of all sizcs and cclclriiy, lui also nosqucs, duguIs, cIutuns,
nutIs, cic. AnoiIcr ari was assigncd io iIc uguIuuns, or
wIai crIas wcrc also icrncd HuIndcu in SouiI India as
wcll as in Dcngal. Yci, oiIcr assignncnis wcrc givcn ovcr io a
variciy of crsons. io grcai and oiIcr undiis, io ocis, io josIis,
io ncdical raciiiioncrs, io jcsicrs and cvcn for sucI uroscs
as dcfraying iIc ccnscs of carrying Canga waicr in arcas of
Uiiar PradcsI io ccriain rcligious sIrincs on ccriain fcsiivals.
81

Fcgarding iIc cicni of sucI assignncnis fron Hcdgclcc in
Dcngal, ii was siaicd in 1770 iIai 'alnosi onc-Ialf of iIc
rovincc is Icld uon frcc icnurc' undcr iIc Huzcc Zcnn
caicgory.
82
TIc nunlcr of iIcsc Huzcc Zcnn (onc nay
rcasonally assunc iIc icrn includcd individuals, grous as wcll
as insiiiuiions} in nany disiricis of Dcngal and DiIar was as
IigI as 30,000 io 36,000 rcciicnis for iIc disirici. According io
H.T. Prinsc,
83
in onc disirici of Dcngal around 1780, iIc
alicaiions for iIc rcgisiraiion of Huzcc Zcnn nunlcrcd
72,000.
TIc osiiion in iIc Madras Prcsidcncy was noi vcry
diffcrcni, cvcn aficr all iIc disorganisaiion, disosscssion and
dcnoliiion of iIc criod 1750-1800, during wIicI iIc DriiisI
nadc iIcnsclvcs nasicrs of iIc wIolc arca. As laic as 1801,
ovcr 35% of iIc ioial culiivaicd land in iIc Ccdcd Disiricis (iIc
rcscni Fayalsccna arca and iIc Kannada Disirici of Dcllary}
canc undcr iIc caicgory of rcvcnuc frcc assignncnis, and ii was
iIc iasl of TIonas Munro io soncIow rcducc iIis quaniiiy io a
ncrc 5% of iIc ioial culiivaicd land. TIc rcduciion inicndcd in
iIc Ccdcd Disiricis was also carricd oui in all oiIcr disiricis,
carlicr in sonc, and laicr in oiIcrs, and in sonc, iIc
disosscssion of sucI vasi nunlcrs of assignccs of rcvcnuc iool
a long iinc.
TIc rciurns fron iIc various disiricis of iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy, csccially during iIc ycars 1805-1820, rovidc
nucI infornaiion on iIc varicd naiurc of iIcsc rcvcnuc
assignncnis
77
(or grain, or noncy allowanccs}. In sonc ncasurc, iIcsc Iad iill
iIcn coniinucd io lc crniiicd, or dislurscd io a variciy of
insiiiuiions and io individuals in iIc scvcral disiricis. SucI
infornaiion usually goi collccicd wIcncvcr iIc govcrnncni was
conicnlaiing sonc ncw olicy, or sonc furiIcr sics
conccrning onc, or norc caicgorics of sucI assignccs, or iIosc io
wIon any sori of allowanccs wcrc lcing aid. As illusiraiivc of
sucI infornaiion, a rciurn fron iIc disirici of Tanjorc of Aril
1813, rclaiing io iIc noncy assignncnis rcccivcd ly 1,013 lig
and snall icnlcs,
84
wIicI ly iIis iinc wcrc nosily ninuic
and lciwccn 350-400 individuals is rcroduccd ai iIc cnd of
iIis lool (Anncurcs C and H}. TIcsc ayncnis anounicd ai
iIis iinc io a ioial of Siar Pagodas 43,037 for iIc icnlcs, and
Siar Pagodas 5,929 io iIc individuals, annually. A Siar Pagoda
was valucd ai aloui iIrcc and onc-Ialf rucc.
WIai was iruc of Dcngal, DiIar and iIc Madras Prcsidcncy
alicd cqually io oiIcr arcas. wIciIcr of iIc Donlay
Prcsidcncy, Panjal, or in iIc FajasiIan Siaics. TIc rooriions
of rcvcnuc allocaicd io ariicular caicgoricsas far as iIc
DriiisI rccord indicaicsalso sccn fairly sinilar. Ii will noi lc
far wrong io assunc iIai aloui a quaricr io onc-iIird of iIc
rcvcnuc aying sourccs (noi only land, lui also sca oris, cic.}
wcrc, according io ancicni raciicc, assigncd for iIc
rcquircncnis of iIc social and culiural infrasiruciurc iill iIc
DriiisI ovcriurncd ii all.
FuriIcr siill, iIc raic of asscssncni wIicI was aid ly
culiivaiors of iIc rcvcnuc assigncd lands was fairly low.
According io iIc sucrvisors of iIc Dcngal Disiricis in iIc 1770s
and carly 1780s, iIc raic of asscssncni cIargcd ly iIc Huzcc
Zcnn rcvcnuc assignccs was around onc-quaricr io onc-iIird of
iIc raic wIicI iIc DriiisI Iad lcgun io dcnand fron iIc lands
wIicI wcrc ircaicd as KIusu,
85
a caicgory wIicI was now jusi
swallowing u raciically all iIc oiIcr caicgorics. A norc or lcss
sinilar Icnoncnon oliaincd in iIc various disiricis of iIc
Madras Prcsidcncycvcn as laic as iIc 1820s.
86
Morcovcr,
iIougI ii nay sccn unlclicvallc, iIc arca wIicI consiiiuicd
Malalar Iad, iill
78
aloui 1750, ncvcr lccn suljcci io a land ia.
87
Ii Iad a variciy of
oiIcr ncrcaniilc and judicial iacs, lui land in Malalar
according io DriiisI invcsiigaiors iIcnsclvcsncvcr aid
rcvcnuc of any lind iill iIc cacc was wIolly sIaiicrcd ly iIc
Eurocans, Hydcr Ali and Tiu Sulian. Evcn during Tiu's
criod, iIc aciual rccciis fron Malalar wcrc fairly snall.
TIc najor disosscssion of iIc various caicgorics of
rcvcnuc assignccs (siariing fron iIosc wIo Iad assignncni for
iIc crfornancc of niliiary duiics, and wIo forncd iIc local
niliiias, and going on io iIosc wIo crforncd olicc duiics, cic.}
siaricd as soon as iIc DriiisI iool ovcr dc ucto conirol of any
arca, (i.c. in Dcngal and DiIar fron 1757-58 onwards}. TIc iurn
of iIc CIuIcun Zcnn and iIc Huzcc Zcnn canc sligIily laicr.
Dy aloui 1770, iIc laiicr Iad also lcgun io lc scriously
affccicd. Dy aloui 1800, iIrougI various ncans, a vcry largc
rooriion of iIcsc Iad lccn aliogciIcr disosscsscd; and, nosi
of iIc rcnaining Iad iIcir assignncnis grcaily rcduccd iIrougI
various dcviccs. Anong iIc dcviccs uscd was iIc alicaiion of
iIc ncwly csiallisIcd cnIanccd raic of asscssncni cvcn io iIc
sourccs fron wIicI iIc assignccs Iad rcccivcd iIc rcvcnuc. TIis
dcvicc, io lcgin wiiI, inlicd a rcduciion of iIc quaniiiy of iIc
assigncd sourcc in accordancc wiiI iIc incrcascd raic of
asscssncni. TIc nci sic was io rcduccin nosi cascsiIc
noncy valuc iisclf. TIc rcsuli was iIai iIc assignccwIciIcr an
individual or an insiiiuiioncvcn wIcn allowcd a fraciion of iIc
rcvious assignncni, was no longcr allc (lccausc of sucI sicc
rcduciion} io crforn iIc acconanying funciions in iIc nanncr
iIcy Iad lccn crforncd only sonc dccadcs rcviously. TIosc
wIosc assignncnis wcrc conlcicly alrogaicd wcrc of coursc
rcduccd io cnury and lcggary, if noi io a worsc faic. Naiurally,
nany of iIc old funciions
79
dccndcni on sucI assignncnis (lilc icacIing, ncdicinc, fccding
of ilgrins, cic.}, Iad io lc givcn u lccausc of wani of fiscal
suori, as also duc io siaic ridiculc and roIiliiions.
TIcrc arc rcfcrcnccs (scc iIc annccd rcoris fron sonc of
iIc Madras Prcsidcncy collcciors} io ccriain rcvcnuc
assignncnis Icrc and iIcrc, and io daily casI or grain
allowanccs rcccivcd ly sonc of iIosc wIo wcrc occuicd in
inariing Sanslriiic lcarning, or Pcrsian, and in sonc insianccs
cvcn cducaiion ai iIc clcncniary lcvcl. A fcw oiIcr collcciors
also nadc rcfcrcncc io ccriain rcvcnuc assignncnis wIicI uscd
io cisi in iIc arca (lui wcrc said io Iavc lccn aroriaicd ly
Tiu, and iIai, wIcn iIc DriiisI iool ovcr iIcsc arcas, iIcy
fornally addcd sucI rcvcnuc io iIc ioial Siaic rcvcnuc}. TIc
various arca rcoris of iIc criod 1792 io aloui 1806 nalc
nucI ncniion of disosscssion of rcvcnuc assignccs ly ordcrs of
Tiu in iIc arca ovcr wIicI Ic Iad conirol. Dui, ai iIc sanc
iinc, ii is also siaicd iIai iIrougI iIc connivancc of iIc rcvcnuc
officcrs, cic., sucI disosscssion during Tiu's rcign was, in
nosi cascs, noi ocraiivc ai all. WIai Tiu nigIi Iavc inicndcd
ncrcly as a iIrcai io ooncnis, lccanc a dc ucto rcaliiy wIcn
iIcsc arcas canc undcr fornal DriiisI adninisiraiion.
Dui in nosi arcas wIicI iIc DriiisI Iad conqucrcd (ciiIcr
on lcIalf of iIc Nalol of Arcoi, or on lcIalf of iIc Nizan of
Hydcralad, or adninisicrcd in iIc nanc of iIc various Fajas of
Tanjorc}, nosi sucI disosscssion was rc-1800. TIc roccss
siaricd soon aficr 1750, wIcn iIc DriiisI doninaiion of SouiI
India lcgan gaiIcring noncniun in iIc carly 1780s and iIc
rcvcnucs of iIc arcas claincd ly iIc DriiisI io lc undcr iIc
noninal rulcrsIi of iIc Nalol of Arcoi wcrc fornally assigncd
ovcr io iIc DriiisI. Onc najor nciIod uscd io cnsurc
disosscssion was io slasI down wIai wcrc icrncd iIc 'Disirici
cIargcs', i.c., iIc anounis iradiiionally uiiliscd wiiIin iIc
disiricis, lui wIicI, for uroscs of accouniing, wcrc sIown in
iIc rccords of iIc Nalol. TIc slasIing down in ccriain disiricis
lilc TricInooly was u io 93% of iIc 'Disirici cIargcs' allowcd
uniil iIcn. a ncrc 19,143 Siar Pagodas now allowcd in lacc of
iIc carlicr 2,82,148 Siar Pagodas.
TIc rcori of iIc collccior of Dcllary is lcsi lnown and
nosi ncniioncd in iIc ullisIcd rccords on indigcnous cduca-
iion.
88
Ii is long and fairly conrcIcnsivc, iIougI iIc daia Ic
80
aciually scni was nucI lcss dciailcd. In ii, Ic aciuallyio iIc
cicni a collccior couldcanc oui wiiI iIc siaicncni iIai iIc
dcgcncraiion of cducaiion 'is ascrilallc io iIc gradual lui
gcncral inovcrisIncni of iIc couniry'; iIai 'iIc ncans of iIc
nanufaciuring classcs Iavc lccn grcaily dininisIcd ly iIc
iniroduciion of our own Eurocan nanufaciurcs'; iIai 'iIc
iransfcr of iIc caiial of iIc couniry fron iIc naiivc govcrnncni
and iIcir officcrs, wIo lilcrally candcd ii in India, io
Eurocans, rcsiricicd ly law fron cnloying ii cvcn icnorarily
in India, and daily draining ii fron iIc land, Ias lilcwisc icndcd
io iIis cffcci'; iIai 'in nany villagcs wIcrc forncrly iIcrc wcrc
scIools, iIcrc arc now nonc'; and iIai 'lcarning, iIougI ii nay
roudly dcclinc io scll iis siorcs, Iad ncvcr flourisIcd in any
couniry ccci undcr iIc cncouragcncni of iIc ruling owcr,
and iIc counicnancc and suori oncc givcn io scicncc in iIis
ari of India Ias long lccn wiiIIcld.' In claloraiion, Ic addcd
iIai 'of iIc 533 insiiiuiions for cducaiion now cisiing in iIis
disirici, I an asIancd io say noi onc now dcrivcs any suori
fron iIc Siaic'; lui iIai 'iIcrc is no douli, iIai in forncr iincs,
csccially undcr iIc Hindoo Covcrnncnis vcry largc granis, loiI
in noncy and in land, wcrc issucd for iIc suori of lcarning';
iIai iIc 'considcrallc conuIs or granis of noncy, now aid io
lraInins in iIis disirici...nay, I iIinl, lc iraccd io iIis sourcc'.
Hc concludcd wiiI iIc olscrvaiion iIai.
TIougI ii did noi consisi wiiI iIc digniiy of lcarning io rc-
ccivc fron Icr voiarics Iirc, ii Ias always in India lccn
dccncd iIc duiy of govcrnncni io cvincc io Icr iIc IigIcsi
rcscci, and io grani io Icr iIosc cnoluncnis wIicI sIc
could noi, consisicnily wiiI Icr cIaracicr, rcccivc fron
oiIcr sourccs; iIc granis issucd ly forncr govcrnncnis,
on sucI occasions, coniaincd iIcrcforc no unlcconing
siiulaiions or condiiions. TIcy all urori io flow fron iIc
frcc louniy of iIc ruling owcr, ncrcly io aid iIc
nainicnancc of sonc Ioly or lcarncd nan, or io sccurc Iis
raycrs for iIc Siaic. Dui iIcy wcrc alnosi univcrsally
granicd io lcarncd or rcligious crsons, wIo nainiaincd a
scIool for onc or norc of iIc scicnccs, and iaugIi iIcrcin
graiuiiously; and iIougI noi crcsscd in iIc dccd iisclf,
iIc duiy of coniinuing sucI graiuiious insiruciion was
ccriainly inlicd in all sucI granis.
89

81
TIc Collccior of Dcllary, A.D. Canlcll, was an
ccricnccd and crcciivc officcr, rcviously Iaving Icld iIc
osi of Sccrciary of iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc, and was crIas onc
of TIonas Munro's favouriics. Ii nay lc said io Munro's crcdii
iIai in Iis rcvicw of 10 MarcI 1826, Ic did adnii in Iis olliquc
way iIai indigcnous cducaiion 'Ias, no douli, lccn lciicr in
carlicr iincs.' TIc faci iIai ii goi disruicd, rcduccd and wcll-
nigI dcsiroycd fron iIc iinc iIc DriiisI iool ovcr dc ucto
conirol and ccniraliscd iIc rcvcnuc, was olviously noi ossillc
cvcn for a Covcrnor as owcrful as TIonas Munro io siaic in
fornal govcrnncni rccords.
Illusiraiions sucI as iIc alovc can lc nuliilicd ud
nntun. Ii only rcquircs scarcIing iIc rccords criaining io iIc
carly criod of DriiisI rulc in diffcrcni arcas of India. WiiI nucI
indusiry and in a fairly oljcciivc nanncr, Lciincr iricd io do iIis
for iIc Panjal. For CandIiji, an iniuiiivc undcrsianding of wIai
could Iavc Iacncd was cnougI. Hc could, iIcrcforc, wiiI
confidcncc, rcly io Hariog iIai, 'ny rcjudicc or rcscniincni
siill nalcs nc cling io iIc siaicncni I nadc ai CIaiIan Housc.'
IX
TIis lrings us finally io an asscssncni of iIc conicni of iIc
indigcnous sysicn of cducaiion. TIc long lciicr of iIc nucI-
quoicd A.D. Canlcll, collccior of Dcllary, Iad lccn uscd a
ccniury carlicr ly London io csiallisI iIai in India rcading and
wriiing
82
wcrc acquircd 'solcly wiiI a vicw io iIc iransaciion of lusincss',
iIai 'noiIing wIaicvcr is lcarni ccci rcading, and wiiI iIc
ccciion of wriiing and a liiilc ariiInciic, iIc cducaiion of iIc
grcai najoriiy gocs no fariIcr.'
TIc qucsiion of conicni is crucial. Ii is iIc cvaluaiion of
conicni wIicI lcd io indigcnous cducaiion lcing icrncd 'lad'
and Icncc io iis disnissal; and, in CandIiji's Irasc, io iis
urooiing. Yci ii was noi 'iIc ncrc rcading and wriiing and a
liiilc ariiInciic' wIicI was of any conscqucncc in sucI a
dccision. For, scIool cducaiion in conicnorary England, ccci
in iIc sIcrc of rcligious icacIing, covcrcd iIc sanc ground,
and rolally, nucI lcss iIorougIly. As ncniioncd carlicr, iIc
avcragc criod of scIooling in 1835 England was jusi aloui onc
ycar, and cvcn in 1851, only iwo. FuriIcr, as siaicd ly A.E.
Dolls, 'in sonc couniry scIools, wriiing was ccludcd for fcar of
cvil conscqucnccs.'
WIilc iIc liniilcss DriiisI Iungcr for rcvcnucso forccfully
dcscrilcd ly Canlcllsiarvcd iIc Indian sysicn of iIc vcry rc-
sourccs wIicI ii rcquircd io survivc, iis culiural and rcligious
conicni and siruciurc rovolcd dclilcraic aiicnis aincd ai iis
ioial cicrninaiion. Ii was incraiivc io soncIow urooi iIc
Indian indigcnous sysicn for iIc rclaiivcly undisiurlcd
nainicnancc and coniinuancc of DriiisI rulc. Ii is iIc sanc
incraiivc wIicI dccidcd Macaulay, Dcniincl, cic., io
dclilcraicly ncglcci largc-scalc scIool cducaiionrooscd ly
ncn lilc Adaniill a viallc sysicn of Angliciscd IigIcr
cducaiion Iad firsi lccn csiallisIcd in iIc couniry.
In 1813, iIis lold inicniion was ullicly and owcrfully
crcsscd ly Willian Willcrforcc wIcn Ic dcicicd Indians as
lcing 'dccly sunl, and ly iIcir rcligious sucrsiiiions fasi
lound, in iIc lowcsi dciIs of noral and social wrcicIcdncss.'
90

T.D. Macaulay crcsscd sinilar vicws, ncrcly using diffcrcni
inagcry. Hc conncnicd iIai iIc ioialiiy of Indian lnowlcdgc
and scIolarsIi did noi cvcn cqual iIc conicnis of 'a singlc sIclf
of a good Eurocan lilrary', and iIai all iIc Iisiorical
infornaiion coniaincd in lools wriiicn in Sanslrii was 'lcss
valuallc iIan wIai nay lc found in iIc nosi aliry alridgc-
ncni uscd ai rcaraiory scIools in England.'
91
To Macaulay, all
Indian lnowlcdgc, if noi dcsicallc, was ai lcasi alsurd. alsurd
Iisiory, alsurd nciaIysics, alsurd Iysics, alsurd iIcology.
83
A liiilc laicr, Karl Mar sccns io Iavc Iad sinilar
inrcssions of IndiaiIis, dcsiic Iis grcai siudy of DriiisI
siaic acrs and oiIcr cicnsivc naicrial rclaiing io India.
Wriiing in iIc Ncu YoI Du TIunc on 25 Junc 1853, Ic
sIarcd iIc vicw of iIc crcnnial naiurc of Indian niscry, and
arovingly quoicd an ancicni Indian ici wIicI according io
Iin laccd 'iIc conncnccncni of Indian niscry in an cocI
cvcn norc rcnoic iIan iIc CIrisiian crcaiion of iIc world.'
According io Iin, Indian lifc Iad always lccn undignificd,
siagnaiory, vcgciaiivc, and assivc, givcn io a lruialising
worsIi of naiurc insicad of nan lcing iIc 'sovcrcign of
naiurc'as conicnlaicd in conicnorary Eurocan iIougIi.
And, iIus Karl Mar concludcd. 'WIaicvcr nay Iavc lccn iIc
crincs of England' in India, 'sIc was iIc unconscious iool of
Iisiory' in lringing alouiwIai Mar so aniously loolcd
forward ioIndia's wcsicrnisaiion.
TIc conlcic dcnunciaiion and rcjcciion of Indian culiurc
and civilisaiion was, Iowcvcr, lcfi io iIc owcrful cn of Jancs
Mill. TIis Ic did in Iis nonuncnial iIrcc volunc Hsto o
HtsI Indu, firsi ullisIcd in 1817. TIcnccforiI, Mill's Hsto
lccanc an csscniial rcading and rcfcrcncc lool for iIosc
cnirusicd wiiI adninisicring iIc DriiisI Indian Enirc. Fron
iIc iinc of iis ullicaiion iill rcccnily, iIc Hsto in faci
rovidcd iIc francworl for iIc wriiing of nosi Iisiorics of India.
For iIis rcason, iIc inaci of Iis judgncnis on India and iis
colc sIould ncvcr lc undcrcsiinaicd.
According io Mill, 'iIc sanc insinccriiy, ncndaciiy, and
crfidy; iIc sanc indiffcrcncc io iIc fcclings of oiIcrs; iIc sanc
rosiiiuiion and vcnaliiy' wcrc iIc consicuous cIaracicrisiics
of loiI iIc Hindoos and iIc Muslins. TIc Muslins, Iowcvcr,
wcrc crfusc, wIcn osscsscd of wcaliI, and dcvoicd io
lcasurc; iIc Hindoos alnosi always cnurious and ascciic; and
'in iruiI, iIc Hindoo lilc iIc cunucI, cccls in iIc qualiiics of a
slavc.' FuriIcrnorc, sinilar io iIc CIincsc, iIc Hindoos wcrc
'disscnlling, ircacIcrous, ncndacious, io an cccss wIicI
surasscs cvcn iIc usual ncasurc of unculiivaicd sociciy.' DoiI
iIc CIincsc and iIc Hindoos wcrc 'disoscd io cccssivc
caggcraiion wiiI rcgard io cvcryiIing rclaiing io iIcnsclvcs.'
DoiI wcrc 'cowardly and unfccling.' DoiI wcrc 'in iIc IigIcsi
dcgrcc concciicd of iIcnsclvcs, and full of affccicd conicni for
oiIcrs.' And, alovc all, loiI wcrc 'in Iysical scnsc, disgusiingly
unclcan in iIcir crsons and Iouscs.'
Conarcd io iIc colc of India, according io Mill, iIc
colc of Euroc cvcn during iIc fcudal agcs, (and
84
noiwiiIsianding iIc viccs of iIc Fonan CIurcI and iIc dcfccis
of iIc scIoolncn}, wcrc sucrior in IilosoIy. FuriIcr, iIc
Eurocans 'wcrc grcaily sucrior, noiwiiIsianding iIc dcfccis of
iIc fcudal sysicn, in iIc insiiiuiions of Covcrnncni and in
laws.' Evcn iIcir ociry was 'lcyond all conarison rcfcrallc io
iIc ociry of iIc Hindoos.' Mill fcli iIai ii was Iardly ncccssary
io asscri iIai in iIc ari of war 'iIc Hindoos Iavc always lccn
grcaily infcrior io iIc warlilc naiions of Euroc.' TIc agriculiurc
of iIc Eurocans 'surasscd ccccdingly iIai of iIc Hindoos',
and in India iIc roads wcrc liiilc lciicr iIan aiIs, and iIc
rivcrs wiiIoui lridgcs; iIcrc was noi onc original ircaiisc on
ncdicinc, considcrcd as a scicncc, and surgcry was unlnown
anong iIc Hindoos. FuriIcr siill, 'conarcd wiiI iIc slavisI and
dasiardly sirii of iIc Hindoos', iIc Eurocans wcrc io lc laccd
in an clcvaicd ranl wiiI rcgard io nanncrs and cIaracicr, and
iIcir nanlincss and couragc.
WIcrc iIc Hindoos surasscd iIc Eurocans was in
dclicaic nanufaciurcs, 'ariicularly in sinning, wcaving, and
dycing'; in iIc falricaiion of irinlcis; and rolally in iIc ari of
olisIing and sciiing iIc rccious sioncs; and norc so in
cffcninaic gcnilcncss, and iIc winning aris of addrcss. Howcvcr,
in iIc aris of ainiing, sculiurc, and arcIiicciurc iIc Hindoos
in no way cccllcd Eurocans. FuriIcr, 'iIc Hindoo loon, wiiI
all iis auricnanccs, is coarsc and ill-fasIioncd, io a dcgrcc
Iardly lcss surrising iIan iIc fincncss of iIc connodiiy wIicI
ii is iIc insiruncni of roducing.' TIc vcry dcicriiy in iIc usc
of iIcir iools and inlcncnis lccanc a oini againsi iIc
Indians. For as Jancs Mill roclaincd. 'A dcicriiy in iIc usc of
iis own incrfcci iools is a connon aiiriluic of rudc sociciy.'
TIcsc rcflcciions and judgncnis lcd io iIc olvious
conclusion, and Mill wroic.
Our anccsiors, Iowcvcr, iIougI rougI, wcrc sinccrc; lui
undcr iIc glossing cicrior of iIc Hindoo lics a gcncral
disosiiion io dcccii and crfidy. In finc, ii cannoi lc
doulicd iIai, uon iIc wIolc, iIc goiIic naiions, as soon
as iIcy lccanc a sciilcd colc, cIilii iIc narls of a
sucrior cIaracicr and civilisaiion io iIosc of iIc
Hindoos.
92

As io Jancs Mill, so also io Willcrforcc, Macaulay, and
Karl Mar and iIc iIougIi and aroacIcs iIcy rcrcscnicd (for
ii is norc as solcsncn of sucI iIinling and aroacIcs iIai
85
iIcy arc inoriani in iIc conici of India raiIcr iIan as
ouisianding individuals}, iIc nanncrs, cusions and civilisaiion
of India wcrc inirinsically larlarous. And io cacI of iIcn, India
could lcconc civiliscd only ly discarding iis Indianncss, and ly
adoiing 'uiiliiy as iIc oljcci of cvcry ursuii'
93
according io Mill;
ly cnlracing Iis cculiar lrand of CIrisiianiiy for Willcrforcc;
ly lcconing angliciscd, according io Macaulay; and for Mar ly
lcconing wcsicrn. Prior io iIcn, for Hcnry Dundas, iIc nan
wIo govcrncd India fron London for iwcniy long ycars, Indians
noi only Iad io lcconc sulscrvicni io DriiisI auiIoriiy lui also
Iad io fccl 'indclicd io our lcncficcncc and wisdon for
advaniagcs iIcy arc io rcccivc'; and, in lilc nanncr, 'fccl solcly
indclicd io our roicciion for iIc counicnancc and cnjoyncni of
iIcn'
94
lcforc iIcy could cvcn qualify for lcing considcrcd as
civiliscd.
Civcn sucI conlcic agrccncni on iIc naiurc of Indian
culiurc and insiiiuiions, ii was incviiallc iIai lccausc of iis
crucial social and culiural rolc, Indian cducaiion farcd as ii did.
To sccd u iis dcnisc, ii noi only Iad io lc ridiculcd and
dcsiscd, lui sics also Iad io lc ialcn so iIai ii was siarvcd
oui of iis rcsourcc lasc. Truc, as far as iIc lnown rccord can
icll, no dircci disnaniling or sIuiiing u of cacI and cvcry
insiiiuiion was rcsoricd io, or any oiIcr norc drasiic Iysical
ncasurcs ialcn io acIicvc iIis dcnisc. SucI sics wcrc
unncccssary; iIc rcason lcing iIai iIc fiscal sics iogciIcr wiiI
ridiculc, crforncd iIc iasl far norc cffcciivcly.
An official indicaiion of wIai was io conc was convcycd ly
London io iIc Madras Prcsidcncy wIcn ii aclnowlcdgcd rcccii
of iIc infornaiion iIai a survcy of indigcnous cducaiion Iad
lccn iniiiaicd iIcrc, nucI lcforc iIc acrs of iIc survcy wcrc
aciually scni io London. TIc London auiIoriiics crcsscd iIcir
arcciaiion of iIis iniiiaiivc. TIcy also arovcd of iIc
collcciors Iaving lccn cauiioncd againsi 'cciiing any fcars in
iIc colc iIai iIcir frccdon of cIoicc in naiicrs of cducaiion
would lc inicrfcrcd wiiI.' Howcvcr, iIis aroval was followcd ly
iIc olscrvaiion. 'Dui ii would lc cqually wrong io do anyiIing io
foriify iIcn (i.c. iIc colc of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy} in iIc
alsurd oinion iIai iIcir own rudc insiiiuiions of cducaiion arc
so crfcci as noi io adnii of inrovcncni.' TIc vcry crcssion
of sucI a vicw in iIc nosi dilonaiically and cauiiously wordcd
of official insiruciions was a clcar signal. Ocraiivcly, ii inlicd
86
noi only grcaicr ridiculc and dcnunciaiion of iIc Indian sysicn;
lui furiIcr, iIai any rcsidual fiscal and siaic suori siill
availallc io iIc cducaiional insiiiuiions was no longcr io lc
iolcraicd. Noi surrisingly, iIc indigcnous sysicn was dooncd
io siagnaic and dic.
TIc ncglcci and dclilcraic urooiing of Indian cducaiion,
iIc ncasurcs wIicI wcrc cnloycd io iIis cnd, and iis
rclaccncni ly an alicn and rooilcss sysicnwIosc roducis
wcrc so graIically dcscrilcd laicr ly Ananda Coonaraswany
Iad scvcral conscqucnccs for India. To lcgin wiiI, ii lcd io an
olliicraiion of liicracy and lnowlcdgc of sucI dincnsions
anongsi iIc Indian colc iIai rcccni aiicnis ai univcrsal
liicracy and cducaiion Iavc so far lccn unallc io nalc an
arcciallc dcni in ii. Nci, ii dcsiroycd iIc Indian social
lalancc in wIicI, iradiiionally, crsons fron all scciions of
sociciy acar io Iavc lccn allc io rcccivc fairly concicni
scIooling. TIc utIsIuus and nudussuIs Iad cnallcd iIcn io
ariiciaic ocnly and aroriaicly and wiiI digniiy noi only in
iIc social and culiural lifc of iIcir localiiy lui, if iIcy wisIcd,
cnsurcd ariiciaiion ai iIc norc cicndcd lcvcls. Ii is iIis
dcsiruciion along wiiI sinilar danagc in iIc ccononic sIcrc
wIicI lcd io grcai dcicrioraiion in iIc siaius and socio-ccononic
condiiions and crsonal digniiy of iIosc wIo arc now lnown as
iIc scIcdulcd casics; and io only a sligIily lcsscr cicni io iIai
of iIc vasi casani najoriiy cnconasscd ly iIc icrn 'laclward
casics'. TIc rcccni novcncnis cnlracing iIcsc scciions, io a
grcai cicni, sccn io lc aincd ai rcsioring iIis lasic Indian
social lalancc.
And nosi inorianily, iill ioday ii Ias lci nosi cducaicd
Indians ignorani of iIc sociciy iIcy livc in, iIc culiurc wIicI
susiains iIis sociciy, and iIcir fcllow lcings; and norc
iragically, yci, for ovcr a ccniury ii Ias induccd a lacl of con-
fidcncc, and loss of lcaring anongsi iIc colc of India in
gcncral.
WIai India osscsscd in iIc sIcrc of cducaiion iwo
ccniurics ago and iIc faciors wIicI lcd io iis dccay and
rclaccncni arc indccd a ari of Iisiory. Evcn if iIc forncr
could lc lrougIi lacl io lifc, in iIc conici of ioday, or of iIc
inncdiaic fuiurc, nany asccis of ii would no longcr lc
aosiic. Yci wIai cisis ioday Ias liiilc rclcvancc ciiIcr. An
undcrsianding of wIai cisicd and of iIc roccsscs wIicI
crcaicd iIc irrclcvancc India is lurdcncd wiiI ioday, in iinc,
could Icl gcncraic wIai lcsi suiis India's rcquircncnis and iIc
ciIos of Icr colc.

Noics
1. Scc Anncurcs, csccially A(i}-(}, C, and D(i}, (iii}-(iv}I.
2. A. E. Dolls. Educuton und Socu Moucncnts l?UU-lS5U, London,
1919, .80, quoiing Oxod Connsson, 1852, Fcori, .19.
3. IId, .83.
4. IId, .104, f.n.l. quoiing 7 Hcnry IV, c.17.
87
5. IId, .105, quoiing 34 & 35 Hcnry VIII, c.l. TIis siaiuic daiing io
1542-43 A.D., consisiing of jusi onc Ariiclc aficr a rcanllc rcad, '...TIc
Dillc sIall noi lc rcad in EngsI in any cIurcI. No woncn or ariificcrs,
rcniiccs, journcyncn, scrvingncn of iIc dcgrcc of yconcn or undcr,
Iuslandncn, nor lalourcrs, sIall rcad iIc Ncw Tcsiancni in EngsI.
NoiIing sIall lc iaugIi or nainiaincd conirary io iIc King's
insiruciions. And if any siriiual crson rcacI, icacI, or nainiain any
iIing conirary io iIc King's insiruciions or dcicrninaiions, nadc or io
lc nadc, and sIall lc iIcrcof convici, Ic sIall for Iis firsi offcncc
rccani, for Iis sccond aljurc and lcar a fagoi, and for Iis iIird sIall lc
adjudgcd an Icrciic, and lc lurncd and losc all Iis goods and cIaiicls.'
TIc siaiuic was cniiilcd 'An Aci for iIc Advanccncni of Truc Knowlcdgc'.
TIis rcsiriciion, Iowcvcr, nay Iavc conlcicly lccn lificd ly iIc iinc
iIc 'auiIoriscd vcrsion' of iIc Dillc (King Jancs's iranslaiion} was
ullisIcd in England in 1611.
6. IId, .104, f.n.3, quoiing Siryc, Cranncr, i.127
7. IId, .33, f.n.l.
8. IId, .139
9. IId, .139
10. IId, .140
11. IId, .158
12. J.W. Adanson. A SIot Hsto o Educuton, Canlridgc, 1919,
.243.
13. IId, .243
14. Scc Anncurc C. Alcandcr Wallcr, Noic on Indian Educaiion; also
IId, .246
15. Housc of Connons Pacrs, 1852-53, volunc 79, .718, for iIc
nunlcr of scIools and uils in iIcn in 1818 and 1851.
16. Adanson. o.ct., 232
17. Dolls, o.ct., . 157-8 also f.n.1, .158.
18. Adanson . o.ct., .266
19. IId, .226
20. IId, .226
21. Wriiing io iIc sccond Earl Scnccr on 21 Augusi 1787 Willian Joncs
dcscrilcd a scrcniinc rivcr 'wIicI nccis iIc Cangcs oosiic iIc
cclclraicd Univcrsiiy of HuInuns ai Nuuuduu, or Nuddcu, as Fcnncl
wriics ii. TIis is iIc iIird Univcrsiiy of wIicI I Iavc lccn a ncnlcr.' TIc
Lcttcs o S Vun Joncs, ly C. Cannon. 2 voluncs, 1970, .754.
22. TIc fouriI DriiisI Univcrsiiy, iIai of London was csiallisIcd in
1828.
23. TIc alovc infornaiion is alsiracicd fron TIc Hstocu Hcgstc o
tIc Unucst o Oxod l22U-lSSS, Oford, 1888, nosily fron .45-65.
24. TIc forcgoing four aragraIs arc lascd on infornaiion sulicd ly
iIc Univcrsiiy of Oford in Novcnlcr 1980 on rcqucsi fron iIc auiIor.
25. For insiancc according io Icr docioral iIcsis rcscnicd in Aril 1980
ai iIc Sorlonnc, Paris, Ciia DIaranal. Etudc su c oc dcs
nssonucs cuoccns duns u onuton cncs dcs dccs su `Indc,
an carly cigIiccniI ccniury nanuscrii siill Ias scvcral coics ciani.
TIc nanuscrii is iiilcd Tutc dc u Hcgon dcs MuuIus, and iis firsi
coy was conlcicd in 1709 ly Tcssicr dc Qucraly, rocuraior of iIc
Paris Forcign Mission in PondicIcrry fron 1699 io 1720, noninaicd
Aosiolic Vicar of Sian in 1727. Coics of iIis Ms. arc io lc found in iIc
following arcIivcs. Paris (DillioiIcquc Naiionalc 3 coics, DillioiIcquc
dc L'Arscnal 1 coy, DillioiIcquc Sic. Ccncvicvc 1 coy, ArcIivcs
88
Naiionalcs 1 coy}; CIarircs (DillioiIcquc Municialc 1 coy, forncrly
lclonging io iIc Covcrnor Dcnoii Dunas}, London (India Officc Lilr. 2
coics in Col Maclcnzic's and JoIn Lcydcn's collcciions rcscciivcly};
Fonc 1 coy (Dillioicca Casanaicsa, coniaining Vaiican collcciion}.
PullisIcd as Lu Hcgon Dcs MuuIus, Inncnsc, 1982.
26. Scc iIc auiIor's Indun Sccncc und TccInoog n tIc EgItccntI
Ccntu. Sonc Contcnou Euocun Accounts. OiIcr India Prcss,
2000, for Prof JoIn Playfair's long ariiclc on Indian asironony, .48-93.
27. EdinlurgI Univcrsiiy. Dc.177. lciicrs fron Adan Fcrguson io JoIn
MacIcrson, lciicr daicd 9.4.1775.
28. EdinlurgI. ScoiiisI Fccord Officc. Mclvillc Pacrs. CD 51/3/617/1-
2, Prof A. MaconocIic io Hcnry Dundas.
29. EdinlurgI. Naiional Lilrary of Scoiland. Ms.546, Alc Alcrconly
forwarding a furiIcr ncnorandun fron Prof MaconocIic io Hcnry
Dundas, MarcI 1788. TIc ncnorandun was connunicaicd io Lord
Cornwallis ly Hcnry Dundas on 7.4.1788.
30. HANSAFD. Junc 22, 1813; colunns 832, 833.
31. HANSAFD. Junc 22 and July 1, 1813. Dclaic on Clausc No.13 of iIc
India CIaricr Dill, iiilcd in HANSAHD as 'Proagaiion of CIrisiianiiy in
India'.
32. Hcot on tIc stutc o Educuton n Hcngu, 1835. .6.
33. Housc of Connons Pacrs, 1812-13, volunc 7, cvidcncc of TIonas
Munro, .127.
34. Housc of Connons Pacrs, 1831-32, volunc 9, .468. Prcndcrgasi's
siaicncni nay lc ircaicd wiiI sonc cauiion as ii was nadc in iIc
conici of Iis siand iIai any ccndiiurc on iIc ocning of any scIools
ly iIc DriiisI was undcsirallc. As a gcncral inrcssion of a scnior
DriiisI official, Iowcvcr, corroloraicd ly sinilar olscrvaiions rclaiing io
oiIcr aris of India, iis validiiy acars lcyond douli.
35. Scc, for insiancc, iIc discussion on rclaiivc Indian and DriiisI
agriculiural wagcs in iIc EdnIugI Hcucu, volunc 4, July 1804.
36. PIili Hariog, IId, .74.
37. TIis, Iowcvcr, nay Iavc rcsulicd norc fron a rclaiivcly casicr Indian
clinaic iIan fron any Iysical and insiiiuiional arrangcncnis.
38. TIai is iIosc lclonging io iIc DraInan, KsIciriya and Vaisya
uunus, lui ccluding iIc Soodras and casics ouisidc iIc four uunu
division.
39. Ii nay fairly lc assuncd iIai iIc icrn 'oiIcr casics' uscd in iIc
Madras Prcsidcncy survcy in iIc nain includcd iIosc wIo ioday arc
caicgoriscd anongsi iIc scIcdulcd casics, and nany of wIon wcrc
lciicr lnown as 'PancIanas' sonc 70-80 ycars ago.
40. Anncurc A (viii}
41. Civcn ai Anncurcs D and C. FuriIcr, in iIc Pullic DcsaicI io
Dcngal fron London daicd 3 Junc 1814, ii was olscrvcd. 'TIc nodc of
insiruciion iIai fron iinc inncnorial Ias lccn raciiscd undcr iIcsc
nasicrs Ias rcccivcd iIc IigIcsi iriluics of raisc ly iis adoiion in iIis
couniry, undcr iIc dircciion of iIc Fcvcrcnd Dr. Dcll, forncrly cIalain
ai Madras; and ii Ias now lcconc iIc nodc ly wIicI cducaiion is
conducicd in our naiional csiallisIncnis, fron a conviciion of iIc
faciliiy ii affords in iIc acquisiiion of languagc ly sinlifying iIc roccss
of insiruciion.'
42. Anncurc A (ii}
43. Anncurc A (iii}
89
44. TIcsc survcys lcgan io lc nadc fron 1812 onwards, and iIcir nain
urosc was io find oui wIai nunlcr of sucI ncdical ncn wcrc in
rcccii of assignncnis of rcvcnuc. Sonc dciails of iIc casics of iIcsc
raciiiioncrs nay lc found in Madras Doard of Fcvcnuc Procccdings of
17 Scicnlcr 1821, and of 9 MarcI 1837, and oiIcr rocccdings
rcfcrrcd io iIcrcin.
45. Anncurc A (} a.
46. Anncurc A (i}.
47. Anncurc A (}
48. Anncurc A (vii}.
49. TIis olscrvaiion of iIc Collccior of Cunioor is corroloraicd ly W.
Adan wIcrcin Ic ncniions iIai ai Nadia nany scIolars canc fron
'rcnoic aris of India, csccially fron iIc SouiI' (W. Adan, .78, 1941
cdiiion}
50. Anncurc A (i}
51. Anncurc A (iii}
52. Ii nay lc ncniioncd iIai Pcrsian scIools (in all aloui 145 in iIc
Prcsidcncy} wcrc rcdoninanily aiicndcd ly Muslins, and only a fcw
Hindoos sccn io Iavc aiicndcd iIcn (NoriI Arcoi. Hindoos 2, Muslins
396}. Howcvcr, quiic a nunlcr of Muslin girls wcrc rcoricd io lc
aiicnding iIcsc scIools.
53. Anncurc A (}
54. Anncurc A (viii}
55. As in nany oiIcr insianccs, ii was uniIinlallc for iIc DriiisI iIai
India could Iavc Iad a rooriionaicly largcr nunlcr rccciving
cducaiion iIan iIosc in England iisclf. SucI vicws and judgcncnis in
faci wcrc alicd io cvcry sIcrc and cvcn iIc rigIis of iIc Indian
casaniry wcrc iailorcd accordingly. On iIc rigIis of iIc culiivaior of
land in India, iIc FifiI Fcori of iIc Housc of Connons siaicd. 'Ii was
accordingly dccidcd, iIai iIc occuanis of land in India could csiallisI
no norc rigIi, in rcscci io iIc soil, iIan icnaniry uon an csiaic in
England can csiallisI a rigIi io iIc land, ly Icrcdiiary rcsidcncc." and
iIc nccrasscc of a villagc was iIcrcforc dcfincd io lc, a rcfcrcncc of
culiivaiion dcrivcd fron Icrcdiiary rcsidcncc, lui suljcci io iIc rigIi of
govcrnncni as iIc sucrior lord of iIc soil, in wIai way ii cIooscs, for
iIc culiivaiion of iis own lands.' (Housc of Connons Pacrs, 1812,
Volunc VII, .105}
56. Anncurcs A (} and (iv}
57. WIilc iIc casic-wisc lrcal u of iIc Madras Prcsidcncy scIool and
collcgc scIolars Ias IiiIcrio noi lccn ullisIcd, iIc scaraic figurcs for
Hindoos and Muslins and iIosc rcscciivcly dividcd inio nalcs and
fcnalcs wcrc ullisIcd as carly as 1832 in iIc Housc of Connons
Pacrs. Sincc iIcn, ii nay lc rcsuncd iIai iIis daia rcgarding iIc
nunlcr of girls and loys in Malalar scIools Ias lccn sccn ly a largc
nunlcr of scIolars siudying iIc qucsiion of cducaiion in India in iIc
carly ninciccniI ccniury. Curiously, Iowcvcr, iIcrc docs noi sccn io lc
cvcn a assing rcfcrcncc io iIis Malalar daia in any of iIc ullisIcd
worls. Ii sccns io Iavc lccn ovcrloolcd ly Sir PIili Hariog also.
58. Adan's Fcoris wcrc firsi ullisIcd in 1835, 1836 and 1838. TIc
iIrcc, iogciIcr wiiI sonc onissions, and a 60-agc raiIcr dcrcssing
and aironising iniroduciion wcrc ullisIcd ly Fcv. J. Long fron
Calcuiia in 1868. Siill anoiIcr cdiiion of iIc wIolc (rciniroducing iIc
onissions nadc ly Long and including Long's own iniroduciion} wiiI a
furiIcr ncw 42-agc iniroduciion ly AnaiInaiI Dasu was ullisIcd ly
iIc Univcrsiiy of Calcuiia, in 1941. Ii is iIis lasi cdiiion wIicI is uscd in
90
iIc rcscni worl. TIc rcoris, wIilc ncvcr sufficicnily analyscd, Iavc
oficn lccn quoicd in nosi worls on iIc Iisiory of cducaiion in India.
59. W. Adan. IId, .6-7. Incidcnially iIc olscrvaiion iIai cvcry villagc
Iad a scIool was noiIing cculiar io Adan. As ncniioncd carlicr, nany
oiIcrs lcforc Iin Iad nadc sinilar olscrvaiions, including TIonas
Munro in Iis cvidcncc io a Housc of Connons conniiicc. Munro Iad
iIcn olscrvcd iIai 'if civilizaiion is io lcconc an ariiclc of iradc' lciwccn
England and India, iIc forncr 'will gain ly iIc inori cargo.' As
synionaiic of iIis IigI siaic of Indian civilisaiion, Ic also rcfcrrcd io
'scIools csiallisIcd in cvcry villagc for icacIing, rcading, wriiing and
ariiInciic.' WIcn TIonas Munro nadc iIis siaicncni Ic alrcady Iad
Iad 30 ycars of inicnsivc Indian ccricncc. (Housc of Connons Pacrs.
1812-13, Vol .7, .131}.
60. Scc Indun Sccncc und TccInoog n tIc EgItccntI Ccntu. sonc
contcnou Euocun uccounts, .143-63, for an accouni of iIis old
nciIod.
61. TIis, as nay lc noiiccd, was quiic ai variancc wiiI iIc Madras
Prcsidcncy disiricis wIcrc Pcrsian was noi only siudicd liiilc, lui iIc
siudcnis of ii wcrc nainly Muslins. Inicrcsiingly, Adan ncniions
(.149} iIai anongsi iIc Muslins 'wIcn a cIild...is four ycars, four
noniIs, and four days old', Ic, or sIc is on iIai day usually adniiicd io
scIool.
62. Hsto o Indgcnous Educuton n tIc PunuI sncc Anncxuton und n
lSS2 (PullisIcd 1883, Fcrinicd, Paiiala, 1973}.
63. TIc idca of iIcir lcing divincly ordaincd was rcally a nucI oldcr
EnglisI assuniion. In A Hc Dcscton o Ncu YoI Fonc cucd
Ncu-NctIcunds, ullisIcd in 1670, rcfcrring io iIc indigcnous colc
in iIai ari of NoriI Ancrica, Danicl Dcnion olscrvcs. 'Ii is io lc
adnircd, Iow sirangcly iIcy Iavc dccrcasi ly iIc Hand of Cod, sincc iIc
EnglisI firsi sciiling of iIosc aris; for sincc ny iinc, wIcrc iIcrc wcrc
si iowns, iIcy arc rcduccd io iwo snall villagcs, and ii IaiI lccn
gcncrally olscrvcd, iIai wIcrc iIc EnglisI conc io sciilc, a Divinc Hand
nalcs way for iIcn, ly rcnoving or cuiiing off iIc Indians ciiIcr ly
wars onc wiiI iIc oiIcr, or ly sonc raging norial Discasc.' (Fcrini
1902 .45}
64. Scc lciicr of Dr H. Scoii io Sir JoscI Danls, Prcsidcni, Foyal
Sociciy, London, daicd 7.1.1790 in Indun Sccncc und TccInoog n tIc
EgItccntI Ccntu, .265.
65. Firsi ullisIcd in Ncu YoI Du TIunc, Augusi 8, 1853; also
rcccnily quoicd ly Iu.I. Scncnov 'Socio-ccononic Fornaiions and World
Hisiory,' in Souct und Vcstcn AntIooog, cdiicd ly Erncsi Ccllncr,
1980.
66. Cucnt AntIooog, Volunc 7, No. 4, Ociolcr 1966, .395-449,
Esiinaiing Aloriginal Ancrican Poulaiion, ly Hcnry F. Dolyns.
67. Wriiing as carly as 1804, Willian Dcniincl, iIc young Covcrnor of
iIc Madras Prcsidcncy, wroic io iIc Prcsidcni of iIc Doard of Conirol,
Lord CasilcrcagI, iIai 'wc Iavc rodc iIc couniry ioo Iard, and iIc
conscqucncc is iIai ii is in iIc nosi lancniallc ovcriy.' (NoiiingIan
Univcrsiiy. Dcniincl Pacrs. Pw Jl 722}. In 1857-58 a niliiary officcr
wroic io Covcrnor Ccncral Canning, 'ii nay lc iruly said iIai iIc
rcvcnuc of India Ias IiiIcrio lccn lcvicd ai iIc oini of iIc layonci' and
considcrcd iIis io lc iIc najor causc of iIc Muiiny. (Lccds. Canning
Pacrs. Miliiary Sccrciary's Pacrs. Misc. No.289}.
68. Intcnutonu Aus, London, Novcnlcr 1931, .721-739; also
Cocctcd VoIs o MuIutnu GundI, vol.48, .193-206.
91
69. Scc origins of iIc ScIoo o Ocntu Studcs, London Insttuton, ly
P.J. Hariog, C.I.E., M.A., 1917.
70. A graIic inagc of iIc norc rivilcgcd roducis of iIis DriiisI
iniiiaicd cducaiion was givcn ly Ananda K Coonaraswany as carly as
1908. Coonaraswany iIcn wroic. 'Scal io iIc ordinary graduaic of an
Indian Univcrsiiy, or a siudcni fron Ccylon, of iIc idcals of iIc
MuIuIIuutuIc will Iasicn io dislay Iis lnowlcdgc of SIalcscarc;
iall io Iin of rcligious IilosoIyyou find iIai Ic is an aiIcisi of iIc
crudc iyc connon in Euroc a gcncraiion ago, and iIai noi only Ias Ic
no rcligion, lui is as lacling in IilosoIy as iIc avcragc EnglisInan;
iall io Iin of Indian nusicIc will roducc a granoIonc or a
Iarnoniun and inflici uon you onc or loiI; iall io Iin of Indian drcss
or jcwcllcryIc will icll you iIai iIcy arc unciviliscd and larlaric; iall
io Iin of Indian ariii is ncws io Iin iIai sucI a iIing cisis; asl Iin
io iranslaic for you a lciicr wriiicn in Iis own noiIcr-iongucIc docs
noi lnow ii. Hc is indccd a sirangcr in Iis own land.' (Modcn Hcucu,
Calcuiia, vol 4, Oci. 1908 .338}.
71. January 1932, .151-82.
72. Also in Housc o Connons Pucs. 1831-32, vol. 9, .468.
73. Clarcndon Prcss, 1917, .394.
74. In Jounu o tIc Hou Asutc Socct, London, 1917, .815-25.
75. PIili Hariog's lcciurcs wcrc announccd in iIc London Tncs,
(MarcI 1,4,6,1935} and iwo of iIcn rcoricd in ii on MarcI 2 and 5. On
2 MarcI iIc Tncs rcoricd iIai Sir PIili Hariog, 'sulniiicd iIai undcr
succcssivc Covcrnor Ccncrals, fron Warrcn Hasiings io Lord
CIclnsford, an cducaiional olicy was cvolvcd as ari of a gcncral olicy
io govcrn India in iIc inicrcsi of India, and io dcvclo Icr inicllcciual
rcsourccs io iIc uinosi for Icr own lcncfii.' Ii is inicrcsiing, Iowcvcr, io
noic iIai iIc Tncs, wIilc ii gavc fairly consiani iIougI lricf noiiccs io
CandIiji's 1931 visii io England, and sonc of iIc ullic ncciings Ic
addrcsscd and iIc cclclraiion of Iis liriIday, iIc ncciing ai CIaiIan
Housc did noi rcacI iis agcs. Ii was noi only noi rcoricd iIc nci day,
Ociolcr 21, 1931, lui was also noi announccd along wiiI various oiIcr
noiiccs of various oiIcr ncciings, cic., on iIc norning of Ociolcr 20.
Possilly ii was a convcniion noi io rcori any ncciings ai CIaiIan
Housc in ncwsacrs.
76. TIc Dool of Lcciurcs was rcvicwcd in iIc Tncs Ltcu Sucncnt
undcr iIc caiion 'Mr CandIi Fcfuicd'. Conlincniing Hariog, iIc
rcvicw siaicd. 'TIcrc arc nany dcscrvcd criiicisns of asi DriiisI
adninisiraiors in iIis ariicular ficld, lui oiIcr cIargcs dissolvc inio
iIin air wIcn coscd io iIc scarcIing analysis Sir PIili Hariog Ias
alicd io a siaicncni of Mr CandIi...Sir PIili iool u iIc cIallcngc ai
oncc...Ic sIows Iow facis wcrc disioricd io fii an cducaiional iIcory.'
77. TIc ici of Hariog-CandIi corrcsondcncc is givcn ai Anncurcs F
(i}-(v}.
78. TIc availallc naicrial on iIc survcy of indigcnous cducaiion in iIc
Prcsidcncy of Donlay Ias lccn lrougIi oui in a valuallc lool Suuc o
Indgcnous Educuton n tIc Pouncc o HonIu lS2U-JU ly F.V.
Parulclar in 1951. TIis survcy, Iowcvcr, acars io Iavc covcrcd only
ccriain aris of iIc Donlay Prcsidcncy.
79. Judging fron iIcir roducis, in a ccriain scnsc, iIis nay aly cvcn
norc io iIc wriiings on India ly nosi non-Indians. TIcir wriiings on
various asccis of Indian sociciy and oliiy will olviously lc influcnccd,
if noi wIolly condiiioncd, ly iIcir rcscciivc culiural and cducaiional
ciIos. Evcn wIcn sonc of iIcnAlcandcr Wallcr in iIc carly 19iI
ccniury and Prof. Durion Sicin iodayacar io undcrsiand India
92
lciicr, ii is noi rcally for iIcn io na oui Iow Indians sIould cnd u
crcciving iIcnsclvcs or iIcir own sociciy. SucI a iasl can lcgiiinaicly
only lc undcrialcn ly India iisclf.
80. Pullic DcsaicI io Dcngal, 3 Junc 1814. 'Wc rcfcr wiiI ariicular
saiisfaciion uon iIis occasion io iIai disiinguisIcd fcaiurc of inicrnal
oliiy wIicI rcvails in sonc aris of India, and ly wIicI iIc insiruciion
of iIc colc is rovidcd for ly a ccriain cIargc uon iIc roducc of iIc
soil, and oiIcr cndowncnis in favour of iIc villagc icacIcrs, wIo arc
iIcrcly rcndcrcd ullic scrvanis of iIc connuniiy.'
81. TIc rcvcnuc rccords of all arcas, csccially of iIc ycars 1770-90 for
iIc Dcngal Prcsidcncy, and of 1801-20 for iIc Madras Prcsidcncy
rovidc vcry cicnsivc infornaiion rcgarding sucI assignncnis. TIc
infornaiion rcgarding assignncnis for iIc urosc of carrying Canga
waicr io rcligious sIrincs is ialcn fron Mucc Hcgstc for 1847 for iIc
disirici of Hanirur and Kali in iIc Uiiar PradcsI Siaic ArcIivcs ai
AllaIalad.
82. I.O.F. Faciory Fccords. C/27/1, Sucrvisor HougIly io MursIc-
dalad Council, 10.10.1770, .88.
83. In a noic daicd circa 1830.
84. TIc ioial nunlcr of nutIs and icnlcs in Tanjorc aloui iIis iinc
was around 4,000.
85. I.O.F. Faciory Fccords. C/6/4. Procccdings of Durdwan Council on
DccrlIoon, 24.5.1775.
86. TIc rollcn of casanis dcscriing sIu lands (i.c. lands aying
rcvcnuc io govcrnncni} lccausc of iIc cIorliiani raic of govcrnncni
asscssncni cvcn in iIc 1820s was of sucI frcqucncy iIai ii was
dclilcraicd uon ly TIonas Munro as Covcrnor of Madras in Novcnlcr
1822. Ai iIai iinc Munro olscrvcd iIai 'ii would lc nosi saiisfaciory if
iIc sirlar ryois wcrc induccd io givc a voluniary rcfcrcncc io iIc sirlar
land' and fcli iIai iIc rcsi of iIc villagc connuniiy aying rcvcnuc io
govcrnncni sIould noi 'allow a ryoi io iIrow u sirlar land liallc io
adjusincni ncrcly iIai Ic nay occuy Enan land wIicI is liallc io
nonc.' Dui if sucI 'induccncni' did noi worl Munro was of iIc vicw, iIai
'if ncccssary, ncasurcs for iIc roicciion of iIc rigIis of govcrnncni
nay lc dirccicd norc inncdiaicly io iIc Enandars, ciiIcr ly ialing
iIcir Enans or ly rcsuning iIcn.' (Tanil Nadu siaic ArcIivcs. Doard of
Fcvcnuc Procccdings. volunc 930, Procccdings 7.11.1822, .10292-
96}.
87. For fairly dciailcd infornaiion on Malalar, scc iIc voluninous
Fcori of Connissioncr Cracnc, 16.7.1822 in TNSA. Fcvcnuc
Consuliaiions, csccially volunc 277A.
88. Anncurc A (i}, PIili Hariog, wIo nadc nucI lay of iIis rcly,
as ncniioncd carlicr, uscd ii io iIrow douli on iIc cducaiional daia
fron iIc oiIcr disiricis. Ii is ossillc iIai lccausc of Iis conirary
conccrns, Ic was noi allc io conrcIcnd iIis rcori fully.
89. Dcllary was ari of iIc Ccdcd Disiricis and was adninisicrcd fron
1800-7 ly TIonas Munro. As ncniioncd carlicr, ii was Icrc iIai Munro
sccncd ouiragcd ly iIc faci iIai 35% of iIc ioial culiivaicd land was
siill lcing assigncd for various local uroscs, and crcsscd Iis
dcicrninaiion io rcducc ii io as low as 5% of iIc ioial rcvcnuc of iIc
Ccdcd Disiricis. Munro ai iIai iinc also advocaicd iIc inosiiion of an
inconc-ia of aloui 15% on all iIosc (rcvcnuc assignccs, as wcll as
ncrcIanis, ariisans, lalourcrs and iIc rcsi} wIo did noi ay land
rcvcnuc. TIc Madras Covcrnncni acccicd Iis rcconncndaiion and iIis
ia, undcr various nancs, (VccsuIudd, MoItuIu, cic.} was inoscd
93
noi only in iIc Ccdcd Disiricis lui also in nany oiIcr disiricis of iIc
Madras Prcsidcncy.
Ii is iIis laclground of cIorliiani iaaiion and iIc cuiiing down of all
ccnscs, cvcn on iIc rcair of irrigaiion sourccs iIai largcly lcd io iIc
convcrsion of Dcllary and CuddaaI inio iIc laiicr day arid and
inovcrisIcd arcas. Quiic naiurally, iIcn, iIc cducaiional rciurns fron
Dcllary wcrc low.
90. Hunsud. Junc 22, 1813.
91. Minuic on Indian Educaiion. MarcI 1835.
92. J.S. Mill, Hsto o HtsI Indu, 1817, vol. I, .344, 351-2, 466-7,
472, 646.
93. IId, .428.
94. Fcvcnuc DcsaicI io Madras. 11.2.1801.

87
DOCUMENTS
88
89
Anncurc A

I
MINUTE OF COVEFNOF SIF THOMAS MUNFO
OFDEFINC THE COLLECTION OF DETAILED INFOFMATION
ON INDICENOUS EDUCATION.
25.6.1822
(TNSA. Hcucnuc Consututons. Vo.92U. dutcd 2.?.lS22)
1. MucI Ias lccn wriiicn loiI in England and in iIis
couniry aloui iIc ignorancc of iIc colc of India and iIc
ncans of disscninaiing lnowlcdgc anong iIcn. Dui iIc
oinions uon iIis suljcci arc iIc ncrc conjcciurcs of
individuals unsuoricd ly any auiIcniic docuncnis and
diffcring so widcly fron cacI oiIcr as io lc cniiilcd io vcry liiilc
aiicniion. Our owcr in iIis couniry and iIc naiurc of iis own
nunicial insiiiuiions Iavc ccriainly rcndcrcd ii raciicallc io
collcci naicrial fron wIicI a judgncni nigIi lc forncd of iIc
siaic of iIc ncnial culiivaiion of iIc colc. Wc Iavc nadc
gcograIical and agriculiural survcys of our rovinccs. Wc Iavc
invcsiigaicd iIcir rcsourccs and cndcavourcd io asccriain iIcir
oulaiion, lui liiilc or noiIing Ias lccn donc io lcarn iIc siaic
of cducaiion. Wc Iavc no rccord io sIow iIc aciual siaic of
cducaiion iIrougIoui iIc couniry. Pariial inquirics Iavc lccn
nadc ly individuals, lui iIosc Iavc ialcn lacc ai disiani
criodsand on a snall scalc and no infcrcncc can lc drawn
fron iIcn wiiI rcgard io iIc couniry in gcncral. TIcrc nay lc
sonc difficuliy in oliaining sucI a rccord as wc wani. Sonc
Disiricis will noilui oiIcrs rolally will furnisI iiand if wc
gci ii only fron iwo or iIrcc ii will answcr in sonc dcgrcc for all
iIc rcsi. Ii cannoi lc cccicd io lc vcry accuraic, lui ii will ai
lcasi cnallc us io forn an csiinaic of iIc siaic of insiruciions
anong iIc colc. TIc only rccord wIicI can furnisI iIc
infornaiion rcquircd is a lisi of iIc scIools in wIicI rcading and
wriiing arc iaugIi in
90
cacI disirici sIowing iIc nunlcr of scIolars in cacI and iIc
casic io wIicI iIcy lclong. TIc Collcciors sIould lc dirccicd io
rcarc iIis docuncni according io iIc forn wIicI acconanics
iIis acr. TIcy sIould lc dcsircd io siaic iIc nancs of iIc
lool gcncrally rcad ai iIc scIools. TIc iinc wIicI scIolars
usually coniinuc, ai sucI scIools. TIc noniIly or ycarly cIargc
io iIc scIolars and wIciIcr any of iIc scIools arc cndowcd ly
iIc ullic and if so iIc naiurc and anouni of iIc fund. WIcn
iIcrc arc collcgcs or oiIcr insiiiuiions for icacIing TIcology,
Law, Asironony, cic. an accouni sIould lc givcn of iIcn. TIcsc
scicnccs arc usually iaugIi rivaicly wiiIoui fcc or rcward ly
individuals io a fcw scIolars or discilcs, lui iIcrc arc also
sonc insianccs in wIicI iIc naiivc govcrnncnis Iavc granicd
allowanccs in noncy and land for iIc nainicnancc of iIc
icacIcrs.
2. In sonc disiricis, rcading and wriiing arc confincd
alnosi cniircly io Dranins and iIc ncrcaniilc class. In sonc
iIcy cicnd io oiIcr classcs and arc rciiy gcncral anong iIc
Paiails of villagcs and rincial Foycis. To iIc woncn of
Dranins and of Hindoos in gcncral iIcy arc unlnown lccausc
iIc lnowlcdgc of iIcn is roIiliicd and rcgardcd as
unlcconing of iIc nodcsiy of iIc sc and fii only for ullic
danccrs. Dui anong iIc woncn of iIc FujlundaI and sonc
oiIcr irilcs of Hindoos wIo sccn io Iavc no rcjudicc of iIis
lind, iIcy arc gcncrally iaugIi. TIc roIiliiion againsi woncn
lcarning io rcad is rolally fron various causcs, nucI lcss
aiicndcd io in sonc disiricis iIan in oiIcrs and as ii is ossillc
iIai in cvcry disirici a fcw fcnalcs nay lc found in iIc rcading
scIools, a colunn Ias lccn cnicrcd for iIcn in iIc Forn
rooscd io lc scni io iIc Collccior. TIc nicd and inurc
casics scldon lcarn io rcad, lui as a fcw of iIcn do, colunns
arc lcfi for iIcn in iIc Forn.
3. Ii is noi ny inicniion io rcconncnd any inicrfacc
wIaicvcr in iIc naiivc scIools. EvcryiIing of iIis lind ougIi io
lc carcfully avoidcd, and iIc colc sIould lc lcfi io nanagc
iIcir scIools in iIcir own way. All iIai wc ougIi io do is io
faciliiaic iIc ocraiions of iIcsc scIools ly rcsioring any funds
iIai nay Iavc lccn divcricd fron iIcn and crIas graniing
addiiional oncs, wIcrc ii nay acar advisallc. Dui on iIis
oini wc sIall lc lciicr allc io judgc wIcn wc rcccivc iIc
infornaiion now rooscd io lc callcd for.
25iI Junc 1822. (Signcd}
TIonus Muno
91
II
Ordcrcd in conscqucncc iIai iIc
following lciicr lc dcsaicIcd.
No.459
Fcvcnuc Dcarincni
To,
TIc Prcsidcni and Mcnlcrs of iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc
Ccnilcncn,
I an dirccicd io siaic iIai ii is considcrcd ly iIc
Honourallc iIc Covcrnor-in-Council io lc an oljcci of inicrcsi
and of inoriancc io oliain as accuraic infornaiion as nay lc
rocurallc wiiI rcgard io iIc aciual siaic of cducaiion
iIrougIoui iIc couniry, and io dcsirc iIai iIc scvcral Collcciors
nay lc rcquircd io furnisI sucI infornaiion according io iIc
acconanying Forn. Dcsidcs rcoriing iIc nunlcr of scIools in
wIicI rcading and wriiing arc iaugIi, iIc nunlcr of scIolars in
cacI and iIc casics io wIicI iIcy lclong, iIc Collcciors sIould
siaic iIc iinc wIicI scIolars usually coniinuc ai scIool, iIc
noniIly or ycarly cIargc io iIc scIolars, wIciIcr any of iIc
scIools arc cndowcd ly iIc ullic and in sucI cascs iIc naiurc
and anouni of iIc fund. WIcn iIcrc arc collcgcs or oiIcr
insiiiuiions for icacIing TIcology, Law, Asironony, cic., an
accouni of iIcn sIould lc givcn. TIcsc scicnccs arc usually
iaugIi rivaicly io a fcw scIolars or discilcs ly individuals
wiiIoui any fcc or rcward, lui iIcrc arc also sonc insianccs in
wIicI iIc naiivc govcrnncni Ias granicd allowanccs in noncy
and land for iIc nainicnancc of iIc icacIcrs.
AliIougI gcncrally cducaiion is confincd io ariicular
casics and is noi cicndcd io fcnalcs, yci as iIcrc arc
ccciions, wIicI in ccriain disiricis nay lc nuncrous, iIc
acconanying Forn is adoicd io includc iIcn.
Ii is io lc clcarly undcrsiood ly iIc Collcciors iIai no
inicrfcrcncc wIaicvcr wiiI iIc naiivc scIool is inicndcd.
EvcryiIing of iIai lind sIould lc carcfully avoidcd and iIc
colc sIould lc lcfi io nanagc iIcir scIools in iIcir own way.
All iIai ougIi io lc donc is io faciliiaic iIc ocraiion of iIc
scIools, ly rcsioring any funds iIai nay Iavc lccn divcricd
fron iIcn and crIas graniing addiiional funds wIcrc ii nay
acar advisallc.
Fori Si. Ccorgc, D. H,
2nd July 1822. Sccctu to Goucnncnt
92
III
CIFCULAFFOFT ST. CEOFCE25TH JULY 1822
(TNSA. HHPVo.92U, Po. 25.?.lS22, .b9?l-?2 No.?)
1. I an dirccicd ly iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc io iransnii io you
iIc acconanying coy of a lciicr wiiI iis cnclosurc fron iIc
Sccrciary io Covcrnncni in iIc Fcvcnuc Dcarincni, and io
dcsirc iIai you will sulnii iIc rcquircd infornaiion iogciIcr
wiiI a siaicncni in iIc rcscrilcd Forn ai your carlicsi
convcnicncc.
2. In calling for iIc infornaiion fron iIc diffcrcni aris of
your Collccioraic, you will causc your ullic scrvanis clcarly io
undcrsiand, and io nalc lnown io iIc colc iIai no
inicrfcrcncc wiiI iIc scIools is inicndcd, iIougI cvcry
assisiancc will lc givcn io faciliiaic iIcir ocraiions and io
rcsiorc any funds wIicI nay acar io Iavc lccn divcricd fron
iIcir original uroscs.

Fori Si. Ccorgc, H. CuIc,
25iI July 1822. Sccctu
(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc}
93
94
IV
PFINCIPAL COLLECTOF, CANAFA TO DOAFD
OF FEVENUE.
27.8.1822
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.924 Po.5.9.lS22, .S425-29 Nos.J5-b)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io aclnowlcdgc iIc rcccii of your lciicr
daicd 25iI uliino, iogciIcr wiiI iis cnclosurc lcing coy of
lciicr fron iIc Sccrciary io Covcrnncni Fcvcnuc Dcarincni
daicd 2nd July dircciing nc io forward a siaicncni fillcd u as
cr Forn iransniiicd, and io rcori uon iIc siaic of cducaiion
in iIis zillaI.
As iIc rcaraiion of iIc ncccssary infornaiion io fill u
iIc siaicncni in qucsiion, would ialc u a considcrallc iinc
and as any jusi criicrion of iIc aciual cicni of sucI scIools as
cisi in iIis zillaI cannoi lc forncd uon ii, I Iavc considcrcd ii
ccdicni io sulnii iIis addrcss, clanaiory of iIc forcgoing
causcs, wIicI will I iIinl sIow iIc rcaraiion of iIc docuncni
for iIis Provincc unncccssary.
2. TIcrc arc no collcgcs in Canara for iIc culiivaiion of iIc
alsirusc Scicnccs. NciiIcr arc iIcrc any ficd scIools and
nasicrs io icacI in iIcn.
TIcrc is no insiancc lnown of any insiiiuiions of iIc alovc
dcscriiion Iaving cvcr rcccivcd suori in any sIac fron iIc
forncr govcrnncnis.
3. TIc cducaiion of iIc fcw Dranin cIildrcn of iIc IigIcr
classcs in iowns or villagcs, is conducicd in iIc Iousc of iIc
rincial nan. Hc sclccis a icacIcr, wIo rcccivcs for cacI cIild
a snall sun, a rcscni of cloiI ai ariicular ccrcnonics, and iIc
sanc for a fcw oiIcrs, cIildrcn of iIc fricnds of iIc rincial
nan, wIo also ncci ai Iis own Iousc for iIc sanc urosc. TIc
Moolla in iIc sanc nanncr icacIcs a fcw Mussulnan cIildrcn
on iIc sanc rincilc. Ii is cniircly a rivaic cducaiion, and iIc
nasicr is as oficn cIangcd as iIc scIolars. TIcrc is noiIing
lclonging io ii wIicI can assinilaic ii wiiI a sIadow of ullic
cducaiion, or indccd of rcgulariiy in lcarning.
TIc cIildrcn arc iaugIi io rcad and wriic and accounis,
and unlcss lclonging io iIc IigIcsi classcs, iIc aiiainncni of
95
Pcrsian and Hindwy and Canarcsc ai iIc sanc iinc is scldon or
cvcr ursucd. Indccd, anongsi iIosc classcs, ii is so cniircly a
rivaic iuiiion, iIai any csiinaic of iIc nunlcrs of iIcir cIild-
rcn lcarning sucI languagcs could noi lc lui crroncous.
4. Educaiion is undoulicdly ai iis lowcsi cll in Canara. To
iIc Dranins of iIc couniry iIc Conlanny and SIinnawcc and io
iIc 2nd class of iIc forncr, iIc liiilc cducaiion givcn, is
confincd. Anongsi iIc farncrs, gcncrally scaling, and rolally
anongsi onc Ialf of iis oulaiion, iIc nosi connon forns of
cducaiion arc unlnown and in disusc, or norc corrccily
scaling wcrc ncvcr in usc.
5. As alicallc io iIc suljcci I lcg lcavc io iniroducc an
ciraci fron a lciicr io iIc assisiani surgcon of iIc zillaI,
wriiicn io Iin in conscqucncc of a wisI on iIc ari of iIc
Sucrinicndcni Ccncral of Vaccinaiion io oliain infornaiion
fron nc, on iIc raciicaliliiy of inducing iIc ucr classcs of
naiivcs in Canara, io undcrialc iIc siiuaiions of raciiiioncrs,
wIo fron iIcir suoscd sucrior aiiainncnis would lc cnallcd
io faciliiaic iIc rogrcss of vaccinaiion.
Extuct o Puus btI, ?tI und StI
6. I Iavc siaicd iIai I considcr iIcrc is no oljcciion io iIc
CIrisiian raciiiioncr, lui wiiI rcgard io cnloyncni of
ncn of iIc oiIcr various casics in iIis disirici, causcs cisi
wIicI I an lcd io lclicvc would rcndcr iIc aiicni fuiilc.
TIc nass of colc arc culiivaiors, iIcrc arc no
nanufaciurcs io scal of in Canara, ii is a couniry of
coiiagcs discrscd in vallcys and junglcs, cacI nan living
uon Iis csiaic and Icncc iIcrc arc fcw iowns, cvcn iIcsc
arc iIinly oulaicd. Hcncc I an lcd io conjcciurc fron a
lcsscr congrcgaiion of colc iIc Aris and Scicnccs Iavc
ncvcr, ai lcasi in laicr iincs, lcconc of iIai conscqucncc
in Canara io causc iIcn io lc iaugIi and cIcrisIcd.
Prolally iIcrc is no Disirici in iIc Pcninsula so dcvoid of
ariisis or scicniific ncn.
7. TIc soil of Canara is iIc naiivcs undoulicd rigIi, gaincd
ly iIc firsi of all clains, iIc original clcaring of ii for
culiivaiion. TIus, io iIis day Iis dcicsiaiion of quiiiing Iis
Iousc and iIc ficlds ly wIicI ii is surroundcd. For iIosc
wanis io wIicI Ic is iIus naiurally coscd for cloiI and
for iIc various ncccssiiics of lifc wIicI Iis land docs noi
yicld Iin, Ic is indclicd io iIc fcw lazar ncn in iIc vcry
96
fcw iowns in cacI ialool; iIcsc ncn cIicfly Concancsc arc
again indclicd io iIcir norc oulcni lrciIrcn csiallisIcd
on iIc coasi for sulics wIicI arc laricrcd for iIc
roducis of iIc soil. TIcsc again arc confincd io iIrcc or
four rincial ariiclcs so iIai iIcy do noi afford roon for
nucI individual forcign cnicrrisc, and conscqucnily iIc
rovision of iIcn rcnains wiiI iIc colc, wIo, Iavc cvcr
rciaincd ii, and iIus sirangcrs arc in a grcai dcgrcc
ccludcd fron iIc couniry.
8. Fron iIcsc causcs I ccriainly considcr iIc gcncral wani
of Mcn of Scicncc originaics, and also iIai ncn, wIcrc
iIcir occuaiion is so cniircly ialcn u wiiI onc ursuii
would noi lc induccd io quii ii on any accouni, nucI lcss
for iIc occuaiion of a iravclling vaccinaior.
6. Sulscqucnily io ny arrival in Canara, I Iad cndcavorcd
io crsuadc sonc of iIc original farncrs, iIc Dunis, io scnd
iIcir ncIcws (for iIcy arc iIc Icirs, noi iIc sons} io Mangalorc
for cducaiionwiiIoui succcss. A CIrisiian scIool Ias lccn
csiallisIcd in wIicI Laiin and Poriugucsc alonc arc iaugIi.
7. SIould iIc Doard aficr iIis clanaiion siill considcr iIc
rcaraiion of iIc Forn iransniiicd wiiI iIcir lciicr, dcsirallc,
and according io iIc vicws of iIc govcrnncni, I sIall cndcavor io
oliain iIc ariiculars. Ii will lc, I lcg io rccai, a vcry fallacious
siaicncni. Anongsi iIc nuncrous scrvanis of iIis cicnsivc
Collccioraic iIcrc is lui onc, wIo wriics Pcrsian; iIc liicrary
lnowlcdgc of all oiIcrs is confincd io Hindwy and Canarcsc.
Evcn Sanscrii is vcry ariially lnown, and iIc Dallalund is
confincd io a vcry fcw of iIc class of Dranins wIo rcad iIc
SIasiras. Anongsi iIis laiicr class I Iavc found nany, wIo
could noi rcad sonc of iIc ancicni inscriiions, wIicI iIcy
asscri arc in a diffcrcni cIaracicr fron iIc Hala Canarcsc, and
Dallalund iIcy wcrc iaugIi.
Mangalorc,
Princial Collccior's CuicIcrry,
27iI Augusi, 1822.
(Ordcr iIcrcon}35-36 T. Hus,
Ordcrcd io lic on iIc iallc. Pncu Coccto.

97
V
COLLECTOF OF TINNEVELLY TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
18.10.1822
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.92S Po.2S.lU.lS22 .99Jb-? No.4b-?)
I Iavc iIc Ionor of forwarding iIc Siaicncni of ScIools in
iIis Disirici rcquircd ly your Dcuiy's lciicr of iIc 25iI July
lasi.
TIc rcaraiion of iIc accouni Ias lccn dclaycd ly
cnquiry inio iIc casics of iIc fcnalc scIolars, wIo in alnosi all
insianccs arc found io lc dancing girls.

Tinncvclly Disirici,
SIarcnnadavy, J.H. Hudcston
18iI Ociolcr 1822. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc)
98
99
VI
ASSISTANT COLLECTOF, SEFINCAPATAM TO DOAFD OF
FEVENUE.
29.10.1822
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.929 Po.4.ll.lS22 .lU2bU-2 Nos.JJ4)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io iransnii in conforniiy io iIc
insiruciions convcycd in your lciicr of iIc 25iI July lasi, a
siaicncni cIiliiing iIc nunlcr of scninarics wiiIin iIis zillaI.
2. TIc cicni of infornaiion acquircd undcr iIc rcscni
rcvailing sysicn of cducaiion is circncly liniicdnoiIing
norc is rofcsscd io lc iaugIi in iIcsc day-scIools iIan
rcading, wriiing, and ariiInciic, jusi concicni for iIc
discIargc of iIc connon daily iransaciions of sociciy.
3. TIcrc arc no iraccs on rccord, as far as I can asccriain,
of cndowncnis in land iowards iIc suori of collcgcs and
scIools Iaving ai a forncr criod lccn granicd ciiIcr ly iIc
iIcn cisiing govcrnncni or any airioiic rivaic individuals.
TIc sucrinicndcnis of iIc diffcrcni scninarics wcrc lcfi for
rcnuncraiion, cniircly io iIc arcnis of iIc rcscciivc siudcnis
frcqucniing iIcn, and wIicI sysicn oliains io iIc rcscni day.
4. Ii acars iIai for cacI uil iIc rcccior rcccivcs 5
annas noniIly wIicI nalcs iIc ioial annual ccndiiurc for
iIc uroscs of cducaiion wiiIin iIc Island of Scringaaian
anouni io ruccs 2,351 and annas 4. TIis sun, dividcd
anongsi 41 sucrinicndcnis, givcs cacI on an avcragc iIc vcry
inadcquaic and irifling inconc of ruccs 57 annas 5 and icc 5.

Scringaaian H. VIut
29iI Ociolcr 1822. Assstunt Coccto n cIugc.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc)
100
101
VII
COLLECTOF, TINNEVELLY TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
7.11.1822
(TNSA. HHP Vo.9Jl, Po.lS.ll.lS22 No.J?, .lU545-b)
I Iavc now iIc Ionor of forwarding a conlcic accouni of
scIools in iIis disirici according io iIc rcscrilcd Forn. TIc
accounis fron iIc ialool of PunjanaIl noi Iaving lccn rcccivcd
ai iIc iinc of ny scnding iIosc of iIc oiIcr ialools.
TIc ioial undcr iIc Icad of oulaiion acars io Iavc
lccn crroncous, and is corrccily givcn in iIc siaicncni, now
scni.
Tinncvclly, J.H. Hudcston,
7iI Novcnlcr 1822. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc)
102
103
VIII
PFINCIPAL COLLECTOF, COIMDATOFE TO
DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
23.11.1822
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.9J2, Po.2.l2.lS22, .lU9J9-94J, No.4J)
To,
TIc Prcsidcni and Mcnlcrs of iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc
Ccnilcncn,
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io forward iIc infornaiion callcd for in
Mr Clarlc's lciicr of iIc 25iI July 1882 rcgarding iIc scIools in
iIc disirici.
2. TIc siaicncni No.1 is drawn u aficr iIc Forn wIicI
acconanicd Mr Clarlc's lciicr.
TIc siaicncni No.2 sIows iIc ariicular languagc iaugIi
in cacI scIool, iIc nunlcr of uils, iIc avcragc anouni of
siicnds aid ly arcnis, io iIc icacIcrs, iIc avcragc annual
cIargc io uils for iIc urcIasc of cadjans.
TIc siaicncni No.3 sIows iIc nunlcr of insiiiuiions in
wIicI TIcology, Law and Asironony arc iaugIi, iIc nunlcr of
uils cducaicd in iIcn, and iIc anouni of nainun land
granicd ly iIc Hindu Covcrnncni, for iIcir suori, and
assuncd ciiIcr ly iIc Mussulnan, or ly iIc DriiisI
Covcrnncni.
3. TIc carlicsi agc ai wIicI loys aiicnd scIool is 5 ycars,
iIcy coniinuc iIcrc uniil iIcy arc 13 or 14. TIosc wIo siudy
TIcology, Law, cic., lcgin ai aloui 15 and coniinuc io frcqucni
iIc collcgcs uniil iIcy Iavc aiiaincd a concicni lnowlcdgc in
iIc Scicncc, or uniil iIcy oliain cnloyncni.
4. Dcsidcs iIcir rcgular siicnds, scIool nasicrs gcncrally
rcccivc rcscnis, fron iIc arcnis of iIcir uils, ai iIc Das-
saraI and oiIcr grcai fcasis; a fcc is also givcn wIcn iIc uil
lcgins a ncw lool. TIc annual siicnd fron onc uil varics
fron Fs.14 io Fs.3 cr annun, according io iIc circunsianccs
of iIc arcnis. TIc scIool Iours arc fron 6 a.n. io 10, and fron
1 io 2 .n. uniil 8 ai nigIi. Dcsidcs iIc scvcral fcsiivals iIcy
Iavc rcgular Iolidays, 4 days in cacI noniI on iIc full noon,
iIc ncw noon, and a day aficr cacI.
104
5. TIc cducaiion of fcnalcs is alnosi cniircly confincd in
iIis disirici io iIc dancing woncn, wIo arc gcncrally of iIc
Kylclcr casic, a class of wcavcrs. TIcrc arc ccciions io iIis
rulc, lui iIc nunlcrs arc ioo insignificani io rcquirc noiicc.
6. TIcrc is a scIool for icacIing EnglisI in iIc iown of
Coinlaiorc, wIicI is sucrinicndcd ly an EnglisI wriicr
lclonging io iIis CuicIcrcc.

Coinlaiorc, (Sgncd) J. SULLIVAN,
23rd Novcnlcr 1822. Pncu Coccto.


(Stutcncnts on ooung ugcs}
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
IX
COLLECTOF OF MADUFA TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE. 5.2.1823
(TNSA. HHPVo.942, Po.lJ.2.lS2J, .24U2-4Ub No.2l)
1. I Iad rcvious io iIc rcccii of iIc insiruciions of
govcrnncni nadc sonc liiilc inquiry inio iIc siaic of iIc scIools
in iIis disirici and Iavc cndcavourcd io asccriain, sIould iIcir
nunlcr lc incrcascd, if iIc oorcr classcs would lc induccd io
lring iIcir cIildrcn io iIcn, io lc cducaicd anongsi iIc lowcr
class; I scc liiilc Ioc of sucI an inrovcncni. TIcy say as iIcy
arc oor, iIcir cIildrcn arc lciicr cnloycd in aiicnding lul-
locls, cic., ly wIicI iIcy gain a livcliIood, iIan lcing ai scIool.
In iIc Fori of Madura and iIc diffcrcni CuslaI villagcs sonc
scIools nigIi lc csiallisIcd wiiI advaniagc. Many colc of
casic would, I Iavc no douli, scnd iIcir cIildrcn io sucI
scIools, and as iIc lcncfii dcrivallc fron cducaiion lcgan
gradually io dcvclo iisclf, iIc nunlcrs would incrcasc. Fivc or 6
scIools in iIc Fori of Madura, and 2 or 3 in cacI of iIc
CuslaIs, graniing iIc nasicrs a snall noniIly salary of 30 io
40 fanans would lc sufficicni, and I Iavc no douli iIc Hcads
of Villagcs would lc induccd io scnd iIcir cIildrcn iIcrc, wIicI
would rcndcr sucI csiallisIncnis nosi dcsirallc as vcry fcw
Naiiawlars iIrougIoui iIc disirici can ciiIcr rcad or wriic, and
arc conscqucnily ioially dccndcni on iIc Curnans.
2. Fron iIc siaicncni ii would sccn, iIai in a oulaiion
of ncarly 800,000, iIcrc arc siaicd io lc only 844 scIools, and
in iIcn 13,781 cIildrcn cducaicd. TIai iIc nunlcr sIould lc
incrcascd nusi lc wisIcd for.
3. Fron iIc scvcral siaicncnis rcccivcd fron iIc diffcrcni
divisions, ii docs noi acar iIai any Mauncon lands arc
cnjoycd for iIc urosc of scIools; lui iIai iIc icacIcrs arc
aid ly iIc oorcr classcs of colc fron io 1 fanan for cacI
scIolar cr noniI, and fron 2 io 3 and 5 fanans ly iIosc in
lciicr circunsianccs, and iIai a icacIcr dcrivcs fron 30 io 60
cully fanans cr noniI in largc villagcs, and fron 10 io 30
fanans in snall villagcsscIolars usually firsi aiicnd scIool ai
iIc agc of 5 and lcavc ii fron 12 io 15.
113
4. In AgraIron villagcs inIaliicd ly Dranins, ii Ias lccn
usual fron iinc inncnorial io alloi for iIc cnjoyncni of iIosc
wIo siudy iIc Vaidons (Fcligion}, and Pooraunons (Hisiorical
iradiiions}, an cicni of Mauncon land yiclding fron 20 io 50
fanans cr annun, and in a fcw lui rarc insianccs io iIc cicni
of 100 fanans, and iIcy graiuiiously and gcncrally insiruci
sucI uils as nay voluniarily lc lrougIi io iIcn.
5. Fcnalc cIildrcn dcvoicd for iIc rofcssion of dancing
girls ai iIc Hindoo icnlcs arc only insirucicd ai scIools.

Tcroonungalon, H. Pctc,
5iI Fclruary, 1823. Coccto.


(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc}
114
115
X
PFINCIPAL COLLECTOF, TANJOFE TO
DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
28.6.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.95J, Po.J.?.lS2J .5J45-5J4? No.bl)
WiiI rcfcrcncc io your Sccrciary's lciicr of iIc 25iI of July
lasi, and iis cnclosurcs, I Iavc iIc Ionor now io iransnii a
siaicncni in iIc rcscrilcd Forn, rcarcd fron iIc Fciurns
rcccivcd fron iIc Tasildars of iIc nunlcr of scIools and
collcgcs in iIis Disirici acconanicd ly iwo oiIcr siaicncnis
Nos.1 and 2, norc in dciail, wIicI will I ccci, afford cvcry
infornaiion, iIai your Doard and govcrnncni dcsirc io rcccivc
on iIc suljcci, lcing ncccssary for nc only io add iIai ii docs
noi acar, any funds granicd for iIcsc insiiiuiions, Iavc lccn
ciiIcr rcsuncd or divcricd fron iIcir original urosc.

Tanjorc Ncgaaian, J. Cotton,
28iI Junc, 1823. Pncu Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugcs}
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
XI
COLLECTOF, MADFAS TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE. 13.11.1822
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.9Jl, Po.l4.ll.lS22 .lU, 5l2-lJ No.5?-S)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io aclnowlcdgc iIc rcccii of your lciicr
undcr daic iIc 25iI July lasi, wiiI onc fron govcrnncni and io
forward iIc siaicncni iIcrcin callcd for.
2. Advcriing io iIc Ordcrs of Covcrnncni alovc rcfcrrcd io
I lcg lcavc io sulnii iIc infornaiion I Iavc lccn allc io oliain
on iIc scvcral qucsiions connccicd wiiI iIc sysicn of cducaiion
adoicd in iIis Collccioraic.
3. TIc scIools cnuncraicd in iIc siaicncni conrisc only
iIosc in wIicI iIc various dcscriiions of iIc Hindoo and
Mussulnan cIildrcn arc cducaicd.
4. TIcsc cIildrcn arc scni io scIool wIcn iIcy arc alovc
fivc ycars old and iIcir coniinuancc in ii dccnds in a grcai
ncasurc on iIcir ncnial faculiics, lui ii is gcncrally adniiicd
iIai lcforc iIcy aiiain iIcir iIiriccniI ycar of agc, iIcir acquirc-
ncni in iIc various lrancIcs of lcarning arc unconnonly grcai,
a circunsiancc vcry jusily ascrilcd io an cnulaiion and crsc-
vcrancc cculiar only io iIc Hindoo casics.
5. Asironony, Asirology, cic., arc in sonc insianccs iaugIi
io iIc cIildrcn of iIc oorcr class of Dranins graiis, and in
ccriain fcw cascs an allowancc is givcn rooriionaic io iIc
circunsianccs of iIc arcnis or guardians.
6. In iIis Collccioraic iIcrc arc no scIools cndowcd ly iIc
ullic. TIosc dcnoninaicd 'CIariiy scIools' includc a fcw insii-
iuiions of iIai dcscriiion undcr iIc inncdiaic conirol of iIc
nissionary sociciy. TIc scIolars in iIcn arc iIcrcforc of various
sccis and crsuasions.
7. TIcsc CIariiy scIools arc alolisIcd ai iIc lcasurc of
iIcir suoricrs.
8. TIc allowanccs aid io cacI of iIc icacIcrs in a scIool
scldon ccccd 12 agodas cr annun for cvcry scIolar.
Madras CuicIcrry, L.G.K. Muu,
13iI Novcnlcr 1822. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ncxt ugc}
130
131
XII
PFINCIPAL COLLECTOF, NOFTH AFCOT DISTFICT TO DOAFD
OF FEVENUE.
3.3.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.944, Po.lU.J.lS2J, .2SUb-lb No.2U-l)
1. Acconanying I Iavc iIc Ionor io forward a siaicncni
of iIc collcgcs and oiIcr insiiiuiions in iIis Disirici for iIc
cducaiion of uils.
2. In addiiion io iIc Forn rcccivcd wiiI your Sccrciary's
lciicr I Iavc rcarcd an alsiraci, sIowing iIc diffcrcni
dcscriiions of iIcsc insiiiuiions, and iIc ncans ly wIicI iIcy
arc suoricd.
3. TIosc rccciving cndowncnis fron iIc govcrnncni arc as
follows. TIc Pcrsian scIools ai Arcoi, ncniion of wIicI was
nadc in Mr CIanicr's lciicr, iransniiicd ly nc io your Doard
undcr daic 10iI Dcccnlcr 1822.
4. Sonc collcgcs (28} arc csiallisIcd in diffcrcni aris of
iIc disirici, iIc ccnscs of wIicI arc dcfraycd fron Mauncons
and Mairas, wIicI Iavc lccn granicd ly forncr govcrnncnis on
iIis accouni, and wIicI arc siill aroriaicd io iIcsc uroscs,
iIc ioial of iIcir anouni is Fs.516-11-9.
5. A Pcrsian ScIool in iIc Sauigud ialool is also suoricd
on iIc grani of a YconuI of V rucc cr dicn, wIcrc aloui 8
scIolars arc insirucicd in iIc Pcrsian languagc, and a irifling
Maira of ruccs 5-8-4 is rcccivcd for onc of iIc collcgcs in iIc
ialool of Cauvarccaul. TIcsc forn iIc wIolc of iIc ccnsc
dcfraycd ly govcrnncni on iIis accouni.
6. Ccriain of iIc insiiiuiions fron diffcrcni lrancIcs of
lcarning will lc sccn cnicrcd as frcc of cIargc, iIcsc arc
conducicd ly crsons of sonc acquircncnis and wIo voluniarily
givc u a ari of iIcir iinc for iIis urosc, lui iIc grcaicr
oriion of iIc scninarics arc insiiiuicd ly iIosc gaining iIcir
livcliIood ly iIis ncans, and raics of cIargc arc vcry variallc,
lcing according io iIc naiurc of iIc siudics, or iIc ncans of iIc
ariics.
132
7. TIc Tanil, Taloogoo and Hindwy scIools arc iIc nosi
cicnsivc; io iIcsc iIc scIolars arc scni gcncrally aloui iIc agc
of 5 and in iIc coursc of fivc or si ycars arc gcncrally found
sufficicnily forward io conncncc ly assisiing in iIc rcaraiion
or coying of iIc accounis, according io iIcir diffcrcni walls in
lifc, sonciincs as voluniccrs in iIc ullic CuicIcrrics or in iIc
siiuaiions wiiI Curnuns, SIroffs, McrcIanis or oiIcrs, wIcncc
iIcy graduaic io siiuaiions in iIc ullic scrvicc or iIcir Ic-
rcdiiary occuaiions.

Collccior's CuicIcrry Vun CooIc,
3rd MarcI, 1823. Pncu Coccto.

(Stutcncnts on ooung ugcs}
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143


144

145

146
147
XIII
COLLECTOF OF CHINCLEPUT TO
DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
3.4.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.94b, Po.?.4.lS2J .J49J-9b No.25)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io aclnowlcdgc iIc rcccii of your
Sccrciary's lciicr of iIc 25iI of July lasi, and io iransnii a siaic-
ncni in iIc rcscrilcd Forn, rcscciing iIc laccs of iuiiion and
nunlcr of scIolars in iIc iIis disirici.
2. TIcrc arc no collcgcs rocrly so callcd lui iIcrc arc a
fcw laccs in wIicI iIc IigIcr lrancIcs of lcarning arc iaugIi io
a snall nunlcr of uils wIicI I Iavc classcd scaraicly.
3. A villagc scIool nasicr carns fron 3 io 12 ruccs cr
noniI. I iIinl iIc avcragc is no norc iIan 7 ruccs. TIc
scIolars arc sulsisicd in iIcir own Iouscs and only aiicnd iIc
scIool during a ari of iIc day. For iIc nosi ari iIcir
aiicndancc is vcry irrcgular. Fcw of iIc scIool nasicrs arc
acquainicd wiiI iIc grannar of iIc languagc wIicI iIcy rofcss
io icacI, and nciiIcr iIc nasicr nor scIolars undcrsiand iIc
ncaning of iIc scnicnccs wIicI iIcy rccai.
4. I do noi find iIai any allowancc Ias lccn nadc ly iIc
Naiivc Covcrnncnis for cducaiion in iIis disirici, lui in sonc
villagcs iIcrc arc irifling Mauncons, fron a quaricr of a Cawny
io iwo Cawnics of land, for Vaidavariyars or TIcological
icacIcrs.
5. I Iavc ullisIcd in iIc disirici iIai iIcrc is no inicniion
io inicrfcrc wiiI iIc colc in iIc nodc of cducaiion, and iIai
no cIangc is conicnlaicd ccci ii lc io aid cisiing
insiiiuiions.
6. Educaiion cannoi wcll, in a civilizcd siaic, lc on a lowcr
scalc iIan ii is and I nucI fcar iIcrc docs noi cisi iIc sanc
dcsirc for inrovcncni as is rcoricd of iIc naiivcs of Dcngal.

ZillaI CIinglcui,
Poodoouinun, S. Snuc,
3rd Aril 1823. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ncxt ugc}
148
149
XIV
PFINCIPAL COLLECTOF OF SOUTH AFCOT TO DOAFD OF
FEVENUE.
29.6.1823 Cuddalorc
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.954, Po.?.?.lS2J, .5b22-24 No.59-bU)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io aclnowlcdgc iIc rcccii of your
Dcuiy Sccrciary's lciicr undcr daic iIc 25iI of July 1822 wiiI
iis cnclosurcs, in conforniiy io wIicI I IcrcwiiI sulnii a
siaicncni of iIc nunlcr of naiivc scIools and collcgcs in iIis
Collccioraic drawn oui according io iIc Forn rcccivcd fron your
Doard.
2. TIc nunlcr of scIools wIicI iIis siaicncni cIiliis
Iavc cacI onc icacIcr wIcrc rcading and wriiing in iIc Malalar
and Ccnioo languagcs, arc iaugIi. TIc ayncni nadc for cacI
scIolar is fron 1 fanan io 1 Pagoda cr noniI according io iIc
condiiion and circunsianccs of iIcir arcnis. TIc scIolars
gcncrally aiicnd iIc scIool fron 6 io 10 o'clocl in iIc norning
iIcn fron 12 io 2 and lasily fron 3 io 7 and 8 o'clocl in iIc
cvcning.
3. TIcrc arc no rivaic or ullic scIools for icacIing
TccInology, Law, Asironony, cic., in iIis Collccioraic, and no
allowancc of any sori Ias cvcr lccn granicd ly iIc Naiivc
Covcrnncnis io scIools iIc nasicrs of wIicI arc cniircly
suoricd ly iIc arcnis of iIc scIolars.

Princial Collccior's
CuicIcrry, Cuddalorc, C. Hdc,
29iI Junc, 1823. Pncu Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugcs)
150
151
152
153
154
XV
COLLECTOF, NELLOFE TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
23.6.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.952, Po.JU.b.lS2J .5lSS-9l No.2b)
1. I would Iavc rclicd io your lciicr of iIc 25iI July lasi
lcforc now, Iad I noi nci wiiI unavoidallc difficuliics in ol-
iaining iIc rcquircd infornaiion aloui iIc naiivc scIools iIcy
rcfcrrcd io, in iIc Zcnindary ialools.
2. I IcrcwiiI forward iIc siaicncni A rcarcd according
io iIc Forn convcycd in your lciicr alovc ncniioncd, sIowing
iIc nunlcr of scIools, scIolars, cic., in iIc disirici undcr ny
cIargc.
3. TIc siaicncni D wIicI acconanicd iIis lciicr sIows
iIc nunlcr of crsons, wIo icacI Vcduns, Aralic, Pcrsian, cic.,
on rccciving allowanccs in noncy or land granicd for iIc sanc
ly iIc Carnaiic Covcrnncni and coniinucd ly iIc Conany,
and ii also sIows iIc nunlcr of scIolars as wcll as iIc anouni
of iIc said allowanccs.
4. Ii is io lc olscrvcd iIai iIc scIools ncniioncd in iIc
siaicncni A arc noi cndowcd ly iIc ullic wiiI any
cnoluncnis. TIcy arc arily csiallisIcd occasionally ly
individuals for iIc cducaiion of iIcir own cIildrcn and arily ly
iIc icacIcrs iIcnsclvcs, for iIcir own nainicnancc.
5. Ii is siaicd iIai iIc scIolars in iIcsc scIools coniinuc
iIcrcin fron 3 io 6 ycars. TIc scIool nasicr is aid fron 2
annas io 4 ruccs noniIly for cacI scIolar, and iIc ccnscs
for iIc sulsisicncc of a scIolar is aloui 3 ruccs noniIly, and
onc rucc for Iis wriiing iIings, cic., and 2 ruccs if ii is iIc
EnglisI languagc.
6. TIc naiivcs, I undcrsiand, scnd iIcir cIildrcn io scIool
wIcn iIcy arc aloui 5 ycars of agc and lcsidcs iIc allowancc
ncniioncd in iIc rcccding aragraI cacI scIolar givcs Iin
aloui onc sccr ricc oncc cvcry forinigIi, ai iIc ncw and full
noons. TIcy also ay Iin sonc rcscnis wIcn iIcy arc firsi ui
in iIc scIool, and aficr iIcy finisI iIc rcading of any of iIcir
iniroduciory lools, sucI as Daularanayanun, Anarun, cic.,
155
and also ay a rcscni io Iin wIcn iIcy conlcic iIcir
cducaiion, and lcavc iIc scIool.
7. TIc naiivc scIools in iIc disirici arc noi crnancnily
Icld ly iIc icacIcrs; sonc colc wIo arc anious io Iavc iIcir
cIildrcn cducaicd soon cnloy lcarncd ncn io undcrialc iIcir
cIildrcn's cducaiion scaraicly in iIcir own Iouscs, sciiling wiiI
iIcn iIcir wagcs fron 2 annas io 4 ruccs noniIly, and also
givc iIcn viciuals in iIcir Iouscs. Sonc wIo cannoi sufficicnily
ay iIc icacIcrs oui of iIcir own noncy rocurc sonc oiIcr
cIildrcn in addiiion io iIcir own for lcing cducaicd and gci
adcquaic allowancc io iIcn ly way of sulscriiion fron iIcsc
cIildrcn, fron onc quaricr, io onc rucc cacI noniI. WIcn iIcy
scc iIcir cIildrcn inrovcd iIcy givc lcavc io iIc icacIcrs and
conscqucnily lrcal u iIc scIools.
I lcg lcavc io suljoin a lisi of iIc dcscriiion of iIc naiivc
scIools ncniioncd in iIc siaicncni A advcricd io.
Ccniioo ScIools 642
Vcdun ScIools 83
Asironony ScIools 5
Laws ScIools 15
Asirology ScIools 3
EnglisI ScIools 1
Pcrsian and Aralic ScIools 50
Tanil ScIools 4
Hindoosiany Music ScIools 1
Toial naiivc scIools 804
Ncllorc, T. Fusc,
23rd
Junc 1823. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugcs)
156
157
158
XVI
FFOM COLLECTOF, MASULIPATAM TO DOAFD
OF FEVENUE.
(TNSA. HHP. Po.lJ.l.lS2J)
To,
TIc Prcsidcni and Mcnlcrs of iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc,
Fori Si. Ccorgc.
Ccnilcncn,
I Iavc iIc Ionour io forward iIc siaicncni of iIc nunlcr
of naiivc scIools and collcgcs and of iIc nunlcr of scIolars in
cacI of iIc Collccioraic undcr ny cIargc in iIc Forn wIicI
acconanicd your Sccrciary's lciicr of 25iI July lasi.
2. In ordcr io rcndcr iIc infornaiion norc conlcic undcr
iIc Icad of 'scIools and collcgcs', iIc scvcral languagcs and
scicnccs arc disiinguisIcd, and onc addiiional colunn is iniro-
duccd for CIaircya scIolars nci io iIai of iIc Dranins. TIc
scIolars wIo arc insirucicd in iIc Ccnioo languagc usually
cnicr iIc scIools in iIcir fifiI ycar, and coniinuc in iIcn iill
aloui iIc iwclfiI, or scvcniccniI of iIcir agc. TIc scIool Iours
arc fron si io ninc in iIc norning, and again fron clcvcn io si
in iIc cvcning.
3. TIcy arc firsi iaugIi io rcad iIc lciicrs, sclling, and iIc
nancs loiI connon and rocr, wriiing on iIc sand wiiI iIcir
fingcrs. WIcn iIcy arc crfcci in iIai, iIcy arc iaugIi iIc
rcading of lools (Dalaranayanun, Anran, cic.}, on cadjans
(uscful for iIc loys} in Sanscrii and Ccnioo as wcll as lciicrs of
corrcsondcncc, lools of naiIcnaiics, accounis, cic., cic.,
according io iIc lcasurc of iIc rclaiions of iIc loys.
4. As soon as iIc loys Iavc lcarni io wriic wcll on cadjans
or on acr iIcy arc rcnovcd fron iIc scIools io sonc of iIc
ullic or rivaic officcs of curnuns, aisIcar, or io lc inrovcd
in lccing accounis, or io scIools of forcign languagcs sucI as
Pcrsian, EnglisI, cic.
159
5. If iIc loys arc of Vydcca Dranins, iIcy arc, so soon as
iIcy can rcad rocrly, rcnovcd dircci fron scIools io collcgcs
of Vaduns and Sasiruns.
6. TIc forncr is said io lc iIc noiIcr io all iIc scicnccs of
Hindoos, and iIc laiicr is iIc connon icrn for all iIosc scicnc-
cs, wIicI arc in Sanscrii, viz., Law, Asironony, TIcology, cic.,
cic. TIcsc scicnccs arc iaugIi ly Dranins only, and norc csc-
cially Dranins Iolding AgraIruns, Mauncons, FozunaIs, or
oiIcr cnoluncnis, wIosc duiy ii is io olscrvc iIcir rcligious
olligaiion on all occasions.
7. In nosi of iIc iowns, villagcs and Ianlcis of iIis
couniry, iIc Dranins arc icacIing iIcir loys iIc Vaduns and
Sasiruns, ciiIcr in collcgcs or clscwIcrc in iIcir rcscciivc
Iouscs.
8. No scIool or collcgc acars io Iavc lccn cvcr luili
scaraicly for iIai urosc, or io Iavc lccn cndowcd ly iIc
ullic. Two ycars ago VcncaianarsinnaI AaIrow, iIc
zcnindar ai Ellorc, causcd a cIariiy scIool for Ccnioo scIolars
io lc ocncd in iIai iown ly a scIool nasicr on a ficd noniIly
siicnd of 3 M. agodas. TIc scIolars insirucicd iIcrcin arc 33
in nunlcr, lui iIcy in gcncral sulsisi uon cIariiy.
9. WiiI iIc ccciion of dancing girls ii is vcry scldon iIai
woncn of oiIcr casics arc ullicly cducaicd in iIis ari of iIc
couniry.
10. TIc cIargcs io a Ccnioo scIolar avcragc 6 annas cr
noniI for acrs, cadjans, lools, cic., cic., lcsidcs food and
raincni as wcll as iIc ay of iIcir scIool nasicr. DoiI of iIcsc
cIargcs of coursc dccnd uon iIc ranl and circunsianccs of
iIc rclaiions of iIc scIolars. TIc wagcs io iIc scIool nasicr arc
connonly fron V io 2 ruccs for cacI loy.
11. TIc collcgcs of Sanscrii, law and asironony alludcd io
in iIc siaicncni arc ocncd ly lcarncd and cIariiallc crsons,
sonc of wIon Iavc nauniuns cic., and ari arc suoricd ly
cIariiy or ly rcscnis fron iIcir own scIolars lui rcccivc no
ficd wagcs. Sonc fcw of iIc scIolars Iavc in lilc nanncr
nauniuns, cic., wIicI iIcy inIcrii fron iIcir forcfaiIcrs, and a
fcw arc suoricd ly sonc rcscciallc icacIcrs, or ly cIariiy
sulscriiions. TIc cIargcs of cacI scIolar arc csiinaicd uon
an avcragc ai 60 ruccs cr ycar for iIcir sulsisicncc, lools,
cic.
160
12. Dy iIc siaicncni now sulniiicd ii acars iIai 4,847
scIolars arc rccciving cducaiion in 465 Ccnioo scIools, wIilc
only 199 arc siudying iIc Sasiruns in 49 collcgcs.
13. TIc nunlcr of scIools for icacIing iIc Pcrsian
languagc arc fcw in iIis ari of iIc couniry. TIc Mussulnan
scIolars (wiiI iIc ccciion of iIc 41 wIo arc lcarning iIc
Ccnioo languagc} arc 236 in 19 scIools, iIcir coniinuancc in iIc
scIools aloui 9 ycars (fron 6 io 15 of iIcir agc}, iIc noniIly
Pay io iIc scIool nasicr is fron a quaricr io onc rucc; and iIc
cIargcs for wriiing iIings arc csiinaicd ai 4 annas cacI cr
noniI. Sonc of iIc lcarncd Mussulnans arc icacIing a fcw of
iIc scIolars wiiIoui rccciving rcward on accouni of fricndsIi
for iIcir rclaiions, and oiIcrs for a cIariiy; for insiancc Hussain
Alli Fulccr son of MuIudccn SIaw ai Ellorc.
14. Nonc of iIc insiiiuiions acar io Iavc lccn rcgularly
cndowcd, aliIougI rolally cncouragcncni and suori was
givcn io iIcn ly iIc norc oulcni and owcrful naiivcs of
forncr days.

Masuliaian, J.F. Lunc,
3 January 1823. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugcs)
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
XVII
COLLECTOF OF VIZACAPATAM TO DOAFD OF
FEVENUE.
14.4.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.94? Po.l.5.lS2J .JS4?-5U Nos.b-?)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io aclnowlcdgc iIc rcccii of your
Sccrciary's lciicr of iIc 25iI July lasi rcquiring a Siaicncni of
ScIools and Collcgcs in iIis Disirici.
2. Having now acquircd iIc dcsircd infornaiion I lcg lcavc
io forward iIc siaicncni wIicI is drawn oui according io iIc
rcscrilcd Forn.

Waliair Collccior's
CuicIcrry, J. SntI,
14iI Aril 1823.
Coccto
.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugcs)
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
XVIII
COLLECTOF, TFICHINOPOLY TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
23.8.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.959 Po.2S.S.lS2J .?45b-5? Nos.J5-Jb)
1. Infornaiion Iaving ai lcngiI lccn oliaincd on iIc
suljcci of your lciicr of iIc 25iI July 1822, I do nysclf iIc
Ionor io sulnii iIc rcsuli. TIc annccd siaicncni drawn u in
corrcsondcncc wiiI iIai wIicI acconanicd your lciicr, will
sIow iIc nunlcr of naiivc scIools and collcgcs in iIis disirici,
and iIc nunlcr of scIolars nalc as wcll as fcnalc Hindoos of all
casics, and Mussulnans, wIo arc cducaicd in iIcn.
2. TIc scIolars gcncrally coniinuc in iIc scIools fron iIc
agc of 7 io 15 and iIc avcragc ycarly ccnsc of cducaiion is
aloui 7 agodas. TIcrc arc no scIools or collcgcs in iIis disirici
for iIc suori of wIicI ny ullic funds arc aroriaicd, and
in insiiiuiions for icacIing AsirononyTIcology or any oiIcr
scicncc.
3. In iIc ialool of Jyalorc alonc, and no oiIcr, iIcrc arc 7
scIools, wIicI wcrc forncrly cndowcd ly sonc Naiivc
Covcrnncni wiiI lciwccn 44 and 47 Cawnics of land for iIc
nainicnancc of iIc icacIcrs.

TricIinooly, G.V. Suundcs,
23rd Augusi, 1823. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc)
185
186
XIX
COLLECTOF, DELLAFY TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
17.8.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.95S Po.25.S.lS2J .?lb?-S5 Nos.J2-JJ)
1. TIc dclay of ny Anildars, in furnisIing iIc rcquisiic
rciurns, Ias IiiIcrio rcvcnicd ny sulniiiing io you iIc
cncloscd siaicncni callcd for in your ordcrs of iIc 25iI July
1822, and 19iI of Junc lasi.
2. TIc oulaiion of iIis Disirici is sccificd in iIc
cncloscd siaicncni ai 9,27,857 or liiilc lcss iIan a nillion of
souls. TIc nunlcr of scIools is only 533 coniaining no norc
iIan, 6,641 scIolars, or aloui iwclvc io cacI scIool, and noi
scvcn individuals in a iIousand, of iIc cniirc oulaiion.
3. TIc Hindoo scIolars arc in nunlcr 6,398, iIc
Mussulnan scIolars only 243, and iIc wIolc of iIcsc arc nalcs,
wiiI iIc ccciion of only siiy girls, wIo arc all Hindoos
cclusivcly.
4. TIc EnglisI languagc is iaugIi in onc scIool only. TIc
Tanil in four, iIc Pcrsian in iwcniy-onc, iIc MaIraiia in iwcniy-
iIrcc, iIc Tcloogoo in iwo Iundrcd and iwcniy-si, and iIc
Carnaiaca in iwo Iundrcd and iIiriy-fivc. Dcsidcs iIcsc, iIcrc
arc iwcniy-iIrcc laccs of insiruciion, aiicndcd ly Dranins
cclusivcly, in wIicI sonc of iIc Hindoo scicnccs, sucI as
TIcology, Asironony, Logic and Law, arc siill incrfccily iaugIi
in iIc Sanscrii Languagc.
5. In iIcsc laccs of Sanscrii insiruciion in iIc Hindoo
scicnccs, aiicndcd ly youiIs, and oficn ly crsons far advanccd
in lifc, cducaiion is conducicd on a lan cniircly diffcrcni fron
iIai ursucd in iIc scIools, in wIicI cIildrcn arc iaugIi rcad-
ing, wriiing, and ariiInciic only, in iIc scvcral vcrnacular
dialccis of iIc couniry. I sIall cndcavour io givc a lricf ouilinc of
iIc laiicr, as io iIcn iIc gcncral oulaiion of iIc couniry is
confincd, and as iIai oulaiion consisis cIicfly of Hindoos, I
sIall noi dwcll on iIc fcw Mussulnan scIools in wIicI Pcrsian
is iaugIi.
187
6. TIc cducaiion of iIc Hindoo youiI gcncrally conncnccs
wIcn iIcy arc fivc ycars old. On rcacIing iIis agc, iIc nasicr
and scIolars of iIc scIool io wIicI iIc loy is io lc scni, arc
inviicd io iIc Iousc of Iis arcnis. TIc wIolc arc scaicd in a
circlc round an inagc of Cunascc, and iIc cIild io lc iniiiaicd is
laccd cacily oosiic io ii. TIc scIool nasicr, siiiing ly Iis
sidc, aficr Iaving lurni inccnsc and rcscnicd offcrings, causcs
iIc cIild io rccai a raycr io Cunascc cnircaiing wisdon. Hc
iIcn guidcs iIc cIild io wriic wiiI iis fingcr in ricc iIc nysiic
nanc of iIc dciiy, and is disnisscd wiiI a rcscni fron iIc
arcnis, according io iIcir aliliiy. TIc cIild, nci norning
conncnccs iIc grcai worl of Iis cducaiion.
7. Sonc cIildrcn coniinuc ai scIool only fivc ycars, iIc
arcnis, iIrougI ovcriy, or oiIcr circunsianccs, lcing oficn
olligcd io ialc iIcn away, and conscqucnily, in sucI cascs, iIc
ncrcsi snaiicring of an cducaiion is oliaincd; and wIcn
arcnis ialc a livcly inicrcsi in iIc culiurc of iIcir cIildrcn's
ninds, iIcy noi infrcqucnily coniinuc ai scIool as long as
fouriccn and fificcn ycars.
8. TIc inicrnal rouiinc of duiy for cacI day will lc found,
wiiI vcry fcw ccciions, and liiilc variaiion, iIc sanc in
scIools. TIc Iour gcncrally for ocning scIool is si o'clocl. TIc
firsi cIild wIo cnicrs Ias iIc nanc of Suusuutcc, or iIc
Coddcss of lcarning, wriiicn uon iIc aln of Iis Iand, as a
sign of Ionor, and, on iIc Iand of iIc sccond, a cyIcr is
wriiicn, io sIow iIai Ic is woriIy, nciiIcr of raisc nor ccnsurc,
iIc iIird scIolar rcccivcs a gcnilc siric; iIc fouriI iwo, and
cvcry succccding scIolar iIai concs an addiiional onc. TIis
cusion as wcll as iIc unisIncnis in naiivc scIools, sccn of a
scvcrc lind. TIc idlc scIolar is floggcd, and oficn suscndcd ly
loiI Iands, and a ullcy, io iIc roof, or olligcd io lnccl down
and risc inccssanily, wIicI is nosi ainful and faiiguing lui
crIas a IcaliIy nodc of unisIncni.
9. WIcn iIc wIolc arc asscnllcd, iIc scIolars according
io iIcir nunlcr and aiiainncnis, arc dividcd inio scvcral
classcs. TIc lowcr oncs of wIicI arc laccd arily undcr iIc carc
of noniiors, wIilsi iIc IigIcr oncs arc norc inncdiaicly undcr
iIc sucrinicndcncc of iIc nasicr, wIo ai iIc sanc iinc Ias Iis
cyc uon iIc wIolc scIool. TIc nunlcr of classcs is gcncrally
four; and a scIolar riscs fron onc io iIc oiIcr, according io Iis
caaciiy and rogrcss. TIc firsi lusincss of a cIild on cnicring
188
scIool is io oliain a lnowlcdgc of iIc lciicrs, wIicI Ic lcarns ly
wriiing iIcn wiiI Iis fingcr on iIc ground in sand, and noi ly
ronouncing iIc alIalci as anong Eurocan naiions. WIcn Ic
lcconcs rciiy dcicrous in wriiing wiiI Iis fingcr in sand, Ic
Ias iIcn iIc rivilcgc of wriiing ciiIcr wiiI an iron siylc on
cadjan lcavcs, or wiiI a rccd on acr, and sonciincs on iIc
lcavcs of iIc ustoocIu dcntcu, or wiiI a lind of cncil on iIc
Hug or Kudutu, wIicI answcr iIc urosc of slaics. TIc iwo
laiicr in iIcsc disiricis arc iIc nosi connon. Onc of iIcsc is a
connon ollong loard aloui a fooi in widiI and iIrcc fcci in
lcngiI. TIis loard, wIcn laincd snooiI, Ias only io lc
sncarcd wiiI a liiilc ricc and ulvcrizcd cIarcoal and ii is iIcn
fii for usc. TIc oiIcr is nadc of cloiI, firsi siiffcncd wiiI ricc
waicr, doullcd in folds, rcscnlling a lool, and is iIcn covcrcd
wiiI a conosiiion of cIarcoal and scvcral guns. TIc wriiing on
ciiIcr iIcsc nay lc cffaccd ly a wci cloiI. TIc cncil uscd is
callcd Huttuu, a lind of wIiic clay sulsiancc, soncwIai
rcscnlling a crayon, wiiI iIc ccciion of lcing raiIcr Iardcr.
10. Having aiiaincd a iIorougI lnowlcdgc of iIc lciicrs,
iIc scIolar nci lcarns io wriic iIc conounds, or iIc nanncr
of cnlodying iIc synlols of iIc vowcls in iIc consonanis and
iIc fornaiion of syllallcs, cic., iIcn iIc nancs of ncn, villagcs,
aninals, cic., and finally ariiInciical signs. Hc iIcn conniis io
ncnory an addiiion iallc, and counis fron onc io a Iundrcd; Ic
aficrwards wriics casy suns in addiiion, and suliraciion of
noncy; nuliilicaiion and iIc rcduciion of noncy, ncasurcs,
cic. Hcrc grcai ains arc ialcn wiiI iIc scIolars, in icacIing
Iin iIc fraciions of an inicgcr, wIicI dcsccnd, noi lc icns as in
our dccinal fraciions, lui ly fours, and arc carricd io a grcai
cicni. In ordcr iIai iIcsc fraciions, iogciIcr wiiI iIc ariiI-
nciical iallc, in addiiion, nuliilicaiion, and iIosc on iIc
iIrccfold ncasurcs of caaciiy, wcigIi, and cicni, nay lc rcn-
dcrcd quiic faniliar io iIc ninds of iIc scIolars, iIcy arc nadc
io siand u iwicc a day, in rows, and rccai iIc wIolc aficr onc
of iIc noniiors.
11. TIc oiIcr aris of a naiivc cducaiion consisi in
dcciIcring various linds of Iand wriiing, in ullic and oiIcr
lciicrs, wIicI iIc scIool nasicr collccis fron iIc diffcrcni
sourccs; wriiing connon lciicrs, drawing u forns of agrccncni;
rcading; fallcs and lcgcndary ialcs; and conniiiing various
linds of ociry io ncnory, cIicfly wiiI a vicw io aiiain
disiincincss and clcarncss in ronunciaiion, iogciIcr wiiI
rcadincss and corrccincss in rcading any lind of conosiiion.
189
12. TIc iIrcc lools wIicI arc nosi connon in all iIc
scIools, and wIicI arc uscd indiscrininaicly ly iIc scvcral
casics, arc iIc Hunuunun, MuIu HIuutu, and HIuguutu; lui
iIc cIildrcn of iIc nanufaciuring class of colc Iavc in
addiiion io iIc alovc, lools cculiar io iIcir own rcligious
icncis; sucI as iIc Nugungunu KutIu, VsIuuIunu Poounu,
KunucsIcu KuIunuIutu; and iIosc wIo wcar iIc Lingun
sucI as iIc Husuuoounu, HugIuuunIunIuuu Gccou Kuunu,
UnuIIuuunootu, CIcnnu Husuuusuuu Poounu, Guugoooo,
cic., wIicI arc all considcrcd sacrcd, and arc siudicd wiiI a vicw
of sulscrving iIcir scvcral rcligious crccds.
13. TIc ligIicr lind of siorics wIicI arc rcad for
anuscncni, arc gcncrally iIc PuncIutuntu,
HIutuuuncIuuunsutcc, PunIcc SooooItuIuc,
MuIuntuungcncc. TIc lools on iIc rincilcs of iIc vcrnacular
languagcs iIcnsclvcs, arc iIc scvcral diciionarics and
grannars, sucI as iIc NgIuntoo, Unuu, SuIdununIucd,
SIuIdccnuncc Duunu, Vucunu Andudccccu,
AndIununusunguIu, cic., cic., lui iIcsc lasi, and sinilar
lools, wIicI arc nosi csscniial, and, wiiIoui wIicI, no
accuraic or cicnsivc lnowlcdgc of iIc vcrnacular languagcs can
lc aiiaincd, arc, fron iIc IigI ricc of nanuscriis and iIc
gcncral ovcriy of iIc nasicrs, of all lools, iIc nosi unconnon
in iIc Naiivc ScIools; and sucI of iIcn wIicI arc found iIcrc
arc in conscqucncc of iIc ignorancc, carclcssncss, and indolcncc
of coyisis in gcncral, full of llundcrs, and in cvcry way nosi
incorrcci and incrfcci.
14. TIc wIolc of iIc lools, Iowcvcr, in iIc Tcloogoo and
Carnaiaca scIools, wIicI arc ly far iIc nosi nuncrous in iIis
disirici, wIciIcr iIcy ircai of rcligion, anuscncni, or iIc
rincilcs of iIcsc languagcs, arc in vcrsc; and in a dialcci quiic
disiinci fron iIai of convcrsaiion and lusincss. TIc alIalcis of
iIc iwo dialccis arc iIc sanc, and Ic wIo rcads iIc onc, can
rcad, lui noi undcrsiand, iIc oiIcr also. TIc naiivcs, iIcrcforc,
rcad iIcsc (uniniclligillc} lools io iIcn, io acquirc iIc owcr of
rcading lciicrs, in iIc connon dialcci of lusincss; lui iIc
ociical is quiic disiinci fron iIc rosc dialcci, wIicI iIcy scal
and wriic; and iIougI iIcy rcad iIcsc lools, ii is io iIc
ronunciaiion of iIc syllallcs, noi io iIc ncaning or consiruc-
iion of iIc words, iIai iIcy aiicnd. Indccd fcw icacIcrs can
clain, and siill fcwcr scIolars undcrsiand, iIc urori of iIc
nuncrous lools wIicI iIcy iIus lcarn io rccai fron ncnory.
Evcry scIool loy can rccai vcrlaiin a vasi nunlcr of vcrscs, of
190
iIc ncaning of wIicI, Ic lnows no norc iIan iIc arroi iIai
Ias lccn iaugIi io uiicr ccriain words. Accordingly, fron
siudics, in wIicI Ic Ias scni nany a day of lalorious, lui
fruiilcss ioil, iIc naiivc scIolar gains no inrovcncni, ccci
iIc ccrcisc of ncnory and iIc owcr io rcad and wriic on iIc
connon lusincss of lifc; Ic nalcs no addiiion io Iis siocl of
uscful lnowlcdgc, and acquircs no noral inrcssions. Hc Ias
scni Iis youiI in rcading syllallcs, noi words, and, on cnicring
inio lifc, Ic nccis wiiI Iundrcds and iIousands of lools of iIc
ncaning of wIicI Ic can forn noi cvcn iIc nosi disiani
conjcciurc, and as io iIc dcclcnsion of a noun, or iIc
conjugaiion of a vcrl, Ic lnows no norc iIan of iIc nosi
alsirusc rollcn in Euclid. Ii is noi io lc wondcrcd ai, wiiI
sucI an incrfcci cducaiion, iIai, in wriiing a connon lciicr io
iIcir fricnds, oriIograIical crrors and oiIcr violaiions of
grannar, nay lc nci wiiI in alnosi cvcry linc wriiicn ly a
naiivc.
15. TIc govcrnncni could noi ronoic iIc inrovcd
cducaiion of iIcir naiivc suljccis in iIcsc disiricis norc, iIan
ly aironizing vcrsions, in iIc connon rosc and solcn
dialcci, of iIc nosi noral aris of iIcir oular ocis and
clcncniary worls, now conniiicd io ncnory in uniniclligillc
vcrsc. Hc wIo could rcad would iIcn undcrsiand wIai Ic rcads,
wIicI is far fron iIc casc ai rcscni. I an acquainicd wiiI
nany crsons vcry caallc of cccuiing sucI a iasl; and, in iIc
Tcloogoo languagc, would gladly sucrinicnd ii, as far as is in
ny owcr, ai iIis disiancc fron iIc Prcsidcncy.
16. TIc cconony wiiI wIicI cIildrcn arc iaugIi io wriic in
iIc naiivc scIools, and iIc sysicn ly wIicI iIc norc advanccd
scIolars arc causcd io icacI iIc lcss advanccd and ai iIc sanc
iinc io confirn iIcir own lnowlcdgc is ccriainly adnirallc, and
wcll dcscrvcd iIc iniiaiion ii Ias rcccivcd in England. TIc cIicf
dcfccis in iIc naiivc scIools arc iIc naiurc of iIc lools and
lcarning iaugIi and iIc wani of concicni nasicrs.
17. Incrfcci, Iowcvcr, as iIc rcscni cducaiion of iIc
naiivcs is, iIcrc arc a fcw wIo osscss iIc ncans io connand ii
for iIcir cIildrcn cvcn wcrc lools of a rocr lind lcniiful and
iIc nasicr cvcry way adcquaic io iIc iasl inoscd uon Iin,
Ic would nalc no advancc fron onc class io anoiIcr, ccci as
Ic nigIi lc aid for Iis lalour. WIilc lcarning iIc firsi
rudincnis, ii is connon for iIc scIolar io ay io iIc icacIcr a
quaricr
191
of a rucc, and wIcn arrivcd as far as io wriic on acr, or ai
iIc IigIcr lrancIcs of ariiInciic, Ialf a rucc cr ncnscn. Dui
in rocccding furiIcr sucI as claining lools, wIicI arc all
wriiicn in vcrsc, giving iIc ncaning of Sanscrii words, and illus-
iraiing iIc rincilcs of iIc vcrnacular languagcs, sucI
dcnands arc nadc as ccccd iIc ncans of nosi arcnis. TIcrc
is, iIcrcforc, no alicrnaiivc, lui iIai of lcaving iIcir cIildrcn
only ariially insirucicd, and conscqucnily ignorani of iIc nosi
csscniial and uscful aris of a lilcral cducaiion. Dui iIcrc arc
nuliiiudcs wIo cannoi cvcn avail iIcnsclvcs of iIc advaniagcs
of iIis sysicn, dcfcciivc as ii is.
18. I an sorry io siaic iIai iIis is ascrilallc io iIc gradual
lui gcncral inovcrisIncni of iIc couniry. TIc ncans of iIc
nanufaciuring classcs Iavc lccn, of laic ycars grcaily dinin-
isIcd, ly iIc iniroduciion of our own Eurocan nanufaciurcs,
in licu of iIc Indian coiion falrics. TIc rcnoval of nany of our
iroos, fron our own icrriiorics, io iIc disiani froniicrs of our
ncwly sulsidizcd allics, Ias also, of laic ycars, affccicd iIc
dcnand for grain, iIc iransfcr of iIc caiial of iIc couniry, fron
iIc Naiivc Covcrnncnis, and iIcir Officcrs, wIo lilcrally
ccndcd ii in India, io Eurocans, rcsiricicd ly law fron cn-
loying ii cvcn icnorarily in India, and daily draining ii fron
iIc land, Ias lilcwisc icndcd io iIis cffcci wIicI Ias noi lccn
allcviaicd ly a lcss rigid cnforccncni of iIc rcvcnuc duc io iIc
siaic. TIc grcaicr ari of iIc niddling and lowcr classcs of iIc
colc arc now unallc io dcfray iIc ccnscs incidcni uon iIc
cducaiion of iIcir offsring, wIilc iIcir ncccssiiics rcquirc iIc
assisiancc of iIcir cIildrcn as soon as iIcir icndcr linls arc
caallc of iIc snallcsi lalour.
19. Ii cannoi Iavc cscacd iIc Covcrnncni iIai of ncarly a
nillion of souls in iIis disirici, noi 7,000 arc now ai scIool; a
rooriion wIicI cIiliis lui ioo sirongly iIc rcsuli alovc
siaicd. In nany villagcs, wIcrc forncrly iIcrc wcrc scIools,
iIcrc arc now nonc; and in nany oiIcrs, wIcrc iIcrc wcrc largc
scIools, now only a fcw of iIc cIildrcn of iIc nosi oulcni arc
iaugIi, oiIcrs lcing unallc, fron ovcriy, io aiicnd or io ay
wIai is dcnandcd.
20. SucI is iIc siaic, in iIis disirici, of iIc various
scIools, in wIicI rcading wriiing, and ariiInciic, arc iaugIi in
iIc vcrnacular dialccis of iIc couniry, as Ias lccn always usual
in India, ly icacIcrs wIo arc aid ly iIcir scIolars. TIc IigIcr
lrancIcs of lcarning on iIc conirary, Iavc always, in iIis
192
couniry, lccn iaugIi in Sanscrii; and ii Ias cvcr in India, lccn
dccncd lclow iIc digniiy of scicncc, for Icr rofcssors io laricr
ii for Iirc. Lcssons in TIcology, Asironony, Logic and Law,
coniinuc io lc givcn gututous as of old, ly a fcw lcarncd
Dranins, io sonc of iIcir discilcs. Dui lcarning, iIougI, ii nay
roudly dcclinc io scll iis siorcs, Ias ncvcr flourisIcd in any
couniry, ccci undcr iIc cncouragcncni of iIc ruling owcr
and iIc counicnancc and suori, oncc givcn io scicncc in iIis
ari of India, Iavc long lccn wiiIIcld.
21. Of iIc 533 insiiiuiions for cducaiion, now cisiing in
iIis disirici, I an asIancd io say noi onc now dcrivcs any
suori fron iIc siaic. I Iavc iIcrcforc rcccivcd, wiiI cculiar
saiisfaciion, iIc inquirics insiiiuicd ly iIc Honorallc iIc
Covcrnor-in-Council, on iIis inicrcsiing suljcci; and irusi iIai
iIis ari of India nay lcncfii fron iIc lilcraliiy wIicI diciaicd
iIc rccord of Iis inicniion, io grani ncw funds wIcrc iIc sanc
nay lc dccncd ccdicni, and io rcsiorc io iIcir original
urosc, all funds divcricd fron iIis sourcc.
22. TIcrc is no douli iIai in forncr iincs, csccially undcr
iIc Hindoo Covcrnncnis vcry largc granis, loiI in noncy, and
in land, wcrc issucd for iIc suori of lcarning. Considcrallc
YconuIs, or granis of noncy, now aid io Dranins fron ny
ircasury, and nany of iIc nuncrous and valuallc SIoiriun
villagcs, now in iIc cnjoyncni of Dranins in iIis disirici, wIo
rcccivc onc-fouriI, onc-iIird, onc-Ialf, iwo-iIirds, and
sonciincs iIc wIolc, of iIcir annual rcvcnuc, nay, I iIinl, lc
iraccd io iIis sourcc. TIougI ii did noi consisi wiiI iIc digniiy
of lcarning io rcccivc fron Icr voiarics Iirc; ii Ias always in
India lccn dccncd iIc duiy of Covcrnncni io cvincc io Icr iIc
IigIcsi rcscci, and io grani io Icr iIosc cnoluncnis wIicI sIc
could noi, consisicnily wiiI Icr cIaracicr rcccivc fron oiIcr
sourccs; iIc granis issucd ly forncr govcrnncnis, on sucI
occasions, coniaincd, iIcrcforc, no unlcconing siiulaiions on
condiiions. TIcy all urori io flow fron iIc frcc louniy of iIc
ruling owcr, ncrcly io aid iIc nainicnancc of sonc Ioly or
lcarncd nan, or io sccurc Iis raycrs for iIc siaic. Dui iIcy
wcrc alnosi univcrsally granicd io lcarncd or rcligious crsons,
wIo nainiaincd a scIool for onc or norc of iIc scicnccs, and
iaugIi iIcrcin graiuiiously; and iIougI noi crcsscd in iIc
dccd iisclf, iIc duiy of coniinuing sucI graiuiious insiruciion
was ccriainly inlicd in all sucI granis.
193
23. TIc DriiisI Covcrnncni, wiiI iis disiinguisIcd
lilcraliiy, Ias coniinucd all granis of iIis lind and cvcn in nany
cascs wIcrc ii was cvidcni iIai iIcy wcrc ncrcly of a csonu
naiurc. Dui iIcy Iavc noi, uniil now, iniinaicd any inicniion io
cnforcc iIc inlicd, lui now dornani, condiiion of iIcsc granis.
TIc rcvcnuc of iIc original granicc Ias dcsccndcd, wiiIoui
nucI inquiry, io Iis Icirs. Dui Iis ialcnis and acquircncnis
Iavc noi lccn cqually Icrcdiiary, and iIc dcsccndanis of iIc
original graniccs will rarcly lc found io osscss ciiIcr iIcir
lcarning, or owcrs of insiruciion. Accordingly, considcrallc
alicnaiions of rcvcnuc, wIicI forncrly did Ionor io iIc siaic, ly
uIolding and cncouraging lcarning, Iavc dcicrioraicd, undcr
our rulc, inio iIc ncans of suoriing ignorancc; wIilsi scicncc
dcscricd ly iIc owcrful aid sIc forncrly rcccivcd fron
govcrnncni, Ias oficn lccn rcduccd io lcg Icr scaniy and
unccriain ncal fron iIc cIancc lcncvolcncc of cIariiallc
individuals; and ii would lc difficuli io oini oui any criod in
iIc Iisiory of India, wIcn sIc siood norc indccd of iIc roffcrcd
aid of govcrnncni, io raisc Icr fron iIc dcgradcd siaic inio
wIicI sIc Ias fallcn, and discl iIc rcvailing ignorancc wIicI
so unIaily crvadcs iIc land.
24. Ai a forncr criod, I rccollcci, iIai iIc govcrnncni, on
iIc rcconncndaiion of iIc Collcgc Doard, auiIoriscd iIc laic Mr
Foss, iIcn Collccior in iIc ncigIlouring disirici of CuddaaI, io
csiallisI ccrincnial scIools wiiI iIc vicw of inroving iIc
cducaiion of iIc naiivcs; lui iIc lancnicd dcaiI of iIai zcalous
and allc ullic officcr lcd io iIc alandonncni of a lan, io
wIicI Iis ialcnis and oulariiy in iIc couniry wcrc cculiarly
calculaicd io givc succcss. As Sccrciary io iIc collcgc, and io
your Doard, I was, ai iIai iinc, a warn advocaic for sucI
ccrincni; and, if now allowcd, I sIould gladly aiicni io
sucrinicnd sonc arrangcncni of iIai lind, in ny rcscni
rovincial siiuaiion.
25. I would roosc iIc aoinincni of an allc SIust
fron anongsi iIc Law siudcnis ai iIc collcgc, wiiI an addiiion
io Iis cisiing ay of only 10 agodas cr ncnscn, io lc laccd
undcr nc ai iIc rincial siaiion of iIc disirici, io insiruci
gututous all wIo cIosc io aiicnd Iin, in iIc Hindoo scicnccs
in iIc Sanscrii languagc, and iIc naiivc scIool nasicrs, in iIc
grannar of iIc Tcloogoo and Carnaiaca iongucs, lcing iIosc
vcrnacular Icrc; sucI a nan I Iavc no douli iIai I could soon
oliain fron iIc collcgc; for, if onc wiiI all iIc rcquisiic
qualificaiions is noi ai rcscni aiiacIcd io iIc insiiiuiion, iIcrc
194
arc nany iIai I lnow iIcrc wIo can sccdily qualify iIcnsclvcs
for ii in a vcry sIori iinc.
26. Sulordinaic io iIis nan and liallc io Iis criodical
visiiaiions, I would rcconncnd iIai scvcniccn scIool nasicrs,
for Tcloogoo and Carnaiaca, lc cnicriaincd, ai fron 7 io 14
ruccs cacI cr ncnscn io lc siaiioncd ai iIc scvcniccn Cusla
siaiions undcr cacI of ny Anildars, and liallc io iIcir
sucrvision, io icacI graiuiiously iIcsc languagcs. TIcir lowcsi
ay nigIi lc ficd ai 7 ruccs, and nigIi lc raiscd, ly ficd
gradaiions, wiiI iIc incrcasing nunlcr of iIcir scIolars, as IigI
as iIc nainun alovc siaicd. All of iIcsc nigIi lc sclccicd
fron iIc lcsi inforncd of iIc rcscni scIool nasicrs Icrc; lui,
wiiI rcfcrcncc io iIc low siaic of lnowlcdgc anongsi iIc rcscni
crsons of iIai class, nosi of iIcn will rcviously rcquirc
insiruciion fron iIc Hcad SIust, in grannar, cic. TIougI
forliddcn io dcnand noncy all sucI nasicrs sIould lc allowcd
io rcccivc any rcscnis iIcir scIolars nay offcr io iIcn;
ariicularly iIosc usual, on cnicring or quiiiing scIool.
27. TIc IigIcsi ccnsc of sucI an insiiiuiion would lc
273 ruccs, iIc lowcsi 154 ruccs cr ncnscn. TIc firsi
ccnsc nusi ncccssarily lc lornc ly govcrnncni, wIo alonc
arc allc io originaic, and, ai firsi suori, sucI a lan. Dui
rocr sics nay lc ialcn io cngagc in ii iIc aid of iIc norc
oulcni classcs of iIc connuniiy, and if raciicallc io inducc
iIcn, in duc iinc, willingly io coniriluic io iIc suori of sucI
scIools. Indccd, I Iavc liiilc douli iIai iIc lan would soon
carry wiiI ii iIc uniicd conscni, and graicful arolaiion, of iIc
norc rcscciallc and wcll inforncd of iIc inIaliianis ai largc.
28. Ii would also grcaily accclcraic iIc rogrcss and
cfficicncy of sucI scIools, if Covcrnncni wcrc io aroriaic a
nodcraic annual sun, io iIc urosc of rcaring and riniing,
ai iIc collcgc rcss, or clscwIcrc, suiiallc lools for iIc usc of
iIcsc scIools, in iIc rosc, or connon, dialccis, of iIc Tcloogoo
and Carnaiaca languagcs; on iIc rincilc siaicd ly nc in a
forncr ari of iIis lciicr. TIcsc sIould consisi of sclcciions fron
iIc nosi arovcd naiivc scIool lools, fallcs, rovcrls, cic.,
now in usc in iIc scIools or wcll lnown in iIc couniry io iIc
cclusion, in iIc firsi insiancc, of all ncw ullicaiions wIaicvcr.
Dools of a oular and lnown cIaracicr, iniclligillc io all wIo
rcad, would iIus lc rocurallc ai a cIcacr raic, and in norc
195
corrcci siaic, iIan ai rcscni, and iIc icacIcrs nigIi lc
cnloycd io disosc of iIcn ai low riccs.
29. If ullic caninaiions oncc a ycar wcrc insiiiuicd
lcforc iIc Hcad SIust, and snall rcniuns of ladgcs of
disiinciion wcrc disiriluicd, for iIc urosc of rcwarding, on
sucI occasions, iIosc wIo arc nosi advanccd, a suiiallc cffcci
nigIi lc roduccd, and a owcrful siinulus affordcd io iIc
siudcnis.
30. To covcr iIc firsi ccnsc of iIcsc scIools, and io
rovidc furiIcr for iIcir gradual cicnsion, if found, advisallc,
wiiIoui cniailing any addiiional or ncw ccnsc on govcrnncni,
ii nigIi lc rovidcd, iIai, on iIc dcnisc of any crsons now
Iolding YconuIs or alicnaicd lands, a ncw inquiry lc insiiiuicd;
and iIai, iIougI iIc sanc nay Iavc lccn coniinucd for norc
iIan onc gcncraiion ly iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni, ii lc rcsuncd,
and carricd io a ncw fund, io lc icrncd iIc scIool 'fund' (io
wIicI iIc rooscd ccnsc sIould also lc dcliicd}, unlcss ii is
clcarly siaicd iIai iIc lody of iIc original grani io lc
'Iccdtu`, on iIc inicniion of iIc ruling owcr ai iIc iinc io
nalc sucI grani Icrcdiiary, lc clcarly rovcd io iIc saiisfaciion
of govcrnncni.
31. If an arrangcncni of iIis lind is sanciioncd, I Iavc
liiilc douli iIai, in a fcw ycars, iIc rccciis fron sucI a fund
would norc iIan counicrlalancc iIc dislurscncni. Dui cvcn if
iIcy did noi, iIc cIargc would lc conaraiivcly irifling. TIc
cnacincnis of iIc DriiisI Parliancni conicnlaic sucI a cIargc.
TIc lnown lilcraliiy of iIc auiIoriiics in England on iIis
suljcci cnsurc io ii sanciion. iIc surcnc govcrnncni Iavc sci
iIc canlc; and, iIc Provincial funciionarics in iIc Madras
icrriiorics ougIi crIas io ialc llanc io iIcnsclvcs; iIai iIcy
Iavc waiicd io lc callcd uon, lcforc iIcy siood foriI as iIc
organ of ullic oinion, in a naiicr of sucI inoriancc and
univcrsal inicrcsi; I sinccrcly Ioc iIai ii will noi, as lcforc, lc
allowcd io sinl inio ollivion; lui iIai iIc infornaiion sulniiicd
ly iIc scvcral Collcciors, will cnallc your Doard and iIc
govcrnncni, io naiurc, fron iIcir suggcsiions, sonc raciical,
or ai lcasi sonc ccrincnial lan for iIc inrovcncni of
cducaiion, and iIc suori of lcarning in SouiIcrn India.

Dcllary, A.D. CunIc,
17iI Augusi 1823. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc)
196

XX
COLLECTOF, FAJAMUNDFY TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
19.9.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.9bJ, Po.2.lU.lS2J, .S52U-25 Nos.29-JU)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io sulnii iIc infornaiion callcd for in
your Dcuiy Sccrciary's lciicr daicd 25iI July 1822, iogciIcr
wiiI a siaicncni in iIc rcscrilcd forn of iIc nunlcr of naiivc
scIools in iIis Collccioraic and of iIc nunlcr of scIolars.
2. I also ialc iIc lilcriy io forward anoiIcr siaicncni
wIicI lcing in norc dciail and coniaining sonc addiiional
Icads of infornaiion nay rolally lc found of sonc usc.
3. If iIcsc siaicncnis arc ai all io lc dccndcd uon, and
(iIcy arc foundcd on vcry ninuic rciurns of ny ullic scrvanis}
iIc aciual siaic of cducaiion in iIis disirici nusi lc ronounccd
anyiIing lui saiisfaciory inasnucI as ii would acar iIai oui
of 1,200 villagcs conosing iIc zillaI of Fajanundry and ioial
oulaiion of 7,38,308 souls iIcrc arc 207 villagcs only in wIicI
rcading and wriiing arc iaugIi, iIc nunlcr of scIools in iIc
villagcs in qucsiion lcing 291 and iIc nunlcr of scIolars, Hin-
doos and Mussulnan 2,658. TIc iinc iIai scIolars usually
coniinuc ai scIool varics fron 5 io 7 ycars. TIc fifiI day of iIc
fifiI noniI of iIc fifiI ycar of iIc loy's agc is iIc 'lucly day' for
Iis firsi cnirancc inio scIool. TIc noniIly cIargc io iIc
scIolars is as IigI as onc rucc cacI in sonc laccs and as low
as iwo annas in oiIcrs, lui iIc avcragc raic nay lc siaicd ai 7
annas. I Iavc noi found iIai any of iIc scIools arc cndowcd ly
iIc ullic.
4. TIc nunlcr of collcgcs, or raiIcr icacIcrs of TIcology,
Law, Asironony, cic., is 279, iIc nunlcr of scIolars 1,454. TIc
ariiculars arc as follows (scc nci agc}.
TIc icacIcrs of iIc Vcdun Icrc alludcd io arc noi
gcncrally ncn of nucI scicncc. TIc scIolar is larcly iaugIi so
nucI of iIc Vcdun as will cnallc Iin io crforn iIc usual
197
Tallc 36
Ts. TcacIcrs; Ss. ScIolars
ccrcnonics of Iis rcligion, nor is ii iIougIi ai all csscniial iIai
Ic sIould undcrsiand wIai liiilc Ic docs rcad. Hcncc ii Iacns
iIai iIis class of colc arc oficn vcry dcficicni in iIcir
cducaiion.
5. Of iIc ioial nunlcr of 279 icacIcrs ncniioncd alovc 69
osscss allowanccs in land and 13 in noncy loiI iIc onc and
iIc oiIcr lcing granicd ly forncr Zcnindars. 196 individuals
icacI iIcir scIolars wiiIoui fcc or rcward and 1 crson is
suoricd ly Iis scIolars.
6. In iIosc villagcs undcr ny inncdiaic nanagcncni
wIcrc iIcrc arc no scIools, I Iavc found iIc inIaliianis vcry
willing io Iavc sucI csiallisIcd anong iIcn, lui sonc
assisiancc fron govcrnncni will lc ncccssary io sci iIings
agoing, say noniIly allowancc of 2 ruccs io cacI icacIcr, iIc
scIolars io nalc u iIc rcnaindcr. I sIall lc rcarcd io
addrcss your Doard norc fully uon iIc suljcci sIould iIis
roosal ncci your aroval.

ZillaI Fajanundry, F.V. HoIctson,
Mugaluiccr, 19iI Sci. 1823. Coccto.

(Stutcncnts on ooung ugcs)
198
199
200
201
202
NAMES OF THE DOOKS IN USE AT THE SCHOOLS AND
COLLECES AT FAJAMUNDFY
ScIools
1. Daula Fanauyanun VuduIs, ctc.
2. Foolncny Cullcyanun 1. Foogvadun
3. PaurcjaniaIairaranun 2. Yajoorvadun
4. Molly Fanauyanun 3. Sanavadun
5. Faunayanun 4. Sroudun
6. Dansarady Saiacun 5. Dravcdavcdun or
7. Krccsina Saiacun . Nunlauyanun
8. Soonaiy Saiacun
9. Janalcy Saiacun Sustuns
10. Prasunnaragara Saiacun 1. Sanscrii Crannar
11. Fanaiarala Saiacun SiddIanda Cownoody
12. DaIscara Saiacun 2.
Turlun
13. Dccsanavccausa Saiacun 3. JcyoicsIcn
14. Dccnalingaswara Saiacun 4. Durnasasirun
15. Soorcyanaraina Saiacun
16. Narraina Saiacun Cuuuccns
17. PlaIolanda CIarcira 1. Fagoovansan
18. Vasoo CIarcira 2. CoonarasunlIavcn
19. Manoo CIarcira 3. MogIasundascn
20. Sununga CIarcira 4. DIauravy
21. Nala CIarcira 5. MaulIun
22. Vanana CIarcira 6. NavcsIadun
23. Caniniun 7. Andasasirun
24. Pauvooloory Caniniun
25. DIauraian EngsI HooIs n ts ScIoos
26. DIaugavaiun
27. Vcjia Vclausun Pcsun ScIoos
28. Kroosinalcclan Vclausun 1. CarcnaI
29. FaiIanaiIava Vclausun AunadunnannaI
30. Suiana Slundun 2. Harclarun in Pcrsian
31. Asina Slundun 3. InsaI CuliIa and
32. FaiIanaiIava Sunvadun Coolsian
33. DIaunoonaly Paranaycn 4. DaIurdanisI and Dosian
34. VccralIadra Vcjaycn 5. Aldul PIazaul InsIaI
35. Lcclansoondary Paronaycn 6. CaliIa
36. Anarun 7. KIoran
37. SooraniIanaswarun
38. Voodcyagaurvcn
39. Audcurvcn
40. Cajandra MoicIun
41. AndIrananasungraIan
42. CoocIalourlsyanun
43. Fcsclajana ManolIaranun
ZillaI FajaInundry, F.V. HoIctson,
Mongulioor, 19iI Scicnlcr, 1823. Coccto.
203
XXI
PFINCIPAL COLLECTOF, MALADAF TO DOAFD OF
FEVENUE.
5.8.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.95?, Po.l4.S.lS2J, .b949-55 Nos.52 5J)
(A} 1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io sulnii a siaicncni sIowing iIc
nunlcr of scIools and collcgcs in iIis Collccioraic, io wIicI I
Iavc annccd an Accouni of iIc individuals wIo siudy TIcology,
Asironony, cic., undcr rivaic iuiors.
(D} 2. WiiI rcscci io iIc only collcgc cnicrcd in iIc
siaicncni now scni, I lcg io iransnii Translaiion of a
Mcnorandun rcccivcd fron iIc Zanorin FajaI, wIicI coniains
iIc lcsi infornaiion I could collcci rcscciing ii.
3. TIc scIool nasicrs rcccivc noniIly fron cacI scIolar
fron onc quaricr io four ruccs, according io iIcir rcscciivc
ncans, indccndcni of sonc rcnuncraiion wIcn a scIolar
lcavcs iIc scIool. TIc rivaic icacIcr wIo givcs lcssons in
TIcology, Law, cic., docs noi rcccivc any noniIly or annual
allowancc lui a rcscni or concnsaiion wIcn iIc uils lcavc
Iin according io iIc circunsianccs and ncans of cacI.

Princial Collccior's Officc, J. VuugIun,
Calicui, 5iI Augusi, 1823. Pncu Coccto.

(Stutcncnt und tunsuton on ooung ugcs)
204
205
Tunsuton o ncnoundun cccucd on tIc Zunon HuuI.
D. In iIc lcginning iIc Dranins of Malalar uscd io lc
insirucicd in Fcligion ai iIc CIcirons (or Tcnlcs} ncarcsi io
iIcir Iouscs ly iIc icacIcrs of iIai iinc, lui ii was
arcIcndcd iIai lcarning aficr iIai nanncr would noi lc
aiicndcd wiiI advaniagc. A consuliaiion was iIcrcforc Icld ly
iIc Dranins, wIcn ii was dcicrnincd iIai a Collcgc sIould lc
insiiiuicd for iIc uroscs of insiruciing all crsons in iIc
rincilcs of Fcligion. A soi of ground (adjaccni io iIc rivcr} io
iIc souiIward of Tcroonavya CIciron in Tcrooina. nisIcrynad
Holly, Cooinad Talool, was ficd uon for iIc rooscd
luilding and all of iIcn waiicd on and rcoricd iIc
circunsiancc io our anccsior iIc iIcn rcigning FajaI wIo
causcd a Collcgc io lc luili ai Iis ccnsc on iIc soi oinicd
oui ly iIcn, and ordcrcd iIai all crsons rcsiding in ii sIould
lc furnisIcd wiiI iIcir daily ncal and oil, and furiIcr, ordcrcd a
siorc Iousc io lc luili and iIc aoinincni of a crson io lc
incIargc of iIc sanciIc Dranins accordingly, (agrccallc io iIc
rcscciivc ncans of cacI} alloiicd for iIis urosc a ccriain
oriion of ricc lands, and AcIiora Erlara Nanloory was ly
gcncral conscni, cIoscn Insirucior in iIc collcgc for wIosc
sulsisicncc sonc furiIcr ricc lands wcrc givcn ly iIc Dranins
and fron iIai iinc iIc ncnlcrs of iIai fanily coniinuc Iolding
iIc alovc cnloyncni. TIis is wIai I Iavc Icard ny anccsiors
and iIc Dranins say. TIcrc is no docuncni coniaining an
accouni of iIc forcgoing iransaciion. TIc nunlcr of crsons io
lc adniiicd in iIc collcgc is noi liniicd; cvcrylody dcsirous of
availing Iinsclf of ii will lc adniiicd and rovidcd for. Forncrly,
iIc nunlcr of crsons wIo rcsoricd io iIc collcgc for insiruciion
anounicd fron 100 io 120 daily. In iIc ycar 949 wIcn a
forcigncr invadcd iIc couniry, Ic causcd scvcral icnlcs and
dwcllings io lc dcsiroycd and iIc alovc collcgc was dcnolisIcd
on iIai occasion and iIc ricc lands alloiicd for iIc suori of ii,
asscsscd ly Iis ordcr in conscqucncc of wIicI iIc Dranins
found ii inossillc io livc in iIis couniry and iIcrcforc all of
iIcn rcaircd io Fana FajaI's couniry (Travancorc} and
conscqucnily iIc lcarning of iIc VciIon was aliogciIcr
disconiinucd in Malalar. Ii lcing a vcry grcai sin for iIc
Dranins io lc ignorani of iIcir rcligious icncis, iIcy and iIc
Nanloory wIo was aoinicd iIcir Insirucior wcni and
rcrcscnicd io Fana FajaI iIis circunsiancc wIcn iIai FajaI
ordcrcd a collcgc io lc csiallisIcd in Iis couniry adjoining io
iIc Tcroona Karc CIciron, and alloiicd iIc ncccssary allowancc
for iIc sulsisicncc of iIc lcarncrs, wIo iIcrc coniinucd lcing
insirucicd wiiIoui any inicrruiion iill iIc ycar 966. WIcn iIc
206
invadcr was culscd fron Malalar ly iIc Honorallc Conany
wIo cicndcd iIcir roicciion iIrougIoui iIc couniry iIc
cnigrani Dranins iIcrcuon rciurncd io iIis couniry and
rcsuncd iIcir forncr Ialiiaiions lui iIc dcsiruciion of iIcir
collcgc and iIc dccaycd siaic of iIc landcd rocriy alloiicd for
iis suori rccludcd iIcn fron dcriving iIc lcncfii of iIai
insiiiuiion in iIc nanncr iIcy forncrly did, wIicI was a sourcc
of nucI gricvancc io iIcn. Accordingly, iIcy rcrcscnicd iIc
circunsiancc io iIc FajaI, ny unclc. AliIougI according io iIc
iIcn cisiing siaic of affairs no grcai assisiancc could lc givcn
yci Ic rcsolvcd io do io iIc uinosi in Iis owcr considcring iIai
ii was an insiiiuiion csiallisIcd ly Iis anccsiors and iIai iIc
cisicncc of ii would icnd io rcndcr iIc FajaI and Iis suljccis
roscrous. Accordingly Ic ordcrcd iIcir collcgc io lc rcluili
and furnisIcd ii as wcll wiiI cvcry (iIing} ncccssary as iIc
ncans of nainiaining iIc Insirucior and Iis uils, wIicI Ias
lccn coniinucd ly nc. TIc roducc of iIc lands acriaining io
iIc collcgc, aficr dcduciing iIc rcvcnuc ayallc io iIc Sirlar is
Iardly sufficicni for onc noniI's ccnsc. Conscqucnily,
wIaicvcr is wanicd is sulicd ly nc; aloui 2,000 ruccs for
iIc suori of iIc uils and 200 ruccs for iIai of iIc
Insirucior arc aid ly nc cvcry ycar. TIis is wIai oliains ai
rcscni. WiiI iIc ccciion of Fcligion no oiIcr scicncc is iaugIi
in iIc collcgc. TIcrc was in ancicni iincs ai CIoanoor in
Talallynad a collcgc wiiI lands assigncd for iis suori in
wIicI scvcral Dranins wcrc insirucicd in iIc SIasiran, and
wIcn iIcy lcfi iIc collcgc aficr acquiring a concicni roficicncy
iIcy wcrc adniiicd in iIc Tallcl CIciron ai Calicui on an
annual allowancc of 101 fanans cacI. TIc nunlcr of
individuals iIus adniiicd consisicd fron 70 io 80. On iIc
iniroduciion of rcvcnuc iIc lands wIicI affordcd iIc alovc
allowancc ccascd io yicld ii and iIc ncans of iIc csiaic lccanc
nucI rcduccd, in conscqucncc of wIicI iIc alovc allowancc as
wcll as iIc insiruciion was disconiinucd. On wIicI iIc Dranins
canc and rcrcscnicd iIcir gricvancc wIcrcuon a icacIcr was
cnicriaincd Icrc wIo Ias always Iad sonc uils undcr Iin.
TIc Tallil allowancc also is coniinucd lui on a rcduccd scalc.
Daicd 10iI Karladdayon 998 M.S.
No signaiurc in iIc original
Truc Translaiion

J. VuugIun.
207
XXII
COLLECTOF, SALEM TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
8.7.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.No.954, Po.l4tI Ju. lS2J, No.5U, .59US-lU)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io sulnii iIc acconanying siaicncni
as callcd for ly your Doard in iIcir insiruciions of iIc 25iI July
1822.
2. Fron iIc siaicncni ii acars iIai only 4,650, crsons
rcccivc cducaiion oui of a oulaiion of alovc icn lacswIicI is
only a fraciion norc iIan four and a quaricr cr Millcand
rovcs iIc lad and coniracicd siaic of ullic insiruciions.
3. TIc criod wIicI scIolars usually coniinuc ai scIool is
fron iIrcc io fivc ycars according io iIc aliliiy of iIcir fricnds io
nainiain iIcn iIcrc and iIcir own aiiiudc io lcarniIc ycarly
cIargc io iIc scIolars is ncvcr lcss iIan iIrcc ruccs a ycarin
iIc Hindoo scIoolsand in iIc Mussulnan scIools iIc cIargc
anounis io fificcn and iwcniy ruccs. Nonc of iIc Hindoo
scIools arc cndowcd ly iIc ullicand only onc Mussulnan
scIool Ias land yiclding ruccs 20 cr annun allowcd for ii's
suoria forncr nasicr of iIis scIool osscsscd a YconuI
aid noniIly ly iIc Collccior anouniing io fifiy-si ruccs a
ycaron Iis dcaiI iIis allowancc was disconiinucd ly ny
Prcdcccssor as ii was Icld only on a lifc icnurc.
4. In iIc ialools of Alioor, Nanlul, Salcn and Parnuiiy
iIcrc arc iwcniy icacIcrs of TIcology, Law and Asirononyio
iIc suori of wIon arc aiiacIcd Enan lands calculaicd io
yicld ruccs 1,109 cr annun. TIcsc lands arc alnosi cniircly
undcr culiivaiionand iIc osscssors crforn iIc duiics for
wIicI iIcy wcrc originally granicd.
5. Dcsidcs iIc alovc Enan lands iIcrc arc oiIcr lands
yiclding ruccs 384, cr annun, in iIc ialools of Faizcoor and
Sanlcrry-DroogwIicI wcrc scqucsicrcd ly Tioo iIc ycar
rcvious io iIc scccssion of iIc couniry and wIicI Iavc sincc
lccn includcd in iIc Fcvcnuc of Covcrnncni.
6. Considcring cducaiion as iIc lcsi ncans of rcvcniing
crincs in iIc colc wIciIcr scrvanis of govcrnncni or
208
oiIcrwisc (and wIicI oinion, is sirongly crcsscd in iIc 7iI
Para of your Doard's Fcori io govcrnncni undcr daic iIc 11iI
Dcccnlcr 1815}, and vicwing iIc dcfcciivc siaic of cducaiion in
iIis disirici as iIc fruiiful sourcc of nucI crinc, I sIall wiiI iIc
sanciion of your Doard, lc rcarcd io offcr sucI suggcsiions
and io roosc iIc csiallisIncni of sucI fundsas will icnd io
ronoic cducaiion in sonc dcgrcc norc adcquaic io iIc dcnand
for ii.

CuicIcrry of iIc Collccior of Salcn, M.D. CocIIun,
8iI July, 1823. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ncxt ugc)
209
210
XXIII
COLLECTOF, CUNTUF TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
9.7.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.954, Po.l4.?.lS2J, No.49, .59U4-?)
1. In rcly io your Dcuiy Sccrciary Mr VivcasI's lciicr of
iIc 25iI July lasi, I Iavc iIc Ionor io iransnii a siaicncni
sIowing iIc nunlcr of scIools in wIicI rcading and wriiing arc
iaugIi iogciIcr wiiI iIc nunlcr of scIolars in iIcn, and wIicI
Ias lccn rcarcd according io iIc forn acconanying iIc
alovc lciicr.
2. WiiI rcgard io iIc infornaiion callcd for ly iIc
govcrnncni in iIcir lciicr of iIc 2nd July, 1822, I Iavc io
olscrvc iIai iIc scIolars gcncrally asscnllc in iIc norning ai 6
o'clocl and siay uniil ninc and iIcn go io iIcir Iouscs io ialc
iIcir norning ncal and rciurn again io scIool wiiIin 11 o'clocl
and coniinuc uniil 2 or 3 o'clocl in iIc cvcning, and again io
iIcir rcscciivc Iouscs io cai iIcir ricc and rciurn ly 4 o'clocl
and coniinuc uniil 7 o'clocl in iIc cvcning. TIc norning and
cvcning gcncrally arc iIc iincs for rcading and aficrnoon for
wriiing.
3. TIc cIargc io iIc scIolars cIicfly dccnds on iIc
circunsianccs of iIc faiIcrs or crsons wIo ui iIcn io scIool
and is found io vary fron 2 annas io 2 ruccs cr ncnscn for
cacI loy and iIis is iIc only cIargc iIai can lc sIown, as iIc
loys arc only scni io iIc scIools in iIcir own villagcs and livc ai
Ionc.
4. Ii acars iIai iIcrc arc no scIools in iIc zillaI wIicI
arc cndowcd ly iIc ullic and no collcgcs for icacIing TIcology,
Law, Asironony, cic., in iIis disirici; iIcsc scicnccs arc rivaicly
iaugIi io sonc scIolars or discilcs gcncrally ly iIc Dranins
lcarncd in iIcn, wiiIoui ayncni of any fcc or rcward, and iIai
iIc Dranins wIo icacI arc gcncrally nainiaincd ly ncans of
Mauncon land wIicI Iavc lccn granicd io iIcir anccsiors ly
iIc ancicni Zcnindars of iIis zillaI, and ly iIc forncr
govcrnncnis on diffcrcni accounis, lui iIcrc acars no
insiancc in wIicI iIc Naiivc Covcrnncnis Iavc granicd
allowanccs in noncy and land ncrcly for iIc nainicnancc of iIc
icacIcrs for giving insiruciion in iIc alovc scicnccs. Dy iIc
infornaiion
211
wIicI Ias lccn goi iogciIcr on iIis suljcci, ii acars iIai
iIcrc arc 171 laccs wIcrc TIcology, Law and Asironony, cic.,
arc iaugIi rivaicly, and iIc nunlcr of discilcs in iIcn is 939.
TIc rcadcrs of iIcsc scicnccs cannoi gcncrally gci icacIcrs in
iIcir rcscciivc villagcs and arc iIcrcforc olligcd io go io oiIcrs.
In wIicI cascs if iIc rcadcr lclongs io a fanily iIai can afford io
suori Iin Ic gcis wIai is rcquircd for Iis ccnscs fron Iis
Ionc and wIicI is csiinaicd ai 3 ruccs cr noniI, lui wIicI
is only sufficicni io suly Iin wiiI Iis viciuals; and if on iIc
oiIcr Iand Iis fanily is in ioo indigcni circunsianccs io nalc
sucI allowancc, iIc siudcni rocurcs Iis daily sulsisicncc fron
iIc Iouscs in iIc villagc, wIcrc iaugIi, wIicI willingly furnisI
sucI ly iurns.
5. SIould colc lc dcsirous of siudying dcccr in
TIcology, cic., iIan is iaugIi in iIcsc aris, iIcy iravcl io
Dcnarcs, Navadwccun, cic., wIcrc iIcy rcnain for ycars io
ialc insiruciions undcr iIc lcarncd Pundiis of iIosc laccs.

Cunioor ZillaI, J.C. VIsI,
DauuiiaI, 9iI July, 1823. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc)
212
213
XXIV
COLLECTOF OF CANJUM TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
27.10.1823
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.9b? Po.b.ll.lS2J .9JJ2-J4 Nos.5-b)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io aclnowlcdgc iIc rcccii of Mr
Dcuiy Sccrciary VivcasI's lciicr and cnclosurc of iIc 25iI July
1822 and io forward for your Doard's infornaiion a siaicncni
ariially sIowing iIc nunlcr of scIools, cic., in iIis disirici
nadc oui agrccallc io iIc forn scni ly your Doard.
2. TIcrc arc no scIools or collcgcs in iIis disirici cndowcd
ly iIc Circar or ly any ullic auiIoriiy lui iIc icacIcrs arc
noniIly aid ly iIc scIolars fron 4 annas io 1 rucc for cacI
nan.
3. TIc scIools arc usually ocncd fron 6 o'clocl in iIc
norning uniil 5 o'clocl in iIc cvcning.
4. TIc Dranins of AgraIaruns, cic., arc in gcncral
cducaicd in Sasiruns, cic., ly iIcir FaiIcrs or DroiIcrs or ly
any oiIcr rclaiions lui no scIools in iIis disirici arc ullicly
ocncd for sucI occasion.
5. In naling oui iIc cncloscd siaicncni I Iavc noi lccn
allc io rocurc any saiisfaciory accounis fron nosi of iIc Hill
Zcnindarics. NoiIing lui vodiaIs is iaugIi in iIcsc laccs, a
languagc, ncrcly confincd io iIc nouniains and lordcrs.

CIicacolc, P.H. Cuzuct,
27iI Ociolcr 1823. Coccto

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugcs)
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
XXV
SECFETAFY TO COVEFNMENT, DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
27.1.1825
(TNSA. HHP Vo.lUlU, Po.2?.l.lS25 Nos.?-S .b?4-b?5)
1. TIc govcrnncni lcing anious io rcccivc iIc infornaiion
rclaiivc io iIc siaic of cducaiion iIrougIoui iIc couniry, wIicI
was callcd for ly Mr Hill's lciicr of iIc 2nd July 1822, I an
dirccicd ly iIc Honourallc iIc Covcrnor-in-Council io dcsirc,
iIai iIc rcsuli of iIc rcfcrcncc nadc io iIc scvcral Collcciors,
undcr iIosc insiruciions, nay lc rcoricd wiiI as liiilc dclay as
ossillc.
2. SIould any of iIc Collcciors Iavc oniiicd io furnisI iIc
rcquircd rcori, you will dircci carly aiicniion io iIc suljcci,
sulniiiing, in iIc ncan iinc, infornaiion wIicI nay lc alrcady
lcforc you.

Fori Si. Ccorgc, J. StoIcs,
21si January 1825 Sccctu to Goucnncnt.
223
XXVI
SECFETAFY, DOAFD OF FEVENUE, FOFT ST. CEOFCE, TO
COLLECTOF OF CUDDAPAH.
31.1.1825
(TNSA. HHP, Vo.lUlU Po.Jl.l.lS25 No.42, .S4l)
1. I an dirccicd ly iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc io call your
inncdiaic aiicniion io ny rcdcccssor's lciicr of iIc 25iI July
1822 rcquiring a rcori on iIc siaic of cducaiion in your disirici
and I an dcsircd io rcqucsi iIai you will sulnii iIc siaicncni
and infornaiion rcquircd on iIis suljcci wiiI iIc lcasi ossillc
dclay.
2. Advcriing io iIc claloraic inquirics nadc ly a forncr
Collccior in your disirici rcgarding all iIc oinis ncccssary io lc
rcoricd on, iIc Doard conccivc iIai iIcrc will lc no difficuliy in
conlying wiiI iIcir ordcrs ai an carly criod.
3. You will lc lcascd io rcarc iIc siaicncni rcquircd
siricily according io iIc Forn iransniiicd wiiI iIc lciicr alovc
rcfcrrcd io.

Fori Si.Ccorgc, J. Dcnt,
31si January, 1825 Sccctu.
224
XXVII
COLLECTOF, CUDDAPAH TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
11.2.1825
(TNSA. HHP. Vo lUll, Po.l?.2.lS25 No.JJ .l2?2-b-?S)
1. I Iavc iIc Ionor io rcly io your Sccrciary's lciicr of iIc
31si January calling for iIc rcori on iIc siaic of cducaiion
iIrougIoui iIis disirici and io rciurn iIc siaicncni fillcd u
according io iIc rcquircd forn.
2. TIcrc arc no ullic insiiiuiions ciiIcr scIools or
collcgcs in iIis zillaI suoricd ly granis of land or any
allowanccs fron iIc govcrnncni and I do noi Icar of any
csiallisIncni Iaving cisicd of iIis dcscriiion.
3. Insiruciion of cvcry lind is carricd on ciiIcr rivaicly ly
iIc uil rcsiding in iIc Iousc of Iis rcccior, or in iIc scIools
wIicI arc suoricd in cvcry villagc ly iIc coniriluiion of iIosc
wIo Iavc cIildrcn io lc insirucicd. In iIc laiicr casc iIc uils
arc for iIc nosi ari in iIc Ialii of aiicnding iIis scIool ai day
lrcal, aficr rcnaining uniil aloui 10 o'clocl iIcy rciurn Ionc,
and aiicnd scIool again fron asi clcvcn uniil sunsciiIc
ccnsc varics according io iIc rogrcss nadc ly iIc scIolar
and lcconcs IigIcr ai cacI siagc fron rcading io wriiing and
ariiInciiciIc allowancc is of coursc snallcsi ai firsi and is
augncnicd as iIc uil acquircs infornaiion; iIc avcragc for iIc
lowcsi class is aloui V rucc cr noniI for cacI scIolar and
incrcascs as IigI as 1 and 1 lui rarcly ccccds ii. I do noi find
iIai iIcrc arc any scIools cvcn of iIis dcscriiion of iIc
insiruciion of iIc scicnccs. TIcology, Law, Asironony arc iaugIi
ii acars in a rivaic nanncr for iIc nosi ari in snall fa-
nilics, and givcn as an inIcriiancc fron faiIcr io son. TIc
insiruciion can only lc aiiaincd ly iIc ariy alying, ciiIcr
fron iIc sirongcsi inicrcsi or fron rclaiionsIi io iIosc Dranins
wIo arc qualificd io afford ii. Puils undcr sucI circunsianccs
acar io rcsidc cniircly undcr iIc roof of iIcir rccciors and io
forn ari of iIc fanily.
4. In CuddaaI iIcrc arc scvcral scIools suoricd ly
voluniary coniriluiion, iIougI ii can lc Iardly callcd a ullic
onc as ii is confincd cniircly io iIc Eurocan Ccnilcncn of iIc
lacc.
225
5. Insiruciion gcncrally conncnccs anongsi Dranins
wIcn iIc cIild Iad aiiaincd iIc agc of 5 or 6 and anongsi iIc
Sudras fron 6 io 8. TIis diffcrcncc is accounicd for ly a Dranin
wiiI rcfcrcncc io iIc sucrior inicllcci of Iis casi ovcr iIc Sudra
and iIcrcforc Iis cIildrcn aiiain iIc rcquisiic agc for rccciving
insiruciions nucI carlicr iIan iIosc of iIc infcrior casics. As in-
siruciion anongsi iIc naiivcs Icrc, is cncouragcd and ronoicd
solcly in rooriion io iIc crsonal rofii oliainallc ly ii, iIc
coursc of cducaiion is considcrcd conlcic wIcn iIc scIolar lc-
concs a roficicni in wriiing and ariiInciic. Hc is iIcn ialcn
fron scIool, all oiIcr acconlisIncnis arc lcarncd ai Ionc, and
Ic arrivcs ai ccricncc, and aiiains inrovcncni in wIai Ic
Ias alrcady acquircd, only ly aiicnding Iis faiIcr's sIo and
wriiing Iis accounis, or ly lcing crniiicd io qualify Iinsclf for
cnloyncni ly voluniccring Iis scrviccs in our ullic
CuicIcrrics. TIc criod during wIicI cacI scIolar rcccivcs
insiruciion ai scIool (and aficr iIc ciraiion of wIicI Ic is
usually considcrcd io Iavc conlcicd Iis cducaiion} is aloui 2
ycars.
6. In ncarly all iIc villagcs of iIis disirici iIcrc is an Enan
sci aari, as is doulilcss wcll lnown io iIc Doard for iIc su-
ori of a PuncIangun Dranin, and ii nigIi lc conjcciurcd iIai
anongsi so nany iIcrc would lc found sonc wIo Iad aiiaincd
considcrallc crfcciion in Asironony and TIcology, of iIis
Iowcvcr iIcrc is Iardly an insiancc. TIc crsons Iolding sucI
Enan arc quiic conicni io lc ignorani of iIc IigIcr lrancIcs of
scicncc, iIcir uinosi anliiion lcing confincd io iIc disiinciion
of forciclling a foriunaic Iour for rcaing or a lucly day for a
narriagc, and of coniriving a Ioroscoc for crsons of
disiinciion in iIc villagc.
7. AliIougI iIcrc arc no scIools or collcgcs suoricd ly
ullic coniriluiion, I ougIi noi io onii iIai anongsi Dranins,
insiruciion, is in nany laccs graiuiiously affordcdand iIc
oorcr class oliain all iIcir cducaiion in iIis wayai iIc agc of
fron 10 io 16 ycars. If Ic Ias noi iIc ncans of oliaining
insiruciion oiIcrwisc a young Dranin lcavcs Iis Ionc, and
rocccds io iIc rcsidcncc of a nan of Iis own casic wIo is
willing io afford insiruciion wiiIoui rcconcnsc io all iIosc
rcsoriing io Iin for iIc urosc. TIcy do noi Iowcvcr dcrivc
sulsisicncc fron Iin for as Ic is gcncrally oor Iinsclf, Iis
ncans could noi of coursc givc suori io oiIcrs, and cvcn if Ic
Iad iIc ncans Iis giving food and cloiIing io Iis uils would
aiiraci so nany as io dcfcai iIc oljcci iisclf wIicI is rofcsscd.
226
8. TIc Doard would naiurally cnquirc, Iow iIcsc cIildrcn
wIo arc so dcsiiiuic as noi io lc allc io rocurc insiruciion in
iIcir own villagcs, could sulsisi in iIosc io wIicI iIcy arc
sirangcrs, and io wIicI iIcy iravcl fron 10 io 100 nilcs, wiiI no
inicniion of rciurning for scvcral ycars. TIcy arc suoricd
cniircly ly cIariiy, daily rccaicd, noi rcccivcd fron iIc
insirucior for iIc rcasons alovc ncniioncd, lui fron iIc
inIaliianis of iIc villagcs gcncrally. TIcy rcccivc sonc oriion of
alns daily (for ycars} ai iIc door of cvcry Dranin in iIc villagc,
and iIis is conccdcd io iIcn wiiI a cIccrfulncss wIicI
considcring iIc oljcci in vicw nusi lc csiccncd as a nosi
Ionorallc iraii in iIc naiivc cIaracicr, and iis unolirusivcncss
ougIi io cnIancc iIc valuc of ii. Wc arc undoulicdly indclicd io
iIis lcncvolcni cusion for iIc gcncral srcad of cducaiion
anongsi a class of crsons wIosc ovcriy would oiIcrwisc lc an
insurnouniallc olsiaclc io advanccncni in lnowlcdgc and ii
will lc casily infcrrcd iIai ii rcquircs only iIc lilcral and
fosicring carc of govcrnncni io lring ii io crfcciion.
9. As iIc only scIools in iIc disirici suoricd ly cIariiy
arc iIosc wIicI owc iIcir nainicnancc io iIc gcnilcncn ai
CuddaaI, I Iavc cnicrcd iIcn in iIc lisi undcr iIc nanc of
'sulscriiion scIools'.
10. I an noi awarc iIai iIcrc is any furiIcr naiicr rclaiing
io iIis suljcci wIicI is ncccssary io lc sulniiicd io iIc Doard,
lui I lcg io assurc iIcn iIai any dcficicncy wIicI nay lc rc-
narlcd sIall lc sulicd wiiI all iIc diligcncc in ny owcr.
11. I cannoi concludc iIis lciicr wiiIoui crcssing io your
Doard iIc olligaiion I an undcr io Mr WIcaily for iIc infornani
now sulniiicd, Iis long rcsidcncc in iIc disirici Iaving affordcd
io Iin iIc lcsi ooriuniiy of asccriaining corrccily iIc aciual
siaic of cducaiion iIrougIoui.

CuicIcrry of iIc Collccior of
CuddaaI, FoycIooiy, G.M. Oguc,
11iI Fclruary, 1825. SuI-Coccto n cIugc.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugcs)
227
228
229
XXVIII
COLLECTOF, MADFAS TO DOAFD OF FEVENUE.
12.2.1825
(TNSA. HHP. Vo lUll, Po.l4.2.lS25 No.4b .ll9J-94)
WiiI rcfcrcncc io ny lciicr of iIc 13iI Novcnlcr 1822 I
Iavc iIc Ionor io forward anoiIcr siaicncni of scIools, wIicI I
considcr io lc norc corrcci, and io sulnii iIai ii nay lc
sulsiiiuicd for iIc onc iransniiicd wiiI iIc lciicr io wIicI I
Iavc lcforc rcfcrrcd.

Madras CuicIcrry, L.G.K. Muu,
12iI Fclruary 1825. Coccto.

(Stutcncnt on ooung ugc)
230
231
XXIX
DOAFD OF FEVENUE TO CHIEF SECFETAFY TO
COVEFNMENT.
21.2.1825
(TNSA. HHP. Vo.lUll, No.4b Po.2l.2.lS25 .l4l2-2b)
1. WiiI rcfcrcncc io iIc insiruciion of govcrnncni convcycd
in a lciicr fron iIc Sccrciary io govcrnncni in iIc Fcvcnuc
Dcarincni undcr daic iIc 2nd July 1822 and io Mr Sccrciary
Siolc's lciicr of iIc 21si uliino, I an dirccicd ly iIc Doard of
Fcvcnuc io sulnii for iIc infornaiion of iIc Honorallc iIc
Covcrnor-in-Council iIc corrcsondcncc noicd in iIc nargin
rcgarding iIc aciual siaic of cducaiion in iIc Provinccs undcr
iIis govcrnncni.
Ccuu to u Cocctos dutcd 25tI Ju lS22
Fron iIc Collccior of Canjan daicd 27 Ociolcr in
consuliaiions. 6iI Novcnlcr 1823.
Fron iIc Collccior of Vizagaaian 14iI Aril in
consuliaiions. 1si May 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of FajaInundry 19iI Scicnlcr in
consuliaiions. 2nd Ociolcr 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of Masuliaian 3rd Scicnlcr in
consuliaiions. 13iI January 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of Cunioor 9iI Scicnlcr in
consuliaiions. 14iI July 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of Ncllorc 23rd Junc in consuliaiions.
30iI Junc 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of Dcllary 17iI Junc in consuliaiions.
25iI Augusi 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of CuddaaI 11iI Junc in
consuliaiions. 17iI Fclruary 1825
Fron iIc Collccior of CIinglcui 3rd Junc in consuliaiions.
7iI Aril 1823
232
Fron iIc Princial Collccior in iIc NoriIcrn Division of
Arcoi 3rd Junc in consuliaiions. 10iI MarcI 1823.
Fron iIc Princial Collccior in SouiIcrn Division of Arcoi
29iI Junc in consuliaiions. 7iI July 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of Salcn 8iI Junc in consuliaiions.
14iI July 1823
Fron iIc Princial Collccior of Tanjorc 28iI Junc in
consuliaiions. 3rd July 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of TricIinooly 23rd Junc in
consuliaiions. 28iI Augusi 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of Madura 5iI Fclruary in
consuliaiions. 13iI Fclruary 1823
Fron iIc Collccior of Tinncvclly 18iI Ociolcr in
consuliaiions. 28iI Ociolcr 1822 & 7iI Novcnlcr in
consuliaiions. 18iI Novcnlcr 1822
Fron iIc Princial Collccior of Coinlaiorc 23rd Novcnlcr
in consuliaiions. 2nd Dcccnlcr 1822
Fron iIc Princial Collccior of Malalar 5iI Augusi in
consuliaiions. 14iI Augusi 1823
Fron iIc Princial Collccior of Canara 27iI Augusi in
consuliaiions. 5iI Scicnlcr 1822
Fron iIc Assisiani Collccior of Scringaaian 29iI Ociolcr
in consuliaiion. 4iI Novcnlcr 1822
Fron iIc Collccior of Madras 13iI Ociolcr in
consuliaiions. 14iI Novcnlcr 1822 & 12iI Ociolcr in
consuliaiions. 14iI Fclruary 1825
2. An alsiraci siaicncni rcarcd fron iIc rcoris of iIc
scvcral Collcciors' is also sulniiicd for iIc urosc of cIiliiing
ai onc vicw iIc infornaiion rcquircd ly iIc govcrnncni.
3. TIis alsiraci is in iIc Forn iransniiicd ly govcrnncni,
wiiI an addiiional colunn sIowing iIc anouni of oulaiion in
cacI disirici according io iIc Ccnsus as sonc of iIc Collcciors
Iavc siaicd iIc nunlcrs diffcrcnily. Undcr iIc Icad of rcnarls
iIc infornaiion rcquircd ly iIc govcrnncni rcgarding iIc iinc
233
wIicI scIolars usually coniinuc ai scIool, iIc noniIly or ycarly
cIargc io iIc scIolars and oiIcr ariiculars is conciscly siaicd.
4. Ii will lc olscrvcd iIai iIc scIools now cisiing in iIc
couniry arc for iIc nosi ari suoricd ly iIc ayncnis of iIc
colc wIo scnd iIcir cIildrcn io iIcn for insiruciion. TIc raic
of ayncni for cacI scIolar varics in diffcrcni disiricis and
according io iIc diffcrcni circunsiancc of iIc arcnis of iIc
uils, fron 1 anna io 4 ruccs cr ncnscn, iIc ordinary raic
anong iIc oorcr classcs acars io lc gcncrally aloui 4 annas,
and scldon io ccccd rucc.
5. In a fcw disiricis only iIcrc arc cndowncnis for iIc
suori of scIools and collcgcs. In FajaInundry 69 icacIcrs of
Scicnccs osscss cndowncnis in land, and 13 allowanccs in
noncy granicd ly forncr Zcnindars. In Ncllorc ccriain
individuals, Dranins and Mussulnans, arc in osscssion of
allowanccs in land and noncy granicd ly iIc Carnaiic
Covcrnncni for icacIing iIc Vcdas, cic., and Aralic and Pcrsian
rcscciivcly io iIc anouni of ruccs 1,467 cr annun.
In iIc NoriIcrn Division of Arcoi, 28 collcgcs arc suoricd
ly nauniuns and MaraIs granicd ly forncr govcrnncnis
yiclding ruccs 516 cr annun, and 6 Pcrsian scIools arc
nainiaincd ai iIc ullic ccnsc ai an annual cIargc of ruccs
1,861. In Salcn Enan lands csiinaicd io yicld ruccs 1,109 cr
annun arc aroriaicd io iIc suori of 20 icacIcrs of
TIcology, cic., and onc Mussulnan scIool Ias land allowcd for
iis suori yiclding annually 20 ruccs. In Tanjorc 44 scIools
and 71 collcgcs arc suoricd ly His HigIncss iIc FajaITIcrc
is no scIool, or collcgc, cndowcd ariicularly ly iIc Circar lui
iIcrc arc frcc scIools nainiaincd ly iIc Mission csiallisIcd in
Tanjorc wIicI osscss a Survanannian, iIc annual valuc
wIcrcof is csiinaicd ai 1,100 ruccs. In iIc Disirici of
TricIinooly iIcrc arc 7 scIools wIicI osscss cndowncnis in
land io iIc cicni of 46 cawnics suoricd ly iIc Zanorin FajaI
wIicI Ias also sonc land aiiacIcd granicd ly forncr
govcrnncnis. In Malalar iIcrc is onc collcgc io ii.
6. Ii docs noi acar fron iIc Fcoris of iIc Collcciors iIai
any ullic cndowncnis for iIc advanccncni of lcarning Iavc
lccn divcricd fron iIcir original urosc or rcsuncd ccci in
Salcn and Coinlaiorc. TIc Collccior of Salcn says iIai lands
yiclding ruccs 384 forncrly dcvoicd io iIis oljcci wcrc
scqucsicrcd lcforc iIc acquisiiion of iIc couniry ly iIc DriiisI
234
Covcrnncni and iIcir roducc Ias sincc lccn includcd in iIc
rcvcnuc of govcrnncni. TIc Princial Collccior of Coinlaiorc
rcoris iIai Mauniuns, cic., granicd in forncr iincs for iIc
suori of collcgcs io iIc valuc of ruccs 2,208 Iavc lccn
rcsuncd ciiIcr ly iIc Mussulnan or iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni.
7. TIc laic Collccior of Dcllary Iaving siaicd in Iis rcori
iIai nonc of iIc insiiiuiions for cducaiion ai rcscni cisiing in
iIai disirici dcrivc suori fron iIc siaic addcd 'iIcrc is no
douli iIai in forncr iincs csccially undcr iIc Hindoo
Covcrnncni vcry largc granis loiI in noncy and in land wcrc
issucd for iIc suori of lcarning', and furiIcr siaicd Iis
oinion iIai nany of iIc YconuIs and SIotuns now Icld ly
Dranins in iIc disirici nay lc iraccd io iIis sourcc. No
condiiions Ic olscrvcd 'arc siaicd in iIc granis issucd ly iIc
forncr govcrnncnis; iIcy all urori io flow fron iIc frcc
louniy of iIc ruling owcr ncrcly io aid iIc nainicnancc of
sonc Ioly or lcarncd nan. Dui iIcy wcrc alnosi univcrsally
granicd io lcarncd or rcligious crsons, wIo nainiaincd scIools
for onc or norc of iIc Scicnccs and iaugIi iIcrcin graiuiiously;
and iIougI noi crcsscd in iIc dccd iisclf iIc duiy of
coniinuing sucI graiuiious insiruciion was ccriainly inlicd in
all sucI granis.' Ii docs noi acar uon wIai grounds Mr
Canlcll foundcd Iis oinion so confidcnily iIai iIc inlicd
condiiion of iIc granis rcfcrrcd io was iIc coniinuancc of
graiuiious insiruciion; lui ii sccns noi io lc iIc rcsuli of
ariicular invcsiigaiion. Mr Canlcll furiIcr suggcsicd wiiI iIc
vicw of covcring iIc ccnsc of a gcncral arrangcncni rooscd
ly Iin in iIis rcori for iIc inrovcncni of cducaiion iIai ii
nigIi lc rovidcd iIai 'on iIc dcniscof any crsons now
Iolding YconuIs or alicnaicd lands a ncw cnquiry lc insiiiuicd
and iIai iIougI iIc sanc nay Iavc lccn coniinucd for norc
iIan onc gcncraiion ly iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni ii nay lc
rcsuncd and carricd io a ncw fund io lc icrncd, iIc scIool
fund", unlcss ii is clcarly siaicd in iIc lody of iIc original grani
io lc Icrcdiiary, or iIc inicniion of iIc ruling owcr ai iIc iinc
io nalc sucI grani Icrcdiiary lc clcarly rovcd io iIc
saiisfaciion of govcrnncni.' TIc Doard Iavc liiilc douli iIai iIc
rcsuniion of lands now alicnaicd, in iIc nanncr suggcsicd ly
Mr Canlcll would roducc anlc funds for iIc urosc
conicnlaicd lui iIcy conccivc iIai iIc iwo oljccis in vicw,
nancly, iIc rccovcry of alicnaicd lands, and iIc csiallisIncni of
a fund for iIc suori of scIools sIould lc lci cniircly disiinci
and scaraic. TIc csiallisIncni of scIools in cvcry ari of iIc
couniry undcr any gcncral lan sIould lc rcgulaicd
235
ly iIc wanis of iIc colc in iIc rcscci io cducaiion and
sIould noi in any dcgrcc dccnd uon iIc accidcnial
circunsiancc of iIc anouni of a ariicular fund lcing grcai or
lcss in diffcrcni siiuaiions.
8. TIc Doard iIinl ii rocr io offcr iIis rcnarl in rcgard
io iIc suggcsiion of Mr Canlcll wIicI Ias jusi lccn noiiccd,
lui ii acars io iIcn io lc unncccssary ai iIis iinc io discuss
iIc lan rooscd ly Iin for iIc inrovcncni of cducaiion and
Iis gcncral scculaiions on iIc suljcci concciving ii io lc iIc
dcsirc of govcrnncni ai rcscni only io rcccivc infornaiion
rcgarding iIc aciual siaic of cducaiion in ordcr iIai ii nay lc
sccn wIai arc iIc dcficicncics io lc sulicd.
9. TIai iIcsc dcficicncics arc lancnially grcai is sIown in
cvcry onc of iIc rcoris now sulniiicd, and iIc gcncral rcsuli of
iIc wIolc fron wIicI ii acars iIai oui of a oulaiion
csiinaicd ly iIc Ccnsus ai alovc 12 nillion and a Ialf only
aloui 1,88,000 arc rccciving insiruciion or aloui 13 crccni is
nosi unsaiisfaciory.
10. Ii will lc rcnarlcd iIai no siaicncni is sulniiicd of
iIc nunlcr of scIools, cic., in Canara. TIc laic Princial
Collccior rcoricd iIai cducaiion is conducicd in iIai disirici so
nucI in rivaic iIai any siaicncni of iIc nunlcr of scIools
and of iIc scIolars aiicnding iIcn would lc of liiilc or no usc,
lui on iIc conirary raiIcr fallacious in forning an csiinaic of
iIc rooriion of iIc oulaiion rccciving insiruciion. Hc siaicd
gcncrally iIai iIcrc arc no collcgcs in Canara for iIc culiivaiion
of 'alsiraci Scicncc, nciiIcr arc iIcrc any ficd scIools and
nasicrs io icacI in iIcn. TIcrc is no insiancc lnown of any
insiiiuiion of iIc alovc dcscriiions Iaving cvcn rcccivcd
suori in any sIac fron iIc forncr govcrnncni.'
11. NoiwiiIsianding iIc olscrvaiions of Mr Harris iIc
Doard Iavc iIougIi ii rocr io call again uon iIc rcscni
Princial Collccior io furnisI a Siaicncni of ScIools, cic.,
rcarcd in iIc forn iransniiicd ly govcrnncni wIicI sIall lc
sulniiicd io iIc Hon'llc iIc Covcrnor-in-Council as soon as ii
is rcccivcd.

Fori Si. Ccorgc, J. Dcnt,
21si Fclruary, 1825. Sccctu.
(Stutcncnt on ooung ugcs)
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
REMARKS
Gunun.
TIcrc arc no scIools or collcgcs in iIis disirici cndowcd ly
iIc Circar. TIc icacIcrs in iIc scIools arc aid noniIly ly iIc
scIolars ai various raics fron 4 annas io 1 rucc cacI. TIc
SIasiras, cic., arc usually iaugIi rivaicly io Dranins. TIc
siaicncni is noi conlcic in rcscci io iIc Hill Zcnindarics fron
wIicI saiisfaciory accounis could noi lc rocurcd.
Vzuguutun.
Ii docs noi acar iIai iIcrc arc any collcgcs in iIis
disirici. TIc scIools arc noi cndowcd ly iIc ullic; 2 only arc
siaicd io rcccivc a ayncni fron iIc Zcnindar of CIanoodoo ai
iIc raic of 50 ruccs annually. TIc icacIcrs arc aid ai various
raics fron onc anna io 1 rucc for cacI scIolar cr ncnscn.
Privaic icacIcrs in fanilics of rcsccialiliiy arc aid a noniIly
or ycarly siicnd according io iIcir acquircncni and iIc ranl
and oulcncc of iIcir cnloycr.
HuuInund.
Sonc of iIc scIools in iIis disirici arc cndowcd ly iIc
ullic. TIc icacIcrs arc aid ly iIc scIolars ai raics varying
fron 1 rucc io 2 annas, 7 annas lcing iIc avcragc raic cr
ncnscn. TIc scIolars arc cnicrcd ai scIool in iIcir fifiI ycar
and coniinuc ai iIcir siudics fron 5 io 7 ycars. TIc nunlcr of
rofcssors or icacIcrs of iIc Scicnccs is 279; of iIcsc 69 osscss
allowanccs in land and 13 in noncy granicd ly forncr
Zcnindars; 196 icacI iIcir scIolars wiiIoui fcc or rcward and
only onc is suoricd ly Iis scIolars. In iIc villagcs in wIicI no
scIools ai rcscni cisi iIc inIaliianis arc dcsirous of Iaving
iIcn csiallisIcd. Ii nigIi lc donc wiiI a snall coniriluiion
fron govcrnncni io iIc ay of iIc icacIcrs. TIc Collccior
considcrcd 2 ruccs a noniI io cacI io lc sufficicni.
Musuutun.
Nonc of iIc insiiiuiions for iIc urosc of cducaiion in iIis
disirici acar io Iavc lccn rcgularly cndowcd. Onc CIariiy
ScIool only is suoricd ai Ellorc ly iIc Zcnindar ly iIc
ayncni of a noniIly siicnd of 3 agodas io iIc icacIcr. TIc
scIolars usually cnicr in iIc scIools in iIcir 5iI ycar and
coniinuc in iIcn uniil iIcy arc fron 12 io 16 ycars of agc. TIc
grcaicr rooriion arc iIcn cnloycd on ullic or rivaic
243
lusincss, iIc Vcdila Dranins only lcing rcnovcd fron scIools
io collcgc for iIc urosc of lcing insirucicd in TIcology and
oiIcr Scicnccs. TIc cIargcs on accouni of a loy ai scIool arc
aloui iIc avcragc of 6 annas for acr, cadjan, cic., and fron 4
annas io 2 ruccs io iIc scIool nasicr noniIly. TIc Scicnccs
arc iaugIi in iIc collcgcs gcncrally graiis ly Dranins Iolding
Mauniuns, cic. Sonc icacIcrs, Iowcvcr, arc suoricd ly
coniriluiions fron iIcir scIolars lui rcccivc no ficd allowancc.
TIc avcragc cIargc io a scIolar ai collcgc for Iis sulsisicncc,
lools, cic., is 60 ruccs cr annun. In nosi aris of iIc
couniry insiruciion in iIc Vcdas, cic., is also givcn ly iIc
Dranins rivaicly. TIc scIools in wIicI iIc Pcrsian languagc is
iaugIi arc fcw. Mussulnan scIolars rcnain ai scIool fron 6
ycars of agc io 15, iIc ay of iIc icacIcrs is fron V io 1 rucc
and iIc oiIcr cIargcs of iIc scIolars arc csiinaicd ai 4 annas a
noniI; sonc lcarncd Mussulnans givc insiruciion graiis.
Guntoo.
TIcrc arc no scIools in iIis disirici cndowcd ly iIc ullic
and no collcgcs for insiruciion in iIc Scicnccs. TIc Scicnccs arc
iaugIi rivaicly ly lcarncd Dranins wiiIoui any rcnuncraiion.
TIcsc Dranins gcncrally Iold nauniuns, cic., granicd ly iIc
ancicni Zcnindars and ly iIc forncr govcrnncnis for various
rcasons, lui iIcrc is no insiancc of any grani in noncy or land,
sccially for iIc urosc of nainiaining icacIcrs of iIc Scicnccs.
TIc cIargc for iIc cducaiion of a loy ai scIool varics fron 2
annas io 2 ruccs noniIly. TIrcc ruccs a noniI is rcquisiic
for iIc sulsisicncc of a scIolar wIilc Ic is siudying iIc
Scicnccs.
Ncoc.
TIis siaicncni givcs iIc nunlcr of scIools in iIc disirici
noi cndowcd ly iIc ullic. TIcrc arc lcsidcs 26 individuals wIo
Iavc scIolars as sIown ly a scaraic siaicncni D viz. 15
Dranins, and 11 Mussulnans wIo arc in osscssion of
allowanccs in noncy and land granicd ly iIc Carnaiic
Covcrnncni for icacIing iIc Vcdas, cic., and Aralic and Pcrsian
rcscciivcly io iIc anouni of ruccs 1,467 cr annun. Doys arc
gcncrally scni io scIool ai 5 ycars of agc wIcrc iIcy arc said io
rcnain fron 3 io 6 ycars. TIc scIool nasicr rcccivcs fron 2
annas io 4 ruccs noniIly for cacI scIolar. TIc scIolar Ias
also io ay aloui onc rucc for wriiing naicrials, cic., and Iis
sulsisicncc is csiinaicd ai 3 ruccs a noniI. Dcsidcs Iis ficd
allowancc occasional rcscnis arc nadc ly iIc scIolars io iIcir
icacIcr.
244
TIc scIools arc noi all of crnancni coniinuanccsonc dccnd
uon circunsianccs, scIools lcing sonc iincs csiallisIcd ly
iIc joini sulscriiions of scvcral fanilics csccially for iIc
cducaiion of iIcir own cIildrcn wIicI lcing acconlisIcd iIcy
arc disconiinucd. TIc diffcrcncc lciwccn iIc anouni of
oulaiion in iIis siaicncni and in iIc rcori of iIc Ccnsus is
accounicd for ly iIc oulaiion of iIc Zcnindarics lcing
includcd in iIc forncr and noi in iIc laiicr.
Hcu.
Nonc of iIc scIools in iIis disirici ai rcscni dcrivc
suori fron iIc siaic. TIcrc acar io lc no rcgular collcgcs
lui in 23 cascs of insiruciion aiicndcd ly Dranins cclusivcly
sonc of iIc Scicnccs, cic., arc iaugIi incrfccily in iIc Sanscrii
languagc. In iIc scIools sonc cIildrcn coniinuc only 5 ycars,
wIilc oiIcrs wIosc arcnis arc oulcni noi infrcqucnily rcnain
as long as fouriccn and fificcn ycars. Ii acars iIai iIc icacIcr
is aid ai various raics according io iIc class io wIicI iIc
scIolar nay lclongwIilc lcarning iIc firsi rudincnis ii is
connon for iIc scIolar io ay a quaricr of a rucc and wIcn
arrivcd so far as io wriic on acr or ai iIc IigIcr lrancIcs of
AriiInciic Ialf a rucc cr ncnscn. Dui on rocccding furiIcr
sucI dcnands arc nadc as ccccd iIc ncans of nosi arcnis.
TIcir cIildrcn arc iIcrcforc lcfi only ariially insirucicdand
iIcrc arc nuliiiudcs wIo cannoi avail iIcnsclvcs cvcn of iIis
incrfcci cducaiion for iIcir cIildrcn. TIc diffusion of connon
insiruciion is said io lc lcss cicnsivc iIan ii was forncrly. In
nany villagcs wIcrc forncrly iIcrc wcrc scIools, iIcrc arc now
nonc, and in nany oiIcrs wIcrc iIcrc wcrc largc scIools, now
only a fcw of iIc cIildrcn of iIc nosi oulcni arc iaugIi, oiIcrs
lcing unallc fron ovcriy io aiicnd or io ay wIai is dcnandcd.
Insiruciions in iIc Scicnccs is givcn graiuiiously as of old, ly a
fcw lcarncd Dranins io iIcir discilcs.
CudduuI.
TIcrc arc in iIis Disirici no ullic insiiiuiions for
cducaiion suoricd ly granis of land or allowanccs fron iIc
govcrnncni, nor arc any lnown io Iavc cisicd. TIc scIools
wIicI cisi arc suoricd ly iIc arcnis of iIc scIolars. TIc
cIargc for insiruciion is variallc rising as iIc scIolar is
ronoicd fron iIc lowcsi io iIc IigIcr classcs. TIc avcragc for
iIc lowcsi class is aloui V rucc cr ncnscn, and incrcascs io
1 rucc and 1 rucc wIicI raic ii rarcly ccccds. In iIc
Dranin casic, loys arc ui io scIool ai iIc agc of 5 or 6 and
anong iIc Sudras ai fron
245
6 io 8. Doys arc said io lc lci ai scIool gcncrally no longcr
iIan 2 ycars in wIicI iinc iIcy arc cccicd io Iavc aiiaincd all
iIai iIcy arc dcsircd io acquirc, iIai is a ccriain dcgrcc of
lnowlcdgc of rcading, wriiing and ariiInciic in wIicI iIcy arc
aficrwards io inrovc iIcnsclvcs ly raciicc ai Ionc, in a sIo,
or in a ullic officc. TIc only scIools wIicI can lc dcnoninaicd
ullic in iIis disirici arc iIc cIariiy scIools ai CuddaaI,
suoricd ly iIc Eurocan gcnilcncn of iIc lacc. TIcrc arc no
scIools or collcgcs for insiruciion in iIc Scicnccs. TIcology, Law
and Asironony arc iaugIi rivaicly, iIc uils rcsiding in iIc
Iouscs of iIcir rccciors. Dcsidcs iIc insiruciion affordcd in
iIc scIools io iIosc wIosc arcnis arc allc io ay for ii, ii is
also givcn graiuiiously in nany laccs ly Dranins io iIosc of
iIcir own casic wIo Iavc no oiIcr ncans of oliaining iiyoung
Dranins for iIc salc of rccciving insiruciion in iIis way, lcavc
iIcir Ioncs and waii uon iIc rcccior in Iis own villagc,
wIcrc iIcy arc suoricd ly iIc daily cIariiy of iIc Dranins
rcsiding in ii.
CIngcut.
TIcrc arc no collcgcs rocrly so callcd in iIis disirici lui
iIcrc arc a fcw laccs in wIicI iIc IigIcr lrancIcs of lcarning
arc iaugIi io a snall nunlcr of uilsa villagc scIool nasicr
carns fron 3 io 12 ruccs cr noniIiIc avcragc is noi norc
iIan 7 ruccs. Ii docs noi acar iIai any allowancc was nadc
ly iIc Naiivc Covcrnncnis for iIc ronoiion of cducaiion lui in
sonc villagcs iIcrc arc irifling nauniuns fron a quaricr of a
Cawny io 2 Cawnics of land for TIcological icacIcrs.
N.D. Acot.
Of iIc 69 collcgcs in iIis disirici ii acars ly a scaraic
siaicncni No.2 sulniiicd ly iIc Princial Collccior iIai 43 arc
for TIcology, 24 for Law, cic., and 2 for Asironony; 28 of iIcsc
collcgcs arc suoricd ly nauniuns and naraIs granicd ly
forncr govcrnncnis yiclding ruccs 516 cr annunTIc
allowancc io cacI icacIcr for iIc lowcr class is ruccs 3-8- cr
annun and for iIc IigIcr class ruccs 36-12-. Of iIc rcsi iIc
grcaicr nunlcr arc frcc of cIargc and a fcw arc suoricd ly
irifling coniriluiions fron iIc scIolars. TIc criod of aiicndancc
ai iIc collcgcs is fron 8 io 12 ycars. Of iIc Hindoo scIools only
3 arc frcc of cIargc. TIc rcsi arc suoricd ly ayncnis fron
iIc scIolars varying fron 1 anna 3 icc cr ncnscn io 1 rucc
12 annas. Of iIc Pcrsian scIools 6 arc nainiaincd ai iIc ullic
ccnsc ai a ycarly cIargc of ruccs 1,361. TIc grcaicr
246
rooriion arc suoricd ly iIc scIolars wIo ay fron 2 annas
6 icc io 2 ruccs a noniI io iIcir icacIcrs. In iIc Hindoo
scIools iIc scIolars coniinuc 5 or 6 ycars, in iIc Mussulnan
scIools 7 or 8 ycars. Of iIc 7 EnglisI scIools 3 arc frcc of
cIargc and in iIc oiIcrs iIc scIolars ay noniIly fron 10
annas io 3 ruccs 8 annas. Ii acars iIai iIis siaicncni docs
noi includc iIc Zcnindarics and Pollans wIicI forn a largc
oriion of iIc disirici iIcir oulaiion lcing csiinaicd ai ncarly
3 lacs.
S.D. Acot.
No allowancc was cvcr granicd ly iIc Naiivc Covcrnncnis
for iIc suori of scIools in iIis disirici. TIcrc arc no ullic or
rivaic insiiiuiions for icacIing TIcology, Law, Asironony, cic.
TIc scIools arc suoricd cniircly ly iIc scIolars wIo ay fron
1 fanan io 1 agoda noniIly.
Sucn.
Nonc of iIc Hindoo scIools in iIis disirici arc cndowcd ly
iIc ullic and only onc Mussulnan scIool Ias land allowcd for
iis suori yiclding 20 ruccs cr annun; a YconuI was
cnjoycd ly a forncr nasicr of iIis scIool anouniing io 56
ruccs a ycar. On Iis dcaiI ii was disconiinucd Iaving lccn on
a icnurc for lifc. TIc criod of aiicndancc ai scIool is fron 3 io 5
ycars. TIc ycarly cIargc for cacI scIolar is ncvcr lcss iIan 3
ruccs a ycar in iIc Hindoo scIools and fron 15 io 20 ruccs in
iIc Mussulnan scIools. Enan lands csiinaicd io yicld ruccs
1,109 cr annun arc aroriaicd io iIc suori of 20 icacIcrs
of TIcology, Law and Asironony, and iIc rcscni osscssors
crforn iIc duiics; oiIcr lands yiclding ruccs 384 cr annun
wcrc forncrly dcvoicd io iIc sanc oljcci, lui wcrc scqucsicrcd
lcforc iIc acquisiiion of iIc couniry ly iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni
and iIc roducc of iIcn Ias sincc lccn includcd in iIc
rcvcnucs of govcrnncni.
Tunoc.
Of iIc scIools in iIis disirici 44 arc frcc scIools. TIc rcsi
arc suoricd ly ayncnis fron iIc scIolars ai iIc raic of 4 D
fanans noniIly for cacI19 of iIc frcc scIools lclong io iIc
Missions and ii is lclicvcd iIai iIcrc arc norc noi includcd in
iIc Fcori. In 21 iIc nasicrs arc aid ly iIc FajaI and in 1 ly
iIc Trcvalorc Pagoda, in iIc rcnaining 23 iIc nasicrs icacI gra-
iuiiously. TIcrc arc nonc individually cndowcd ly iIc Circar,
lui for iIc gcncral suori of iIc Mission ai TanjorciIcrc is a
Survanauniun of onc villagc iIc annual valuc of wIicI is
247
csiinaicd ai 1,100 ruccs. TIc scIolars arc usually lci ai
scIool aloui 5 ycars. Of iIc collcgcs in nunlcr 109 iIcrc arc 99
in wIicI insiruciion is givcn frcc of cIargc, of iIcsc 71 arc
suoricd ly iIc FajaI in iIc iown of Tanjorc and villagcs
lclonging io Iis HigIncss; in 16 iIc nasicrs icacI graiuiiously,
1 only is cndowcd wiiI a nauniun, 7 arc suoricd ly a
Pagoda, 3 ly rivaic donaiions and 1 ly villagc coniriluiion. In
iIc rcnaining 10 collcgcs iIc nasicrs arc aid ly iIcir scIolars.
TIcsc collcgcs arc for Dranins only. TIc Hindoo Scicnccs arc
iaugIi in iIcn. TIc oulaiion of iIosc villagcs only in wIicI
iIcrc arc scIools is sIown in iIis siaicncni, noi iIc gcncral
oulaiion of iIc disirici.
TcInoo.
TIcrc arc no scIools or collcgcs in iIis disirici for iIc
suori of wIicI any ullic funds arc aroriaicd and no
insiiiuiion for icacIing Asironony, TIcology or any oiIcr
Scicnccs. In iIc ialool of Jyalorc alonc iIcrc arc 7 scIools wIicI
wcrc forncrly cndowcd ly iIc Naiivc Covcrnncni wiiI lciwccn
46 and 47 Cawnics of land for iIc nainicnancc of iIc icacIcrs.
TIc scIolars gcncrally coniinuc ai scIool fron iIc agc of 7 io
15. TIc avcragc ycarly ccnsc of cducaiion is aloui 7 agodas.
Muduu.
Ii docs noi acar iIai any naunian lands in iIis disirici
arc assigncd for iIc suori of scIools. TIc icacIcrs arc aid ly
iIc oorcr class of colc fron fanan io 1 fanan for cacI
scIolar noniIly and fron 2 io 3 and 5 fanans ly iIosc in lciicr
circunsianccsa icacIcr rcccivcs in iIis nanncr fron 30 io 60
Cully fanans or fron 2 io 3 agodas a noniI in largc villagcs
and fron 10 io 30 fanans in snall villagcs. ScIolars usually
cnicr scIool ai iIc agc of 5 and lcavc ii ai fron 12 io 15. TIcrc
arc no collcgcs in iIis disirici. In AgraIaran villagcs a snall
oriion of nauniun land is usually alloiicd io iIosc Dranins
wIo siudy iIc Vcdas and iIcy graiuiiously insiruci sucI uils
as conc io iIcn.
Tnncuc.
TIcrc acar io lc no collcgcs in Tinncvclly.
ConIutoc.
TIc scIools in iIis disirici acar io lc suoricd cniircly
ly iIc colc wIo scnd iIcir cIildrcn io iIcn for insiruciion.
248
TIc annual ayncni for cacI scIolar varics fron 14 ruccs io 3
ruccs cr annun, according io iIc circunsianccs of iIc
arcnis. TIc nasicrs lcsidcs iIcir rcgular siicnds occasionally
rcccivc rcscnis fron iIc arcnis of iIcir uils; iIcy Iavc also
snall fccs on ariicular occasions. TIc carlicsi agc ai wIicI
loys aiicnd scIool is 5 ycars; iIcy coniinuc iIcrc uniil iIcy arc
13 or 14. TIosc wIo siudy TIcology, Law, cic., cnicr iIc collcgcs
ai aloui 15 and coniinuc io frcqucni iIcn uniil iIcy Iavc
aiiaincd a concicni lnowlcdgc of iIc Scicnccs or uniil iIcy
oliain cnloyncni, a siaicncni is givcn of nauniuns, cic.,
granicd in forncr iincs for iIc suori of collcgcs, lui now
rcsuncd io iIc valuc of Fs. 2,208-7-.
Cunuu.
No siaicncni.
MuuIu.
In Malalar iIcrc is only onc rcgular collcgc for insiruciion
in iIc Scicnccs, lui iIcsc arc iaugIi rivaicly. TIc rivaic
icacIcrs arc noi aid a ficd siicnd lui rcscnis arc nadc io
iIcn ly iIcir uils wIcn iIcir cducaiion is conlcicd. TIc
scIool nasicrs rcccivc noniIly fron cacI scIolar fron V rucc
io 4 ruccs indccndcni of sonc rcnuncraiion wIcn iIc scIolar
lcavcs scIool. TIc only collcgc wIicI cisis in iIis disirici was
csiallisIcd and is now suoricd ly iIc Zanorin FajaI wIo
allows aloui 2,000 ruccs annually for iIc nainicnancc of iIc
uils and 200 ruccs io iIc Insirucior; sonc land also
acriains io iia Iisiory of iIis collcgc, furnisIcd ly iIc
Zanorin FajaI is sulniiicd.
Scnguutun.
Ii is siaicd iIai iIcrc arc no iraccs on rccords of
cndowncnis in lands iowards iIc suori of collcgcs and
scIools on iIc island of Scringaaian, Iaving lccn granicd ly
any forncr govcrnncni or rivaic individual. TIc icacIcrs in iIc
scIools arc suoricd ly iIcir scIolars. TIc avcragc noniIly
cIargc for cacI scIolar is 5 annas and iIc avcragc annual
inconc of iIc nasicrs fron iIis sourcc is aloui 57 ruccs.
Mudus.
In iIis siaicncni iwo dcscriiions of scIools arc includcd,
naiivc scIools for iIc cducaiion of Hindoo and Mussulnan
cIildrcn rcscciivcly, and cIariiy scIools in wIicI iIc scIolars
249
arc of various rcligions and casics indiffcrcnily. TIc cIildrcn in
iIc naiivc scIools arc gcncrally scni io iIcn ai iIc agc of 5
ycars, iIc icrn of iIcir coniinuancc iIcrc dccnds uon
circunsianccs, lui ii is siaicd iIai iIcy gcncrally acquirc a
concicni lnowlcdgc of iIc various lrancIcs of lcarning iaugIi
io iIcn lcforc iIcy aiiain iIcir iIiriccniI ycar. TIc Collccior
siaics iIai iIcrc arc no scIools cndowcd ly iIc ullic,
ccciing iIc cIariiy scIools. TIc ayncnis io a icacIcr scldon
ccccd 12 agodas cr annun for cacI scIolar. TIc Scicnccs arc
in sonc insianccs iaugIi graiuiiously io iIc cIildrcn of iIc
oorcr class of Dranins and sonciincs an allowancc is nadc io
iIc icacIcrs. Ii will lc olscrvcd iIai iIc csiinaic of iIc
oulaiion of Madras in iIis siaicncni is grcaily ioo IigI, and
iIcrc is rcason io suosc iIai iIc rooriion rccciving
insiruciion and iIc nunlcr of scIools arc siaicd ioo low.
250
XXX
MINUTE OF SIF THOMAS MUNFO, MAFCH 10, 1826
(Fot St. Gcogc, Hcucnuc Consututons}
lU MucI lS2b
1. TIc Doard of Fcvcnuc wcrc dirccicd ly govcrnncni, on
iIc 2nd July 1822, io asccriain iIc nunlcr of scIools and iIc
siaic of cducaiion anong iIc naiivcs in iIc rovinccs, and wiiI
iIcir lciicr of iIc 21si Fclruary lasi, iIcy iransniiicd iIc
rcoris on iIis suljcci wIicI iIcy Iad rcccivcd fron iIc scvcral
Collcciors. Fron iIcsc rcoris ii acars iIai iIc nunlcr of
scIools, and of wIai arc callcd collcgcs, in iIc icrriiorics undcr
iIis rcsidcncy, anouni io 12,498, and iIc oulaiion io
12,850,941; so iIai iIcrc is onc scIool io cvcry 1,000 of iIc
oulaiion; lui as only a vcry fcw fcnalcs arc iaugIi in scIools,
wc nay rcclon onc scIool io cvcry 500 of iIc oulaiion.
2. Ii is rcnarlcd ly iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc, iIai of a
oulaiion of 12 nillions, iIcrc arc only 188,000, or 1 in 67
rccciving cducaiion. TIis is iruc of iIc wIolc oulaiion, lui noi
as rcgards iIc nalc ari of ii, of wIicI iIc rooriion cducaicd
is nucI grcaicr iIan is Icrc csiinaicd. for if wc ialc iIc wIolc
oulaiion as siaicd in iIc rcori ai 12,850,000, and dcduci onc
Ialf for fcnalcs, iIc rcnaining nalc oulaiion will lc
6,425,000; and if wc rcclon iIc nalc oulaiion lciwccn iIc
agcs of fivc and icn ycars, wIicI is iIc criod wIicI loys in
gcncral rcnain ai scIool, ai onc-niniI, ii will givc 713,000,
wIicI is iIc nunlcr of loys iIai would lc ai scIool if all iIc
nalcs alovc icn ycars of agc wcrc cducaicd; lui iIc nunlcr
aciually aiicnding iIc scIools is only 184,110, or liiilc norc
iIan onc-fouriI of iIai nunlcr. I Iavc ialcn iIc inicrval
lciwccn fivc and icn ycars of agc as iIc icrn of cducaiion,
lccausc, iIougI nany loys coniinuc ai scIool iill iwclvc or
fouriccn, nany lcavc ii undcr icn. I an, Iowcvcr, inclincd io
csiinaic iIc oriion of iIc nalc oulaiion wIo rcccivc scIool
cducaiion io lc ncarcr io onc-iIird iIan onc-fouriI of iIc wIolc,
lccausc wc Iavc no rciurns fron iIc rovinccs of iIc nunlcrs
iaugIi ai Ionc. In Madras iIai nunlcr iaugIi ai Ionc is
26,963, or aloui fivc iincs grcaicr iIan iIai iaugIi in iIc
scIools. TIcrc is rolally sonc crror in iIis nunlcr, and
iIougI iIc nunlcr rivaicly iaugIi in iIc rovinccs docs
ccriainly noi aroacI iIis raic, ii is no douli considcrallc,
lccausc iIc raciicc of loys lcing iaugIi ai Ionc ly iIcir
rclaiions or rivaic icacIcrs is noi
251
infrcqucni in any ari of iIc couniry. TIc rooriion cducaicd is
vcry diffcrcni in diffcrcni classcs; in sonc ii is ncarly iIc wIolc;
in oiIcrs ii is Iardly onc-icniI.
3. TIc siaic of cducaiion Icrc cIiliicd, low as ii is
conarcd wiiI iIai of our own couniry, is IigIcr iIan ii was in
nosi Eurocan counirics ai no vcry disiani criod. Ii Ias, no
douli lccn lciicr in carlicr iincs; lui for iIc lasi ccniury ii docs
noi acar io Iavc undcrgonc any oiIcr cIangc iIan wIai arosc
fron iIc nunlcr of scIools dininisIing in onc lacc and
incrcasing in anoiIcr, in conscqucncc of iIc sIifiing of iIc
oulaiion, fron war and oiIcr causcs. TIc grcai nunlcr of
scIools Ias lccn suoscd io coniriluic io iIc lccing of
cducaiion in a low siaic, lccausc ii docs noi givc a sufficicni
nunlcr of scIolars io sccurc iIc scrvicc of allc icacIcrs. TIc
noniIly raic aid ly cacI scIolar is fron four io si or cigIi
annas. TcacIcrs in gcncral do noi carn norc iIan si or scvcn
ruccs noniIly, wIicI is noi an allowancc sufficicni io inducc
ncn rocrly qualificd io follow iIc rofcssion. Ii nay also lc
said iIai iIc gcncral ignorancc of iIc icacIcrs iIcnsclvcs is onc
causc wIy nonc of iIcn draw iogciIcr a largc lody of scIolars;
lui iIc nain causcs of iIc low siaic of cducaiion arc iIc liiilc
cncouragcncni wIicI ii rcccivcs, fron iIcrc lcing lui liiilc
dcnand for ii, and iIc ovcriy of iIc colc.
4. TIcsc difficuliics nay lc gradually surnounicd; iIc
Iindrancc wIicI is givcn io cducaiion ly iIc ovcriy of iIc
colc nay in a grcai dcgrcc lc rcnovcd ly iIc cndowncni of
scIools iIrougIoui iIc couniry ly govcrnncni, and iIc wani of
cncouragcncni will lc rcncdicd ly good cducaiion lcing
rcndcrcd norc casy and gcncral, and ly iIc rcfcrcncc wIicI
will naiurally lc givcn io wcll-cducaicd ncn in all ullic officcs.
No rogrcss, Iowcvcr, can lc nadc wiiIoui a lody of lciicr
insirucicd icacIcrs iIan wc Iavc ai rcscni; lui sucI a lody
cannoi lc Iad wiiIoui an inconc sufficicni io afford a
conforiallc livcliIood io cacI individual lclonging io ii; a
nodcraic allowancc sIould iIcrcforc lc sccurcd io iIcn ly
govcrnncni, sufficicni io lacc iIcn alovc wani; iIc rcsi sIould
lc dcrivcd fron iIcir own indusiry. If iIcy arc sucrior loiI in
lnowlcdgc and diligcncc io iIc connon villagc scIool nasicrs,
scIolars will flocl io iIcn and augncni iIcir inconc.
5. WIai is firsi wanicd, iIcrcforc, is a scIool for cducaiing
icacIcrs, as rooscd ly iIc conniiicc of iIc Madras ScIool-
Dool Sociciy, in iIc lciicr of iIc 25iI Ociolcr 1824, wIicI
acconanicd iIcir sccond rcori. I iIinl iIai iIcy sIould lc
auiIoriscd io draw 700 ruccs noniIly fron iIc ircasury for
252
iIc uroscs wIicI iIcy Iavc siaicd; nancly, for iIc ayncni of
iIc inicrcsi of noncy cnloycd in luilding, and iIc salarics of
icacIcrs, 500; and for iIc ccnscs of iIc rcss, 200. I would
nci roosc iIai govcrnncni sIould csiallisI, in cacI
Collccioraic, iwo rincial scIools, onc for Hindoos and iIc
oiIcr for MaIoncdans; and iIai Icrcaficr, as icacIcrs can lc
found iIc Hindoo scIools nigIi lc augncnicd so as io givc onc
io cacI icIsildary, or aloui 15 io cacI Collccioraic. Wc ougIi io
cicnd io our MaIoncdan iIc sanc advaniagcs of cducaiion as
io our Hindoo suljccis, and crIas cvcn in a grcaicr dcgrcc,
lccausc a grcaicr rooriion of iIcn lclong io iIc niddlc and
IigIcr classcs. Dui as iIcir nunlcr is noi norc iIan onc-
iwcniiciI of iIai of iIc Hindoos, ii will noi lc ncccssary io givc
norc iIan onc MaIoncdan scIool io cacI Collccioraic, ccci
in Arcoi, and a fcw oiIcr Collccioraics, wIcrc iIc MaIoncdan
oulaiion is considcrally alovc iIc usual siandard.
6. Wc Iavc 20 Collccioraics; iIc nunlcr of icIsildarics is
liallc io cIangc. lui ii will lc sufficicni for iIc rcscni urosc
io csiinaic iIcn ai 15 on an avcragc io cacI Collccioraic, or
300 in all. TIis would, according io iIc lan rooscd givc aloui
40 collccioraic and 300 icIsildary scIools. TIc noniIly salarics
of iIc icacIcrs of iIc collccioraic scIools nigIi, on an avcragc,
lc 15 ruccs io cacI, and iIosc of iIc icIsildary ninc ruccs
cacI. TIcsc allowanccs nay acar snall, lui iIc icIsiladry
scIool nasicr wIo rcccivcs ninc ruccs noniIly fron
govcrnncni, will gci ai lcasi as nucI norc fron Iis scIolars,
and, considcring all circunsianccs, Iis siiuaiion will rolally
lc lciicr iIan iIai of a arisI scIool nasicr in Scoiland.
7. TIc ioial ccnsc of iIc scIools will lc as follows.
Madras ScIool-Dool Sociciy cr noniI Fs. 700
Collccioraic ScIools, MaIoncdan,
20 ai 15 ruccs Fs. 300
Collccioraic ScIools, Hindoo, 20 ai 15 ruccs Fs. 300
TcIsildary ScIools, 300 ai 9 ruccs Fs. 2,700

Pcr noniI Fs. 4,000

Pcr annun Fs.48,000

TIis ccnsc will lc incurrcd only lc dcgrccs, lccausc ii
will lc long lcforc a sufficicni nunlcr of qualificd icacIcrs can
lc oliaincd. TIc cIargcs for iIc Madras ScIool-Dool Sociciy
253
and iIc collccioraic scIools, arc all iIai will rolally lc wanicd
lcforc iIc sanciion of iIc Honorallc Couri can lc rcccivcd. TIc
sun for wIicI wc ougIi io rcqucsi iIcir sanciion ougIi noi io lc
lcss iIan Ialf a lalI of ruccs. Nonc of iIc cndowncnis in iIc
Collcciors' rcoris arc alicallc io iIc rcscni oljcci; iIcy do
noi ccccd 20,000 ruccs in all, and only a snall oriion of
iIcn arc ullic granis, and iIis snall oriion lclongs cIicfly io
iIc icacIcrs of TIcology, Law and Asironony. WIaicvcr ccnsc
govcrnncni nay incur in iIc cducaiion of iIc colc, will lc
anly rcaid ly iIc inrovcncni of iIc couniry; for iIc gcncral
diffusion of lnowlcdgc is inscarally followcd ly norc ordcrly
Ialiis, ly incrcasing indusiry, ly a iasic for iIc conforis of lifc,
ly ccriion io acquirc iIcn, and ly iIc growing roscriiy of iIc
colc.
8. Ii will lc advisallc io aoini a Conniiicc of Pullic
Insiruciion, in ordcr io sucrinicnd iIc csiallisIing of iIc
ullic scIools; io fi on iIc laccs nosi rocr for iIcn, and
iIc lools io lc uscd in iIcn; io asccriain in wIai nanncr iIc
insiruciion of iIc naiivcs nay lc lcsi ronoicd, and io rcori io
govcrnncni iIc rcsuli of iIcir inquirics on iIis inoriani
suljcci.
9. Wc nusi noi lc ioo sanguinc in ccciing any suddcn
lcncfii fron iIc lalours of iIc ScIool-Dool Sociciy. TIcir
disosiiion io ronoic iIc insiruciion of iIc colc ly cducaiing
icacIcrs, will noi cicnd ii io norc individuals iIan now aiicnd
iIc scIools; ii can lc cicndcd only ly ncans of an incrcascd
dcnand for ii, and iIis nusi arisc cIicfly fron iis lcing found io
faciliiaic iIc acquisiiion of wcaliI or ranl, and fron iIc in-
rovcncni in iIc condiiion of iIc colc rcndcring a largcr
oriion of iIcn norc allc io ay for ii. Dui iIougI iIcy cannoi
cducaic iIosc wIo do noi sccl or cannoi ay for cducaiion, iIcy
can, ly an inrovcd sysicn givc a lciicr cducaiion io iIosc wIo
do rcccivc ii; and ly crcaiing and cncouraging a iasic for lnowl-
cdgc, iIcy will indirccily coniriluic io cicnd ii. If wc rcsolvc io
cducaic iIc colc, if wc crscvcrc in our dcsign, and if wc do
noi linii iIc scIools io icIsildarics, lui incrcasc iIcir nunlcr
so as io allow iIcn for snallcr disiricis, I an confidcni iIai
succcss will uliinaicly aiicnd our cndcavours. Dui, ai iIc sanc
iinc, I cniircly concur in iIc oinion crcsscd in iIc 5iI Fcori
of iIc Calcuiia ScIool-Dool Sociciy, wIcn scaling of iIc
rogrcss of iIc sysicn, iIai 'iis ocraiion nusi iIcrcforc of
ncccssiiy lc slow; ycars nusi clasc lcforc iIc rising gcncraiion
will cIilii any visillc inrovcncni.'
(Signcd}
TIonus Muno.
254
Anncurc D

FFA PAOLINO DA DAFTOLOMEO
ON EDUCATION OF CHILDFEN IN INDIA
(Dorn ai Hos, Ausiria, 1748, as JoIn PIilli Wcsdin; in
India 1776 io 1789. Fron Vougcs to tIc Eust Indcs
(PullisIcd, Fonc, 1796, Dcrlin, 1798, England, 1880},
Dool II. DiriI and Educaiion of CIildrcn (.253-268}}
All iIc Crccian Iisiorians rcrcscni iIc Indians as colc of
grcaicr sizc, and nucI norc rolusi iIan iIosc of oiIcr naiions.
TIougI iIis is noi iruc in gcncral, ii is ccriain iIai iIc uriiy of
iIc air, wIolcsonc nourisIncni, icncrancc and cducaiion
coniriluic, in an unconnon dcgrcc, io iIc lodily confornaiion,
and io iIc incrcasc of iIcsc colc. TIcir ncw-lorn cIildrcn lic
always on iIc ground, as if iIcy wcrc iIrown away or ncglccicd;
and iIcy arc ncvcr wracd u wiiI landagcs, or confincd in
any oiIcr nanncr, as is donc in Euroc. TIcir linls, iIcrcforc,
can cand iIcnsclvcs wiiIoui iIc lcasi rcsiraini; iIcir ncrvcs
and loncs lcconc norc solid; and wIcn iIcsc cIildrcn aiiain
iIc criod of youiI, iIcy acquirc noi only a lcauiiful figurc, lui
a sound, wcll iurncd, and rolusi lodily confornaiion. TIc
frcqucni usc of iIc cold laiI, rccaicd rulling iIc lody wiiI
coconui oil and iIc juicc of iIc Ingu unt, as wcll as iIcir
ccrciscs, wIicI Iavc a grcai rcscnllancc io iIc Juucnu, and
wIicI I Iavc oficn sccn in Malalar, all coniriluic io incrcasc
iIcir sircngiI and agiliiy. TIcsc advaniagcs also arc scldon losi,
unlcss sonc of iIcsc young colc alandon iIcnsclvcs io
dclaucIcry, or wcalcn iIcir lodics ly ioo grcai lalour or
cccssivc crsiraiion. Howcvcr IcaliIful and livcly iIc young
Indians nay lc in gcncral iIosc wIo narry lcforc iIc iwcniiciI
ycar of iIcir agc, for iIc nosi ari, soon lcconc fccllc and
cncrvaicd. In a word, I scldon saw in India a crson ciiIcr lanc,
croolcd, or oiIcrwisc dcforncd. TIc colc of Malalar, wIo livc
iowards iIc wcsi, arc nucI Iandsoncr and norc rolusi iIan
iIc naiivcs of Coronandcl, or iIc Tanulians on iIc casicrn
coasi of India.
TIc cducaiion of youiI in India is nucI sinlcr, and noi
ncar so ccnsivc as in Euroc. TIc cIildrcn asscnllc Ialf
nalcd undcr iIc sIadc of a coconui ircc; lacc iIcnsclvcs in
rows
255
on iIc ground, and iracc oui on iIc sand, wiiI iIc forc fingcr of
iIc rigIi Iand, iIc clcncnis of iIcir alIalci, and iIcn snooiI
ii wiiI iIc lcfi wIcn iIcy wisI io iracc oui oiIcr cIaracicrs. TIc
wriiing nasicr, callcd Agun, or Euttuccn, wIo siaiions Iinsclf
oosiic io Iis uils, canincs wIai iIcy Iavc donc; oinis oui
iIcir faulis, and sIows iIcn Iow io corrcci iIcn. Ai firsi, Ic
aiicnds iIcn sianding; lui wIcn iIc young colc Iavc
acquircd sonc rcadincss in wriiing, Ic laccs Iinsclf cross-
lcggcd on a iigcr's or dccr's slin, or cvcn on a nai nadc of iIc
lcavcs of iIc coconui-ircc, or wild ananas, wIicI is callcd
Kudu, laiicd iogciIcr. TIis nciIod of icacIing wriiing was
iniroduccd inio India iwo Iundrcd ycars lcforc iIc liriI of
CIrisi, according io iIc icsiinony of MagasiIcncs, and siill
coniinucs io lc raciiscd. No colc, crIas, on cariI Iavc
adIcrcd so nucI io iIcir ancicni usagcs and cusions as iIc
Indians.
A scIoolnasicr in Malalar rcccivcs cvcry iwo noniIs, fron
cacI of Iis uils, for iIc insiruciion givcn iIcn, iwo Funon or
Punun. Sonc do noi ay in noncy, lui givc Iin a ccriain
quaniiiy of ricc, so iIai iIis ccnsc lcconcs vcry casy io iIc
arcnis. TIcrc arc sonc icacIcrs wIo insiruci cIildrcn wiiIoui
any fcc, and arc aid ly iIc ovcrsccrs of iIc icnlc, or ly iIc
cIicf of iIc casic. WIcn iIc uils Iavc nadc iolcrallc rogrcss
in wriiing, iIcy arc adniiicd inio ccriain scIools, callcd
Eutuu, wIcrc iIcy lcgin io wriic on aln lcavcs (Punu},
wIicI, wIcn scvcral of iIcn arc siiicIcd iogciIcr, and fasicncd
lciwccn iwo loards, forn a GuntIu, iIai is, an Indian lool. If
sucI a lool lc wriiicn uon wiiI an iron siylc, ii is callcd
GuntIuuu, or LuIu, iIai is, wriiing, io disiinguisI ii fron
AuIu, wIicI is sonciIing noi wriiicn.
WIcn iIc Curu, or icacIcr, cnicrs iIc scIool, Ic is always
rcccivcd wiiI iIc uinosi rcvcrcncc and rcscci. His uils nusi
iIrow iIcnsclvcs down ai full lcngiI lcforc Iin; lacc iIcir
rigIi Iand on iIcir nouiI, and noi vcniurc io scal a singlc
word uniil Ic givcs iIcn crcss crnission. TIosc wIo iall
and raic conirary io iIc roIiliiion of iIcir nasicr arc ccllcd
fron iIc scIool, as loys wIo cannoi rcsirain iIcir ionguc, and
wIo arc conscqucnily unfii for iIc siudy of IilosoIy. Dy iIcsc
256
ncans iIc rcccior always rcccivcs iIai rcscci wIicI is duc io
Iin. iIc uils arc olcdicni, and scldon offcnd againsi rulcs
wIicI arc so carcfully inculcaicd. TIc cIicf lrancIcs iaugIi ly
iIc Curu arc. 1si, iIc rincilcs of wriiing and accounis. 2nd,
iIc Sanscrcd grannar, wIicI coniains iIc dcclcnsions and
conjugaiions; in Malalar ii is callcd SdIuuIu; lui, in Dcngal
Suusuudu, or iIc ari of scaling wiiI clcgancc. 3rd, iIc sccond
ari of iIis grannar, wIicI coniains iIc synia, or iIc lool
Vugunu. 4iI, iIc AnuusnIu, or DraInanic diciionary. TIis
worl, wIicI is IigIly csiccncd ly iIc DraInans, docs noi
consisi, as Anquciil du Pcrron says, of iIrcc, lui of four aris;
and coniains cvcryiIing iIai rclaics io iIc gods, iIc scicnccs,
colours and sounds, iIc cariI, scas and rivcrs, ncn and
aninals, as wcll as io iIc aris and all linds of cnloyncni in
India. To rcndcr iIc consiruciion of iIc Sanscrcd languagc, and
iis cnIaiic nodc of crcssion, norc faniliar io iIcir uils,
iIc Guu cnloys various sIori scnicnccs cloiIcd in Sanscrcd
vcrsc, wIicI arc callcd SIogu. TIcsc vcrscs scrvc noi only as
canlcs of iIc nanncr in wIicI iIc words nusi lc conlincd
wiiI cacI oiIcr, lui coniain, ai iIc sanc iinc, nosi cccllcni
noral nains, wIicI arc iIus inrinicd in iIc ninds of iIc
young colc as if in lay; so iIai, wIilc lcarning iIc languagc,
iIcy arc iaugIi rulcs rocr for forning iIcir cIaracicr, and
dircciing iIcir fuiurc conduci in lifc. TIai iIc rcadcr nay lc
lciicr cnallcd io conccivc sonc idca of iIc noraliiy of iIc
DraInans, I sIall Icrc suljoin a sccincn of iIcsc scnicnccs.
I. WIai is iIc usc of siudy, if iIc oljcci of ii lc noi io lcarn
lnowlcdgc and fcar, wIicI is iruc wisdon?
II. WIy Iavc wc ccascd living in iIc forcsis, and associaicd
oursclvcs in ciiics and iowns, if iIc oljcci of our doing so lc noi
io cnjoy fricndsIi; io do good nuiually io cacI oiIcr, and io
rcccivc in our Ialiiaiions iIc sirangcr and wandcrcr?
III. TIc wounds occasioncd ly a slandcrous ionguc
occasion far norc ain, and arc nucI norc difficuli io lc
Icalcd, iIan iIosc wIicI rocccd fron firc and iIc sword.
IV. Of wIai usc is ii io iIcc io sIui iIc door of iIy Iousc?
Ii is ncccssary in ordcr iIai iIy wifc nay lcarn io lc uon Icr
guard.
V. Hc wIo rcvcngcs an injury cnjoys a lcasurc wIicI
cndurcs only a day; lui Ic wIo forgivcs rcccivcs a saiisfaciion
wIicI will acconany Iin iIrougI lifc.
257
VI. Modcsiy lcconcs cvcry onc, lui is a ariicular
ornancni io iIc lcarncd and ricI.
VII. TIc siaic of a narricd air, wIo ncvcr dcviaic fron iIc
aiI of Ionour, viriuc, and nuiual duiy, is as difficuli as iIai of
iIosc wIo inosc on iIcnsclvcs iIc scvcral cnanccs.
In iIc gardcns, or sacrcd cnclosurcs, in wIicI cIildrcn arc
iaugIi, iIc Lngun, or Priaus, rcrcscnicd undcr iIc forn of a
cylindcr, is gcncrally found. Ii is, Iowcvcr, noi worsIicd ly all
iIc Indians, lui only ly iIc SIuuntcs. TIcsc arc a ariicular
scci, wIo ay divinc Ionour io Firc, undcr iIc forn of iIc god
SIiva, as iIc rincilc or crcaiivc owcr ly wIicI cvcryiIing
was roduccd. Dcsidcs iIc alovc idol, iIcrc arc iwo oiIcr
siaiucs, wIicI, for iIc nosi ari, arc laccd lcforc iIc cnirancc
of iIc scIool. Onc of iIcn rcrcscnis GuncsIu, iIc roiccior of
iIc scicnccs, and of lcarncd ncn; and iIc oiIcr iIc goddcss
Suusuud, iIc goddcss of cloqucncc and Iisiory. Evcry siudcni,
as Ic cnicrs iIc scIool, always dirccis Iis cycs io iIcsc iwo
idols; raiscs Iis Iands io Iis Icad, and sIows Iis rcscci for
iIcn ly rccaiing ccriain forns of raycr. TIai wiiI wIicI Ic
saluics GuncsIu is connonly in iIc following words. Su Guuuc
nunu. Adoraiion io iIcc, iIou iruc nasicr. Or, GunuIuduc
nunc. Adoraiion io iIcc, O Canaladi. TIis is rcal idolairy; lui
iIcsc raciiccs ai any raic rovc iIai iIc Indians accusion iIcir
cIildrcn carly io Ionour iIc gods, and io considcr iIcn as iIcir
roicciors and lcncfaciors. TIosc wIo arc dcsirous of lnowing
iIc owcr of rcligion, and iIc influcncc of rcligious oinions,"
said iIc Marquis of Kcrgariou, wIo connandcd iIc Calyso
frigaic, nccd only go io India". TIis olscrvaiion is indccd jusi;
for anong 2000 Indians you will scarccly find onc wIo is noi
convinccd of iIc ncccssiiy of sulicaiing iIc gods. Educaiion,
and iIc naiurc of iIc clinaic, arc iIc sirongcsi inciicncnis io
iIc naiivcs io worsIi iIc dciiy, and io sulnii iIcnsclvcs io Iis
will.
TIc oiIcr scicnccs and lrancIcs of lcarning iaugIi io iIc
Indian youiI arc. Pociry, Guuu; Fcncing, Puuttu; Doiany and
ncdicinc, Vudussustu, or HIcszugusIustu. Navigaiion,
NuusIustu. TIc usc of iIc scar on fooi (Hustudun}, Cundcu.
TIc ari of laying ai lall, Punducu. CIcss, Cuduungun.
Tcnnis, Coud. Logic, TuIusIustu. Asirology, GodsIu. Law,
SuudIuu. Silcncc, Muunu.(YouiI dcsiincd io lc DraInans,
nusi scnd icn ycars wiiIin iIc rccincis of iIc icnlc ai
TricIur, and avoid all inicrcoursc wiiI iIc fcnalc sc. TIcy arc
olligcd also io olscrvc iIc siricicsi silcncc, wIicI coniinucs for
fivc ycars. TIis is iIc firsi dcgrcc of IilosoIy. A. Ii iIcncc
acars, iIai PIyiIagoras nusi Iavc lorrowcd Iis IilosoIy
in ari fron iIc Indian PIilosoIcrs, or oiIcrs wIosc docirinc
was sinilar, for Iis scIolars wcrc suljccicd io silcncc for iIc
sanc nunlcr of ycars. Scc Dogcncs Luctus, lil.viii.10, und Au.
Gous, Noci, Aii, 1-il. i.9F.} TIc rcadcr will Iavc alrcady
258
rcnarlcd, iIai surgcry, anaiony, and gcograIy arc ccludcd
fron iIis caialoguc. TIc Indians arc of oinion, iIai iIcir
couniry is iIc nosi lcauiiful and Iaicsi in iIc wIolc world.
and for iIai rcason iIcy Iavc vcry liiilc dcsirc io lc acquainicd
wiiI forcign lingdons. TIcir ioial alsiincncc fron all flcsI, and
iIc crcss roIiliiion of iIcir rcligion wIicI forlids iIcn io
lill aninals, rcvcni iIcn fron disscciing iIcn and canining
iIcir inicrnal consiruciion.
Of iIc Indian ociry I Iavc alrcady solcn in ny Sanscrcd
grannar; and I sIall givc sonc furiIcr accouni of ii Icrcaficr.
TIcir navigaiion is confincd ncrcly io iIcir navigallc rivcrs; for
in gcncral, iIc Pagan Indians Iavc iIc grcaicsi avcrsion io iIc
sca. TIc nanagcncni of iIc lancc, fcncing, laying ai lall and
icnnis, Iavc lccn iniroduccd inio iIcir cducaiion on good
grounds, io rcndcr iIcir youiI aciivc and rolusi, and iIai iIcy
nay noi wani dcicriiy io disiinguisI iIcnsclvcs in laiilcs and
cngagcncnis wIcrc cannons arc noi uscd. TIcrc arc ariicular
nasicrs for all iIcsc ccrciscs, aris and scicnccs; and cacI of
iIcn, as alrcady ncniioncd, is ircaicd wiiI ariicular rcscci ly
iIc uils. Twicc a ycar cacI nasicr rcccivcs a iccc of sill,
wIicI Ic cnloys for cloiIing; and iIis rcscni is callcd
Sununun.
All iIc Indian girls, iIosc alonc cccicd wIo lclong io iIc
casics of iIc SIudras and Nayris, arc confincd ai Ionc iill iIcir
iwclfiI ycar; and wIcn iIcy go oui, iIcy arc always
acconanicd ly iIcir noiIcr or auni. TIcy inIalii a ariicular
division of iIc Iousc, callcd AndugguIu, wIicI nonc of iIc
nalc sc darc aroacI. TIc loys, in iIc niniI ycar of iIcir agc,
arc iniiiaicd wiiI grcai ccrcnony inio iIc calling or occuaiion
of iIc casic io wIicI iIcir faiIcr lclongs, and wIicI iIcy can
ncvcr alandon. TIis law, ncniion of wIicI occurs in Diodorous
Siculus, Siralo, Arrian, and oiIcr Crccl wriicrs, is indccd
ccccdingly Iard; lui, ai iIc sanc iinc, ii is of grcai lcncfii io
civil ordcr, iIc aris and scicnccs, and cvcn io rcligion. According
io a lilc rcgulaiion, no onc is allowcd io narry fron onc casic
inio anoiIcr. Hcncc ii Iacns iIai iIc Indians do noi follow
iIai gcncral and sucrficial nciIod of cducaiion ly wIicI
cIildrcn arc ircaicd as if iIcy wcrc all inicndcd for iIc sanc
condiiion
259
and for discIarging iIc sanc duiics; lui iIosc of cacI casic arc
fron iIcir infancy forncd for wIai iIcy arc io lc during iIcir
wIolc livcs. A fuiurc DraInan, for canlc, is olligcd, fron Iis
carlicsi ycars, io cnloy Iinsclf in rcading and wriiing, and io
lc rcscni ai iIc rcscniaiion of offcrings, io calculaic ccliscs
of iIc sun and noon; io siudy iIc laws and rcligious raciiccs;
io casi naiiviiics; in sIori io lcarn cvcry iIing, wIicI, according
io iIc injunciion of iIc Vcdu, or sacrcd lools of iIc Indians, ii
is ncccssary Ic sIould lnow. TIc VusIu on iIc oiIcr Iand,
insiruci youiI in agriculiurc; iIc KsIctu, in iIc scicncc of
govcrnncni and iIc niliiary aris, iIc SIudu, in nccIanics, iIc
Mucuuc, in fisIing; iIc Cunu, in gardcning and iIc Huncn, in
conncrcc.
Dy iIis csiallisIncni iIc lnowlcdgc of a grcai nany iIings
ncccssary for iIc ullic good is noi only widcly diffuscd, lui
iransniiicd io osicriiy; wIo arc iIcrcly cnallcd siill fariIcr io
inrovc iIcn, and lring iIcn ncarcr io crfcciion. In iIc iinc
of Alcandcr iIc Crcai, iIc Indians Iad acquircd sucI slill in
iIc nccIanical aris, iIai NcarcIus, iIc connandcr of Iis flcci,
was nucI anazcd ai iIc dcicriiy wiiI wIicI iIcy iniiaicd iIc
accouircncnis of iIc Crccian soldicrs. I oncc found nysclf in a
sinilar siiuaiion. Having cnirusicd io an Indian ariisi a lan
nadc in Poriugal, iIc worlnansIi of wIicI was ccccdingly
rciiy, sonc days aficr Ic lrougIi nc anoiIcr so lilc ny own
iIai I could scarccly disiinguisI any diffcrcncc. Ii, Iowcvcr,
cannoi lc dcnicd, iIai iIc aris and scicnccs in India Iavc
grcaily dcclincd sincc forcign conqucrors ccllcd iIc naiivc
lings; ly wIicI scvcral rovinccs Iavc lccn laid cniircly wasic,
and iIc casics confoundcd wiiI cacI oiIcr. Dcforc iIai criod,
iIc diffcrcni lingdons wcrc in a flourisIing condiiion; iIc laws
wcrc rcsccicd, and jusiicc and civil ordcr rcvailcd; lui,
unforiunaicly, ai rcscni cvcryiIing in nany of iIc rovinccs
nusi givc way io alsoluic auiIoriiy and dcsoiic sway.
260
Anncurc C

MALADAF DIDLIOCFAPHY, THEIF PFOCFESS IN
LITEFATUFE, EDUCATIONSYSTEM DOFFOWED FFOM
IT. ACCOUNT OF IT FFOM PETEF DELLA VALLE.
CUSTOM IN MALADAF TO TFANSLATE WOFKS FFOM
SANSCFIT, MANNEF OF WFITINC OF ENCFAVINC ON
LEAVES. QUOTATION FFOM LUSIAD. LIST OF DOOKS.
(Nutonu LIu o Scotund EdnIugI. VuIc o Houund
Pucs lS4 u J, CIutc Jl. .5Ul-2?}
I do noi roosc io givc a Iisiory of iIc liicraiurc of Malalar; far
lcss io cnquirc inio iIc origin and rogrcss of iIc scicnccs of
India. I ncan only io rcfacc ly a fcw olscrvaiions a lillio-
graIical lisi wIicI I oliaincd nany ycars ago (in 1800} of sonc
of iIc lools and auiIors wIosc worls arc siudicd in iIai
couniry (Malalar}.
TIc liicraiurc of Malalar Ias iIc sanc foundaiion, and
consisis of iIc sanc naicrials, as iIai of all iIc Hindoo naiions.
TIc wIolc of iIcir original worls arc conoscd in Sanscriic, a
languagc of grcai aniiquiiy, lui wIicI is no longcr solcn,
iIougI iis Iisiory is iniinaicly connccicd wiiI scvcral of iIc
rcscni languagcs of Euroc, wiiI iIosc of Crcccc and Fonc,
and wiiI iIc wIolc of iIc nuncrous fanily of cognaic CoiIic
iongucs. Sancriic Iolds iIc sanc lacc in India, iIai Laiin and
Crccl do in Euroc; lui as ii would rcquirc an anazing criod of
iinc, and nany oliiical cIangcs in sociciy lcforc a languagc
could fall inio disusc and lc uncnloycd in scccI, iIis
circunsiancc wiiIoui any furiIcr roof, would carry us, lacl io
iIc firsi agcs. Ii is naiural io suosc iIai iIc scicnccs would
firsi roscr wIcrc ncn wcrc noi coscd io cccssivc lalour in
ordcr io rocurc iIc ncccssarics of lifc; lcniy and iranquiliiy
would lcavc iIcn ai lilcriy io culiivaic lnowlcdgc, io aly iIcir
ninds io lools, and lcarning. Unforiunaicly iIc Hindoos, lilc
iIc ancicnis, sccn io Iavc considcrcd iIai alnosi cclusivcly as
scicncc, wIicI is norc groundcd on rcccis and idcal iciurcs,
iIan on facis and dcnonsiraiion. TIcy iaugIi iIc duiics of lifc,
261
and claincd iIc faculiics of iIc nind; lui, iIc favouriic siudy
of iIc Indian sagcs, was a nciaIysical and alsirusc
IilosoIy, foundcd on sucrsiiiion and crror. TIcy rcgardcd
logic, rIcioric and grannar wiiI ariicular arolaiion; and
iIosc wIo asircd io a sucrior rcuiaiion, acquircd iIosc
scicnccs wiiI unccasing lalour, and inicnsc alicaiion. TIcy
scni iIcir livcs in iIcir culiivaiion. TIc Hindoos nadc no usc of
ccrincnis, and ii is ciraordinary iIai wiiIoui iIis aid, iIcy
sIould Iavc lcconc acquainicd wiiI iIc nosi difficuli and
Iiddcn lrancIcs of MaiIcnaiics, Asironony and Algclra. Havc
iIc acquisiiions lccn iIc fruiis of iIcir own siudy and rcflcciion;
or Iavc iIcy lccn oliaincd fron cirancous and a norc ancicni
sourcc wIicI is now forgoiicn and losi? Ii is noi ossillc io
dcicrninc iIcsc qucsiions; and as wc cannoi rovc iIai iIcy
dcrivcd iIcir lnowlcdgc fron anoiIcr colc, ii is lui fair io
considcr iIcn as iIc invcniors of all wIicI iIcy osscss, wIicI
iIcy Iavc rcscrvcd iIrougI so nany crils and wIicI iIcy
nusi Iavc culiivaicd wiiI so nucI ardour.
TIc lcarning of iIc Malalar is rolally norc liniicd iIan
iIai of iIc norc ccniral colc of India; lui iIcy arc noi
inaiicniivc io iIc culiivaiion of lciicrs. TIcy arc ariicularly
anious and aiicniivc io insiruci iIcir cIildrcn io rcad and io
wriic. Educaiion wiiI iIcn is an carly and an inoriani
lusincss in cvcry fanily. Many of iIcir woncn arc iaugIi io rcad
and wriic. TIc Dranans arc gcncrally iIc scIool nasicrs, lui
any of iIc rcscciallc casics nay, and oficn do, raciicc
icacIing. TIc cIildrcn arc insirucicd wiiIoui violcncc, and ly a
roccss cculiarly sinlc. Ii is iIc sanc sysicn wIicI Ias
causcd so nucI Icai and conirovcrsy, as io iIc invcniors of ii,
in iIis couniry, and iIc ncrii of wIicI was duc io nciiIcr of iIc
clainanis.
1
TIc sysicn was lorrowcd fron iIc Dranans and
lrougIi fron India io Euroc. Ii Ias lccn nadc iIc foundaiion
of Naiional scIools in cvcry cnligIicncd couniry. Sonc graiiiudc
is duc io a colc fron wIon wc Iavc lcarni io diffusc anong
iIc lowcr ranls of sociciy insiruciion ly onc of iIc nosi
uncrring and ccononical nciIods wIicI Ias cvcr lccn invcnicd.
TIc uils arc iIc noniiors of cacI oiIcr, and iIc cIaracicrs
arc iraccd wiiI a rod, or iIc fingcr on iIc sand. Fcading and
wriiing arc acquircd ai iIc sanc iinc, and ly iIc sanc roccss.
TIis nodc of icacIing Iowcvcr is only iniiial. If iIc uil is
ncani io siudy iIc IigIcr lrancIcs of lcarning, Ic is rcnovcd
fron iIcsc rinary scIools, wIcrc iIc aris of rcading, wriiing
and accounis
262
arc acquircd, and laccd undcr norc scicniific nasicrs. Ii is io
iIcsc clcncniary scIools iIai iIc lalouring classcs in India owc
iIcir cducaiion. Ii givcs iIcn an acccss, fron iIc iniroduciion of
iIc sysicn inio iIis ari of iIc world; advaniagc wIicI iIc sanc
classcs in Euroc, only now ariially confcrrcd on iIcn a
sucrior sIarc of iniclligcncc and laccd iIcn in a siiuaiion io
crforn lciicr all iIc duiics of lifc.
Aloui 200 ycars ago, Pcicr Dclla Vallc ullisIcd an
accouni of iIis nodc of insiruciion in Malalar. Hc wroic fron
Tllcri 22nd Novcnlcr 1623.
'In iIc ncaniinc,' Ic says, 'wIilc iIc luriIcns wcrc gciiing
in ordcr, I cnicriaincd nysclf in iIc orcI of iIc icnlc,
lcIolding liiilc loys lcarning ariiInciic aficr a sirangc nanncr,
wIicI I will Icrc rclaic. TIcy wcrc four, and Iaving all ialcn iIc
sanc lcsson lcforc iIc nasicr, io gci iIai sanc ly Icari, and
rccai lilcwisc iIcir forncr lcssons, and noi forgci iIcn, onc of
iIcn singing nusically wiiI a ccriain coniinucd ionc,
2
(wIicI
IaiI iIc forcc of naling a dcc inrcssion in iIc ncnory}
rcciicd ari of iIc lcsson; as for canlc, onc ly iisclf nalcs
onc"; and wIilsi Ic was iIus scaling, Ic wrii down iIc sanc
nunlcr, noi wiiI any lind of cn, nor in acr, lui (noi io
scnd acr in vain} wiiI Iis fingcr on iIc ground, iIc avcncni
lcing for iIai urosc sircwcd all ovcr wiiI finc sand;
3
aficr iIc
firsi Iad wroic wIai Ic sung, all iIc rcsi sung and wrii down iIc
sanc iIing iogciIcr. TIcn iIc firsi loy sung, and wrii down
anoiIcr ari of iIc lcsson; as, for canlc, iwo ly iisclf nalcs
iwo, wIicI all iIc rcsi rccaicd in iIc sanc nanncr; and so
forward in ordcr. WIcn iIc avcncni was full of figurcs, iIcy
ui iIcn oui wiiI iIc Iand, and if nccd wcrc, sircwcd ii wiiI
ncw sand fron a liiilc Ica wIicI iIcy Iad lcforc iIcn
wIcrcwiiI io wriic furiIcr. And iIus iIcy did as long as ccrcisc
coniinucd; in wIicI nanncr lilcwisc iIcy iold onc, iIcy lcarni io
rcad and wriic wiiIoui soiling acr, cns or inl, wIicI
ccriainly is a rciiy way. I aslcd iIcn, if iIcy Iacn io forgci
or lc nisialcn in any ari of iIc lcsson, wIo corrccicd and
iaugIi iIcn, iIcy lcing all scIolars wiiIoui iIc assisiancc of
any nasicr; iIcy answcrcd nc, and said iruc, iIai ii was noi
ossillc for all four io forgci or nisialc in iIc sanc ari, and
iIai iIcy iIus ccrciscd iogciIcr, io iIc cnd, iIai if onc
Iacncd io lc oui, iIc
263
oiIcr nigIi corrcci Iin. Indccd a rciiy, casy and sccurc way of
lcarning.'
4

Wc arc coniinually rcroacIing iIc naiivcs of India wiiI
iIc slow advanccs iIcy Iavc nadc in lnowlcdgc and iIcir
ncglcci of ooriuniiics io acquirc ii. TIcrc wc Iavc an insiancc
of iIc sanc ncglcci in Eurocans, wIo Iavc allowcd iwo
ccniurics io ass aficr iIcy wcrc acquainicd wiiI iIis invcniion,
lcforc iIcy alicd ii io any raciical usc. Ii was ai lcngiI
iniroduccd inio iIis couniry wiiIoui any aclnowlcdgcncni and
ii was cvcn claincd as an invcniion ly iwo individuals wIo
disuicd uon iIc rioriiy of discovcry.
TIc Missionarics
5
Iavc now Ioncsily owncd iIai iIc
sysicn uon wIicI iIcsc scIools arc iaugIi was lorrowcd fron
India. Ii Ias lccn rolally inrovcd ly us, lui iIis is iIc faic of
all original concciions, wIicI connonly nalc iIc nosi raid
advanccs ai sccond Iand.
No colc rolally arcciaic norc jusily iIc inoriancc
of insiruciion iIan iIc Hindoos; Icncc insicad of offcring
olsiaclcs or crcaiing oosiiion io iIc csiallisIncni of scIools,
iIcy Iavc forncd insiiiuiions iIcnsclvcs io ncci various cascs
of ignorancc and niscry. TIcy arc noi avcrsc io a sirii of
cnquiry and discussion.
6
All iIcy wanicd was a govcrnncni iIai
would noi cIccl and discouragc iIis sirii.
In Malalar is siill io lc sccn iIc carlicsi nodc of wriiing.
TIc acr is iIc naiural roducc of iIc woods. TIcy nalc no
usc of inl; iIc cIaracicrs arc cngravcd on iIc lcavcs of irccs.
TIc lcaf of a ariicular aln is sclccicd and dricd uniil ii can
lcar iIc inrcssion of iIc siylcs. TIcsc lcavcs sirung or iicd io-
gciIcr arc forncd inio lools. TIcy arc cncloscd in a woodcn
covcr, sonciincs gildcd and laclcrcd, so as io nalc ncai and
Iandsonc acarancc. On iIcsc lcavcs also iIcy wriic iIcir lci-
icrs, wIicI iIcy fold u, lui iIc original raciicc of iIc couniry
did noi rcquirc iIcn io lc scalcd. 'TIc original Acis of iIc
Council of Dasil 900 ycars sincc, wiiI iIc Dulla or lcadcn affi,
wIicI Ias a sillcn cord assing iIrougI cvcry arcIncni,' is
ncniioncd in iIc alovc words ly Evclyn as cisiing in Iis iinc
ai Canlridgc, and wIicI would acar io lc iIc sanc forn as
iIai in wIicI iIc Malalar MSS arc rcscrvcd.
7

264
In Norway and Swcdcn iIcy forncrly wroic, or raiIcr
cngravcd, on flalcs and lanls. TIcy wroic on woodcn iallcis.
Pociry was inscrilcd on siavcs. A vcrsc is iIcrcforc siill callcd a
siavc.
8

TIc nodc of wriiing or cngraving on lcavcs was rolally ai
onc criod cicndcd all ovcr India. Ii is ncniioncd ly
Aldulrizacl wIo iravcllcd in 1442, as iIc connon raciicc ai
DisnagIur.
9

TIcrc is no difficuliy in nuliilying scIools ai rcscni in
India io any cicni rovidcd funds arc furnisIcd. TIc colc arc
anious and carncsi in calling uon iIc Missionarics for icacI-
crs. WiiI a liiilc aiicncc, wc nay iniroducc inio iIcsc scIools
un lools iIai wc lcasc. In iIcn iIc cIildrcn lnow of no
rcccdcncc, lui iIai wIicI is dcrivcd fron ncrii.
10
TIis is an c-
iraordinary icsiinony in favour of iIc naiivc cIaracicr, and fron
a sourcc wIcrc wc can ccci no lindly rcjudicc. TIcy
cnicriain no susicion of iIc uliinaic dcsigns of iIcir
insiruciors; lui wiiI candour and ocnncss scnd iIcir cIildrcn
io scIool, wIcrc wc arc clscwIcrc inforncd, no difficuliy was
found in iniroducing iIc scriiurcs, wIcn donc wiiI discrciion.
11

TIcy sacrificc all iIc fcclings of wcaliI, fanily ridc and casic
iIai iIcir cIildrcn nay Iavc iIc advaniagcs of a good cducaiion.
TIis dcsirc is sirongly inrcsscd on iIc ninds of all iIc
Hindoos. Ii is inculcaicd ly iIcir own sysicn, wIicI rovidcd
scIools in cvcry villagc. TIc lcarncd and iIc ignorani, onc of iIc
Missionarics wriics fron CIinsuran, congraiulaic onc anoiIcr,
iIai iIcir cIildrcn now cnjoy iIc grcai llcssings of cducaiion.
Naiivc frcc scIools wcrc oncc univcrsal iIrougIoui India.
Ii Ias lccn long iIc raciicc in Malalar io iranslaic iIc
Sanscriic wriiings inio iIc connon ionguc, and io iranscrilc
iIcn in iIc vcrnacular cIaracicr. Dy iIis ncans lnowlcdgc Ias
lccn norc gcncrally diffuscd anong iIc inIaliianis; ii is lcss
confincd io any ordcr or class, and iIc colc arc lciicr
acquainicd wiiI iIc nysicrics and dognas of iIcir rcligion. TIis
sirii of cnquiry and of lilcriy Ias nosi rolally lccn affccicd
ly iIc soodcrs wIo conosc iIc grcai lody of oulaiion, and
wIo wcrc in osscssion of iIc rincial auiIoriiy and rocriy
in iIc couniry.
265
TIc Malalars Iavc a nodc of wriiing cculiar io
iIcnsclvcs. ii nay lc callcd wiiI norc roriciy cngraving. TIc
lciicrs arc inrinicd on a aln lcaf dricd and rcarcd ly a
ariicular roccss. Insicad of a cn, iIcy nalc usc of an iron
insiruncni wiiI a sIar oini rcscnlling iIc siylus of iIc
ancicnis. WIcn iIcy wriic on acr, iIcy Iavc rccoursc io iIc
cn; lui iIis is only in iniiaiion of our nanncrs or of iIc
MoIanncdans. Sioncs, slins, lcavcs, and iIc larl of irccs,
wcrc iIc carlicsi naicrials nadc usc of in wriiing. TIcsc lcavcs
arc noi suljcci io dccay, and rcsisi vcrnin. TIcy nay lc
rcscrvcd a long iinc, nucI longcr crIas iIan acr; iIcy
wriic in gcncral only on onc sidc and fron lcfi io rigIi. TIcy cui
iIc lcavcs inio diffcrcni sizcs, and nanufaciurc iIcn of diffcrcni
qualiiics, wIicI nay lc conarcd io diffcrcni soris of acr.
TIcy arc nadc io answcr ciiIcr for lools, noics or lciicrs. TIcy
arc forncd inio ncai and convcnicni sizcd voluncs noi ly
siiicIing or linding lui ly siringing iIcn iogciIcr. A llanl
sacc is lcfi ai iIc cnd lilc our nargin, iIrougI iIis a Iolc is
nadc wIicI adniis a siring or cord, gcncrally of sill, and iIis
drawn iigIi, or iicd round iIcn lccs iIc wIolc sccurc. TIc
lcavcs arc ocncd and unfoldcd ly iIc Naiivcs wiiI iIc sanc
faciliiy as wc do iIosc of our lools. TIc Malalar lools arc
lound or covcrcd ly iwo icccs of wood wIicI scrvc as loards,
and wIicI arc varnisIcd and ainicd according io iasic.
In Malalar in sIori, iIc original raciicc was io usc nciiIcr
cns, inl, nor acr. TIc lcaf of iIc aln, snolcd and dricd
scrvcd iIc urosc of acr. TIcy cngravcd on iIis wiiI a
oinicd iron rcscnlling iIai wiiI wIicI iIc ancicnis inscrilcd
lciicrs on wa, and wiiI a quiclncss and faciliiy cqual io our
fasicsi wriicrs. (Oniiicd Icrc}
TIc following coniains a lisi of lools wIicI arc io lc found
in Malalar. nany wcrc losi or dcsiroycd during iIc disiurlanccs
undcr iIc MoIanncdan Covcrnncni, lui iIc wIolc arc siill
said io lc cisiing in Travancorc. TIis rolally conriscs iIc
grcaicsi ari of Malalar liicraiurc. Aloui 30 or 40 of iIcsc
worls Iavc lccn iransfcrrcd fron iIc Sanscrii inio iIc connon
ionguc. Many of iIc Sanscrii words arc allowcd io rcnain in iIc
iranslaiions and iIc affiniiy of iIc languagcs crniis iIis
lilcriy.
In iIc noics io iIc Lusud ncniion is nadc of a Malalar
worl wIicI is rolally coniaincd in No.181 of iIc lilliograIy;
266
ii nay Iavc lccn wriiicn ly sonc Sccrciary and is crIas ai
rcscni surcsscd or conccalcd.
'TIcrc is ciani in India iIc wriiings of a Malalar oci, wIo
wroic ninc Iundrcd cigrancs, cacI consisiing of cigIi vcrscs,
in ridiculc of iIc worsIi of iIc Dranans, wIon Ic ircais wiiI
grcai ascriiy and conicni. Would any of our diligcni cnquircrs
aficr oricnial lcarning favour us wiiI an auiIcniic accouni of iIc
worls of iIis oci of Malalar, Ic would undoulicdly confcr a
singular favour on iIc rcullic of lciicrs.'
12

TIc auiIor was rolally a Dcisi. iIis is iIc sccrci
rofcssion of nany Dranans, wIo arc oficn ai no ains io
conccal iIcir scniincnis, and crcss ocnly iIcir cniirc
dislclicf in all iIc Hindoo dciiics. I Iavc lccn acquainicd
iniinaicly wiiI scvcral Dranans wIo cnicriaincd iIcsc oinions,
and wIo avowcd iIcir lclicf in onc Cod only, iIc surcnc lcing,
iIc Crcaior of all. Fcforncrs Iavc acarcd ai diffcrcni iincs in
India, and iIc Vcdaniic scci in ariicular ui no faiiI in iIc
oular sucrsiiiion.
TIc Malalars Iavc a nunlcr of dranas or naiicas and arc
fond of iIcairical cIiliiions.
I Iavc lccn rcscni ai iIcsc cIiliiions. TIc iIcairc is
ciiIcr in iIc ocn air, or undcr a sligIi icnorary covcring;
13
lui
sonciincs largc cnougI io coniain scvcral iIousand scciaiors.
On iIcsc occasions, iIcy Iavc rcgular rows of forns and
lcncIcs, on wIicI iIc audicncc scai iIcnsclvcs. TIc ncn and
woncn arc inicrnicd as in our lay Iouscs. TIis is an aniallc
and rcnarlallc conirasi wiiI iIc nanncrs and jcalous rcscrvc
of oiIcr aris of India. I Iavc sccn rolally iwo iIousand ncn
and woncn asscnllcd and siiiing closc iogciIcr io wiincss onc
of iIcsc cIiliiions. TIis, Iowcvcr, was on a grcai occasion of
iIc narriagc of a Faja's daugIicr. TIcrc was a vcry largc cndu
crccicd, wiiI rows of scais onc alovc anoiIcr, for iIc
acconnodaiion of iIc audicncc. TIc dranaiisi crsonac wcrc
gods, goddcsscs, lings, Icrocs and iIcir aiicndanis. TIc aciors
wcrc drcsscd, suiially as iIcy inagincd io iIc cIaracicrs iIcy
rcrcscnicd, lui iIcrc was no nacIincry cnloycd. TIc wIolc of
iIc sccncry consisicd of a sIcci or a calanoc, wIicI forncd a
curiain.
267
TIc suljcci of iIc iccc sccncd io lc iIc cnlarrassncni
of a Faja wIo was narricd io iwo wivcs. TIcy iorncnicd Iin
wiiI iIcir quarrcls and jcalousics. Hc raycd io iIc Cods for
rclicf. His raycrs wcrc Icard, and Ic rcccivcd a cIarn wIicI
cnallcd Iin io ui wIicIcvcr of iIc ladics Ic cIosc aslcc. Hc
was dcligIicd wiiI iIc rcncdy and loolcd forward for noiIing in
fuiurc lui Iaincss. On a irial Iowcvcr Ic was disaoinicd.
TIc waling wifc was as susicious as cvcr, and was coniinually
ulraiding Iin for Iis ariialiiy io Icr rival. Hc iIrows iIcn ly
iurns aslcc, lui Ias no rclicf. EacI as sIc awolc was siill
jcalous of iIc oiIcr. I Iavc forgoiicn Iow ii cndcd, lui iIc
accouni of iIis narriagc was ullisIcd in iIc ncwsacrs of iIc
iinc in India, aloui 1793. I cannoi ai rcscni lay ny Iands on
iIc accouni of iIis wcdding wIicI aficrwards was iransfcrrcd io
sonc of iIc criodical ullicaiions ai Ionc. TIc oljcci I iIinl
was io inculcaic iIai onc wifc was rcfcrallc io iwo.

Noics
1. Dcll and Lancasicr Sysicn.
2. TIis is donc in our infani scIools.
3. TIcy Iavc snall loards of iIc sizc and sIac of our laics covcrcd
wiiI sand or cIall.
4. Lciicrs, Pcicr Dclla Vallc, .100.
5. TIc Missionary Fcgisicr for January, 1879.
6. IId.
7. Evclyn VI, .277.
8. EdnIug Hcucu, No.67.
9. Scc .518.
10. Missionary Fcgisicr for January 1822.
11. IId..
12. Lusud, Dool 8, .300
13. Pcndu

268
Anncurc D


Extucts Fon Vun Adun`s Stutc o Educuton n Hcngu 1835-
38
I
W. ADAM ON INDICENOUS ELEMENTAFY SCHOOLS
CENEFAL. (.6-9}
Dy iIis dcscriiion arc ncani iIosc scIools in wIicI insiruciion
in iIc clcncnis of lnowlcdgc is connunicaicd, and wIicI Iavc
lccn originaicd and arc suoricd ly iIc naiivcs iIcnsclvcs, in
conira-disiinciion fron iIosc iIai arc suoricd ly rcligious or
IilaniIroic sociciics. TIc nunlcr of sucI scIools in Dcngal is
suoscd io lc vcry grcai. A disiinguisIcd ncnlcr of iIc
Ccncral Conniiicc of Pullic Insiruciion in a ninuic on iIc
suljcci crcsscd iIc oinion, iIai if onc rucc cr ncnscn
wcrc ccndcd on cacI cisiing villagc scIool in iIc Lowcr
Provinccs, iIc anouni would rolally fall liiilc sIori of 12 lalIs
of ruccs cr annun. TIis suoscs iIai iIcrc arc 100,000
sucI scIools in Dcngal and DiIar, and assuning iIc oulaiion
of iIosc iwo Provinccs io lc 40,000,000 iIcrc would lc a villagc
scIool for cvcry 400 crsons. TIcrc arc no dutu in iIis couniry
lnown io nc ly wIicI io dcicrninc oui of iIis nunlcr iIc
rooriion of scIool-going cIildrcn, or of cIildrcn caallc of
going io scIool, or of cIildrcn of iIc agc ai wIicI, according io
iIc cusion of iIc couniry, ii is usual io go io scIool. In Prussia
(Scc Cousin's Fcori on iIc Stutc o PuIc Instucton n Pussu,
.140} ii Ias lccn asccriaincd ly aciual ccnsus iIai in a
oulaiion of 12,256,725 iIcrc wcrc 4,487,461 cIildrcn undcr
fouriccn ycars of agc; wIicI givcs 366 cIildrcn for cvcry 1,000
inIaliianis, or aloui clcvcn-iIiriiciIs of iIc naiion. Of iIis
cniirc oulaiion of cIildrcn ii is calculaicd iIai iIrcc-scvcniIs
arc of an agc io go io scIool, adniiiing cducaiion in iIc scIools
io lcgin ai iIc agc of scvcn ycars conlcic, and iIcrc is iIus in
iIc cniirc Prussian nonarcIy iIc nunlcr of 1,923,200 cIildrcn
caallc of rccciving iIc lcncfiis of cducaiion. TIcsc rooriions
will noi siricily aly io
269
iIc juvcnilc oulaiion of iIis couniry lccausc iIc usual agc for
going io scIool is fron fivc io si, and iIc usual agc for lcaving
scIool is fron icn io iwclvc insicad of fouriccn. TIcrc arc iIus
iwo sourccs of discrcancy. TIc scIool-going agc is sIoricr in
India iIan in Prussia, wIicI nusi Iavc iIc cffcci of dininisIing
iIc ioial nunlcr of scIool-going cIildrcn; wIilc on iIc oiIcr
Iand, iIai dininisIcd nunlcr is noi coscd io iIc causcs of
norialiiy io wIicI iIc ioial scIool-going oulaiion of Prussia is
liallc fron iIc agc of iwclvc io fouriccn. In wani of norc rccisc
daia, lci us suosc iIai iIcsc iwo conirary discrcancics lal-
ancc cacI oiIcr, and wc sIall iIcn lc ai lilcriy io aly iIc
Prussian rooriions io iIis couniry. Taling, iIcrcforc, clcvcn-
iIiriiciIs of iIc alovc-ncniioncd 400 crsons, and iIrcc-
scvcniIs of iIc rcsuli, ii will follow iIai in Dcngal and DiIar
iIcrc is on an avcragc a villagc scIool for cvcry siiy-iIrcc
cIildrcn of iIc scIool-going agc. TIcsc cIildrcn, Iowcvcr,
includc girls as wcll as loys, and as iIcrc arc no indigcnous
girls' scIools, if wc ialc iIc nalc and fcnalc cIildrcn io lc in
cqual or ncarly cqual rooriions, iIcrc will acar io lc an
indigcnous clcncniary scIool for cvcry iIiriy-onc or iIiriy-iwo
loys. TIc csiinaic of 100,000 sucI scIools in Dcngal and DiIar
is confirncd ly a considcraiion of iIc nunlcr of villagcs in
iIosc iwo Provinccs. TIcir nunlcr Ias lccn officially csiinaicd
ai 150,748 of wIicI, noi all, lui nosi Iavc cacI a scIool. If ii lc
adniiicd iIai iIcrc is so largc a rooriion as a iIird of iIc
villagcs iIai Iavc no scIools, iIcrc will siill lc 100,000 iIai
Iavc iIcn. Lci ii lc adniiicd iIai iIcsc calculaiions fron
unccriain rcniscs arc only disiani aroinaiions io iIc iruiI,
and ii will siill acar iIai iIc sysicn of villagc scIools is
cicnsivcly rcvalcni; iIai iIc dcsirc io givc cducaiion io iIcir
nalc cIildrcn nusi lc dccly scaicd in iIc ninds of arcnis
cvcn of iIc Iunllcsi classcs; and iIai iIcsc arc iIc insiiiuiions,
closcly inicrwovcn as iIcy arc wiiI iIc Ialiis of iIc colc and
iIc cusions of iIc couniry, iIrougI wIicI rinarily, aliIougI
noi cclusivcly, wc nay Ioc io inrovc iIc norals and inicllcci
of iIc naiivc oulaiion.
Ii is noi, Iowcvcr, in iIc rcscni siaic of iIcsc scIools,
iIai iIcy can lc rcgardcd as valuallc insiruncnis for iIis
urosc. TIc lcncfiis rcsuliing fron iIcn arc lui snall, owing
arily io iIc inconcicncy of iIc insiruciors, and arily io iIc
carly agc ai wIicI iIrougI iIc ovcriy of iIc arcnis iIc
cIildrcn arc rcnovcd. TIc cducaiion of Dcngalcc cIildrcn, as
Ias lccn jusi siaicd, gcncrally conncnccs wIcn iIcy arc fivc or
si ycars old and icrninaics in fivc ycars, lcforc iIc nind can lc
fully awalcncd io a scnsc of iIc advaniagcs of lnowlcdgc or iIc
rcason
270
sufficicnily naiurcd io acquirc ii. TIc icacIcrs dccnd cniircly
uon iIcir scIolars for sulsisicncc, and lcing liiilc rcsccicd
and oorly rcwardcd, iIcrc is no cncouragcncni for crsons of
cIaracicr, ialcni or lcarning io cngagc in iIc occuaiion. TIcsc
scIools arc gcncrally Icld in iIc Iouscs of sonc of iIc nosi
rcscciallc naiivc inIaliianis or vcry ncar iIcn. All iIc cIild-
rcn of iIc fanily arc cducaicd in iIc vcrnacular languagc of iIc
couniry; and in ordcr io incrcasc iIc cnoluncnis of iIc
icacIcrs, iIcy arc allowcd io iniroducc, as uils, as nany
rcscciallc cIildrcn as iIcy can rocurc in iIc ncigIlourIood.
TIc scIolars lcgin wiiI iracing iIc vowcls and consonanis wiiI
iIc fingcr on a sand-loard and aficrwards on iIc floor wiiI a
cncil of sicaiiic or wIiic crayon; and iIis ccrcisc is coniinucd
for cigIi or icn days. TIcy arc nci insirucicd io wriic on iIc
aln-lcaf wiiI a rccd-cn Icld in iIc fisi noi wiiI iIc fingcrs,
and wiiI inl nadc of cIarcoal wIicI ruls oui, joining vowcls io
iIc consonanis, forning conound lciicrs, syllallcs, and words,
and lcarning iallcs of nuncraiion, noncy, wcigIi, and ncasurc,
and iIc corrcci nodc of wriiing iIc disiinciivc nancs of crsons,
casics, and laccs. TIis is coniinucd aloui a ycar. TIc iron siylc
is now uscd only ly iIc icacIcr in slcicIing on iIc aln-lcaf
iIc lciicrs wIicI iIc scIolars arc rcquircd io iracc wiiI inl.
TIcy arc nci advanccd io iIc siudy of ariiInciic and iIc usc of
iIc laniain-lcaf in wriiing wiiI inl nadc of lan-llacl, wIicI
is coniinucd aloui si noniIs, during wIicI iIcy arc iaugIi
addiiion, suliraciion, nuliilicaiion and division, and iIc
sinlcsi cascs of ncnsuraiion of land and conncrcial and
agriculiural accounis, iogciIcr wiiI iIc nodcs of addrcss rocr
in wriiing lciicrs io diffcrcni crsons. TIc lasi siagc of iIis
liniicd coursc of insiruciion is iIai in wIicI iIc scIolars arc
iaugIi io wriic wiiI lan-llacl inl on acr, and arc furiIcr
insirucicd in agriculiural and conncrcial accounis and in iIc
conosiiion of lciicrs. In couniry laccs iIc rulcs of ariiInciic
arc rincially alicd io agriculiural and in iowns io
conncrcial accounis; lui in loiI iown and couniry scIools iIc
insiruciion is sucrficial and dcfcciivc. Ii nay lc safcly affirncd
iIai in no insiancc wIaicvcr is iIc oriIograIy of iIc languagc
of iIc couniry acquircd in iIosc scIools, for aliIougI in sonc of
iIcn iwo or iIrcc of iIc norc advanccd loys wriic oui snall
oriions of iIc nosi oular ociical conosiiions of iIc
couniry, yci iIc nanuscrii coy iisclf is so inaccuraic iIai iIcy
only lcconc confirncd in a nosi viiiaicd nanncr of sclling,
wIicI iIc incrfcci qualificaiions of iIc icacIcr do noi cnallc
Iin io corrcci. TIc scIolars arc cniircly wiiIoui insiruciion,
loiI liicrary and oral,
271
rcgarding iIc crsonal viriucs and doncsiic and social duiics.
TIc icacIcr, in viriuc of Iis cIaracicr, or in iIc way of advicc or
rcroof, ccrciscs no noral influcncc on iIc cIaracicr of Iis
uils. For iIc salc of ay Ic crforns ncnial scrvicc in iIc
sirii of a ncnial. On iIc oiIcr Iand, iIcrc is no ici or scIool-
lool uscd coniaining any noral iruiIs or lilcral lnowlcdgc, so
iIai cducaiion lcing liniicd cniircly io accounis, icnds raiIcr io
narrow iIc nind and confinc iis aiicniion io sordid gain, iIan io
inrovc iIc Icari and cnlargc iIc undcrsianding. TIis
dcscriiion alics, as far as I ai rcscni lnow, io all indigcnous
clcncniary scIools iIrougIoui Dcngal.
ELEMENTAFY DENCALI SCHOOLS (.137-146}
Ii is crcssly rcscrilcd ly iIc auiIoriiics of Hindu law
iIai cIildrcn sIould lc iniiiaicd in wriiing and rcading in iIcir
fifiI ycar; or, if iIis sIould Iavc lccn ncglccicd, iIcn in iIc
scvcniI, niniI, or any sulscqucni ycar, lcing an odd nunlcr.
Ccriain noniIs of iIc ycar, and ccriain days of iIc noniI and
wccl, arc also rcscrilcd as roiiious io sucI a urosc; and
on iIc day ficd, a rcligious scrvicc is crforncd in iIc fanily ly
iIc fanily-ricsi, consisiing rincially of iIc worsIi of
Suusuut, iIc goddcss of lcarning, aficr wIicI iIc Iand of iIc
cIild is guidcd ly iIc ricsi io forn iIc lciicrs of iIc alIalci,
and Ic is also iIcn iaugIi, for iIc firsi iinc, io ronouncc iIcn.
TIis ccrcnony is noi of indiscnsallc olligaiion on Hindus, and
is crforncd only ly iIosc arcnis wIo osscss iIc ncans and
inicniion of giving iIcir cIildrcn norc cicndcd insiruciion. Ii is
siricily iIc conncnccncni of iIc cIild's scIool cducaiion, and
in sonc aris of iIc couniry Ic is alnosi inncdiaicly scni io
scIool; lui in iIis disirici |FajsIaIy| I do noi find iIai iIcrc is
any dcicrninaic agc for iIai urosc. Ii sccns io lc gcncrally
rcgulaicd ly ncans and ooriuniiics of iIc arcni and ly iIc
disosiiion and caaciiy of iIc cIild; and as iIcrc is a sccificd
rouiinc of insiruciion, iIc agc of lcaving scIool nusi dccnd
uon iIc agc of conncnccncni.
TIc Dcngali scIools in Naiiorc arc icn in nunlcr,
coniaining 167 scIolars, wIo cnicr scIool ai an agc varying
fron fivc io icn ycars, and lcavc ii ai an agc varying fron icn io
siiccn. TIc wIolc criod scni ai scIool also varics, according
io iIc siaicncnis of iIc diffcrcni icacIcrs fron fivc io icn ycars;
iwo siaiing iIai iIcir insiruciions occuicd fivc ycars, onc si
ycars, iIrcc scvcn ycars, iwo cigIi ycars, onc ninc ycars, and
onc icn ycarsan cnornous consuniion of iinc csccially ai
iIc norc
272
advanccd agcs, considcring iIc naiurc and anouni of iIc
insiruciion connunicaicd.
TIc icacIcrs consisi loiI of young and niddlc-agcd ncn,
for iIc nosi ari sinlc-nindcd, lui oor and ignorani, and,
iIcrcforc, Iaving rccoursc io an occuaiion wIicI is suiiallc
loiI io iIcir ccciaiions and aiiainncnis, and on wIicI iIcy
rcflcci as liiilc Ionor as iIcy dcrivc cnoluncni fron ii; iIcy do
noi undcrsiand iIc inoriancc of iIc iasl iIcy Iavc
undcrialcn; iIcy do noi acar io Iavc nadc ii cvcn a suljcci of
iIougIi; iIcy do noi arcciaic iIc grcai influcncc wIicI iIcy
nigIi ccri ovcr iIc ninds of iIcir uils; and iIcy
conscqucnily ncglcci iIc IigIcsi duiics wIicI iIcir siiuaiion
would inosc, if iIcy wcrc lciicr acquainicd wiiI iIcir owcrs
and olligaiions. Ai rcscni iIcy roducc cIicfly a nccIanical
cffcci uon iIc inicllcci of iIcir uils wIicI is worlcd uon
and cIisclcd oui, and iIai in a vcry rougI siylc, lui wIicI
rcnains ncarly assivc in iIcir Iands, and is scldon iaugIi or
cncouragcd io ui foriI iis sclf-aciing and sclf-judging
caaciiics. As io any noral influcncc of iIc icacIcrs ovcr iIc
uilsany aiicni io forn iIc scniincnis and Ialiis, and io
conirol and guidc iIc assions and cnoiionssucI a noiion
ncvcr cnicrs inio iIcir concciions, and iIc fornaiion of iIc
noral cIaracicr of iIc young is conscqucnily wIolly lcfi io iIc
influcncc of iIc casual associaiions anidsi wIicI iIcy arc
laccd, wiiIoui any cndcavour io nodify or dircci iIcn. Any
ncasurcs iIai nay lc adoicd io inrovc cducaiion in iIis
couniry will lc grcaily inadcquaic if iIcy arc noi dirccicd io
incrcasc iIc aiiainncnis of iIc icacIcrs, and io clcvaic and
cicnd iIcir vicws of iIc duiics lclonging io iIcir vocaiion.
TIc rcnuncraiion of iIc icacIcrs is dcrivcd fron various
sourccs. Two icacIcrs Iavc iIcir salarics wIolly, and anoiIcr
rcccivcs Iis in ari, fron lcncvolcni individuals wIo acar io
lc influcnccd only ly IilaniIroic noiivcs; a fouriI is
rcnuncraicd solcly in iIc forn of fccs; and iIc rcnaining si arc
aid ly fccs and arily ly crquisiics. TIcrc arc in gcncral four
siagcs or gradaiions in iIc coursc of insiruciion indicaicd ly iIc
naiurc of iIc naicrials cnloycd for wriiing on, viz., iIc ground,
iIc aln-lcaf, iIc laniain-lcaf, and acr; and ai iIc
conncnccncni of cacI siagc aficr iIc firsi a IigIcr fcc is
cIargcd. In onc insiancc iIc firsi and sccond siagcs arc ncrgcd
inio onc; in anoiIcr insiancc iIc sanc fcc is cIargcd for iIc
iIird and fouriI. and in a iIird, iIc firsi, sccond, and iIird
siagcs arc cqually cIargcd; lui iIc rulc I Iavc siaicd is olscrvcd
273
in a najoriiy of cascs, and ariially cvcn in iIosc ccciions.
AnoiIcr nodc adoicd in iwo insianccs, of rcgulaiing iIc fccs is
according io iIc ncans of iIc arcnis wIosc cIildrcn arc in-
sirucicd; a Ialf, a iIird, or a fouriI lcss lcing cIargcd io iIc
cIildrcn of oor iIan io iIc cIildrcn of ricI arcnis in iIc
succcssivc siagcs of insiruciion. TIc crquisiics of iIc icacIcrs
vary fron four annas io fivc ruccs a noniI; in iIc forncr casc
consisiing of a iccc of cloiI or oiIcr occasional voluniary gifi
fron iIc arcnis; and in iIc laiicr, or in sinilar cascs, of food
alonc, or of food, wasIing, and all crsonal ccnscs, iogciIcr
wiiI occasional rcscnis. TIosc wIo rcccivc food as a crquisiic
ciiIcr livc in iIc Iousc of onc of iIc rincial suoricrs of iIc
scIool, or visii iIc Iouscs of iIc diffcrcni arcnis ly iurns ai
ncal-iincs. TIc ioial inconc of iIc icacIcrs fron ficd salarics
and fluciuaiing fccs and crquisiics varics fron iIrcc ruccs
cigIi annas io scvcn ruccs cigIi annas cr noniI, iIc avcragc
lcing raiIcr norc iIan fivc ruccs cr noniI.
TIc scIool ai DIarail (No.34} affords a good sccincn of
iIc nodc in wIicI a snall naiivc connuniiy uniic io suori a
scIool. Ai iIai lacc iIcrc arc four fanilics of CIaudIuris, iIc
rincial crsons in iIc villagc; lui iIcy arc noi so wcaliIy as io
lc allc io suori a icacIcr for iIcir cIildrcn wiiIoui iIc
coocraiion of oiIcrs. TIcy givc iIc icacIcr an aarincni in
wIicI Iis scIolars nay ncci, onc of iIc ouicr aarincnis of
iIcir own Iousc in wIicI lusincss is sonciincs iransacicd, and
ai oiIcr iincs worsIi crforncd and sirangcrs cnicriaincd.
Onc of iIosc fanilics furiIcr ays four annas a noniI, a sccond
an cqual sun, a iIird cigIi annas, and a fouriI iwclvc annas,
wIicI includc iIc wIolc of iIcir dislurscncnis on iIis accouni,
no rcscnis or crquisiics of any lind lcing rcccivcd fron iIcn,
and for iIc suns ncniioncd iIcir fivc cIildrcn rcccivc a Dcngali
cducaiion. TIc anouni iIus oliaincd, Iowcvcr, is noi sufficicni
for iIc suori of iIc icacIcr, and Ic, iIcrcforc, rcccivcs oiIcr
scIolars lclonging io oiIcr fanilicsof wIon onc givcs onc
anna, anoiIcr givcs iIrcc annas, and fivc givc cacI four annas a
noniI, io wIicI iIcy add voluniary rcscnis anouniing cr
noniI io aloui four annas, and consisiing of vcgciallc, ricc, fisI
and occasionally a iccc of cloiI, sucI as a IandlcrcIicf or an
ucr or undcr garncni. Fivc loys of Kaglariya, iIc cIildrcn of
iwo fanilics, aiicnd iIc DIarail scIool, iIc disiancc lcing aloui
a nilc, wIicI, in iIc rainy scason, can lc iravcllcd only ly
waicr. Of iIc fivc, iwo lclonging io onc fanily givc iogciIcr iwo
annas, and iIc iIrcc oiIcrs lclonging io iIc oiIcr fanily givc
iogciIcr four annas a noniI, and iIus iIc wIolc inconc of iIc
274
nasicr is nadc u. TIis casc sIows ly wIai incIcd and
siinicd coniriluiions iIc class jusi lclow iIc wcaliIy and iIc
class jusi alovc iIc indigcni uniic io suori a scIool; and ii
consiiiuics a roof of iIc vcry liniicd ncans of iIosc wIo arc
anious io givc a Dcngali cducaiion io iIcir cIildrcn, and of iIc
sacrificcs wIicI iIcy nalc io acconlisI iIai oljcci.
I Iavc solcn of iIc cnoluncnis of iIc icacIcrs as low;
lui I would lc undcrsiood io ncan iIai iIcy arc low, noi in
conarison wiiI iIcir qualificaiions, or wiiI iIc gcncral raics of
sinilar lalour in iIc disirici, lui wiiI iIosc cnoluncnis io
wIicI concicni ncn nigIi lc jusily considcrcd cniiilcd. TIc
Iunllc cIaracicr of iIc ncn, and iIc Iunllc cIaracicr of iIc
scrvicc iIcy rcndcr, nay lc judgcd fron iIc faci alrcady siaicd,
iIai sonc of iIcn go aloui fron Iousc io Iousc io rcccivc iIcir
daily food. All, Iowcvcr, sIould noi lc csiinaicd ly iIis
siandard; and crIas a gcncrally corrcci oinion of iIcir
rclaiivc osiiion in sociciy nay lc forncd ly conaring iIcn
wiiI iIosc crsons wIo Iavc ncarly sinilar duiics io crforn in
oiIcr occuaiions of lifc, or wIosc duiics iIc icacIcrs of iIc
connon scIools could rolally in nosi insianccs crforn if
iIcy wcrc callcd on io do so. SucI, for insiancc, arc iIc Putuu,
iIc Ann, iIc SIununuus, and iIc KIununuus cnloycd on a
naiivc csiaic. TIc Putuu, wIo gocs fron Iousc io Iousc, and
collccis iIc zcnindar's rcnis, gcis fron Iis cnloycr a salary of
iwo ruccs cigIi annas, or iIrcc ruccs a noniI, io wIicI nay
lc addcd nuncrous rcscnis fron iIc ryois of iIc firsi
roduciions of iIc scason, anouniing rolally io cigIi annas a
noniI. TIc Ann, wIo on lcIalf of iIc zcnindar dccidcs iIc
disuics iIai ialc lacc anong iIc villagcrs and ncasurcs iIcir
grounds, gcis fron iIrcc ruccs cigIi annas io four ruccs a
noniI. TIc SIununuus, wIo lccs accounis of iIc collcciion
of rcnis ly iIc diffcrcni Putuus, rcccivcs aloui fivc ruccs a
noniI. And iIc KIununuus, wIo is cnloycd io asccriain iIc
siaic and valuc of iIc cros on wIicI iIc zcnindar Ias clains in
lind, rcccivcs iIc sanc allowancc. Pcrsons lcaring iIcsc
dcsignaiions and discIarging iIcsc duiics sonciincs rcccivc
IigIcr salarics; lui iIc cascs I Iavc suoscd arc iIosc wiiI
wIicI iIai of iIc connon naiivc scIool-nasicr nay lc
considcrcd as on a lcvcl, Ic lcing suoscd caallc of undcr-
ialing iIcir duiics, and iIcy of undcrialing Iis. TIc Ioldcrs of
iIcsc officcs on a naiivc csiaic Iavc ooriuniiics of naling
unauiIoriscd gains, and iIcy cnjoy a rcsccialiliiy and
influcncc wIicI iIc naiivc scIool-nasicr docs noi osscss; lui
in oiIcr rcsccis iIcy arc ncarly on an cqualiiy; and, io
concnsaic for iIosc disadvaniagcs, iIc salary
275
of iIc connon scIool-nasicr is in gcncral raiIcr IigIcr, nonc of
iIosc wIon I nci in Naiiorc rccciving in all lcss iIan iIrcc
ruccs cigIi annas, and sonc rccciving as IigI as scvcn ruccs
cigIi annas a noniI.
TIcrc arc no scIool-Iouscs luili for, and cclusivcly
aroriaicd io, iIcsc scIools. TIc aarincnis or luilding in
wIicI iIc scIolars asscnllc would Iavc lccn crccicd, and
would coniinuc io lc alicd io oiIcr uroscs, if iIcrc wcrc no
scIools. Sonc ncci in iIc CIund Mundu, wIicI is of iIc
naiurc of a cIacl lclonging io onc of iIc rincial fanilics in
iIc villagc, and in wIicI, lcsidcs iIc crfornancc of rcligious
worsIi on occasion of iIc grcai annual fcsiivals, sirangcrs also
arc sonciincs lodgcd and cnicriaincd, and lusincss iransacicd;
oiIcrs in iIc HutIuIIIunu, an ocn Iui rincially inicndcd as
a lacc of rccrcaiion and of concoursc for iIc considcraiion of
any naiicrs rclaiing io iIc gcncral inicrcsis of iIc villagc; oiIcrs
in iIc rivaic dwclling of iIc cIicf suoricr of iIc scIool, and
oiIcrs Iavc no sccial lacc of ncciing, unlcss ii lc iIc nosi
vacani and roiccicd soi in iIc ncigIlourIood of iIc nasicr's
alodc. TIc scIool (a} in iIc villagc nunlcrcd 4 nccis in iIc
ocn air in iIc dry scasons of iIc ycar; and in iIc rainy scason
iIosc loys wIosc arcnis can afford ii crcci cacI for Iinsclf a
snall sIcd of grass and lcavcs, ocn ai iIc sidcs and larcly
adcquaic ai iIc io io covcr onc crson fron iIc rain. TIcrc
wcrc fivc or si sucI sIcds anong 30 or 40 loys; and iIosc wIo
Iad no roicciion, if ii raincd, nusi ciiIcr Iavc lccn discrscd
or rcnaincd coscd io iIc siorn. Ii is cvidcni iIai iIc gcncral
cfficicncy and rcgulariiy of scIool-lusincss, wIicI arc ronoicd
ly iIc adaiaiion of iIc scIool-roon io iIc cnjoyncni of confori
ly iIc scIolars, io full inscciion on iIc ari of iIc icacIcr, and
io casy connunicaiion on all sidcs, nusi Icrc lc in a grcai
ncasurc unlnown.
Fcscciing iIc naiurc and anouni of iIc insiruciion
rcccivcd, iIc firsi faci io lc ncniioncd is iIai iIc usc of rinicd
lools in iIc naiivc languagc acars IiiIcrio io Iavc lccn
alnosi wIolly unlnown io iIc naiivcs of iIis disirici, wiiI iIc
ccciion of a rinicd alnanac wIicI sonc official or wcaliIy
naiivc nay Iavc rocurcd fron Calcuiia; or a siray nissionary
iraci wIicI nay Iavc found iis way across iIc grcai rivcr fron
iIc ncigIlouring disirici of MoorsIcdalad. A singlc casc of cacI
lind canc undcr olscrvaiion; lui as far as I could asccriain, noi
onc of iIc scIool-nasicrs Iad cvcr lcforc sccn a rinicd lool,
iIosc wIicI I rcscnicd io iIcn fron iIc Calcuiia ScIool-Dool
276
Sociciy lcing vicwcd norc as curiosiiics iIan as insiruncnis of
lnowlcdgc. TIai Sociciy Ias now csiallisIcd an agcncy for iIc
salc of ii ullicaiions ai DaulcaI, Icncc worls of insiruciion will
rolally in iinc srcad ovcr iIc disirici.
Noi only arc iIc rinicd lools noi uscd in iIcsc scIools,
lui cvcn nanuscrii ici-lools, arc unlnown. All iIai iIc
scIolars lcarn is fron iIc oral diciaiion of iIc nasicr; and
aliIougI wIai is so connunicaicd nusi Iavc a firn scai in iIc
ncnory of iIc icacIcr, and will rolally find an cqually firn
scai in iIc ncnory of iIc scIolar, yci insiruciion convcycd
solcly ly sucI ncans nusi Iavc a vcry liniicd scoc. TIc
rincial wriiicn conosiiion wIicI iIcy lcarn in iIis way is iIc
Suusuut Hundunu, or saluiaiion io iIc Coddcss of Lcarning,
wIicI is conniiicd io ncnory ly frcqucni rcciiiions, and is
daily rcciicd ly iIc scIolars in a lody lcforc iIcy lcavc scIool
all lnccling wiiI iIcir Icads lcni io iIc ground, and following a
lcadcr or noniior in iIc ronunciaiion of iIc succcssivc lincs or
coulcis. I Iavc lcforc nc iwo vcrsions or forns of iIis
saluiaiion oliaincd ai diffcrcni laccs; lui iIcy arc quiic
diffcrcni fron cacI oiIcr, aliIougI dcscrilcd ly iIc sanc nanc,
and loiI arc doggrcls of iIc lowcsi dcscriiion cvcn anongsi
Dcngali conosiiions. TIc only oiIcr wriiicn conosiiion uscd
in iIcsc scIools, and iIai only in iIc way of oral diciaiion ly iIc
nasicr, consisis of a fcw of iIc rIyning ariiInciical rulcs of
SuIIunIu, a wriicr wIosc nanc is as faniliar in Dcngal as iIai
of Coclcr in England, wiiIoui any onc lnowing wIo or wIai Ic
was or wIcn Ic livcd. Ii nay lc infcrrcd iIai Ic livcd, or if noi a
rcal crsonagc iIai iIc rIyncs lcaring iIai nanc wcrc
conoscd, lcforc iIc csiallisIncni of iIc DriiisI rulc in iIis
couniry, and during iIc cisicncc of iIc Mussalnan owcr, for
iIcy arc full of Hindusiani or Pcrsian icrns, and coniain
rcfcrcnccs io MaIoncdan usagcs wiiIoui iIc rcnoicsi allusion
io EnglisI raciiccs or nodcs of calculaiion. A rcccni naiivc
cdiior Ias dccncd ii rcquisiic io rcncdy iIis dcfcci ly a
sulcncni.
Ii Ias lccn alrcady ncniioncd iIai iIcrc arc four diffcrcni
siagcs in a coursc of Dcngali insiruciion. TIc st criod scldon
ccccds icn days, wIicI arc cnloycd in icacIing iIc young
scIolars io forn iIc lciicrs of iIc alIalci on iIc ground wiiI a
snall siicl or sli of lanlu. TIc sand-loard is noi uscd in iIis
disirici, rolally io savc ccnsc. TIc sccond criod, cicnding
fron iwo and a Ialf io four ycars according io iIc caaciiy of iIc
scIolar, is disiinguisIcd ly iIc usc of iIc aln-lcaf as iIc
naicrial on wIicI wriiing is crforncd. HiiIcrio iIc ncrc
277
forn and sound of iIc lciicrs Iavc lccn iaugIi wiiIoui rcgard io
iIcir sizc and rclaiivc rooriion; lui iIc nasicr wiiI an iron-
siylc now wriics on iIc aln-lcaf lciicrs of a dcicrninaic sizc
and in duc rooriion io cacI oiIcr, and iIc scIolar is rcquircd
io iracc iIcn on iIc sanc lcaf wiiI a rccd-cn and wiiI
cIarcoal-inl wIicI casily ruls oui. TIis roccss is rccaicd ovcr
and ovcr again on iIc sanc lcaf uniil iIc scIolar no longcr
rcquircs iIc usc of iIc coy io guidc Iin in iIc fornaiion of iIc
lciicrs of a fii sizc and rooriion and Ic is conscqucnily nci
nadc io wriic iIcn on anoiIcr lcaf wIicI Ias no coy io dircci
Iin. Hc is aficrwards ccrciscd in wriiing and ronouncing iIc
conound consonanis, iIc syllallcs forncd ly iIc junciion of
vowcls wiiI consonanis, and iIc nosi connon nancs of
crsons. In oiIcr aris of iIc couniry, iIc nancs of casics,
rivcrs, nouniains, cic., arc wriiicn as wcll as of crsons; lui
Icrc iIc nancs of crsons only arc cnloycd as a scIool-
ccrcisc. TIc scIolar is iIcn iaugIi io wriic and rcad, and ly
frcqucni rcciiiion Ic conniis io ncnory iIc Cowric Tallc, iIc
Nuncraiion Tallc as far as 100, iIc KaiIa Tallc (a land-
ncasurc iallc}, and iIc Scr Tallc (a dry-ncasurc iallc}. TIcrc
arc oiIcr iallcs in usc clscwIcrc wIicI arc noi iaugIi in iIc
scIools of iIis disirici. TIc tId siagc of insiruciion cicnds
fron iwo io iIrcc ycars wIicI arc cnloycd in wriiing on iIc
laniain-lcaf. In sonc disiricis iIc iallcs jusi ncniioncd arc
osioncd io iIis siagc, lui in iIis disirici iIcy arc includcd in
iIc ccrciscs of iIc sccond siagc. TIc firsi ccrcisc iaugIi on iIc
laniain-lcaf is io iniiiaic iIc scIolar inio iIc sinlcsi forns of
lciicr wriiing, io insiruci Iin io conncci words in conosiiion
wiiI cacI oiIcr, and io disiinguisI iIc wriiicn fron iIc solcn
forns of Dcngali vocallcs. TIc wriiicn forns arc oficn
allrcviaicd in scccI ly iIc onission of a vowcl or a consonani,
or ly iIc running of iwo syllallcs inio onc, and iIc scIolar is
iaugIi io usc in wriiing iIc full noi iIc allrcviaicd forns. TIc
corrcci oriIograIy of words of Sanscrii origin wIicI alound in
iIc languagc of iIc colc, is lcyond iIc rcacI of iIc ordinary
class of icacIcrs. Aloui iIc sanc iinc iIc scIolar is iaugIi iIc
rulcs of ariiInciic, lcginning wiiI addiiion and suliraciion, lui
nuliilicaiion and division arc noi iaugIi as scaraic rulcsall
iIc ariiInciical roccsscs Icrcaficr ncniioncd lcing cffccicd ly
addiiion and suliraciion wiiI iIc aid of a nuliilicaiion iallc
wIicI cicnds io iIc nunlcr 20, and wIicI is rccaicd aloud
oncc cvcry norning ly iIc wIolc scIool and is iIus acquircd noi
as a scaraic iasl ly cacI loy, lui ly iIc ncrc forcc of joini
rcciiiion and nuiual iniiaiion. Aficr addiiion and suliraciion,
iIc ariiInciical rulcs iaugIi dividc
278
iIcnsclvcs inio iwo classcs, agriculiural and conncrcial, in onc
or loiI of wIicI insiruciion is givcn norc or lcss fully according
io iIc caaciiy of iIc icacIcr and iIc wisIcs of iIc arcnis. TIc
rulcs alicd io agriculiural accounis clain iIc forns of
lccing dclii and crcdii accounis; iIc calculaiion of iIc valuc of
daily or noniIly lalour ai a givcn noniIly or annual raic; iIc
calculaiion of iIc arca of land wIosc sidcs ncasurc a givcn
nunlcr of laiIas or ligas; iIc dcscriiion of iIc loundarics of
land and iIc dcicrninaiion of iis lcngiI, lrcadiI, and conicnis;
and iIc forn of rcvcnuc accounis for a givcn quaniiiy of land.
TIcrc arc nuncrous oiIcr forns of agriculiural accounis, lui no
oiIcrs acar io lc iaugIi in iIc scIools of iIis disirici. TIc
rulcs of conncrcial accounis clain iIc nodc of calculaiing iIc
valuc of a givcn nunlcr of scrs ai a givcn ricc cr naund; iIc
ricc of a givcn nunlcr of quaricrs and cIaials ai a givcn ricc
cr scr; iIc ricc of a iola ai a givcn raic cr cIaial; iIc nunlcr
of cowrics in a givcn nunlcr of annas ai a givcn nunlcr of
cowrics cr rucc; iIc inicrcsi of noncy; and iIc discouni
cIargcallc on iIc ccIangc of iIc infcrior soris of ruccs. TIcrc
arc oiIcr forns of conncrcial accouni also in connon usc, lui
iIcy arc noi iaugIi in iIc scIools. TIc outI and lasi siagc of
insiruciion gcncrally includcs a criod of iwo ycars, oficn lcss
and scldon norc. TIc accounis lricfly and sucrficially iaugIi
in iIc rcccding siagc arc now iaugIi norc iIorougIly and ai a
grcaicr lcngiI, and iIis is acconanicd ly iIc conosiiion of
lusincss lciicrs, ciiiions, granis, lcascs, acccianccs, noics of
Iand, cic., iogciIcr wiiI iIc forns of addrcss lclonging io iIc
diffcrcni gradcs of ranl and siaiion. WIcn iIc scIolars Iavc
wriiicn on acr aloui a ycar, iIcy arc considcrcd qualificd io
cngagc in iIc unassisicd crusal of Dcngali worls, and iIcy
oficn rcad ai Ionc roduciions as iIc iranslaiion of iIc
Hunuunu, Munusu Mungu, cic., cic.
TIis slcicI of a coursc of Dcngali insiruciion nusi lc
rcgardcd raiIcr as wIai ii is inicndcd io lc iIan wIai ii is, for
nosi of iIc scIool-nasicrs wIon I Iavc sccn, as far as I could
judgc fron ncccssarily lricf and liniicd ooriuniiics of
olscrvaiion, wcrc unqualificd io givc all iIc insiruciion Icrc
dcscrilcd, aliIougI I Iavc iIus laccd iIc anouni of iIcir
rcicnsions on rccord. All, Iowcvcr, do noi cvcn rcicnd io icacI
iIc wIolc of wIai is Icrc cnuncraicd; sonc, as will lc sccn fron
Tallc II, rofcssing io linii iIcnsclvcs io agriculiural, and
oiIcrs io includc conncrcial accounis. TIc nosi of iIcn
acarcd io Iavc a vcry sucrficial acquainiancc wiiI loiI.
279
WiiI iIc ccciion of iIc Muliilicaiion Tallc, iIc rIyning
ariiInciical rulcs of SuIIunIu, and iIc forn of addrcss io
Saraswaii, all wIicI iIc youngcr scIolars lcarn ly ncrc
iniiaiion of sounds inccssanily rccaicd ly iIc cldcr loys,
wiiIoui for a long iinc undcrsianding wIai iIosc sounds
convcywiiI iIcsc ccciions, naiivc scIool-loys lcarn
cvcryiIing iIai iIcy do lcarn noi ncrcly ly rcading lui ly
wriiing ii. TIcy rcad io iIc nasicr or io onc of iIc oldcsi
scIolars wIai iIcy Iavc rcviously wriiicn, and iIus iIc Iand,
iIc cyc, and iIc car arc cqually callcd inio rcquisiiion. TIis
acars rcfcrallc io iIc nodc of carly insiruciion currcni
anongsi oursclvcs, according io wIicI iIc clcncnis of languagc
arc firsi iaugIi only wiiI iIc aid of iIc cyc and iIc car, and
wriiing is lcfi io lc sulscqucnily acquircd. Ii would iIus acar
also iIai iIc siaicncni wIicI rcrcscnis iIc naiivc sysicn as
icacIing cIicfly ly iIc car, io iIc ncglcci of cyc, is foundcd on a
nisarcIcnsion, for Iow can iIc aid of iIc cyc lc said io lc
ncglccicd wIcn wiiI iIc ccciions alovc-ncniioncd, noiIing
acars io lc lcarncd wIicI is noi rcndcrcd alallc io iIc
scnsc ly iIc aci of wriiing? Ii is alnosi unncccssary io add iIai
iIc usc of noniiors or lcadcrs Ias long rcvailcd in iIc connon
scIools of India, and is wcll lnown in iIosc of Dcngali.
TIc disadvaniagcs arising fron iIc wani of scIool-Iouscs
and fron iIc confincd and inaroriaic consiruciion of iIc
luildings or aarincnis uscd as scIool-roons Iavc alrcady lccn
ncniioncd. Povcriy siill norc iIan ignorancc lcads io iIc
adoiion of nodcs of insiruciion and ccononical arrangcncnis
wIicI, undcr norc favourallc circunsianccs, would lc rcadily
alandoncd. In iIc naiicr of insiruciion iIcrc arc sonc grounds
for conncndaiion for iIc coursc I Iavc dcscrilcd Ias a dircci
raciical icndcncy; and, if ii wcrc iaugIi in all iis aris, is wcll
adaicd io qualify iIc scIolar for cngaging in iIc aciual
lusincss of naiivc sociciy. My rccollcciions of iIc villagc scIools
of Scoiland do noi cnallc nc io ronouncc iIai iIc insiruciion
givcn in iIcn Ias a norc dircci lcaring uon iIc daily inicrcsis
of lifc iIan iIai wIicI I find givcn, or rofcsscd io lc givcn, in
iIc Iunllcr villagc scIools of Dcngal.
ELEMENTAFY PEFSIAN SCHOOLS. (.148-153}
TIc Pcrsian scIools in Naiiorc arc four in nunlcr,
coniaining iwcniy-iIrcc scIolars, wIo cnicr scIool ai any agc
varying fron four and a Ialf io iIiriccn ycars, and lcavc ii ai an
agc varying fron iwclvc io scvcniccn. TIc wIolc iinc siaicd io
280
lc scni ai scIool varics fron four io cigIi ycars. TIc icacIcrs
inicllcciually arc of a IigIcr gradc iIan iIc icacIcrs of Dcngali
scIools, aliIougI iIai gradc is noi IigI conarcd wiiI wIai is
io lc dcsircd and is aiiainallc. Morally, iIcy acar io Iavc as
liiilc noiion as Dcngali icacIcrs of iIc saluiary influcncc iIcy
nigIi ccrcisc on iIc disosiiions and cIaracicrs of iIcir uils.
TIcy Iavc no fccs fron iIc scIolars and arc aid in iIc forn of
ficd noniIly allowanccs wiiI crquisiics. TIc noniIly
allowanccs vary fron onc rucc cigIi annas io four ruccs, and
iIcy arc aid ly onc, iwo or iIrcc fanilics, wIo arc iIc rincial
suoricrs of iIc scIool. TIc crquisiics, wIicI arc csiinaicd ai
iwo ruccs cigIi annas io si ruccs a noniI, and consisi of
food, wasIing, and oiIcr crsonal ccnscs, arc rovidcd ciiIcr
ly iIc sanc ariics or ly iIosc arcnis wIo do noi coniriluic io
iIc noniIly allowancc. TIc ioial rcnuncraiion of a icacIcr
varics fron four io icn ruccs cr noniI, avcraging aloui scvcn
ruccs. TIc rincial oljcci of iIc airons of iIcsc scIools is iIc
insiruciion of iIcir own cIildrcn; lui in onc insiancc a woriIy
old Mussalnan, wIo Ias no cIildrcn, coniriluics a snall
noniIly allowancc, wiiIoui wIicI iIc icacIcr would noi Iavc
sufficicni induccncni io coniinuc Iis lalours; and in anoiIcr
casc lcsidcs iwo cIildrcn of iIc fanily, icn oiIcr loys arc
adniiicd, on wIon insiruciion, food, and cloiIing, arc
graiuiiously lcsiowcd. Two of iIc scIools Iavc scaraic scIool-
Iouscs, wIicI wcrc luili ly iIc lcncvolcni airons wIo
rincially suori iIcn. TIc scIolars of iIc oiIcr iwo asscnllc
in oui-luildings lclonging io onc or oiIcr of iIc fanilics wIosc
cIildrcn rcccivc insiruciion.
AliIougI in iIc Pcrsian scIools rinicd lools arc
unlnown, yci nanuscrii worls arc in consiani usc. TIc
gcncral coursc of insiruciion Ias no vcry narlcd siagcs or
gradaiions inio wIicI ii is dividcd. Lilc iIc Hindus, Iowcvcr, iIc
Mussalnans fornally iniiiaic iIcir cIildrcn inio iIc siudy of
lciicrs. WIcn a cIild, wIciIcr a loy or a girl, is four ycars, four
noniIs, and four days old, iIc fricnds of iIc fanily asscnllc,
and iIc cIild is drcsscd in Iis lcsi cloiIcs, lrougIi in io iIc
conany, and scaicd on a cusIion in iIc rcscncc of all. TIc
alIalci, iIc forn of lciicrs uscd for conuiaiion, iIc
iniroduciion io iIc Koran, sonc vcrscs of CIaicr LV, and iIc
wIolc of CIaicr LXXXVII, arc laccd lcforc Iin, and Ic is
iaugIi io ronouncc iIcn in succcssion. If iIc cIild is sclf-
willcd, and rcfuscs io rcad, Ic is nadc io ronouncc iIc
DisnillaI, wIicI answcrs cvcry urosc, and fron iIai day Iis
cducaiion is dccncd io Iavc conncnccd. Ai scIool Ic is iaugIi
iIc alIalci, as wiiI
281
oursclvcs, ly iIc cyc and car, iIc forns of iIc lciicrs lcing
rcscnicd io Iin in wriiing and iIcir nancs ronounccd in Iis
Icaring, wIicI Ic is rcquircd io rccai uniil Ic is allc io
conncci iIc nancs and iIc forns wiiI cacI oiIcr in Iis nind.
TIc scIolar is aficrwards nadc io rcad iIc iIiriccniI scciion of
iIc Koran, iIc cIaicrs of wIicI arc sIori, and arc gcncrally
uscd ai iIc iincs of raycr and in iIc lurial scrvicc. TIc words
arc narlcd wiiI iIc diacriiical oinis in ordcr iIai iIc
lnowlcdgc of lciicrs, iIcir junciion and corrcci oriIograIy and
iIcir ronunciaiion fron iIc aroriaic organs nay lc
iIorougIly acquircd; lui iIc scnsc is cniircly unlnown. TIc
nci lool ui inio Iis Iands is iIc PundununcI of Sadi, a
collcciion of noral sayings, nany of wIicI arc alovc Iis
conrcIcnsion, lui Ic is noi iaugIi or rcquircd io undcrsiand
any of iIcn. TIc worl is solcly uscd for iIc urosc of
insiruciing Iin in iIc ari of rcading and of forning a corrcci
ronunciaiion, wiiIoui any rcgard io iIc scnsc of iIc words
ronounccd. Ii is gcncrally aficr iIis iIai iIc scIolar is iaugIi io
wriic iIc lciicrs, io join vowcls and consonanis, and io forn
syllallcs. TIc nci lool is iIc AnudnuncI, cIiliiing iIc forns
of conjugaiing iIc Pcrsian vcrls wIicI arc rcad io iIc nasicr
and ly frcqucni rcciiiion conniiicd io ncnory. TIc firsi lool
wIicI is rcad for iIc urosc of lcing undcrsiood is iIc Gustun
of Sadi, coniaining lcssons on lifc and nanncrs and iIis followcd
or acconanicd ly iIc Hostun of iIc sanc auiIor. Two or iIrcc
scciions of cacI arc rcad; and sinuliancously sIori Pcrsian
scnicnccs rclaiing io going and coning, siiiing and sianding,
and iIc connon affairs of lifc, arc rcad and claincd. TIc uil
is aficrwards nadc io wriic Pcrsian nancs, iIcn Aralic nancs
and nci Hindi nancs, csccially sucI as coniain lciicrs io iIc
wriiing or ronunciaiion of wIicI difficuliy is suoscd io
aiiacI. Elcgani cnnansIi is considcrcd a grcai
acconlisIncni, and iIosc wIo dcvoic iIcnsclvcs io iIis ari
cnloy fron iIrcc io si Iours cvcry day in iIc ccrcisc of ii,
wriiing firsi singlc lciicrs, iIcn doullc or ircllc, iIcn coulcis,
quairains, cic. TIcy firsi wriic uon a loard wiiI a iIicl cn,
iIcn wiiI a fincr cn on icccs of acr asicd iogciIcr; and lasi
of all, wIcn iIcy Iavc acquircd considcrallc connand of iIc
cn, iIcy lcgin io wriic uon acr in singlc fold. TIis is
acconanicd or followcd ly iIc crusal of sonc of iIc nosi
oular ociical roduciions sucI as JoscI and ZulcilIa,
foundcd on a wcll-lnown incidcni in Hclrcw Iisiory; iIc lovcs of
Lcila and Majnun; iIc Sccundu NuncI an accouni of iIc
cloiis of Alcandcr iIc Crcai, cic., cic. TIc nodc of conuiing
ly iIc Aljad, or lciicrs of iIc alIalci, is also iaugIi,
282
and is of iwo soris; in iIc firsi, iIc lciicrs of iIc alIalci in iIc
ordcr of iIc Aljad lcing ialcn io dcnoic uniis, icns, and
Iundrcds io a iIousand; and in iIc sccond iIc lciicrs
conosing iIc nancs of iIc lciicrs of iIc alIalci lcing
cnloycd for iIc sanc urosc. AriiInciic, ly ncans of iIc
Aralic nuncrals, and insiruciion ai grcai lcngiI in iIc diffcrcni
siylcs of addrcss, and in iIc forns of corrcsondcncc, ciiiions,
cic., cic., conlcic a coursc of Pcrsian insiruciion. Dui in iIc
Pcrsian scIools of iIis disirici, iIis coursc is vcry sucrficially
iaugIi, and sonc of iIc icacIcrs do noi cvcn rofcss io carry
iIcir uils lcyond iIc Gustun and Hostun.
In a Pcrsian scIool, aficr iIc ycars of ncrc cIildIood,
wIcn iIc uils arc assuncd io lc caallc of siricicr
alicaiion, iIc Iours of siudy wiiI inicrval cicnd fron si in
iIc norning io ninc ai nigIi. In iIc firsi lacc in iIc norning
iIcy rcvisc iIc lcssons of iIc rcvious day, aficr wIicI a ncw
lcsson is rcad, conniiicd io ncnory, and rcoricd io iIc
nasicr. Aloui nid-day iIcy Iavc lcavc of alscncc for an Iour
wIcn iIcy dinc, and on iIcir rciurn io scIool iIcy arc insirucicd
in wriiing. Aloui iIrcc o'clocl iIcy Iavc anoiIcr rcading lcsson
wIicI is also conniiicd io ncnory, and aloui an Iour lcforc
iIc closc of day iIcy Iavc lcavc io lay. TIc raciicc wiiI rcgard
io iIc forcnoon and aficrnoon lcssons in rcading, is io join iIc
crusal of a worl in rosc wiiI iIai of a worl in vcrsc; as iIc
Gustun wiiI iIc Hostun and Aldulfazl's lciicrs wiiI iIc
Sccundu NuncI, iIc forcnoon lcsson lcing ialcn fron onc and
iIc aficrnoon lcsson fron iIc oiIcr. In iIc cvcning iIcy rccai
iIc lcssons of iIai day scvcral iincs, uniil iIcy Iavc iIcn
crfccily ai connand; and, aficr naling sonc rcaraiion for
iIc lcssons of iIc nci day, iIcy Iavc lcavc io rciirc. TIursday
cvcry wccl is dcvoicd io iIc rcvision of old lcssons; and wIcn
iIai is conlcicd, iIc uils sccl insiruciion or anuscncni
according io iIcir own lcasurc in iIc crusal of forns of raycr
and sianzas of ociry, and arc disnisscd on iIai day ai iIrcc
o'clocl wiiIoui any ncw lcsson. On Friday, iIc sacrcd day of
Mussalnans, iIcrc is no scIooling. In oiIcr disiricis in
rcscciallc or wcaliIy Mussalnan fanilics, lcsidcs iIc liicrary
insirucior callcd Mun or AIIun, iIcrc is also a doncsiic iuior
or Ccnso Moun callcd AtuI, a lind of Icad-scrvani wIosc
duiy ii is io irain iIc cIildrcn of iIc fanily io good nanncrs, and
io scc iIai iIcy do noi ncglcci any duiy assigncd io iIcn; lui I
do noi find any iracc of iIis raciicc in FajsIaIi.
283
Uon iIc wIolc iIc coursc of Pcrsian insiruciion, cvcn in
iis lcss crfcci forns sucI as arc found io cisi in iIis disirici,
Ias a norc conrcIcnsivc cIaracicr and a norc lilcral
icndcncy iIan ursucd in iIc Dcngali scIools. TIc sysicnaiic
usc of lools aliIougI in nanuscrii is a grcai sic in advancc,
accusioning iIc ninds of iIc uils io forns of rcgular
conosiiion, io corrcci and clcgani languagc, and io irains of
consccuiivc iIougIi, and iIus aiding loiI io siinulaic iIc
inicllcci and io forn iIc iasic. Ii nigIi lc suoscd iIai iIc
noral lcaring of sonc of iIc ici lools would Iavc a lcncficial
cffcci on iIc cIaracicr of iIc uils; lui as far as I Iavc lccn
allc io olscrvc or asccriain, iIosc lools arc cnloycd lilc all
iIc rcsi solcly for iIc urosc of convcying cssons n unguugc
lcssons in iIc lnowlcdgc of sounds and words in iIc
consiruciion of scnicnccs, or in anccdoial infornaiion, lui noi
for iIc urosc of sIarcning iIc noral crcciions or
sircngiIcning iIc noral Ialiis. TIis in gcncral naiivc csiinaiion
docs noi lclong io iIc lusincss of insiruciion, and ii ncvcr
acars io lc iIougIi of or aiicnicd. OiIcrs will judgc fron
iIcir own olscrvaiion and ccricncc wIciIcr iIc Mussalnan
cIaracicr, as wc scc ii in India, Ias lccn forncd or influcnccd
ly sucI a coursc of insiruciion. TIc rcsuli of ny own
olscrvaiions is iIai of iwo classcs of crsons, onc cclusivcly
cducaicd in MaIoncdan, and iIc oiIcr in Hindu liicraiurc; iIc
forncr acars io nc io osscss an inicllcciual sucrioriiy, lui
iIc noral sucrioriiy docs noi sccn io cisi.
ELEMENTAFY AFADIC SCHOOLS. (.152-153}
TIc Aralic scIools, or scIools for insiruciion in iIc fornal
or ccrcnonial rcading of ccriain assagcs of iIc Koran, arc
clcvcn in nunlcr, and coniain 42 scIolars, wIo lcgin io rcad ai
an agc varying fron 7 io 14, and lcavc scIool ai an agc varying
fron 8 io 18. TIc wIolc iinc siaicd io lc scni ai scIool varics
fron onc io fivc ycars. TIc icacIcrs osscss iIc lowcsi dcgrcc of
aiiainncni io wIicI ii is ossillc io assign iIc iasl of insiruc-
iion. TIcy do noi rcicnd io lc allc cvcn io sign iIcir nancs;
and iIcy disclain aliogciIcr iIc aliliiy io undcrsiand iIai
wIicI iIcy rcad and icacI. TIc ncrc forns, nancs, and sounds,
of ccriain lciicrs and conlinaiions of lciicrs iIcy lnow and
icacI, and wIai iIcy icacI is all iIai iIcy lnow of wriiicn
languagc, wiiIoui rcsuning, or rcicnding, or aining io clicii
iIc fccllcsi glinncring of ncaning fron iIcsc cniy vocallcs.
TIis wIolc class of scIools is as consunnaic a lurlcsquc uon
ncrc forns of insiruciion, scaraic fron a raiional ncaning and
284
urosc, as can wcll lc inagincd. TIc icacIcrs arc all KutI-
Mous, iIai is, iIc lowcsi gradc of Mussalnan ricsis wIo
cIicfly dcrivc iIcir suori fron iIc ignorancc and sucrsiiiion
of iIc oor classcs of iIcir co-rcligionisis; and iIc scIolars arc
in iraining for iIc sanc officc. TIc oriion of iIc Koran wIicI is
iaugIi is iIai wIicI lcgins wiiI CIaicr LXXVIII of Salc's
Koran, and cicnds io iIc closc of iIc volunc. TIc Mollas,
lcsidcs icacIing a fcw uils iIc fornal rcading of iIis oriion
of iIc Koran, crforn iIc narriagc ccrcnony, for wIicI iIcy arc
aid fron onc io cigIi annas according io iIc ncans of iIc
ariy; and also iIc funcral scrvicc wiiI raycrs for iIc dcad
coniinucd fron onc io foriy days, for wIicI iIcy gci fron iwo
annas io onc rucc, and ii is in iIcsc scrviccs iIai iIc fornal
rcading of iIc Koran is dccncd csscniial. TIc Mollas also oficn
crforn iIc officc of iIc villagc luicIcr, lilling aninals for food
wiiI iIc usual rcligious forns, wiiIoui wIicI iIcir flcsI cannoi
lc caicn ly Mussalnans; lui for iIis iIcy ialc no
rcnuncraiion. In scvcral cascs, iIc icacIcr of iIc scIool
dccnds for Iis livcliIood on cnloyncni ai narriagcs and
lurials, giving Iis insiruciions as a icacIcr graiuiiously. In onc
insiancc a ficd allowancc is rcccivcd fron iIc airon of iIc
scIool, fccs fron sonc of iIc scIolars, and crquisiics lcsidcs,
anouniing in all io four ruccs cigIi annas cr noniI, and in
iIis casc iIc airon rofcsscs iIc inicniion io Iavc iIc scIolars
Icrcaficr iaugIi Pcrsian and Dcngali. In anoiIcr iIc airon
ncrcly lodgcs, fccds and cloiIcs, iIc icacIcr wIo rcccivcs
nciiIcr ficd allowancc nor fccs. In iIrcc insianccs iIc only
rcnuncraiion iIc icacIcr rcccivcs is a suun or rcscni of fivc
or si ruccs, fron cacI scIolar wIcn Ic finally lcavcs scIool. In
iwo insianccs iIc icacIcrs Iavc snall farns fron wIicI iIcy
dcrivc iIc ncans of sulsisicncc in addiiion io iIcir gains as
Mollas. TIcy givc insiruciion ciiIcr in iIcir own Iouscs, or in
scIool-Iouscs, wIicI arc also alicd io iIc uroscs of raycr
and Iosiialiiy and of asscnlly on occasions of gcncral inicrcsi.
No insiiiuiions can lc norc insignificani and usclcss, and
in cvcry rcscci lcss woriIy of noiicc, iIan iIcsc Aralic scIools,
vicwcd as laccs of insiruciion; lui, Iowcvcr woriIlcss in iIcn-
sclvcs, iIcy Iavc a ccriain Iold on iIc Naiivc nind, wIicI is
rovcd ly iIc incrcascd rcscci and cnoluncnis as Mollas,
cccicd and acquircd ly sonc of iIc icacIcrs on accouni of iIc
insiruciion iIcy givc; iIc ccnsc incurrcd ly oiIcrs of iIcn in
crcciing scIool-Iouscs; and ly iIc gcncral cnloyncni ly iIc
Mussalnan oulaiion of iIosc wIo rcccivc and connunicaic
iIc slcndcr cducaiion wIicI iIcsc scIools lcsiow. In iIc cyc of
285
iIc IilaniIroisi or iIc siaicsnan no insiiiuiion Iowcvcr
Iunllc, will lc ovcrloolcd, ly wIicI Ic nay Ioc lcncficially io
influcncc iIc condiiion of any oriion of nanlind; and ii is jusi
in rooriion io iIc gross ignorancc of iIc nuliiiudc iIai Ic will
lool wiiI aniciy for any loo-Iolcs ly wIicI Ic nay find an
cnirancc io iIcir undcrsiandingssonc insiiiuiions, wIicI arc
Icld ly iIcn in vcncraiion and wIicI Iavc IiiIcrio scrvcd iIc
causc of ignorancc, lui wIicI Ic nay Ioc wiiI discrciion io
iurn io iIc scrvicc of lnowlcdgc. I do noi dcsair iIai ncans
nigIi lc cnloycd, sinlc, cIca, and inoffcnsivc, ly wIicI
cvcn iIc icacIcrs of iIcsc scIools nigIi lc rcarcd io qualify
iIcnsclvcs for connunicaiing a nucI IigIcr gradc of
insiruciion io a nucI grcaicr nunlcr of lcarncrs wiiIoui
divcsiing iIcn of any oriion of iIc rcscci and aiiacIncni of
wIicI iIcy arc now iIc oljccis.
286
II
W. ADAM ON INDICENOUS SCHOOLS OF LEAFNINC
CENEFAL. (.16-23}
Ward in Iis worl on iIc Hindoos Ias givcn, on iIc wIolc, a cor-
rcci accouni of iIc siaic of indigcnous lcarning and of iIc
insiiiuiions ly wIicI ii is rcscrvcd anong iIc Hindoos. TIc
rincilc wIicI sccurcs iIc crciuaiion of iIcsc insiiiuiions, as
long as iIc Hindoo rcligion sulsisis and is rofcsscd ly iIc
nass of iIc colc and ly a najoriiy of iIc wcaliIy and
owcrful, is iIai ii is dccncd an aci of rcligious ncrii io acquirc
a lnowlcdgc of iIc Hindoo sIasiras, or io cicnd iIc lnowlcdgc
of iIcn ciiIcr ly dircci insiruciion or ly ccuniary suori or
assisiancc givcn ciiIcr io scIolars or icacIcrs. Hcncc iIc riva-
iions io wIicI iIc siudcnis sulnii in iIc rosccuiion of iIc
rcscrilcd coursc of siudy; iIc disinicrcsicdncss of iIc icacIcrs
in lcsiowing iIcir insiruciions graiuiiously wiiI iIc addiiion,
always of sIclicr, oficn of food, and sonciincs of cloiIing; and
iIc lilcraliiy of landIoldcrs and oiIcrs sIown ly occasional
cndowncnis of land and frcqucni gifis of noncy loiI io icacIcrs
and scIolars on iIc occasion of funcral fcasis, wcddings, dcdica-
iions, cic. TIc nunlcr of sucI insiiiuiions iIrougIoui iIc
couniry is unlnown nor arc sufficicni daia osscsscd on wIicI
io rcsi a rolallc conjcciurc. In iIc disirici of Dinajur, Dr
DucIanan found only 16, and in iIai of Purniya noi lcss iIan
119a diffcrcncc lciwccn iwo ncigIlouring disiricis in wIicI
sonc nisialc nay lc susccicd. TIc csiinaics of iIc nunlcr in
oiIcr disiricis, lcsidcs iIosc rcoricd on ly Dr DucIanan, arc
noi iIc rcsulis of crsonal inquirics, and lcss dccndcncc is,
iIcrcforc, io lc laccd on iIcn. If I wcrc io Iazard a conjcciurc
foundcd on all iIc facis and siaicncnis I Iavc nci wiiI, I
sIould say iIai iIcrc arc on an avcragc rolally 100 sucI
insiiiuiions in cacI disirici of Dcngal, wIicI would givc 1,800
for iIc wIolc rovincc. An csiinaic of iIc ioial nunlcr of
siudcnis nusi dccnd uon iIc aroacI io corrccincss of iIc
conjcciurc rcscciing iIc ioial nunlcr of scIools; lui iIc
following facis nay Icl iowards iIc fornaiion of a corrcci
oinion rcscciing iIc avcragc nunlcr of siudcnis in cacI
scIool. In 1818, Mr Ward cnuncraicd 28 scIools of Hindoo
lcarning in Calcuiia, in wIicI 173 scIolars rcccivcd
insiruciions, avcraging uwards of si scIolars io cacI scIool.
Hc also cnuncraicd 31 scIools of Hindoo lcarning ai Nuddca, in
287
wIicI 747 scIolars rcccivcd insiruciion, avcraging uwards of
24 scIolars io cacI scIool. In 1830, Mr H.H. Wilson asccriaincd
ly crsonal inquiry ai Nuddca, iIai iIcrc wcrc iIcn aloui 25
scIools in wIicI lciwccn 5 and 600 scIolars rcccivcd
insiruciion, and ialing iIc nunlcr of scIolars ai 550 iIc
avcragc io cacI scIool will lc 22. TIc avcragc of iIcsc iIrcc
csiinaics would givc 17 scIolars io cacI scIool. TIc lowcsi or
Calcuiia avcragc, iIai of si scIolars io cacI scIool, I considcr
norc rolallc iIan iIc oiIcrs, for iIc insianccs arc nuncrous
iIrougIoui iIc couniry in wIicI a lcarncd Hindoo icacIcr Ias
noi norc iIan iIrcc or four uils. Assuning iIc Calcuiia
avcragc and iIc rcvious csiinaic of iIc ioial nunlcr of
scIools, iIcrc will acar io lc 10,800 siudcnis of Hindoo
lcarning iIrougIoui Dcngal. TIc ioial nunlcr of icacIcrs and
siudcnis of Hindoo lcarning will iIus lc 12,600; and iIis
nunlcr is cclusivc of a largc class of individuals wIo, aficr
Iaving rcccivcd insiruciion in a scIool of lcarning, and lcconc
in iIc iccInical scnsc of iIc icrn Pundiis or lcarncd ncn, fron
various causcs dcclinc io cngagc in iIc rofcssion of icacIing. If
furiIcr inquiry sIould sIow iIai iIc lowcsi csiinaic, wIicI is
iIai I Iavc assuncd, is onc-Ialf in cccss of iIc iruiI, iIcrc will
siill rcnain a largc and influcniial class of ncn wIo ciiIcr Iavc
rcccivcd or arc cngagcd in giving and rccciving a Hindoo
collcgiaic cducaiion.
TIc Hindoo collcgcs or scIools in wIicI iIc IigIcr
lrancIcs of Hindoo lcarning arc iaugIi arc gcncrally luili of
clay. Sonciincs iIrcc or fivc roons arc crccicd, and in oiIcrs
ninc or clcvcn, wiiI a rcading-roon wIicI is also of clay. TIcsc
Iuis arc frcqucnily crccicd ai iIc ccnsc of iIc icacIcr, wIo
noi only soliciis alns io raisc iIc luilding, lui also io fccd Iis
uils. In sonc cascs rcni is aid for iIc ground; lui iIc ground
is connonly, and in ariicular insianccs loiI iIc ground and
iIc ccnscs of iIc luilding arc, a gifi. Aficr a scIool-roon and
lodging-roons Iavc lccn iIus luili io sccurc iIc succcss of iIc
scIool, iIc icacIcr inviics a fcw DraInans and rcscciallc
inIaliianis io an cnicriainncni ai iIc closc of wIicI iIc
DraInans arc disnisscd wiiI sonc irifling rcscnis. If iIc
icacIcr finds a difficuliy in oliaining scIolars, Ic lcgins iIc
collcgc wiiI a fcw junior rclaiivcs, and ly insiruciing iIcn and
disiinguisIing Iinsclf in iIc disuiaiions iIai ialc lacc on
ullic occasions, Ic csiallisIcs Iis rcuiaiion. TIc scIool
ocns carly cvcry norning ly iIc icacIcr and uils asscnlling
in iIc ocn rcading-roon, wIcn iIc diffcrcni classcs rcad in
iurns. Siudy is coniinucd iill iowards nid-day, aficr wIicI iIrcc
Iours arc dcvoicd io laiIing, worsIi, caiing and slcc; and ai
iIrcc iIcy
288
rcsunc iIcir siudics wIicI arc coniinucd iill iwiligIi. Ncarly iwo
Iours arc iIcn dcvoicd io cvcning-worsIi, caiing, snoling and
rclaaiion, and iIc siudics arc again rcsuncd and coniinucd iill
icn or clcvcn ai nigIi. TIc cvcning siudics consisi of a rcvision
of iIc lcssons alrcady lcarncd, in ordcr iIai wIai iIc uils
Iavc rcad nay lc inrcsscd norc disiincily on iIc ncnory.
TIcsc siudics arc frcqucnily ursucd, csccially ly iIc siudcnis
of logic, iill iwo or iIrcc o'clocl in iIc norning.
TIcrc arc iIrcc linds of collcgcs in Dcngalonc in wIicI
cIicfly grannar, gcncral liicraiurc, and rIcioric, and
occasionally iIc grcai nyiIological ocns and law arc iaugIi; a
sccond, in wIicI cIicfly law and sonciincs iIc nyiIological
ocns arc siudicd; and iIird, in wIicI logic is nadc iIc
rincial oljcci of aiicniion. In all iIcsc collcgcs sclcci worls arc
rcad and iIcir ncaning claincd; lui insiruciion is noi
convcycd in iIc forn of lcciurcs. In iIc firsi class of collcgcs, iIc
uils rccai assigncd lcssons fron iIc grannar uscd in cacI
collcgc, and iIc icacIcr connunicaics iIc ncaning of iIc
lcssons aficr iIcy Iavc lccn conniiicd io ncnory. In iIc oiIcrs
iIc uils arc dividcd inio classcs according io iIcir rogrcss.
TIc uils of cacI class Iaving onc or norc lools lcforc iIcn
scai iIcnsclvcs in iIc rcscncc of iIc icacIcr, wIcn iIc lcsi
rcadcr of iIc class rcads aloud, and iIc icacIcr givcs iIc
ncaning as oficn as aslcd, and iIus iIcy rocccd fron day io
day iill iIc worl is conlcicd. TIc siudy of grannar is ursucd
during iwo, iIrcc, or si ycars, and wIcrc iIc worl of Panini is
siudicd, noi lcss iIan icn, and sonciincs iwclvc, ycars arc
dcvoicd io ii. As soon as a siudcni Ias oliaincd sucI a
lnowlcdgc of grannar as io lc allc io rcad and undcrsiand a
ocn, a law lool, or a worl on IilosoIy, Ic nay conncncc
iIis coursc of rcading also, and carry on ai iIc sanc iinc iIc
rcnaindcr of Iis grannar-siudics. TIosc wIo siudy law or logic
coniinuc rcading ciiIcr ai onc collcgc or anoiIcr for si, cigIi, or
cvcn icn ycars. WIcn a crson Ias oliaincd all iIc lnowlcdgc
osscsscd ly onc icacIcr, Ic nalcs sonc rcscciful ccusc io
Iis guidc and avails Iinsclf of iIc insiruciions of anoiIcr. Mr
Ward, fron wIon nany of iIc rcccding dciails Iavc lccn
coicd csiinaics iIai 'anongsi onc Iundrcd iIousand DraI-
nans, iIcrc nay lc onc iIousand wIo lcarn iIc grannar of iIc
Sunslriiu, of wIon four or fivc Iundrcd nay rcad sonc aris of
iIc Iuuu (or ociical liicraiurc}, and fifiy sonc aris of iIc
uunIuu (or rIciorical} sIasiras. Four Iundrcd of iIis iIousand
nay rcad sonc of iIc snt (or law worls}; lui noi norc iIan
icn any ari of iIc tuntus (or iIc nysiical and nagical ircaiiscs
of nodcrn Hinduisn}. TIrcc Iundrcd nay
289
siudy iIc nuu (or logic}, lui only fivc or si iIc nccnungsu,
(clanaiory of iIc riiual of iIc vcds}, iIc sunIIu (a sysicn of
IilosoIical naicrialisn}, iIc ucduntu (illusiraiivc of iIc
siriiual oriions of iIc vcds}, iIc utunuu (a sysicn of
IilosoIical ascciicisn}, iIc uusIcsIIu (a sysicn of
IilosoIical anii-naicrialisn}, or iIc ucdu (iIc nosi ancicni
and sacrcd wriiings of Hindoos}. Tcn crsons in iIis nunlcr of
DraInans nay lcconc lcarncd in iIc asirononical sIasiras,
wIilc icn norc undcrsiand iIcsc vcry incrfccily. Fifiy of iIis
iIousand nay rcad iIc sIrcc IIuguuutu, and sonc of iIc
oounus.' Ai iIc rcscni day rolally iIc uunIu sIustus and
iIc tuntus arc norc siudicd iIan is Icrc rcrcscnicd. TIc
asirononical worls also rcccivc norc aiicniion. TIc collcgcs arc
invarially closcd and all siudy suscndcd on iIc cigIiI day of
iIc waing and waning of iIc noon; on iIc day in wIicI ii nay
Iacn io iIundcr; wIcncvcr a crson or an aninal asscs
lciwccn iIc icacIcr and iIc uil wIilc rcading; wIcn a
Ionorallc crson arrivcs, or a gucsi; ai iIc fcsiival of Saraswaii
during iIrcc days; in sonc aris during iIc wIolc of iIc rainy
scason, or ai lcasi during iwo noniIs wIicI includc iIc Doorga,
iIc Kali, and oiIcr fcsiivals, and ai nany oiIcr iincs. WIcn a
siudcni is aloui io conncncc iIc siudy of law or of logic, Iis
fcllow siudcnis, wiiI iIc concurrcncc and arolaiion of iIc
icacIcr, lcsiow on Iin an Ionorary iiilc dcscriiivc of iIc
naiurc of Iis ursuii, and always diffcring fron any iiilc cnjoycd
ly any of Iis lcarncd anccsiors. In sonc aris of iIc couniry,
iIc iiilc is lcsiowcd ly an asscnlly of Pundiis convcncd for iIc
urosc; and in oiIcrs iIc asscnlly is Icld in iIc rcscncc of a
raja or zcnindar wIo nay lc dcsirous of cncouraging lcarning
and wIo ai iIc sanc iinc lcsiows a drcss of Ionour on iIc
siudcni and laccs a narl on Iis forcIcad. WIcn iIc siudcni
finally lcavcs collcgc and cnicrs on iIc lusincss of lifc, Ic is
connonly addrcsscd ly iIai iiilc.
TIc ncans cnloycd ly iIc MaIoncdan oulaiion of
Dcngal io rcscrvc iIc aroriaic lcarning of iIcir faiiI and
racc arc lcss sysicnaiic and organiscd iIan iIosc adoicd ly
iIc Hindoos; and io wIaicvcr cicni iIcy nay cisi, lcss cnquiry
Ias lccn nadc and lcss infornaiion is osscsscd rcscciing
iIcn. Ii is lclicvcd, Iowcvcr, iIai in iIc Lowcr as wcll as iIc
Wcsicrn Provinccs, iIcrc arc nany rivaic MaIoncdan scIools
lcgun and conducicd ly individuals of siudious Ialiis wIo Iavc
nadc iIc culiivaiion of lciicrs iIc cIicf occuaiion of iIcir livcs,
and ly wIon iIc rofcssion of lcarning is followcd, noi ncrcly
as a ncans of livcliIood, lui as a ncriiorious worl roduciivc of
noral and rcligious lcncfii io iIcnsclvcs and iIcir fcllow
290
crcaiurcs. Fcw, accordingly, givc insiruciion for any siiulaicd
ccuniary rcnuncraiion, and wIai iIcy nay rcccivc is loiI icn-
dcrcd and acccicd as an inicrcIangc of lindncss and civiliiy
lciwccn iIc nasicr and Iis discilc. TIc nunlcr of iIosc wIo
iIus rcsori io iIc rivaic insiruciion of nasicrs is noi grcai.
TIcir aiicndancc and alicaiion arc guidcd ly iIc nuiual
convcnicncc and inclinaiion of loiI ariics, nciiIcr of wIon is
laccd undcr any sysicn nor ariicular rulc of conduci. TIc
succcss and rogrcss of iIc scIolar dccnd cniircly on Iis own
assiduiiy. TIc lcasi disuic or disagrccncni uis an cnd io
siudy, no cIccl lcing inoscd on ciiIcr ariy, and no iic
sulsisiing lciwccn iIcn lcyond iIai of casual rccirocal
advaniagcs wIicI a iIousand accidcnis nay wcalcn or dissolvc.
TIc nunlcr of uils scldon ccccds si. TIcy arc sonciincs
crnancni rcsidcnis undcr iIc roof of iIcir nasicrs, and in
oiIcr insianccs livc in iIcir own fanilics; and in iIc forncr casc,
if Mussalnans, iIcy arc suoricd ai iIc icacIcr's ccnsc. In
rciurn, iIcy arc rcquircd io carry ncssagcs, luy ariiclcs in iIc
lazar, and crforn ncnial scrviccs in iIc Iousc. TIc scIolars in
conscqucncc oficn cIangc iIcir icacIcrs, lcarning iIc alIalci
and iIc oiIcr iniroduciory aris of iIc Pcrsian languagc of onc,
iIc PundnuncI of a sccond, iIc Gustun of a iIird, and so on
fron onc lacc io anoiIcr, iill iIcy arc allc io wriic a iolcrallc
lciicr and iIinl iIcy Iavc lcarncd cnougI io assunc iIc iiilc of
MunsI, wIcn iIcy lool oui for sonc crnancni ncans of
sulsisicncc as Iangcrs-on ai iIc Conany's Couris. TIc cIicf
ain is iIc aiiainncni of sucI a roficicncy in iIc Pcrsian
languagc as nay cnallc iIc siudcni io carn a livcliIood; lui noi,
unfrcqucnily, iIc Aralic is also siudicd, iis grannar, liicraiurc,
iIcology and law. A rocr csiinaic of sucI a dcsuliory and
caricious nodc of cducaiion is inossillc.
TIc nunlcr of insiiiuiions of Hindoo lcarning, now cisiing
in Calcuiia and iIc Twcniy-four PcrgunaIs, is noi accuraicly
lnown. Mr Ward in Iis worl ullisIcd in 1818 cnuncraics 28
scIools of Hindoo lcarning in Calcuiia, naning iIc icacIcr of
cacI scIool, iIc quaricr of iIc ciiy in wIicI iIc scIool was
siiuaicd, and iIc nunlcr of siudcnis rccciving insiruciion.
TIcsc insiiiuiions arc also ncniioncd as only sonc anongsi
oiIcrs io lc found in Calcuiia. TIc nuu and snt sIustus
cIicfly wcrc iaugIi in iIcn; and iIc ioial nunlcr of scIolars
lclonging io iIc collcgcs aciually cnuncraicd was 173, of wIon
noi lcss iIan iIrcc, and noi norc iIan fificcn, rcccivcd iIc
insiruciions of iIc sanc icacIcr. TIc cnuncraiion io wIicI I
rcfcr is suljoincd in Mr Ward's words.
291
'TIc following anong oiIcr collcgcs arc found in Calcuiia;
and in iIcsc iIc nuu and snt sIustus arc rincially
iaugIi
Ununiu-Fanu-Vidya-VagccsIu, of Hut-Hugun, fificcn
siudcnis
Fanu-Koonaru-Turlalunlaru, of diiio, cigIi siudcnis
Fanu-TosIunu-Vidylunlaru, of diiio, cigIi diiio
Fanu-Doolalu-CIooranuncc, of diiio, fivc diiio
Corru-Muncc-Nyayalunlaru, of diiio, four diiio
KasIcc-NaiIu-Turla-VcgccsIu, of GIosIuu-Hugun, si
diiio
Fanu-SIcvu-Ku-Vidya-VcgccsIu, of SIIduc-Hugun,
four diiio
Mriiyoon-juyu-Vidyalunlaru, of Hug-Huzu, fificcn diiio
Fanu-KisIoru-Turlu-CIooranuncc, of diiio, si diiio
Fanu-Koonaru-SIironuncc, of diiio, four diiio
Juyu-Narayunu-Turlu-PuncIanun, of Tuu-Hugun, fivc
diiio
SIunlIoo-VacIusuicc, of diiio, si diiio
Sivu-Fanu-Nayayu-VagccsIu, of Lu-Hugun, icn diiio
Couru-MoIunu-Vidya-DIoosIunu, of diiio, four diiio
Hurcc-Prusadu-Turlu-PuncIanunu, of Hutt-Hugun, four
diiio
Fanu-Narayunu-Turlu-PuncIanunu, of SInu, fivc
diiio
Fanu-Hurcc-Vidya-DIoosIun, of Hucc-TuIcc-Hugun, si
diiio
Kunula-Kaniu-Vidyalunlaru, of Au-Ioocc, si diiio
Covindu-Turlu-PuncIanunu, of diiio, fivc diiio
Pccianluru-Nayayu-DIoosIunu, of diiio, fivc diiio
Parvuicc-Turlu-DIoosIunu, of T`Iunt`-Iunu, four diiio
KasIcc-NaiIu-Turlalunlaru, of diiio, iIrcc diiio
Fanu-NaiIu-VascIusuicc, of SInu, ninc diiio
Fanu-Tunoo-Turlu-SiddIaniu, of Muungu, si diiio
Fanu-Tunoo-Vidya-VagccsIu, of SoIIu-Huzu, fivc diiio
Fanu-Koonaru-Turlu-PuncIanunu, of Vccuuu, fivc
diiio
Kalcc-Dasu-Vidya-VagccsIu, of Itucc, fivc diiio
Fanu-DIunu-Turlu-VagccsIu, of SInu, fivc diiio.'
Hanilion siaics iIai in 1801 iIcrc wcrc wiiIin iIc liniis of
iIc Twcniy-four PcrgunnaIs, and as I suosc nusi lc
undcrsiood lcyond iIc liniis of iIc iown of Calcuiia, 190
292
scninarics in wIicI Hindoo law, grannar, and nciaIysics
wcrc iaugIi. TIcsc insiiiuiions arc siaicd io Iavc lccn
nainiaincd ly iIc voluniary coniriluiions of oulcni Hindoos
and iIc roducc of cIariiy lands, iIc ioial annual ccnsc lcing
ruccs 19,500. No dciails arc givcn, lui ii nay lc infcrrcd,
aliIougI ii is noi crcssly ncniioncd, iIai iIc siaicncni rcsis
on iIc auiIoriiy of official docuncnis. No causc Ias lccn in
ocraiion in iIc inicrncdiaic criod io rcndcr ii rolallc iIai
iIc nunlcr of sucI scninarics wiiIin iIis disirici Ias sincc
iIcn lccn naicrially dininisIcd. Mr Ward ncniions iIai ai
Juunugu and Mucc Poou scvcniccn or cigIiccn sinilar
scIools wcrc found, and ai Andoocc icn or iwclvc, iIcsc villagcs,
according io ny infornaiion, lcing wiiIin iIc liniis of iIc
disirici; lui ii is rolallc iIai iIcy arc includcd in iIc norc
conrcIcnsivc cnuncraiion ncniioncd ly Hanilion.
I do noi find any accouni on rccord of any rivaic
insiiiuiions for iIc ronoiion of MaIoncdan lcarning ciiIcr in
Calcuiia or in iIc surrounding disirici. Hanilion siaics iIai in
1801 iIcrc was onc and lui onc, nudusu or collcgc for
insiruciion in MaIoncdan law, lui Ic docs noi ncniion iis
ariicular localiiy, and ii is noi inrolallc iIai Ic rcfcrs io iIc
insiiiuiion cndowcd ly Warrcn Hasiings, and now undcr iIc
sucrinicndcncc of iIc Ccncral Conniiicc of Pullic Insiruciion.
TIcrc can lc no douli, Iowcvcr, iIai in iIis as wcll as in oiIcr
disiricis of Dcngal in wIicI Ic Iavc no auiIcniic accouni of iIc
siaic of MaIoncdan lcarning, iIai loosc sysicn of rivaic iuiiion
alrcady dcscrilcd rcvails io a grcaicr or lcss cicni.
MIDNAPOFE. (.50-51}
Hanilion siaics iIai in iIis disirici iIcrc arc no scIools
wIcrc iIc Hindoo or MaIoncdan laws arc iaugIi. TIcrc was
forncrly a MaIoncdan collcgc in iIc iown of Midnaorc, and
cvcn yci iIc csiallisIncni is said io cisi, lui no law is iaugIi.
Pcrsian and Aralic arc iaugIi ly naulavis wIo in gcncral Iavc a
fcw scIolars in iIcir Iouscs, wIon iIcy suori as wcll as
insiruci. TIcsc Pcrsian and Aralic siudcnis, aliIougI of
rcscciallc fanilics, arc considcrcd as living on cIariiy; and
iIcy arc ioial sirangcrs io ccnsc and dissiaiion. TIc allcgcd
alscncc of scIools of Hindoo lcarning in a oulaiion of wIicI
si-scvcniI arc said io lc Hindoos is incrcdillc, and dcnicd ly
lcarncd naiivcs wIo Iavc rcsidcd in iIc disirici and arc
crsonally acquainicd wiiI scvcral scIools of iIai dcscriiion
wiiIin iis liniis. TIcy arc noi so nuncrous as iIc doncsiic
scIools of lcarning
293
wIicI rcvail anongsi iIc MaIoncdan oulaiion; lui iIcy arc
noi so fcw as io lc wIolly ncglccicd. TIcrc arc rolally, I an
iold, aloui 40 in iIc disirici. Ii nay lc offcrcd as a gcncral
rcnarl io accouni for sucI incorrcci siaicncnis, iIai iIc
grcaicr aiicniion givcn ly Eurocans io iIc MaIoncdan iIan io
iIc Hindoo languagcs and liicraiurc, conlincd wiiI iIc
unolirusivc and rciiring cIaracicr of lcarncd Hindoos,
sonciincs lcads iIc ullic funciionary io ovcrlool insiiiuiions
of Hindoo origin. Ii is rolally fron sonc sucI official auiIoriiy
iIai Hanilion Ias lorrowcd iIc siaicncni io wIicI I rcfcr.
CUTTACK. (.54}
Mr Siirling, in iIc claloraic accouni of iIis disirici, fron
wIicI iIc rcccding dciails arc alridgcd, givcs no infornaiion
wIaicvcr on iIc siaic of cducaiion as conducicd ly naiivcs,
ciiIcr in clcncniary scIools or scIools of lcarning. In iIc
dcscriiion of iIc iown of Pu JugunnutI, ii is siaicd iIai 'iIc
rincial sircci is conoscd alnosi cniircly of iIc rcligious
csiallisIncnis callcd naiIs', a nanc alicd in oiIcr aris of
iIc couniry, loiI in iIc wcsi and souiI, io convcnis of ascciics
in wIicI iIc various lrancIcs of Hindoo lcarning arc iaugIi. Ii
nay lc infcrrcd iIai iIcy arc alicd io iIc sanc usc in Jugun-
nutI Pu.
HUCLY. (.57-59}
TIc nunlcr of Hindoo scIools of lcarning in iIis disirici is
considcrallc. Mr Ward in 1818 siaicd iIai ai Vunsuuu, a vil-
lagc noi far fron iIc iown of Hugly, iIcrc wcrc iwclvc or fouriccn
collcgcs, in all of wIicI logic was alnosi cclusivcly siudicd.
TIcrc wcrc iIcn also scvcn or cigIi in iIc iown of Tucn, onc of
wIicI Iad lccn laicly iaugIi ly JugannaiI Tarla PancIanan,
suoscd io lc iIc nosi lcarncd as wcll as iIc oldcsi nan in
Dcngal, lcing 109 ycars old ai iIc iinc of Iis dcaiI. Hc was
acquainicd in sonc ncasurc wiiI iIc ucdu, and is said io Iavc
siudicd iIc ucduntu, iIc sunIIu, iIc utunuu, iIc nuu, iIc
snt, iIc tuntu, iIc Iuuu, iIc oounus and oiIcr sIustus.
Mr Ward also ncniions iIai Gunduuu and HIudcsIuuu
coniaincd cacI aloui icn nyaya scIools, and Vucc iwo or iIrcc,
all villagcs in iIis disirici. Hanilion siaics iIai in 1801 iIcrc
wcrc aliogciIcr aloui 150 rivaic scIools in wIicI iIc
rincilcs of Hindoo law wcrc iaugIi ly Pundiis, cacI scIool
coniaining fron fivc io iwcniy scIolars. TIcrc is no rcason io
suosc iIai iIc nunlcr of scIools is now lcss, and iIc
294
cnquirics nadc in 1824 sIowcd iIai iIcrc wcrc sonc scIools
wiiI iIiriy scIolars. According io iIc rcuiaiion of iIc icacIcr is
iIc nunlcr of iIc siudcnis, and in rooriion io iIc nunlcr of
iIc siudcnis is iIc nunlcr of inviiaiions and iIc lilcraliiy of iIc
gifis wIicI iIc icacIcr rcccivcs on iIc occasion of iIc
crfornancc of inoriani rcligious ccrcnonics in Hindoo
fanilics. TIc nunlcr of siudcnis Ias iIus a doullc ccuniary
ocraiion. As iIcy always dcrivc a ari of iIcir sulsisicncc fron
iIc icacIcr, iIcy arc a lurdcn uon Iis ncans; and ly iIc
incrcascd rcuiaiion wIicI iIcy confcr uon Iin, iIcy cnallc
Iin io suori iIai lurdcn. Sonciincs, Iowcvcr, siudcnis
caallc of living on iIcir own ncans rciurn Ionc aficr scIool
Iours; and in oiIcr insianccs, iIc norc wcaliIy inIaliianis of
iIc iown or villagc arc found io coniriluic iowards iIc suori
of oor siudcnis wIon iIc icacIcr cannoi nainiain. TIc firsi
iIrcc or four ycars arc occuicd in iIc siudy of Sanscrii
grannar and iIc nci si or cigIi ycars in iIc siudy of law and
logic, wiiI wIicI iIc gcncraliiy of siudcnis finisI iIcir
cducaiion, and arc iIcnccforiI classcd anong lcarncd ncn,
rccciving fron iIc icacIcr wIcn iIcy arc lcaving Iin an
Ionorary iiilc wIicI iIcy rciain for lifc.
TIcrc arc fcw MaIoncdan scIools of lcarning in iIis
disirici. Oniiiing rcfcrcncc io iIai ai Hugly, suoricd ly iIc
cndowncni of Haji MoIanncd MosIin, undcr iIc ordcrs of iIc
Doard of Fcvcnuc, and aloui io lc cicndcd and inrovcd
undcr iIc sucrinicndcncc of iIc Ccncral Conniiicc of Pullic
Insiruciion, I find ncniion nadc of only onc oiIcr cisiing ai
Scctuoc, a oulous iown, siiuaicd 22 nilcs in iIc inicrior of
iIc disirici. Ii was originally suoricd ly a grani of fivc ruccs
cigIi annas cr dicn, nadc ly iIc EnglisI Covcrnncni in
considcraiion of iIc faiiIful scrviccs of UnsiI-ood-din iIc
foundcr. Aficr Iis dcaiI, and in conscqucncc of divisions anong
iIc surviving ncnlcrs of Iis fanily, wIo ii sccns Iad clain io a
ari of iIc grani for iIcir nainicnancc, ii was liniicd io ruccs
50 cr noniI, wIicI, as far as ny infornaiion cicnds, ii
coniinucs io dcrivc fron govcrnncni io iIc rcscni day.
According io Hanilion, in 1801, iIis collcgc Iad 30 siudcnis
wIo wcrc insirucicd in Pcrsian and Aralic, and according io iIc
rcori nadc io iIc Ccncral Conniiicc in 1824, ii Iad 25
siudcnis wIo wcrc iaugIi only Pcrsian. TIis insiiiuiion docs noi
acar cvcr io Iavc conc undcr iIc sucrvision of iIc
Conniiicc or of any ullic officcr. TIc rcori of 1824 furiIcr
allcgcs iIc cisicncc of ccriain lands ai Punduu in iIis disirici,
wIicI sIould lc aroriaicd io iIc suori of nudusus, lui
wIicI Iavc lccn divcricd fron iIai urosc. Ii is siaicd io lc a
wcll lnown faci iIai granis
295
wcrc nadc io iIc anccsiors of iIc laic Mola Mir CIolan Hydcr
Muiawali, aiiacIcd io iIc sIrinc of SIaI Suffud-din KIan
SIuIid ai Pandua, iogciIcr wiiI Mola Myn-ud-din or Mola Taj-
ud-din and Mir CIolan Musiafa, rivaic crsons wIo Iad no
sIarc in iIc sucrinicndcncc. TIc granis arc said io Iavc
sccificd ccriain villagcs or iracis of land io lc cclusivcly
aroriaicd io iIc suori of iIrcc nudusus, in addiiion io
iIosc granicd for iIc crsonal lcncfii of iIc graniccs. TIc
nudusus wcrc lci u for a gcncraiion or iwo, lui iIrougI
carclcssncss or avaricc wcrc aficrwards disconiinucd. Ii is addcd
iIai iIcrc wcrc crsons iIcn living so wcll acquainicd wiiI iIc
circunsianccs as io lc allc io oini oui iIc csiaics iIai wcrc
sccificd in iIc granis for iIc suori of iIc nudusus. TIc
Collccior, in iIc lciicr cnclosing iIc rcori, iniinaicd Iis
inicniion io invcsiigaic iIc naiicr, and in iIc cvcni of iIc
allcgcd nisaroriaiion lcing sulsianiiaicd, io ursuc iIc
coursc dirccicd in Fcgulaiion XIX of 1810. TIc rcsuli of iIc
cnquiry I Iavc noi lccn allc io lcarn.
DUFDWAN. (.70-72}
Hanilion says iIai in iIis disirici iIcrc arc no rcgular
scIools for insiruciion in iIc Hindoo or MaIoncdan law, and
iIai iIc nosi lcarncd rofcssors of iIc forncr arc rocurcd fron
iIc disirici of Nuddca on iIc oosiic sidc of iIc Hugly. TIc
sanc rcnarl nay lc alicd io iIis siaicncni iIai Ias alrcady
lccn nadc wiiI rcfcrcncc io iIc siaic of lcarning in Midnaorc.
All iIai can lc fairly undcrsiood fron ii is noi iIai iIcrc arc no
naiivc scIools of lcarning in iIc disirici, lui iIai iIcrc wcrc
nonc lnown io iIc wriicr, or io iIc ullic officcr on wIosc
auiIoriiy iIc auiIor rclicd. Ii is ccccdingly inrolallc, fron
iIc analogy of oiIcr disiricis, iIai iIcrc arc noi sonc of iIosc
doncsiic scIools of MaIoncdan lcarning alrcady dcscrilcd, and
siill norc inrolallc iIai in a oulaiion of wIicI fivc-siiIs
arc Hindoos, iIcrc sIould noi lc a siill grcaicr nunlcr of
scIools of Hindoo lcarning.
TIc following rcfcrcnccs io insiiiuiions of lcarning in iIis
disirici wcrc ciracicd fron iIc rocccdings of iIc Doard of
Fcvcnuc ai Calcuiia, and firsi ullisIcd in iIc ncnoir rcarcd
ai iIc India Housc wIicI I Iavc ncniioncd as onc of ny auiIori-
iics.
In Scicnlcr, 1818, iIc Collccior of Durdwan was rcquircd
io rcori uon a cnsion of ruccs 60 cr annun, claincd ly
296
FanlullulI DIaiiacIarjya, for iIc suori of a rcligious
insiiiuiion and scninary. TIc Collccior dcuicd Iis anccn io
iIc soi, io cnquirc wIciIcr iIc insiiiuiion on wIicI iIc
cnsion was claincd was siill nainiaincd. TIc anccn rcoricd
iIai iIc insiiiuiion acarcd io lc lci u, iIai iIc nunlcr of
scIolars gcncrally cnicriaincd was aloui fivc or si, and iIai iIc
allowancc Iad lccn sanciioncd ly iIc govcrnncni during iIc
joini livcs of FanlullulI DIaiiacIarjya and Iis dcccascd
lroiIcr. Undcr iIcsc circunsianccs, iIc Fcvcnuc Doard
considcrcd iIc clainani cniiilcd io iIc full anouni of iIc
cnsion during Iis lifc, or as long as Ic sIould coniinuc io
aroriaic ii faiiIfully io iIc uroscs for wIicI ii was
originally granicd. TIcy accordingly auiIoriscd iIc fuiurc
ayncni of iIis cnsion io FanlullulI DIaiiacIarjya, and iIc
discIargc of all arrcars wIicI Iad accrucd sulscqucnily io iIc
dcccasc of iIc clainani's lroiIcr.
In MarcI, 1819, iIc Collccior of Durdwan alicd io iIc
Fcvcnuc Doard for insiruciions rcscciing ccriain ayncnis io a
nusjid and nudusu in iIc disirici, rcscciing wIicI a suii Iad
lccn insiiiuicd in iIc Calcuiia Couri of Acal, and iIc qucsiion
ordcrcd ly iIai Couri io lc dcicrnincd ly iIc Collccior undcr
Fcgulaiion XIX, of 1810. TIc csiallisIncni in qucsiion was in
iIc Iands of Musil-ud-dccn, wIo was callcd uon io roducc Iis
accounis, wIicI Ic acars noi io Iavc donc saiisfaciorily. TIc
Collccior, iIcrcforc, scni Iis anccn io iIc lacc io asccriain io
wIai cicni iIc csiallisIncni was lci u. TIai officcr rcoricd
favourally of iIc csiallisIncni on iIc auiIoriiy of iIc inIalii-
anis of iIc villagc in wIicI iIc nudusu was siiuaicd, lui wiiI-
oui any docuncnis io corroloraic Iis siaicncnis. Undcr iIcsc
circunsianccs, iIc Fcvcnuc Doard dcsircd iIc Collccior io ialc
an ooriuniiy of visiiing iIc soi, in ordcr iIai Ic nigIi
Iinsclf asccriain iIc grounds on wIicI a dccision nigIi lc
conc io. NoiIing furiIcr acars rclaiing io iIis nudusu.
In July, 1823, iIc Fcvcnuc Doard rcoricd an cndowncni
for a Collcgc in Durdwan of 254 sicca ruccs cr annun, wIicI
was connunicaicd io iIc Ccncral Conniiicc of Pullic
Insiruciion.
JESSOFE. (.73}
I Iavc nci wiiI no rcfcrcncc io indigcnous scIools, ciiIcr
clcncniary or lcarncd, in iIis disirici, lui ii is lcyond all
297
qucsiion iIai iIc nunlcr of loiI anongsi Hindoos and
Mussalnans is considcrallc. TIis disirici is a crfcci and cniirc
llanl in as far as infornaiion rcgarding iIc siaic of indigcnous
cducaiion is conccrncd.
NUDDEA. (.75-82}
TIc iown of Nuddca was iIc caiial of Hindoo rincialiiy
anicrior io iIc MaIonncdan conqucsi, and in norc rcccni
iincs ii Ias lccn a scai of DraInanical lcarning. Hanilion
rcnarls iIai, as a scai of lcarning, ii nusi Iavc aarcnily
dcclincd io a vcry olscurc condiiion, as in 1801 iIc Judgc and
Magisiraic, in rcly io iIc Marquis Wcllcslcy's qucrics, dcclarcd
iIai Ic lncw noi of any scninarics wiiIin iIc disirici in wIicI
ciiIcr iIc Hindoo or MaIoncdan law was iIcn iaugIi. TIis
siaicncni curiously conirasis wiiI iIc following dciails, and
affords anoiIcr illusiraiion of a rcnarl alrcady nadc, iIai iIc
cducaiional insiiiuiions of iIc Hindoos Iavc sonciincs lccn
nosi sirangcly ovcrloolcd.
TIc cclclriiy of Nuddca as a scIool of Hindoo lcarning is
wIolly unconnccicd wiiI any noiion of cculiar sanciiiy as in
iIc casc of Dcnarcs. Iis cIaracicr as a univcrsiiy was rolally
connccicd wiiI iIc oliiical inoriancc wIicI lclongcd io ii
aloui iIc iinc of iIc MaIoncdan invasion, as ii sccns io Iavc
lccn for a iinc iIc caiial of Dcngal. TIc rinccs of Dcngal and
iIc laiicr rajaIs of Nuddca cndowcd ccriain icacIcrs wiiI lands
for iIc insiruciion and nainicnancc of scIolars, and iIc suori
iIus givcn io undiis and uils aiiracicd a nunlcr of
DraInans io sciilc iIcrc, and gavc a rcuiaiion io iIc disirici.
TIc loss of all oliiical conscqucncc and iIc allcgcd rcsuniion
of nosi of iIc cndowncnis Iavc vcry nucI dininisIcd iIc
aiiraciion of iIc siic, lui ii siill coniinucs a lacc of lcarning
and cicnsivc rcuic.
In 1811, Lord Minio, iIcn Covcrnor-Ccncral, rooscd io
csiallisI a Hindoo collcgc ai Nuddca and anoiIcr in TirIooi,
and sci aari funds for iIai urosc. TIc dcsign, Iowcvcr, was
finally alandoncd in favour of iIai of forning a sinilar
insiiiuiion on a largcr scalc, iIc rcscni Sanslrii Collcgc in
Calcuiia. In iIc coursc of iIc corrcsondcncc wIicI iool lacc
lciwccn govcrnncni and iIc Conniiicc of Sucrinicndcncc
rovisionally aoinicd for iIc rooscd collcgc ai Nuddca, iIc
Conniiicc siaicd, undcr daic 9iI July, 1816, iIai iIcrc wcrc
iIcn in Nuddca 46 scIools lci and suoricd ly iIc nosi
lcarncd and
298
rcscciallc undiis of iIc lacc, wIo invarially iaugIi ai iIcir
Iouscs or in iIc tos aiiacIcd io iIcn, wIcrc iIc uils wcrc all
lodgcd arily ai iIcir own ccnsc and arily ai iIc ccnsc of
iIcir rccciors. TIc ioial nunlcr of uils wIo wcrc ai iIai
iinc so circunsianccd anounicd io aloui 380; iIcir agcs
avcraging lciwccn 25 and 35 ycars. Fcw, ii was olscrvcd,
conncnccd iIcir siudics uniil iIcy Iad aiiaincd iIc agc of 21
ycars, and iIcy oficn ursucd iIcn for 15 ycars, wIcn, Iaving
acquircd a crfcci lnowlcdgc of iIc sIasira and all iis arcana,
iIcy rciurncd io iIcir naiivc Ioncs and sci u as undiis and
icacIcrs iIcnsclvcs.
In 1818, Mr Ward cnuncraicd 31 scIools of lcarning ai
Nuddca, coniaining in all 747 siudcnis, of wIon noi fcwcr iIan
fivc siudicd undcr onc icacIcr. So nany as onc Iundrcd and
iwcniy-fivc siudcnis arc siaicd io Iavc lccn rccciving iIc
insiruciions of onc icacIcr ai iIc sanc iinc, lui iIc accuracy of
Mr Ward's infornaiion in iIis ariicular nay lc doulicd. TIc
rincial siudics wcrc logic and law, and iIcrc was only onc
scIool for gcncral liicraiurc, onc for asironony, and onc for
grannar. TIc following arc iIc dciails in Mr Ward's words.
'Nuu Cocgcs
SIivu-Nai'Iu-Vidya-VacIusuicc Ias onc Iundrcd and
iwcniy-fivc siudcnis
Fanu-LocIunu-Nyayu-VIoosIunu, iwcniy diiio
KasIcc-Nai'Iu Turlu-CIooranuncc, iIiriy diiio
UlIuyanundu-Turlalunlaru, iwcniy diiio
Fanu-SIurunu-Nyayu-VagcssIu, fificcn diiio
DIola-Nai'Iu-SIironuncc, iwclvc diiio
FadIa-Nai'Iu Turlu-PuncIanunu, icn diiio
Fanu-MoIunu-Vidya VacIusuicc, iwcniy diiio
SIri Fanu-Turlu-DIoosIunu, iwcniy diiio
Kalcc-Kaniu-CIooranuncc, fivc diiio
KrisInu-Kaniu-Vidya-VagccsIu, fificcn diiio
Turlalunlaru, fificcn diiio
Kalcc-Prusunu, fificcn diiio
MadIulu-Turlu-SidIaniu, iwcniy-fivc diiio
Kunula-Kaniu-Turlu-CIooranuncc, iwcniy-fivc diiio
EcsIwuru-Turlu-DIoosIunu, iwcniy diiio
Kaniu-Vidyalunlaru, foriy diiio
Luu Cocgcs
Fanu-Nai'Iu-Turlu-Siddaniu, foriy siudcnis
Cunga-DIuru-SIironuncc, iwcniy-fivc diiio
299
Dcvcc-Turlalunlaru, iwcniy-fivc diiio
MoIunu-Vidya-VacIusuuicc, iwcniy diiio
Cangolcc-Tulalunlaru, icn diiio
KrisInu-Turlu-DIoosIunu, icn diiio
Pranu-KrisInu-Turlu-VagccsIu, fivc diiio
PooroIiiu, fivc diiio
KasIcc-Kaniu-Turlu-CIooranuncc, iIiriy diiio
Kalcc-Kaniu-Turlu-PuncIanunu, iwcniy diiio
CudadIura-Turlu-VagccsIu, iwcniy diiio
Cocgc uIcc tIc Poctcu VoIs uc cud
Kalcc-Kaniu-Turlu-CIooranuncc, fifiy siudcnis
VIcc tIc Astononcu VoIs uc cud
Cooroo-Prusadu-SiddIaniu-VagccsIu, fifiy siudcnis
VIcc tIc Gunnu s cud
SIunloo-Nai'Iu CIooranuncc, fivc siudcnis.'
In 1821, iIc junior Mcnlcr and Sccrciary of iIc Ccncral
Conniiicc of Pullic Insiruciion, H.H. Wilson, Esquirc, in
rosccuiing a sccial invcsiigaiion on wIicI Ic was dcuicd,
collccicd ai iIc sanc iinc sonc gcncral infornaiion rcscciing
iIc siaic of lcarning ai Nuddca. Ai iIai criod Nuddca coniaincd
aloui iwcniy-fivc csiallisIncnis for siudy. TIcsc arc callcd tos,
and consisi of a iIaicIcd cIanlcr for iIc undii and iIc class,
and iwo or iIrcc rangcs of nud-Iovcls in wIicI iIc siudcnis
rcsidc. TIc undii docs noi livc on iIc soi, lui concs io iIc to
cvcry day on wIicI siudy is lawful ai an carly Iour and rcnains
iill sunsci. TIc Iuis arc luili and lci in rcair ai Iis ccnsc,
and Ic noi only givcs insiruciions graiuiiously lui assisis io
fccd and cloiIc Iis class, Iis ncans of so doing lcing dcrivcd
fron forncr granis ly iIc rajaI of Nuddca, and rcscnis nadc
io Iin ly iIc zcnindars in iIc ncigIlourIood ai rcligious
fcsiivals, iIc valuc of wIicI nucI dccnds on Iis cclclriiy as a
icacIcr. TIc siudcnis arc all full-grown ncn, sonc of iIcn old
ncn. TIc usual nunlcr in a to is aloui iwcniy or iwcniy-fivc,
lui in sonc laccs, wIcrc iIc undii is of IigI rcuic, iIcrc arc
fron fifiy io siiy. TIc wIolc nunlcr is said io lc lciwccn 500
and 600. TIc grcaicr rooriion consisis of naiivcs of Dcngal,
lui iIcrc arc nany fron rcnoic aris of India, csccially fron
iIc souiI. TIcrc arc sonc fron Ncaul and Assan, and nany
fron iIc casicrn disiricis, csccially TirIooi. Fcw if any Iavc
ncans of sulsisicncc of iIcir own. TIcir dwclling iIcy oliain
fron iIcir icacIcr, and iIcir cloiIcs and food in rcscnis fron
Iin and iIc sIo-lcccrs and land-Ioldcrs in iIc iown or
300
ncigIlourIood. Ai iIc rincial fcsiivals iIcy discrsc for a fcw
days in qucsi of alns, wIcn iIcy collcci cnougI io susiain iIcn
iill iIc nci inicrval of lcisurc. TIc cIicf siudy ai Nuddca is
nuu or logic; iIcrc arc also sonc csiallisIncnis for iuiiion in
law, cIicfly in iIc worls of FagIunandana, a cclclraicd Nuddca
undii, and in onc or iwo laccs grannar is iaugIi. Sonc of iIc
siudcnis, ariicularly scvcral fron iIc DclIin, scal Sanscrii
wiiI grcai flucncy and corrccincss.
TIc accouni ly Mr Wilson is iIc laicsi and rolally iIc
nosi corrcci of iIc siaic of lcarning ai Nuddca. TIc variaiions in
iIc nunlcr of collcgcs and siudcnis ai iIc diffcrcni criods arc
dcscrving of aiicniion. According io iIc rcscciivc auiIoriiics
iIcrc wcrc in 1816 foriy-si scIools and 380 siudcnis; in 1818
iIiriy-onc scIools and 747 siudcnis; and in 1829 iwcniy-fivc
scIools, coniaining fron 5 io 600 siudcnis. Ii would iIus acar
iIai, wiiIin iIc lasi iwcniy ycars, iIc nunlcr of scIools Ias
dininisIcd, and iIc nunlcr of scIolars Ias uon iIc wIolc in-
crcascd. TIis would sccn io suori iIc infcrcncc iIai iIcrc is
now, in iIc class fron wIicI siudcnis arc drawn, and incrcascd
disosiiion io siudy Hindoo lcarning, acconanicd ly a
dininisIcd aliliiy or inclinaiion in iIc class ly wIicI iIc
collcgcs arc rincially suoricd, io incur iIc ccnsc of
cncouraging ncw tos rooriioncd io iIc incrcascd nunlcr of
siudcnis.
Scvcral of iIosc scIools of Hindoo lcarning in Nuddca arc
suoricd or aidcd ly snall annual allowanccs fron iIc DriiisI
Covcrnncni. TIus in 1813, FancIandra Vidyalanlara wIo
cnjoycd an annual allowancc of ruccs 71, in considcraiion of
Iis lccing u a cIuuu or scninary, dicd. Alicaiion was
sIorily aficrwards nadc io iIc Collccior of iIc disirici, and ly
Iin rcfcrrcd io iIc Fcvcnuc Doard, for iIc assignncni of Iis
allowancc io a naiivc wIo claincd ii as iIc Icir of FancIandra
Vidyalanlara, lui iIc roofs of Iis rigIi of succcssion or
qualificaiions noi lcing saiisfaciory, ii was noi granicd io Iin.
In 1818, DalanaiI Sironani rcfcrrcd a clain io iIis allowancc
as iIc son of FancIandra Vidyalanlara and Iis succcssor in
iIc cIuuu. On rcfcrcncc of iIis clain io iIc Fcvcnuc Doard,
iIc Collccior was ordcrcd io asccriain wIciIcr DalanaiI
Sironani did aciually lcc a scninary in Nuddca; and ii
acaring on cnquiry iIai Ic lci a cIuuu in wIicI Ic
cducaicd cigIi uils in iIc tuIu or nuu sIustu, iIc
govcrnncni dcicrnincd in Junc 1820, iIai iIc cnsion of
ruccs 71 sIould lc coniinucd io Iin and iIc arrcars aid u.
301
In Junc, 1818, alicaiion was nadc io iIc Fcvcnuc Doard
iIrougI iIc Collccior of Nuddca, on lcIalf of SivnaiI Vidya-
VacIasaii, for a cnsion or allowancc of ruccs 90 cr annun,
wIicI Iad lccn cnjoycd ly Iis faiIcr Sulra Tarlavagis, in
considcraiion of Iis nainiaining a scninary in Nuddca. TIc
Doard ordcrcd iIc coniinuancc of iIc cnsion and iIc ayncni
of arrcars.
In Novcnlcr, 1819, an alicaiion was nadc iIrougI iIc
Collccior of Nuddca io iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc, on lcIalf of Sriran
Sironani, for a cnsion or allowancc of ruccs 36 cr annun, in
considcraiion of Iis lccing u a cIuuu or scninary ai
Nuddca, wIicI Iad lccn foundcd and cndowcd ly iIc rajaI of
Naiiorc. Ii was in iIis casc also asccriaincd iIai Sriran
Sironani did lcc u iIc scninary in wIicI iIcrc wcrc iIrcc
uils, and iIc allowancc iogciIcr wiiI iIc arrcars was
accordingly ordcrcd io lc aid io Iin.
A sinilar dccision was asscd in 1819 in favour of Fanjaya
Tarla-Dangla, confirning io Iin an annual allowancc of ruccs
62, in considcraiion of Iis coniinuing io nainiain a scninary in
Nuddca in wIicI Ic cducaicd fivc uils.
In 1823, ii was rcrcscnicd io iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc iIai a
Naiivc Collcgc cisicd in iIc iown of Nuddca in wIicI
FancIandra Tarlavagis iaugIi iIc uranas, on accouni of
wIicI Ic ciiiioncd for iIc annual cnsion or allowancc fron
govcrnncni of sicca ruccs 24, wIicI Iad lccn cnjoycd ly Iis
faiIcr wIilc rcsidcni in FajsIaIy, and wIicI Ic soliciicd nigIi
lc coniinucd io Iin in Nuddca. TIc Fcvcnuc Doard dirccicd
iIcir nazir io nalc cnquiry as io iIc facis siaicd, and io rcori
iIc rcsuli. Hc accordingly rcoricd iIai FancIandra Tarlavagis
did lcc a scninary in iIc iown of Nuddca in wIicI Ic
nainiaincd and insirucicd in iIc sIasiras 31 siudcnis, of wIosc
nancs a lisi was dclivcrcd in and iIai Ic Iad donc so for ninc
ycars iIcn lasi asi. Undcr iIcsc circunsianccs, iIc Doard
rcconncndcd and iIc govcrnncni dcicrnincd iIai iIc cnsion
sIould lc coniinucd io FancIandra Tarlavagis, and iIc arrcars
wIicI Iad accrucd sincc iIc dcaiI of Iis faiIcr lc aid io Iin.
In 1829, iIc Conniiicc of Pullic Insiruciion rcccivcd
ordcrs io caninc and rcori uon a ciiiion io govcrnncni fron
ccriain siudcnis ai Nuddca, claining iIc rcsioraiion or
coniinuancc of an allowancc anouniing io 100 ruccs cr
noniI. TIc Conniiicc dcuicd iIcir junior Mcnlcr and
Sccrciary, and asccriaincd iIai all iIosc siudcnis wIo canc
fron laccs norc
302
iIan iIrcc days' journcy fron Nuddca Iad IiiIcrio dccndcd
vcry nucI uon iIis grani fron govcrnncni wIicI gavc iIcn
fron iwclvc annas io onc rucc a noniI, and ncarly sufficcd io
rocurc iIcn food. TIc anouni of iIc grani iIai rcacIcd iIc
siudcnis was in faci lui 90 ruccs, 10 lcing sci aari for sonc
ccrcnony. TIc nunlcr of forcign siudcnis was gcncrally
lciwccn 100 io 150, and iIcrc wcrc aloui iIc laiicr nunlcr ai
iIai iinc ai Nuddca awaiiing iIc rcsuli of iIcir ciiiion. If noi
conlicd wiiI, iIcy would Iavc found ii ncccssary io quii iIc
lacc. Mr Wilson nadc ariicular cnquiry of iIc siudcnis wiiI
rcscci io iIc disiriluiion of iIc allowancc and cniirc
saiisfaciion was unifornly crcsscd on iIis suljcci. A ciiy
suraf or odar acconanicd ly onc of iIcir nunlcr is dcuicd
io rcccivc iIc allowancc ai iIc Collccior's Trcasury. On Iis
rciurn Ic dividcs ii anong iIc forcign siudcnis wIosc rcscncc
in iIc iown is crfccily wcll lnown. TIc odar, wIon Mr Wilson
saw, lccs a sIo for iIc salc of grain, and sulics iIc
siudcnis wiiI food, advancing iIcn occasional nainicnancc on
iIc crcdii of iIcir noniIly allowancc. TIcy arc connonly in Iis
dcli, lui Ic is ioo uninoriani a crsonagc, and iIc siudcnis
arc ioo nuncrous, and as DraInans ioo influcniial, for Iin io
raciicc any fraud uon iIcn. TIc allowancc, Ic Ias, no douli,
is fairly disiriluicd; and aliIougI iIc valuc of iIc lcarning
acquircd ai Nuddca nay noi lc vcry IigIly csiinaicd ly
Eurocans, yci ii is in grcai rcuic wiiI iIc naiivcs, and iis
cncouragcncni cvcn ly iIc irifling sun awardcd is a gracious
and oular ncasurc. TIcrc can lc no douli of iis lcing a vcry
csscniial lcncfii io iIosc siudcnis wIo Iavc no oiIcr ficd
ncans of suori. On Mr Wilson's rcori ii was dcicrnincd io
coniinuc iIc allowancc of ruccs 100 cr noniI io iIc
ciiiioncrs.
Liiilc is said ly any of iIc auiIoriiics io wIicI I Iavc
rcfcrrcd of iIc scIools of lcarning in iIis disirici lcyond iIc
iown of Nuddca; lui iIcrc can lc no douli iIai sucI cisi ai
Suntoc, KsInugIu, and oiIcr laccs wiiIin iIc disirici. Mr
Ward ncniions iransicnily iIai, ai Koonuu Huttu and
HIutuu, villagcs in iIis disirici, iIcrc arc crIas scvcn or
cigIi sucI scIools. Ai Suntoc iIcrc was forncrly a snall
Covcrnncni cndowncni wIicI acars io lc ai rcscni in
alcyancc. In 1824, an alicaiion was nadc iIrougI iIc
Collccior of Nuddca io iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc ly Dcvi Prasad
Nyayu VacIasaii DIaiiacIaryya, as iIc lroiIcr of Kali Prasad
TarlasiddIania DIaiiacIaryya, wIo Iad dicd in iIc rcccding
ycar, for an annual allowancc or cnsion of sicca ruccs 156-11-
10, in considcraiion io Iis lccing a scninary in iIc iown of
Suntoc.
303
Enquirics wcrc nadc as io iIc cIaracicr of iIc dcccascd wIo is
siaicd io Iavc lccn a undii of grcai aliliiy, Iaving wIcn Ic
dicd aloui 10 siudcnis undcr iuiiion. Ii also acarcd ly iIc
cvidcncc roduccd on iIc occasion iIai iIc lroiIcr and rcscni
clainani assisicd iIc dcccascd in iIc iuiiion of Iis siudcnis wIo
rcsidcd wiiI Iin, and iIai iIcy rcad iIc dIunu sIustu or
worls on law. TIc infornaiion iIus roduccd noi sccning io iIc
Doard of Fcvcnuc saiisfaciory, iIc Collccior was dirccicd io
nalc furiIcr cnquirics rcscciing iIc origin and iIc cicni of
iIc cndowncni and iIc scrvicc rcndcrcd, lui Iis final rcori
docs noi acar on iIc rccords.
I Iavc alrcady ncniioncd iIc naiurc of iIc rcori, nadc ly
iIc Judgc and Magisiraic of iIis disirici in 1801, iIai iIcrc wcrc
no scninarics wiiIin iIc disirici in wIicI ciiIcr iIc Hindoo or
MaIoncdan law was iaugIi, and I Iavc nci wiiI no dircci
cvidcncc io csiallisI iIc cisicncc of any MaIoncdan
insiiiuiions. WiiI a considcrallc rooriion, Iowcvcr, of
MaIoncdan oulaiion ii sccns ccccdingly inrolallc iIai
iIcy sIould lc cniircly dcsiiiuic of sucI insiiiuiions of
cducaiion as arc found io cisi in oiIcr disiricis.
DACCA & JALALPUF. (.85}
Hanilion scals of ccriain scIools in iIc disirici in wIicI
iIc rincilcs or raiIcr iIc forns of Hindoo rcligion and law arc
iaugIi, lui I Iavc noi lccn allc io iracc any furiIcr dciails
rcscciing iIcn. I find noi iIc rcnoicsi rcfcrcncc io MaIoncdan
scIools in a disirici rcnarlallc for a largc rooriion of Moslcn
inIaliianis.
TIc ullic funciionarics in 1823 rcoricd io iIc Ccncral
Conniiicc iIai no granis or cndowncnis of any dcscriiion for
iIc urosc of cducaiion wcrc lnown io cisi in iIc disirici.
DACKEFCUNCE. (.86}
I Iavc noi lccn allc io oliain any infornaiion rcscciing
indigcnous scIools, ciiIcr clcncniary or lcarncd, in iIis disirici,
and I can only infcr fron iIc lnown siaic of cducaiion in oiIcr
disiricis iIai Icrc also sucI insiiiuiions nusi cisi, aliIougI
iIcy Iavc noi in any way conc undcr ullic noiicc. TIc
Collccior in 1823 rcoricd iIai no cndowncnis or funds for iIc
uroscs of cducaiion cisicd in iIc disirici.
304
CHITTACONC. (.88-89}
TIc official rcori of 1824 nalcs no ncniion of indigcnous
scIools of lcarning, and ii is rolallc iIai fcw cisi in iIis
disirici. Ii is, Iowcvcr, siaicd iIai iIcrc is nucI land iIai Ias
lccn aroriaicd io cIariiallc uroscs, sonc for cIurcIcs
and sonc for iIc lcncfii of iIc oor, lui no cndowncnis wcrc
lnown ai iIai iinc io cisi for iIc lcncfii of cducaiion.
In 1827, iIc Collccior of iIc disirici was dirccicd io nalc
cnquirics rcscciing a naiivc insiiiuiion suoricd ly
cndowncni, and io rcori iIc rcsuli io govcrnncni. Hc rcoricd
iIai Mccr Hinja Iad lcqucaiIcd lands for iIc cndowncni of a
nudusu, and iIai iIcy iIcn yicldcd for iIc urosc of
cducaiion noi norc iIan ruccs 1,570 cr annun, iwo-iIirds of
iIc cndowncni Iaving lccn judicially assigncd io iIc foundcr's
cIildrcn in iIc ycar 1790; iIai wiiI iIc rcnaining onc-iIird iIc
iIcn incunlcni Maulavi Ali MacIiulul KIan Kcnoun rofcsscd
Iinsclf unallc io lcc u iIc insiiiuiion on iis iIcn rcscni
fooiing, wIicI rovidcd for iIc insiruciion of 50 siudcnis and for
iIc suori of iIrcc icacIcrs, onc of Aralic and iwo of Pcrsian;
iIai iIc nunlcr of siudcnis originally conicnlaicd was 150;
and iIai iIc luildings consisicd of a snall nosquc in good ordcr
and iwo low rangcs of aiiacIcd Iouscs for iIc dwclling of iIc
nasicr and discilcs, wIicI wcrc of liiilc valuc. TIc Collccior
suggcsicd iIai iIc lands would rcalisc iwicc iIcir rcscni rcnial,
if ui u io iIc IigIcsi liddcr ly ordcr of govcrnncni; and
sulniiicd iIai iIcy sIould lc so rc-lci, and iIc rocccds aid io
iIc Maulavi in noniIly insiallncnis, wIo in rciurn sIould
criodically sulnii Iis accounis and a rcori of iIc siaic of iIc
insiiiuiion io iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc for iIc infornaiion of
govcrnncni. TIc Covcrnor-Ccncral in Council arovcd iIis
suggcsiion and ii was ordcrcd accordingly.
TIPEFA. (.91}
I Iavc no infornaiion rcgarding ciiIcr connon scIools or
scIools of lcarning in iIis disirici. Hanilion siaics, crIas ioo
osiiivcly, iIai iIcrc arc noi any rcgular scIools or scninarics
wIcrc iIc Hindoo and MaIoncdan laws and rcligion arc iaugIi.
In rcly io cnquirics nadc ly iIc Ccncral Conniiicc iIc local
agcnis of govcrnncni siaicd in 1823 iIai iIcy could noi discovcr
iIai any cndowncnis or funds of a ullic naiurc cisi in iIc
disirici, or iIai any granis Iavc cvcr lccn nadc alicallc io
iIc urosc of ullic insiruciion.
305
MYMUNSINC. (.92}
Hanilion siaics iIai iIcrc arc noi any rcgular scninarics
in iIis disirici for icacIing iIc MaIoncdan law, lui iIai iIcrc
arc iwo or iIrcc scIools in cacI crgunnaI for insiruciion in
Hindoo lcarning. TIc disirici is dividcd inio ninciccn
crgunnaIs and si iuas, in all iwcniy-fivc local sul-
divisions, wIicI will givc fron 50 io 60 scIools of Hindoo
lcarning in iIc disirici. TIc scIolars arc iaugIi graiuiiously, ii
lcing dccncd disgraccful io rcccivc noncy for insiruciion.
Indigcnous scIools for lcarning inly iIc cisicncc of
indigcnous clcncniary scIools, lui I find no ncniion of iIcn in
any auiIoriiy io wIicI I Iavc rcfcrrcd.
TIc allcgcd non-cisicncc of MaIoncdan scIools in a
disirici in wIicI iIc rooriion of MaIoncdans io Hindoos is as
fivc io iwo is incrcdillc.
SYLHET. (.93}
TIc infornaiion rcscciing iIc siaic of cducaiion in iIis
disirici is ccccdingly scaniy. Hanilion siaics iIai iIcrc arc no
rcgular scIools and scninarics for icacIing iIc Hindoo or
MaIoncdan law, lui iIai in diffcrcni laccs iIcrc arc rivaic
scIools wIcrc loys arc iaugIi io rcad and wriic. Of Mynunsing
iIc rcvcrsc was siaicd, iIai ii Iad scIools of lcarning, lui
noiIing was said of clcncniary scIools. Ii is rolallc iIai in
SylIci iIc forncr arc io lc found as wcll as iIc laiicr, aliIougI
nciiIcr nay lc nuncrous or vcry cfficicni.
MOOFSHEDADAD. (.94-96}
In 1801 iIcrc was said io lc only onc scIool in iIc disirici
for insiruciion in iIc MaIoncdan law, wIilc iIcrc wcrc iwcniy
for insiruciion in iIc Hindoo laws and cusions. Ii sccns vcry
rolallc iIai iIc nunlcr loiI of Hindoo and MaIoncdan
scIools of lcarning was iIcn and siill is nucI grcaicr.
In Dcccnlcr, 1818, iIc Collccior of MoorsIcdalad
forwardcd io iIc Doard of Fcvcnuc iIc ciiiion of onc Kali KaniI
Sarna, raying for iIc coniinuancc io Iin of a cnsion of fivc
ruccs cr noniI, wIicI Iad lccn granicd io Iis faiIcr, Jaya
Fan Nyaya PancIanan, ly iIc laic MaIa Fani DIawani, forncr
zcnindar of CIucIuI HusIuI, for iIc suori of a Hindoo
collcgc ai iIai lacc. TIc Collccior acconanicd iIc ciiiion ly a
306
siaicncni iIai iIc cnsion Iad, as rcrcscnicd, lccn cnjoycd ly
iIc faiIcr of iIc ciiiioncr and confirncd io Iin ly iIc
govcrnncni on iIc rcori of iIc Collccior in 1796, and iIai iIc
ciiiioncr was of good cIaracicr and qualificd for iIc
sucrinicndcncc of iIc collcgc. TIc Fcvcnuc Doard on
forwarding iIis ciiiion and iIc Collccior's lciicr io iIc
govcrnncni olscrvcd iIai iIc cnsion Iad in faci lascd io iIc
govcrnncni in 1811, iIc ciiiioncr noi lcing iIcn qualificd io
discIargc iIc duiics of iIc officc, lui iIai ii was inicndcd fully
io asccriain Iis fiincss for iIc officc and in iIc cvcni of Iis
concicncy io givc ii io Iin. 'On gcncral rincilcs,' iIc Doard
addcd, 'wc cnicriain iIc oinion iIai cnsions granicd for iIc
nainicnancc of ullic insiiiuiions for cducaiion and insiruciion
sIould noi lc rcsuncd so long as iIcy sIall lc aroriaicd
Ionu dc for iIc urosc for wIicI iIcy wcrc assigncd; and wc
olscrvc on rcfcrcncc io our rocccdings iIai govcrnncni Ias
gcncrally lccn lcascd io coniinuc cnsions for sinilar
uroscs, iIc Doard Iaving rcviously asccriaincd iIc
qualificaiions of iIc crsons in wIosc favour iIcy Iavc lccn
granicd and wc arc accordingly induccd io rcconncnd iIc
rcscni clain io iIc favourallc considcraiion of Iis LordsIi in
Council.' On iIis rcconncndaiion iIc govcrnncni confirncd
Kali KaniI Sarna in iIc rcccii of iIis cnsion; and uon Iis
dcccasc in 1821 ii was ly iIc sanc auiIoriiy confcrrcd on Iis
lroiIcr CIandrasiva Nyayalanlara wIosc clain was undisuicd
and wIo iIcn nainiaincd scvcn siudcnis, fivc of iIcn rcsidcni
in Iis Iousc.
In July, 1822, iIc Collccior of MoorsIcdalad forwardcd io
iIc Fcvcnuc Doard a ciiiion fron KisIanaiI Nyaya
PancIanand, iIc son of FanlisIorc Sarna, rcoriing iIc dcaiI
of Iis faiIcr, and raying iIc iransfcr and coniinuancc io
Iinsclf of a noniIly cnsion of fivc ruccs wIicI Iad lccn
granicd in 1793 for iIc suori of a Hindoo scninary ai Vsu
ncar Couu. TIc Collccior rcoricd iIc ciiiioncr io lc iIc Icir
and rigIiful clainani of iIc cnsion and wcll qualificd for iIc
crfornancc of iIc duiics of iIc scIool. Undcr iIcsc
circunsianccs iIc iransfcr of iIc cnsion fron iIc nanc of
FanlisIorc Sarna io Iis son KisIanaiI Nyaya PancIanand was
auiIoriscd.
DEEFDHOOM. (.98-100}
I find no accouni of iIc siaic of indigcnous cducaiion in
iIis disirici. Hanilion is silcni on iIc suljcci, and in rcly io
inquirics nadc ly iIc Ccncral Conniiicc in 1823, iIc local
Agcni of Covcrnncni siaicd iIai iIcrc wcrc no scninarics for
307
iIc insiruciion of youiI in iIc disirici, ciiIcr ullic or rivaic,
and, as I suosc nusi lc undcrsiood, ciiIcr clcncniary or
lcarncd. If, as I suscci, iIis siaicncni is incorrcci, ii is iIc
norc ciraordinary, lccausc iIc agcni acars io Iavc ialcn a
grcai dcal of iroullc io collcci infornaiion rcgarding iIc ncans
cisiing in iIc disirici suoscd io lc alicallc io iIc cncour-
agcncni of cducaiion. Fron iIc analogy of oiIcr ncigIlouring
disiricis, ii sccns incrcdillc iIai iIcrc sIould lc no scIools of
any lind anongsi a oulaiion in wIicI iIcrc is a rooriion of
iIiriy Hindoos io onc MaIoncdan.
In 1820, a Hindoo nancd Sarlanand, wIo claincd
succcssion io iIc officc of ojIa or IigI-ricsi of iIc icnlc of
HudunutI alrcady ncniioncd, nadc an offcr io iIc govcrnncni
iIrougI iIc local agcni io givc 5,000 ruccs as an cndowncni
for a Naiivc scIool in iIc disirici on condiiion iIai Iis clain io
iIc succcssion of iIc ojIasIi nigIi lc sanciioncd and
csiallisIcd ly iIc auiIoriiy of govcrnncni. Fron a noiicc of iIis
iransaciion coniaincd in iIc rccords of iIc Ccncral Conniiicc,
ii would acar iIai Ic aciually scni iIc noncy io iIc
Collccior's officc, and iIai in addiiion io iIc csiallisIncni of a
scIool Ic wisIcd ii io lc, in ari, ccndcd on iIc ccavaiion of
a ianl ai Soory, iIc cIicf iown of iIc disirici. TIc offcr was
dcclincd, and Sarlanand inforncd iIai Ic nusi alidc iIc
rcgular adjudicaiion of iIc law couris on Iis clain, wIicI rovcd
unfavourallc.
TIc aciing Agcni and Collccior in DccrlIoon in 1823
sccns io Iavc considcrcd iIai iIc funds of iIc icnlc wcrc
liallc io lc alicd io iIc csiallisIncni of ullic insiiiuiions,
lui ii docs noi acar on wIai grounds iIis oinion was forncd.
According io onc accouni iIc collcciions of iIc icnlc avcragc
30,000 ruccs cr annun, iIc anouni dccnding on iIc
nunlcr and lilcraliiy of iIc ilgrins. According io an official
csiinaic nadc in 1822, iIc rcsourccs of iIc icnlc wcrc
suoscd io lc 1,50,000 ruccs annually. A sccific faci siaicd
is iIai in iwo noniIs iIc collcciions anounicd io 15,000
ruccs, lui ii is noi said wIciIcr iIc iwo noniIs wcrc in iIc
scason of iIc ycar wIcn iIc icnlc is nosi frcqucnicd. TIc
rcscni aroriaiion of iIc rcvcnuc aficr roviding, I concludc,
for iIc currcni ccnscs of iIc icnlc, is io iIc suori of
rcligious ncndicanis and dcvoiccs.
TIc aciing Agcni and Collccior also sulniiicd iwo
siaicncnis of iIc quaniiiy of land dcdicaicd io various rcligious
uroscs, crcssing ai iIc sanc iinc iIc oinion iIai iIc
roducc
308
of iIcsc cndowncnis is gcncrally csirangcd fron iIc uroscs io
wIicI ii was originally dcvoicd, and cnjoycd ly crsons wIo
Iavc no clain io ii. Hc sccns io Iavc considcrcd iIai iIcsc
cndowncnis also wcrc alicallc io uroscs of cducaiion lui
iIc rcasons of iIc oinion arc noi givcn. TIc siaicncnis wcrc
rcarcd fron iIc ullic rcgisirics of land and I suljoin iIcn
cniirc, noiicing Icrc only iIcir gcncral rcsulis. TIcsc arc iIai in
iwcniy-iwo crgunnaIs iIcrc arc 8,348 lccgIas, lcsidcs 39
scaraic nouzaIs or villagcs of dcuottu lands; 16,331 lccgIas
of nuzu lands; 5,086 lccgIas of cIugI lands and 1,015
lccgIas of ottu lands. In fificcn oiIcr crgunnaIs iIai Iad
lccn iIcn rcccnily iransfcrrcd fron iIc disirici of MoorsIcdalad
io iIai of DccrlIoon, iIcrc arc 1,934 lccgIas of dcuottu and
162 of ottu lands, naling iIc wIolc anouni 32,877 lccgIas
of land, lcsidcs 39 villagcs. I Iavc addcd io iIc siaicncnis a
lricf clanaiion of iIc disiinciivc icrns cnloycd io dcscrilc
iIc diffcrcni soris of cndowcd lands; and I Iavc rccordcd iIcsc
cndowncnis in iIis lacc lccausc iIcy wcrc in sonc way
connccicd in iIc nind of iIc aciing Agcni and Collccior wiiI iIc
ncans cisiing in iIc disirici for iIc ronoiion of cducaiion; lui
I would noi lc undcrsiood io crcss a concurrcncc in iIc
oinion, if ii was cnicriaincd, iIai iIcir alicaiion io sucI a
urosc could lc rcndcrcd lcgally olligaiory. As far as I can
asccriain fron iIc icrns cnloycd io dcscrilc iIcn, iIcy arc
rcligious cndowncnis. WiiI iIc voluniary conscni of iIc
Ioldcrs, iIcy arc, as I undcrsiand, caallc of lcing alicd io
ronoic cducaiion wIcn vicwcd as a rcligious duiy; lui wiiIoui
iIai conscni ii would lc unjusi io cnloy iIcn for sucI a
urosc, and ii would also lc inrudcni ly iIc cnloyncni of
qucsiionallc ncans in ursuii of a grcai ullic oljcci, sucI as
naiional cducaiion, io rousc iIc rcligious fcclings of iIc couniry
againsi ii.
FAJSHAHY. (.103-104}
TIcrc is no douli iIai in iIis disirici iIcrc arc scvcral
scIools of Hindoo lcarning, lui I find no ncniion of any of iIcn
ccci iwo wIicI arc suoricd ly an allowancc fron
govcrnncni. In Junc, 1813, iIc Collccior of FajsIaIy forwardcd
io iIc Fcvcnuc Doard a ciiiion fron Kasscssur DacIusuiy,
Covindran SirIai, and Hurran Surna DuiiacIarjcc, siaiing
iIai iIcir faiIcr Iad rcccivcd fron Fani DIawani an allowancc
of 90 ruccs cr annun for iIc suori of a collcgc, wIicI
allowancc on iIc dcccasc of iIcir faiIcr Iad lccn coniinucd io
iIcir cldcr lroiIcr iill Iis dcccasc; and iIai sincc iIc daic of
iIai cvcni iIcy
309
Iad lci u iIc csiallisIncni, and iIcrcforc, raycd iIai iIc
allowancc nigIi lc coniinucd io iIcn.
TIc Collccior corroloraicd iIc avcrncnis in iIis ciiiion,
olscrving iIai Kasscssur discIargcd iIc duiics of onc collcgc in
iIc iown of Naiiorc, and iIai Iis iwo lroiIcrs Iad csiallisIcd
anoiIcr in iIc Mofussil.
TIc Fcvcnuc Doard, in forwarding iIc Collccior's lciicr and
iIc ciiiion io govcrnncni, olscrvcd iIai iIc cnsion Iad lccn
confcrrcd ly iIc auiIoriiy of govcrnncni on iIc laic CIundar
Silar TurlansIcs for Iis lifc, on a rcrcscniaiion fron iIc
Collccior iIai Ic Iad no oiIcr ncans of sulsisicncc, and was
rocrly qualificd and iaugIi iIc scicnccs graiis; iIai Ic was
aiicndcd ly nany siudcnis; was iIc only caallc icacIcr in
Naiiorc; and iIai iIc coniinuancc of Iis cnsion nigIi lc
dccncd a ullic lcncfii.
TIc Fcvcnuc Doard furiIcr sulniiicd iIai, as ii acarcd
iIc lroiIcrs nainiaincd iIc insiiiuiions of iIcir faiIcr in full
cfficicncy, iIc cnsion nigIi lc coniinucd io iIcn and iIcir
Icirs in crciuiiy, on iIc condiiion of iIcir coniinuing io
uIold iIcsc csiallisIncnis undcr iIc sucrvision of iIc local
agcnis of iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni. TIc Dcngal Covcrnncni fully
acquicsccd in iIis suggcsiion, and sanciioncd iIc ayncni of
iIc allowancc of 90 ruccs cr annun on iIc condiiion siaicd ly
iIc Fcvcnuc Doard.
FANCPUF. (.106-107}
Hanilion on iIc siaic of lcarning in iIis disirici says iIai a
fcw DraInans Iavc acquircd sufficicni slill in asironony io
consiruci an alnanac, and fivc or si Pundiis insiruci youiI in a
scicncc nancd Agun, or nagic, conrcIcnding asirology and
cIironancy. TIc laiicr is rccloncd a IigIcr scicncc iIan iIc
calculaiion of naiiviiics, and is nonooliscd ly iIc sacrcd ordcr.
TIc MaIoncdans, Ic adds, Iaving no wisc ncn of iIcir own,
consuli iIosc of iIc Hindoos. TIis accouni of iIc siaic of
lcarning is vcry unfavourallc and is noi quiic corrcci. TIc
Agana sIasira docs noi ncrcly icacI asirology and cIironancy,
lui is also occuicd wiiI iIc riiual olscrvanccs of nodcrn
Hindooisn, and ii is noi iIc only lrancI of lcarning iaugIi in
iIc scIools.
Fron dciails furnisIcd ly iIc canoongocs, ii acars iIai
in ninc sul-divisions of iIc disirici iIcrc arc 41 scIools of
Sanslrii lcarning coniaining cacI fron 5 io 25 scIolars, wIo arc
310
iaugIi grannar, gcncral liicraiurc, rIcioric, logic, law, iIc
nyiIological ocns, and asironony, as wcll as iIc Agana
sIasira. TIc siudcnis oficn rosccuic iIcir siudics iill iIcy arc
iIiriy-fivc and cvcn foriy ycars of agc, and arc alnosi invarially
iIc sons of DraInans. TIcy arc suoricd in various ways
firsi, ly iIc lilcraliiy of iIosc lcarncd ncn wIo insiruci iIcn;
sccondly, ly iIc rcscnis iIcy rcccivc on occasions of inviiaiion
io rcligious fcsiivals and doncsiic cclclraiions; iIirdly, ly iIcir
rclaiions ai Ionc; and fouriIly, ly lcgging, rccoursc lcing Iad
io onc ncans wIcn oiIcrs fail. TIc insiruciors arc cnallcd io
assisi iIcir uils, sonciincs fron iIcir own indccndcni
ncans, sonciincs fron iIc occasional gifis iIcy rcccivc fron
oiIcrs, and sonciincs fron iIc roducc of snall cndowncnis.
Ai lcasi icn arc siaicd io Iavc snall granis of land for iIc
suori of lcarning, onc of iIcsc consisiing of 25 lccgIas of
DraInoiiur land, and anoiIcr of 176 lccgIas of LalIiraj land.
TIc quaniiiy of land in iIc oiIcr cascs in noi ncniioncd, lui ii
is noi siaicd io lc gcncrally DraInoiiur.
In onc insiancc ii is siaicd iIai iIc owncr of iIc csiaic on
wIicI iIc scIool is siiuaicd gavc iIc Pundii a ycarly rcscni of
32 ruccs, and in anoiIcr insiancc a noniIly allowancc of 5 or
8 ruccs. In a iIird insiancc iIc Pundii of iIc scIool livcd on Iis
airinony, and ai iIc sanc iinc acicd as fanily ricsi io iIc
zcnindar.
DINAJPUF. (.112-114}
Of iIc iwcniy-iwo sul-divisions of iIc disirici, iIcrc arc fif-
iccn wiiIoui any scIools of lcarning, and iIc rcnaining scvcn
Iavc only siiccn scIools. Mosi of iIc icacIcrs osscss lands
wIicI cnallc iIcn io rovidc for iIcir own sulsisicncc as wcll
as iIai of iIcir uils, and iIcy rcccivc gifis fron all Hindoos of
any disiinciion. TIcrc is, Iowcvcr, no ncccssiiy for a crson wIo
Iolds iIcsc lands io insiruci youiI, and wIcn iIc cclclriiy of a
icacIcr Ias rocurcd largc granis of land, Iis Icirs, aliIougI
iIcy coniinuc io cnjoy iIc csiaic, arc noi lound io icacI. TIcy
nay rciain iIc IigI iiilc of Pundii wiiIoui dcvoiing iIcnsclvcs
io iIc lusincss of insiruciion or iIcy nay cvcn lcialc
iIcnsclvcs io iIc dcgrading affairs of iIc world wiiIoui forfciiing
iIc rocriy. Vcry nucI, Iowcvcr, io iIc crcdii of iIc
DraInans, sucI a ncglcci is noi usual, and onc son of iIc
fanily coniinucs gcncrally io rofcss iIc insiruciion of youiI. If
iIcrc arc oiIcr sons iIcy follow iIcir naiural inclinaiion. WiiI
sucI a sysicn, Iowcvcr lilcral ii nay lc in acarancc, and io
311
wIaicvcr ncrii iIc individual rofcssors arc jusily cniiilcd, ii
nusi lc cvidcni iIai iIc worl of cducaiion will go on lui slowly.
Ii is cvcn io lc fcarcd iIai ii would aliogciIcr sio, wcrc ii noi
for iIc cIariiy wIicI usually follows considcrallc rcuiaiion as
a icacIcr.
Siudcnis usually conncncc iIc siudy of iIc Sanslrii
languagc aloui iwclvc ycars of agc, aficr iIcy Iavc lccn
insirucicd in iIc lnowlcdgc iaugIi in iIc clcncniary scIools.
TIc rincial siudics arc, as clscwIcrc in Dcngal, grannar, law,
and nciaIysics and lcss frcqucnily iIc IilosoIical iIcology
of iIc Vcds, iIc riiual of nodcrn Hindooisn, and asironony, io
wIicI nay lc addcd ncdicinc or raiIcr nagic.
TIc Vaidyas or ncdical irilc, and cvcn sonc ricI
KayasiIas, arc crniiicd io siudy sucI oriions of Sanslrii
liicraiurc as Iavc lccn conoscd ly wisc ncn; lui iIcy arc
ccludcd fron wIaicvcr is suoscd io lc of divinc origin and
auiIoriiy. Dr DucIanan rcnarls iIai iIc cclusivcncss wiiI
wIicI Sanslrii lcarning Ias lccn aroriaicd io iIc sacrcd
irilc nay Iavc icndcd io incrcasc iIc gcncral ignorancc; lui
iIai iIcrc can lc no douli iIai iIosc wIo osscss ii cnjoy vcry
considcrallc advaniagcs ovcr iIcir couniryncn. TIc DraInans
gcncrally scaling Iavc an iniclligcncc and acuicncss far
lcyond oiIcr Hindoos; and Ic furiIcr iIinls iIai iIcy arc
suljcci io fcwcr viccs, and iIai iIosc crsons will lc found io
aroacI ncarcsi iIcir good qualiiics wIo arc adniiicd cvcn io
iIc orcI of scicncc. Hcrc as wcll as clscwIcrc ii will lc found
iIai aliIougI inicllcciual culiivaiion and noral cccllcncc arc
nciiIcr idcniical nor always conconiiani yci iIc addiciion io
inicllcciual ursuiis and cnjoyncnis, coctccs uIus, lcads io
iIc clcvaiion and inrovcncni of iIc noral cIaracicr. Anongsi
iIc nuliilicd ncans, iIcrcforc, wIicI civilisaiion and
IilaniIroy will suggcsi for iIc rcfornaiion of a wIolc colc,
lci us noi aliogciIcr ncglcci onc of wIicI, Iowcvcr unfaniliar ii
nay lc io our concciions, ccricncc Ias csiallisIcd iIc
uiiliiy, and wIicI Ias in faci lccn iIc sali of iIc cariI,
rcscrving iIc couniry for ccniurics asi anid gcncral
dclascncni and corruiion fron ioial ignorancc and
dcravaiion.
Ii docs noi acar iIai iIcrc is any scIool in wIicI Aralic
or iIc scicnccs of iIc MaIoncdans arc iaugIi,a rcnarlallc
faci rcscciing a oulous disirici in wIicI so largc a rooriion
of iIc inIaliianis is MaIoncdan.
AliIougI sonc of iIc MaIoncdan ricsis can rcad iIc
oriions of iIc Koran iIai arc aroriaicd for ccriain
ccrcnonics,
312
yci Dr DucIanan Icard a gcncral conlaini fron iIc lazis iIai
fcw undcrsiood a singlc word of iIai languagc and iIai iIc
grcaicr ari Iad ncrcly lcarncd iIc assagcs ly roic so as io
cnallc iIcn io crforn iIc ccrcnonics.
PUFNEAH. (.119-122}
TIrougIoui iIc disirici Dr DucIanan rccloncd 119
scIools of iIis dcscriiion, osscssing various dcgrccs of
rcsccialiliiy. TIc suljccis iaugIi arc grannar, logic, and law,
asironony and iIc nodcrn riiual, iIc icacIcrs of iIc iwo laiicr,
aliIougI classcd as lcarncd ncn, lcing lcss rcsccicd iIan iIc
forncr. Sonc cvcn of iIc nosi rcsccicd class wcrc rcuicd io
osscss lui sucrficial acquircncnis. TIc siudcnis arc said io
lc inaiicniivc and io ialc long vacaiions. Aloui as nany
siudcnis go io oiIcr disiricis fron PurncaI as arc aiiracicd io ii
fron oiIcr quaricrs. No Pundii Iad alovc cigIi scIolars
aliogciIcr wIicI is lcss iIan iwo for cacI icacIcr. TIc Pundiis
in iIc disirici, including iIc rofcssional icacIcrs, anounicd io
247, lui iIc clains of nany io iIc iiilc wcrc dccncd
qucsiionallc. A grcai nany oiIcr crsons io iIc nunlcr of
1,800 or 1,900 assunc iIc iiilc of Pundii lui arc disiinguisIcd
fron iIc forncr ly iIc nanc of dasalarnas. TIcy officiaic as
ricsis io iIc Sudras, and iowards iIc Wcsi iIcy aci in iIc sanc
caaciiy for vcry low casics; lui in iIosc aris fcw can rcad or
wriic any languagc. TIcy undcrsiand, Iowcvcr, iIc ociical
lcgcnds wIcn rcad, Iavc acquircd sonc lnowlcdgc of iIc
narvcls iIcy coniain, Iavc conniiicd io ncnory iIc ncccssary
forns of raycr, and can crforn iIc usual ccrcnonics. In iIc
casicrn aris of iIc disirici, wIcrc iIc nanncrs of Dcngal rc-
vail, iIcrc is a class of DraInans wIo officiaic for iIc lowcr
casics of Sudras, and iIcir lnowlcdgc is ncarly on a lcvcl wiiI
iIai of iIc dasalarnas. TIc dasalarnas, wIo aci as ricsis for
iIc IigIcr ordcr of Sudras, can rcad and arc allc io ray fron a
lool. A good nany of iIcn Iavc siudicd for a ycar or iwo undcr
a lcarncd icacIcr, and Iavc sonc sligIi lnowlcdgc of grannar
and law. Sonc of iIcn can undcrsiand a ari of iIc ccrcnonics
wIicI iIcy rcad, and sonc also can noic naiiviiics. A vcry fcw of
iIc ncdical irilc in iIc souiI casi corncr of iIc disirici Iavc
siudicd iIc sacrcd ionguc.
Ii is rcnarlcd iIai scicncc is alnosi cniircly confincd io
iwo of iIc corncrs of iIc disirici, iIc old icrriiory callcd Cour,
and iIc snall oriion siiuaicd io iIc wcsi of iIc Kosi. In iIc
forncr casc, iIc cffcci is aiiriluicd io iIc carc of a naiivc ullic
officcr wIo Iad scvcral csiaics in iIai viciniiy, and siill
313
rciaincd a ari ai iIc iinc of Dr DucIanan's invcsiigaiion. Hc
aoinicd si undiis io icacI, and gavc iIcn an allowancc lc-
sidcs iIc lands wIicI iIcy osscss. TIcy arc rccloncd IigIcr in
ranl iIan iIc oiIcr rofcssors in iIc viciniiy, and arc callcd
rajundiis. TIc iIiriy-onc undiis in iIai quaricr addici iIcn-
sclvcs cIicfly io iIc siudy of grannar, law, and iIc nyiIological
ocns. Logic and nciaIysics arc ncglccicd, as wcll as
asironony and nagic. In iIc wcsicrn sidc of iIc disirici iIcrc
arc no lcss iIan iIiriy-iIrcc icacIcrs wiiIin a snall sacc and
iIcrc asirology as wcll as nciaIysics is siudicd; nyiIological
ocns arc noi nucI rcad and nagic is noi lnown. TIc nunlcr
of iIc icacIcrs is owing io iIc aironagc of iIc FajaIs of
DarlIanga io wIon iIc grcaicr ari of iIc lands lclong; lui
iIcir aironagc did noi acar io lc vcry cfficacious, for, of iIc
iIiriy-iIrcc Pundiis in iIc wIolc icrriiory wcsi of iIc Kosi, only
cigIi wcrc considcrcd wcll-vcrscd in iIc scicnccs and lcarning,
wIicI iIcy rofcsscd io icacI, viz., onc in logic and
nciaIysics, iIrcc in grannar, and four in asirology. All iIcsc
arc MiiIila Pundiis.
Dr DucIanan Ias connunicaicd sonc dciails of iIc
rooriions in wIicI iIc diffcrcni lrancIcs of lcarning wcrc
siudicd. Elcvcn Pundiis iaugIi nciaIysics; of iIcsc si
confincd iIcnsclvcs cniircly io iIai lrancI; onc also iaugIi
grannar, anoiIcr addcd law; iwo oiIcrs wiiI law also rcad iIc
S IIuguut; and onc nan includcd iIc wIolc of iIcsc wiiIin iIc
rangc of Iis insiruciions. TIcrc wcrc no lcss iIan iIiriy-onc
icacIcrs of iIc law, of wIon onc only confincd Iinsclf io iIai
ursuii; iwcniy of iIcn iaugIi onc addiiional scicncc; and of
iIcsc ninciccn iaugIi grannar, and onc logic and nciaIysics;
cigIi iaugIi iwo addiiional lrancIcs, of wIon iIrcc iaugIi
grannar and claincd iIc IIuguut, iwo iaugIi logic and
nciaIysics and also claincd iIc IIuguut, iwo iaugIi
grannar and iIc nodcrn riiual, and onc iaugIi grannar and
asironony. Two iaugIi iIrcc oiIcr lrancIcs, onc claining
grannar, logic and iIc nyiIological ocns, and iIc oiIcr
sulsiiiuiing iIc nodcrn riiual for logic. Of clcvcn icacIcrs of iIc
asirononical worls, icn rofcsscd noiIing clsc. Of scvcn
crsons wIo iaugIi iIc nodcrn riiual, onc only confincd Iinsclf
io ii, iwo rofcsscd iIc law, iIrcc iaugIi grannar and iIc
nciaIysical ocns, and si wcrc roficicnis in grannar. Only
fivc Pundiis liniicd iIcnsclvcs io iIc icacIing of grannar.
WiiI rcgard io iIc siaic of ncdical cducaiion and raciicc,
Dr DucIanan asccriaincd iIai iIcrc wcrc iwcniy-si Dcngalcc
raciiiioncrs wIo uscd incaniaiions (nuniras}; iIiriy-scvcn wIo
314
rcjccicd iIcn and adninisicrcd ncdicinc; and fivc MaIoncdan
Iysicians wIo sccncd io lc liiilc sucrior io iIc Hindoos. TIc
docirincs of loiI arc ncarly iIc sanc, and sccn io lc foundcd
on iIc scIool of Calcn. TIosc wIo raciicc ai largc nalc fron
10 io 20 ruccs a noniI. TIcy do noi lcc iIcir rccics or
docirincs sccrci, lui sccncd io raciicc in a lilcral nanncr,
aliIougI wiiIoui Iaving gaincd a IigI rcuiaiion. A
considcrallc nunlcr arc scrvanis, and aiicnd on wcaliIy
fanilics for a noniIly cnsion. Many of iIcn cannoi rcad. TIcrc
is anoiIcr class of ncdical raciiiioncrs wIo rcjcci incaniaiions
and cIilii Icrls. TIcy Iavc no lools, and iIc grcaicr ari
cannoi rcad iIc vulgar ionguc. TIcy Iavc lccn carly insirucicd
in iIc usc of ccriain Icrls in ccriain discascs. Dr DucIanan
Icard of aloui 450 of iIcn, lui iIcy sccncd io lc cIicfly
confincd io iIc Hindoo divisions of iIc disirici, and iIcy arc Icld
in vcry low csiinaiion. TIcrc is also a class of crsons wIo
rofcss io ircai sorcs, lui iIcy arc ioially illiicraic and dcsiiiuic
of scicncc, nor do iIcy crforn any ocraiion. TIcy dcal cIicfly
in oils. TIc only raciiiioncr in surgcry was an old wonan, wIo
Iad lcconc rcuicd for ciraciing iIc sionc fron iIc lladdcr,
wIicI sIc crforncd aficr iIc nanncr of iIc ancicnis.
According io Dr DucIanan iIc scicncc of iIc Arals Ias
lccn ccccdingly ncglccicd in iIis disirici, so iIai vcry fcw cvcn
of iIc lazis arc suoscd io undcrsiand iIc Koran or any Aralic
worl on grannar, law or nciaIysics. Hc did noi Icar of onc
nan wIo aiicnicd io icacI any of iIcsc lrancIcs of lcarning,
and Ic crcsscs a douli wIciIcr cvcn onc nan cnloycd in
adninisicring iIc MoIanncdan law and lorn in iIc disirici was
iolcrally wcll-vcrscd in iIc suljcci, or so wcll inforncd or
lilcrally cducaicd as iIc connon aiiornics in a couniry iown of
England.
315
III
W. ADAM ON STATE OF NATIVE MEDICAL PFACTICE
(.195-200}
TIc siaic of Naiivc Mcdical Praciicc in iIc (FajsIaIy} disirici is
so iniinaicly connccicd wiiI iIc wclfarc of iIc colc iIai ii
could noi lc wIolly ovcrloolcd; and as iIc fcw facis iIai I Iavc
collccicd icnd addiiionally io illusiraic iIcir cIaracicr and
condiiion, ii would lc inrocr io onii iIcn. TIcy arc
sulniiicd wiiI dcfcrcncc io iIosc wIo nay Iavc nadc
rofcssional inquirics, and can forn a rofcssional judgncni on
iIc suljcci.
TIc nunlcr of iIosc, wIo nay lc callcd gcncral
raciiiioncrs and wIo ranl IigIcsi in iIc naiivc ncdical
rofcssion in Naiiorc is 123, of wIon 89 arc Hindus and 34 arc
MaIoncdans. TIc Mcdical ScIool ai Vaidya DclgIariya
osscsscs considcrallc inicrcsi, sincc ii is, as far as I can
asccriain, iIc only insiiiuiion of iIc lind in iIc disirici, and iIc
nunlcr of sucI insiiiuiions iIrougIoui Dcngal is, I lclicvc, vcry
liniicd. TIc iwo ncdical icacIcrs of iIis scIool arc cnloycd as
doncsiic Iysicians ly iwo wcaliIy fanilics, and iIcy Iavc cacI
also a rcscciallc gcncral raciicc. As a doncsiic Iysician, iIc
junior icacIcr Ias a ficd salary of iwcniy-fivc ruccs a noniI;
wIilc iIc scnior icacIcr in iIc sanc caaciiy Ias only fificcn
ruccs a noniI, and iIai only as long Iis aiicndancc nay lc
rcquircd during criods of siclncss in iIc fanily iIai cnloys
Iin. I Iavc solcn of iIai fanily as wcaliIy, lui ii is only
conaraiivcly so lcing in vcry rcduccd circunsianccs; and io
iIai causc raiIcr iIan io iIc low csiinaiion in wIicI iIc
Iysician is Icld, wc nusi ascrilc iIc scani rcnuncraiion Ic
rcccivcs. Ai anoiIcr lacc, Hajra Naiiorc, No.26, iIcrc arc iIrcc
cducaicd Hindu raciiiioncrs, all iIrcc DraInans and lroiIcrs
and norc or lcss acquainicd wiiI Sanscrii, Iaving acquircd iIc
grannar of iIc languagc ai Dcjara AnIaiii, and sulscqucnily
alicd iIcir lnowlcdgc of ii io iIc siudy of iIc ncdical worls in
iIai languagc. TIc cldcsi Ias raciiscd sincc Ic was cigIiccn,
and Ic is now siiy-iwo ycars of agc, and cnloys Iis lcisurc in
insiruciing Iis iwo ncIcws. On an avcragc of iIc ycar Ic
csiinaics iIc inconc dcrivcd fron Iis raciicc ai fivc ruccs a
noniI, wIilc onc of Iis lroiIcrs wIo is in lcss rcuic csiinaics
Iis own inconc ai iIrcc ruccs. Ai a iIird lacc, Haridcv
KIalasi, No.100, iIcrc arc four cducaicd Hindu raciiiioncrs,
iIrcc of wIon acarcd io lc in
316
considcrallc rcuic for slill and lcarning. TIcy wcrc all alscni,
and I Iad noi an ooriuniiy of convcrsing wiiI iIcn; lui iIcir
ncigIlours and fricnds csiinaicd iIcir noniIly rofcssional
inconc ai cigIi, icn, and iwclvc ruccs, rcscciivcly. TIcrc arc
ai nosi iwo or iIrcc oiIcr cducaicd Hindu Iysicians in
Naiiorc, and all iIc rcsi arc rofcssionally uncducaicd, iIc only
lnowlcdgc iIcy osscss of ncdicinc lcing dcrivcd fron Dcngali
iranslaiions of Sanscrii worls wIicI dcscrilc iIc synions of
iIc rincial discascs and rcscrilc iIc ariiclcs of iIc naiivc
naicria ncdica iIai sIould lc cnloycd for iIcir curc, and iIc
rooriions in wIicI iIcy sIould lc conoundcd. I Iavc noi
lccn allc io asccriain iIai iIcrc is a singlc cducaicd Musalnan
Iysician in Naiiorc, and conscqucnily iIc 34 MaIoncdan
raciiiioncrs I Iavc ncniioncd, ranl wiiI iIc uncducaicd class
of Hindu raciiiioncrs, dcriving all iIcir lnowlcdgc of ncdicinc
fron Dcngali iranslaiions of Sanscrii worls io iIc rcscriiions
of wIicI iIcy scrvilcly adIcrc.
TIc only diffcrcncc iIai I Iavc lccn allc io discovcr
lciwccn iIc cducaicd and uncducaicd classcs of naiivc
raciiiioncrs is iIai iIc forncr rcscrilc wiiI grcaicr confidcncc
and rccision fron iIc original auiIoriiics, and iIc laiicr wiiI
grcaicr douli and unccriainiy fron loosc and incrfcci
iranslaiions. TIc nodc of ircaincni is sulsianiially iIc sanc,
and in cacI casc is ficd and invariallc. Crcai aiicniion is aid
io iIc synions of discasc, a carcful and sirici conarison
lcing nadc lciwccn iIc dcscriiions of iIc suoscd discasc in
iIc siandard ncdical worls and iIc aciual synions in iIc
casc of iIc aiicni. WIcn iIc idcniiiy is saiisfaciorily
asccriaincd, iIcrc is iIcn no douli as io iIc raciicc io lc
adoicd, for cacI discasc Ias iis cculiar rcncdy in iIc worls of
csiallisIcd rcuic, and io dcari fron iIcir rcscriiions would
lc an aci of unIcard of rcsuniion. If, wiiI a gcncral
rcscnllancc, iIcrc sIould lc sonc sligIi diffcrcncc of
synions, a corrcsonding dcariurc fron iIc auiIoriscd
rcscriiion is crniiicd, lui only as rcgards iIc ncdiun or
vcIiclc iIrougI wIicI ii is adninisicrcd. TIc ncdicincs
adninisicrcd arc loiI vcgciallc and nincral. TIc forncr arc
dividcd inio iIosc wIicI arc cnloycd in iIc crudc siaic, as
larls, lcavcs, connon or wild roois, and fruiis cic.; and iIosc
wIicI arc sold in iIc druggisi's sIo as canIor, clovcs, carda-
nuns, cic. TIcy arc adninisicrcd ciiIcr cicrnally or in iIc
forns of ill, owdcr, clcciuary, and dccociion.
TIc rcccding class of raciiiioncrs consisis of individuals
wIo ai lcsi lnow noiIing of ncdicinc as a scicncc, lui raciisc
317
ii as an ari according io a rcscrilcd rouiinc, and ii nay wcll lc
suoscd iIai nany, csccially of iIc uncducaicd class, arc
noiIing lui quacls. Siill as a class iIcy ranl IigIcr loiI in
gcncral csiinaiion and in uscfulncss iIan iIc villagc dociors. Of
iIcsc iIcrc arc noi fcwcr iIan 205 in Naiiorc. TIcy Iavc noi iIc
lcasi scnllancc of ncdical lnowlcdgc, and iIcy in gcncral linii
iIcir rcscriiions io iIc sinlcsi vcgciallc rcaraiions, ciiIcr
rcccdcd or followcd ly iIc ronouncing of an incaniaiion and
ly siriling and llowing uon iIc lody. TIcir nunlcr rovcs
iIai iIcy arc in rcuic in iIc villagcs; and iIc faci is ascrilallc
io iIc influcncc wIicI iIcy ccrcisc uon iIc ninds of iIc
sucrsiiiious ly iIcir incaniaiions. TIc villagc dociors arc loiI
ncn and woncn; and nosi of iIcn arc MaIoncdans, lilc iIc
class io wIicI iIcy rincially addrcss iIcnsclvcs.
TIc snallo inoculaiors in oini of infornaiion and
rcsccialiliiy conc nci io iIc class of gcncral raciiiioncrs.
TIcrc arc 21 of iIcn in Naiiorc, for iIc nosi ari DraInans,
lui uninsirucicd and ignorani, ccrcising ncrcly iIc nanual ari
of inoculaiion. Onc nan sonciincs inoculaics fron 100 io 500
cIildrcn in a day, rccciving for cacI ocraiion a ficd raic of
ayncni varying fron onc io iwo annas; iIc lcss anouni if iIc
nunlcr of cIildrcn is grcai, iIc grcaicr anouni if iIc nunlcr is
snall. TIc cow-o Ias noi, I lclicvc, lccn iniroduccd inio iIis
disirici anongsi iIc naiivcs, ccci ai iIc Icad siaiion.
ElscwIcrc iIc snallo inoculaiors Iavc lccn found iis
ooncnis, lui, as far as I can undcrsiand, iIcir oosiiion docs
noi arisc fron inicrcsicd noiivcs, for iIc cow-o inoculaiion
would givc iIcn as nucI lalour and rofii as iIcy now Iavc.
TIcir oosiiion ariscs, I an assurcd, fron iIc rcjudicc againsi
using cou-ox. TIc vcncraiion in wIicI iIc cow is Icld is wcll-
lnown, and iIcy fcar io ariiciaic in a raciicc wIicI sccns io
lc foundcd on sonc injury donc io iIai aninal wIcn iIc naiicr
was originally ciracicd. TIc srcad of iIc cow-o would
rolally lc nosi cffcciually acconlisIcd ly iIc cnloyncni of
Mussalnan inoculaiors wIosc succcss nigIi in duc iinc
convincc iIc DraInan inoculaiors of iIcir nisialc.
Midwivcs arc anoiIcr class of raciiiioncrs iIai nay lc
noiiccd, aliIougI ii Ias lccn dcnicd iIai Hindus Iavc any. An
cnincni London Iysician, in Iis caninaiion lcforc iIc
Mcdical Conniiicc of iIc Housc of Connons, is siaicd io Iavc
affirncd iIai iIc inIaliianis of CIina Iavc no woncn-nidwivcs,
and no raciiiioncrs in nidwifcry ai all. 'Of coursc,' ii is addcd,
'iIc African naiions and iIc Hindus arc iIc sanc.' I cnquircd
318
and noicd iIc nunlcr of woncn-nidwivcs (iIcrc is noi a nan-
nidwifc in iIc couniry} in iIc villagcs of Naiiorc, and find iIai
iIcy anouni io 297. TIcy arc no douli sufficicnily ignorani, as
arc rolally iIc najoriiy of woncn-nidwivcs ai Ionc.
Siill lowcr iIan iIc villagc dociors iIcrc is a nuncrous
class of rcicndcrs wIo go undcr iIc gcncral nanc of conjurors
or cIarncrs. TIc largcsi division of iIis class arc iIc snalc-
conjurors, iIcir nunlcr in iIc singlc olicc sul-division of
Naiiorc lcing noi lcss iIan 722. TIcrc arc fcw villagcs wiiIoui
onc, and in sonc villagcs iIcrc arc as nany as icn. I could, if ii
wcrc rcquircd, indicaic iIc villagcs and iIc nunlcr in cacI; lui
insicad of incunlcring Tallc I wiiI sucI dciails, I Iavc judgcd ii
sufficicni io siaic iIc ioial nunlcr in iIis lacc. TIcy rofcss io
curc iIc liics of oisonous snalcs ly incaniaiions or cIarns. In
iIis disiricis, ariicularly during iIc rainy scason, snalcs arc
nuncrous and cciic nucI icrror anong iIc villagcrs. Ncarly
iIc wIolc disirici forning, ii is lclicvcd, an old lcd of iIc
Cangcs, lics vcry low; and iIc raid incrcasc of iIc waicrs
during iIc rainy scason drivcs iIc land-snalcs fron iIcir Iolcs,
and iIcy sccl rcfugc in iIc Iouscs of iIc inIaliianis, wIo Ioc
io oliain rclicf fron iIcir liics ly iIc incaniaiions of iIc
conjurors. TIcsc ialc noiIing for iIc crfornancc of iIcir riics,
or for iIc curcs iIcy rcicnd io Iavc crforncd. All is ccuniar-
ily graiuiious io iIc individual lui iIcy Iavc sulsianiial advan-
iagcs wIicI cnallc iIcn io lc iIus lilcral. WIcn iIc
inIaliianis of a villagc IiiIcrio wiiIoui a conjuror iIinl iIai
iIcy can afford io Iavc onc, iIcy inviic a rofcssor of iIc ari
fron a ncigIlouring villagc wIcrc iIcrc Iacns io lc onc io
sarc, and givc Iin a iccc of land and various rivilcgcs and
innuniiics. Hc osscsscs grcai influcncc ovcr iIc inIaliianis. If
a quarrcl ialcs lacc, Iis inicrfcrcncc will qucll ii sooncr iIan
iIai of any onc clsc; and wIcn Ic rcquircs iIc aid of Iis
ncigIlours in culiivaiing Iis loi of ground or in rcaing iis
roducc, ii is always norc rcadily givcn io Iin iIan io oiIcrs.
TIc ari is noi Icrcdiiary in a fanily or cculiar io any casic. Onc
I nci wiiI was a loainan, anoiIcr a cIowlidar and a iIird a
wcavcr. WIocvcr lcarns iIc cIarn nay raciisc ii, lui ii is
lclicvcd iIai iIosc wIo raciisc ii nosi succcssfully arc 'io iIc
nanncr lorn', iIai is, wIo Iavc lccn lorn undcr a favourallc
conjunciion of iIc lancis. Evcry conjuror sccns io Iavc a
scaraic cIarn, for I Iavc found no iwo iIc sanc. TIcy do noi
oljcci io rccai ii ncrcly for iIc graiificaiion of curiosiiy, and
iIcy allow ii io lc ialcn down in wriiing. NciiIcr do iIcy acar
io Iavc any nuiual jcalously, cacI rcadily allowing iIc viriuc of
oiIcr incaniaiions iIan Iis own.
319
Sonciincs iIc rcicndcd curcr of snalc-liics ly cIarns
rofcsscs also io osscss iIc owcr of cclling dcnons, and in
oiIcr cascs iIc ccllcr of dcnons disclains lcing a snalc-
conjuror. Dcnon-conjurors arc noi nuncrous in Naiiorc; and
iigcr-conjurors wIo rofcss io curc iIc liics of iigcrs, aliIougI
scarccly Icard of in iIai iIana, arc norc nuncrous in iIosc
aris of iIc disirici wIcrc iIcrc is a considcrallc sacc covcrcd
ly junglc inIaliicd ly wild lcasis. Disiinci fron iIcsc iIrcc
linds of conjurors and callcd ly a diffcrcni nanc is a class of
gtcd (gun) crsons wIo arc lclicvcd io osscss iIc owcr of
rcvcniing iIc fall of Iail wIicI would dcsiroy or injurc iIc
cros of iIc villagcs. For iIis urosc wIcn iIcrc is a roscci of
a Iailsiorn, onc of iIcn gocs oui inio iIc ficlds lclonging io iIc
villagcs wiiI a iridcni and a luffalo's Iorn. TIc iridcni is ficd in
iIc ground and iIc Cificd nalcs a widc circuii around ii,
running nalcd llowing iIc Iorn, and ronouncing incaniaiions.
Ii is iIc firn lclicf of iIc villagcrs iIai iIcir cros arc ly iIis
ncans roiccicd fron Iailsiorn. DoiI ncn and woncn raciisc
iIis lusincss. TIcrc arc aloui a dozcn in Naiiorc, and iIcy arc
rovidcd for in iIc sanc way as iIc conjurors.
Sonc of iIcsc dciails nay acar, and in iIcnsclvcs rolally
arc, uninoriani, lui iIcy Icl io afford an insigIi inio iIc
cIaracicr of iIc Iunllcsi classcs of naiivc sociciy wIo
consiiiuic iIc grcai nass of iIc colc, and wIosc Iaincss
and inrovcncni arc idcniical wiiI iIc roscriiy of iIc
couniry; and aliIougI iIcy cIilii iIc roofs of a nosi inlccilc
sucrsiiiion, yci ii is sucrsiiiion wIicI docs noi acar io Iavc
iis origin or suori in vicc or dcraviiy, lui in a cIildisI
ignorancc of iIc connon laws of naiurc wIicI iIc nosi
incrfcci cducaiion or iIc nosi liniicd ncnial culiivaiion would
rcnovc. TIcsc sucrsiiiions arc nciiIcr Hindu nor MaIoncdan,
lcing cqually rcudiaicd ly iIc cducaicd oriions of loiI
classcs of rcligionisis. TIcy arc rolally anicccdcni io loiI
sysicns of faiiI and Iavc lccn Iandcd down fron iinc
inncnorial as a local and Icrcdiiary rcligion of iIc culiivaiors
of iIc soil, wIo, anid iIc ciraordinary cIangcs wIicI in
succcssivc agcs and undcr succcssivc raccs of conqucrors iIis
couniry Ias undcrgonc, acar always io Iavc lccn lcfi in iIc
sanc dcgradcd and rosiraic condiiion in wIicI iIcy arc now
found.
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
(c} DOOKS USED IN ELEMENTAFY SCHOOLS
Allrcviaiions. MursIidalad MD; SouiI DccrlIoon DM;
S. DcIar SD; Durdwan Dun; TirIooi TT
327
328
329

330

331

332
333
334
335

336

337
338

339

340
341
Annexure E
Hsto o Educuton n tIc PunuI sncc Anncxuton und n lSS2
LEITNEF ON INDICENOUS EDUCATION IN THE PANJAD
(EXTFACTS}
CENEFAL.
I an aloui io rclaicI Ioc wiiIoui cicnuaiion or
nalicciIc Iisiory of iIc coniaci of a forn of Eurocan wiiI
onc of Asiaiic civilisaiion; Iow, in siic of iIc lcsi inicniions, iIc
nosi ullic-siriicd officcrs, and a gcncrous Covcrnncni iIai
Iad iIc lcncfii of iIc iradiiions of oiIcr rovinccs, iIc iruc
cducaiion of iIc Panjal was crilcd, cIcclcd, and is ncarly
dcsiroycd; Iow ooriuniiics for iis IcaliIy rcvival and
dcvcloncni wcrc ciiIcr ncglccicd or crvcricd; and Iow, far
lcyond iIc llanc aiiacIing io individuals, our sysicn siands
convicicd or worsc iIan official failurc. WIciIcr ii is ossillc io
rousc io rcncwcd ccriion, on lcIalf of iis own cducaiion, iIc
nosi loyal oulaiion iIai Ias cvcr lccn disaoinicd, is a
qucsiion wIicI iIc following agcs will only ariially aiicni io
answcr. MucI will of coursc, dccnd on iIc wisc adaiaiion of
iIc nollc rincilc jusi rooundcdof 'local sclf-govcrnncni'
io a dcarincni of iIc Adninisiraiion,iIai of cducaiion,in
wIicI, alovc all oiIcrs, ii can lc iniroduccd wiiI crfcci safciy
and iIc grcaicsi oliiical advaniagc.
Fcscci for lcarning Ias always lccn iIc rcdccning fcaiurc
of 'iIc Easi'. To iIis iIc Panjal Ias forncd no ccciion. Torn
ly invasion and civil war, ii cvcr rcscrvcd and addcd io
cducaiional cndowncnis. TIc nosi unscruulous cIicf, iIc
avaricious noncy-lcndcr, and cvcn iIc frcclooicr, vicd wiiI iIc
snall landowncr in naling cacc wiiI Iis conscicncc ly
founding scIools and rcwarding iIc lcarncd. TIcrc was noi a
nosquc, a icnlc, a dIarnasala iIai Iad noi a scIool aiiacIcd
io ii, io wIicI iIc youiI floclcd cIicfly for rcligious cducaiion.
TIcrc wcrc fcw wcaliIy ncn wIo did noi cnicriain a Maulvi,
Pandii or Curu, io icacI iIcir sons, and along wiiI iIcn iIc
sons of fricnds and dccndcnis. TIcrc wcrc also iIousands of
sccular
342
scIools, frcqucnicd alilc ly MaIoncdans, Hindus and SilIs, in
wIicI Pcrsian or Lundc was iaugIi. TIcrc wcrc Iundrcds of
lcarncd ncn wIo graiuiiously iaugIi iIcir co-rcligionisis, and
sonciincs all-concrs, for iIc salc of Cod-'LillaI'. TIcrc was noi
a singlc villagcr wIo did noi ialc a ridc in dcvoiing a oriion of
Iis roducc io a rcsccicd icacIcr. In rcscciallc MaIoncdan
fanilics Iuslands iaugIi iIcir wivcs, and iIcsc iIcir cIildrcn;
nor did iIc SilIs rovc in iIai rcscci io lc unworiIy of iIcir
acllaiion of 'lcarncrs and discilcs'. In sIori, iIc lowcsi
conuiaiion givcs us 3,30,000 uils (againsi liiilc norc iIan
1,90,000 ai rcscni} in iIc scIools of iIc various dcnoninaiions
wIo wcrc acquainicd wiiI rcading, wriiing, and sonc nciIod of
conuiaiion; wIilsi iIousands of iIcn lclongcd io Aralic and
Sanslrii collcgcs, in wIicI Oricnial Liicraiurc and sysicns of
Oricnial Law, Logic, PIilosoIy, and Mcdicinc wcrc iaugIi io iIc
IigIcsi siandards. Tcns of iIousands also acquircd a roficicncy
in Pcrsian, wIicI is now rarcly rcacIcd in Covcrnncni and
aidcd scIools or collcgcs. TIrougI all scIools iIcrc lrcaiIcd a
sirii of dcvoiion io cducaiion for iis own salc and for iis
influcncc on iIc cIaracicr and on rcligious culiurc; wIilsi cvcn
iIc sons of Danyas wIo ncrcly lcarni wIai iIcy alsoluicly
rcquircd in ordcr io gain a livcliIood loolcd wiiI rcscci,
anouniing io adoraiion, on iIcir Iunllc PandIas, wIo Iad
iaugIi iIcn iIc clcncnis of tuo 'Hs`.
Wc Iavc cIangcd all iIis. TIc anncaiion disiurlcd iIc
ninds of lclicvcrs in Providcncc, and all iIai was rcscciallc
lci, as nucI as ossillc, aloof fron iIc invadcr,jusi as iIc
lcsi EnglisInan would noi lc iIc firsi io sccl iIc favour of a
forcign conqucror.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDICENOUS SCHOOLS

I. SIKH INDICENOUS EDUCATION
1. CurnulIi ScIools

II. MOHAMMEDAN INDICENOUS EDUCATION
2. Malials
3. Madrasas, rcligious and sccular
4. Koran ScIools.

III. HINDU INDICENOUS EDUCATION
5. CIaisalas (for iIc irading connuniiy}
6. PaisIalas (rcligious}

343
7. PaisIalas (scni-rcligious}
8. Sccular ScIools of various linds and gradcs

IV. MIXED INDICENOUS EDUCATION
9. Pcrsian ScIools
10. Vcrnacular ScIools
11. Anglo-Vcrnacular ScIools

V. FEMALE INDICENOUS EDUCATION
12. (a} Fcnalc ScIools for SilI girls
(l} -do- MoIanncdan girls
(c} Insiruciion ai Hindu Ioncs

WiiI a norc ninuic suldivision iIc indigcnous scIools nigIi
Iavc io lc classificd as follows.-

I. MAKTADS OF MADFASAS
1. Aralic ScIools and Collcgcs (of various gradcs and
sccialiiics}
2. Pcrso-Aralic ScIools and Collcgcs (of various gradcs
and sccialiiics}
3. Koran ScIools (wIcrc ncrcly or cIicfly iIc Koran is
rcad}
4. Pcrso-Koran ScIools
5. Koran-Aralic ScIools
6. Pcrso-Koran-Aralic ScIools
7. Pcrsian ScIools
8. Pcrsian-Urdu ScIools
9. Pcrsian-Urdu-Aralic ScIools
10. Aralic Mcdical ScIools
11. Pcrso-Aralic Mcdical ScIools

II. CUFMUKHI SCHOOLS
12. CurnulIi ScIools
13. CurnulIi and Landc ScIools

III. MAHAJANI SCHOOLS
14. Landc ScIools of diffcrcni linds (CIaisalas}
15. Nagari-Landc ScIools (CIaisalas}
16. Pcrso-Landc ScIools

IV. PATSHALAS
17. Nagari-Sanscrii ScIools
18. Sanscrii rcligious ScIools

344
19. Sanscrii sccular liicrary ScIools (culiivaiing various
lrancIcs}
20. Sanscrii scni-sccular ScIools (culiivaiing various
lrancIcs}
21. Sanscrii Mcdical ScIools (CIicfly}
22. Hindi-Sanscrii ScIools
23. Sanscrii asirological or asirononical ScIools (CIicfly}
V. FEMALE INDICENOUS SCHOOLS
(classificd as alovc}

LIST OF SANSCFIT DOOKS USED
DallodI AlsIar diila
I. CFAMMAF
Saraswai Manorana
CIandrila DIasIya
LagIu Kaunudi Paniniya Vyalaran
Kaunudi SiddIani Kaunudi
SIclar Pralriia Pralasa
II. LEXICOLOCY
Anar KosI Malini KosI
HalayudI
III. POETFY, THE DFAMA AND FELICIOUS HISTOFY
FagIu Vans MaIalIarai
McgI Duia VcnisanIara
MagI Saluniala
Kirai Arjun NaisIadIa CIariia
Fanayan MricIIalaiila
Sri Mad DIagwai Kunara SanlIava
and oiIcr Puranas
IV. FHETOFIC
Kavya Diil Kavya PralasI
SaIiiya Darana Dasu Fua
Kuvlayanund

V. MATHEMATICS, ASTFONOMY, AND ASTFOLOCY
Siddlani SIironani Nil KaniIi
MaIuria CIinianani DriIai Jaial
SIigIra DodI Parasariya
CarlI Lagana

345
VI. MEDICAL SCIENCE
SIan Faj NigIani
Susruia SIarang DIar
CIarala DIasIya ParicIcIcd
MadIava Nidan VaglIai

VII. LOCIC
Nyaya Suira Vriiii Cada dIari
Vyuiaiiivad Tarlalanlar
Tarl SangraI Kari lavali

VIII.VEDANT
Aina DodI Sariral
PancI DasIi

IX. LAW
Manu Snriii Parasara Snriii
Yagya Vall Cauiana
MiialsIara

X. PHILOSOPHY
SunIIu Taiwa Kaunudi Putunu, Suira Driiii Suira
wiiI DIasIya
SanlIya PravacIan DIasIya Vcduntu, Vcdanisar (scc
Yoga Suira also alovc}
VaiscsIila, SiddIani Mnunsu, Suira wiiI
Muliavali Suira wiiI DIasIya AriIa SangraIa
a conncniary

XI. PFOSODY
Srui DodI Vriiia Fainalar

XII. PFOSE LITEFATUFE
Hiioadcsa Vasavadaiia
Dasa Kunara CIariia

XIII. FELICION
Figvcda SanIiia (rarc} Sanavcda, Manira DIaga
Yajurvcda, SIulla Yajur CIIandasya ArcIila (vcry
Vajasncyi SanIiia rarc}
346
Annexure F

Cocsondcncc Ictuccn MuIutnu GundI und
S PI Hutog
MAHATMA CANDHI ON INDICENOUS EDUCATION
...TIai docs noi finisI iIc iciurc. Wc Iavc cducaiion of iIis
fuiurc siaic. I say wiiIoui fcar of ny figurcs lcing cIallcngcd
succcssfully, iIai ioday India is norc illiicraic iIan ii was fifiy
or a Iundrcd ycars ago, and so is Durna, lccausc iIc DriiisI
adninisiraiors, wIcn iIcy canc io India, insicad of ialing Iold
of iIings as iIcy wcrc, lcgan io rooi iIcn oui. TIcy scraicIcd
iIc soil and lcgan io lool ai iIc rooi, and lcfi iIc rooi lilc iIai,
and iIc lcauiiful ircc crisIcd. TIc villagc scIools wcrc noi
good cnougI for iIc DriiisI adninisiraior, so Ic canc oui wiiI
Iis rogrannc. Evcry scIool nusi Iavc so nucI araIcrnalia,
luilding, and so foriI. Wcll, iIcrc wcrc no sucI scIools ai all.
TIcrc arc siaiisiics lcfi ly a DriiisI adninisiraior wIicI sIow
iIai, in laccs wIcrc iIcy Iavc carricd oui a survcy, ancicni
scIools Iavc gonc ly iIc loard, lccausc iIcrc was no
rccogniiion for iIcsc scIools, and iIc scIools csiallisIcd aficr
iIc Eurocan aiicrn wcrc ioo ccnsivc for iIc colc, and
iIcrcforc iIcy could noi ossilly ovcrialc iIc iIing. I dcfy
anylody io fulfill a rogrannc of conulsory rinary cducaiion
of iIcsc nasscs insidc of a ccniury. TIis vcry oor couniry of
ninc is vcry ill allc io susiain sucI an ccnsivc nciIod of
cducaiion. Our siaic would rcvivc iIc old villagc scIoolnasicr
and doi cvcry villagc wiiI a scIool loiI for loys and girls.
ucston (SIF PHILIP HAFTOC}. Would Mr CandIi givc Iis
auiIoriiy for iIc siaicncni iIai liicracy Iad dininisIcd in India
during iIc lasi fifiy ycars?
Mr CandIi rclicd iIai Iis auiIoriiy was iIc Punjal
Adninisiraiion Fcoris, and said iIai Ic Iad ullisIcd in
Young Indu a siudy of iIc Punjal cducaiional siaiisiics.
SIF PHILIP HAFTOC. Would Mr CandIi clain wIy iIc
liicracy figurc was fouriccn crccni of iIc ncn and only iwo
crccni of iIc woncn, and wIy illiicracy was IigIcr in KasInir
and Hydcralad iIan in DriiisI India?
347
Mr CandIi rclicd iIai iIc woncn's cducaiion Iad lccn
ncglccicd, io iIc sIanc of iIc ncn. Hc could only conjcciurc,
wiiI rcgard io iIc figurcs for KasInir, iIai if illiicracy was
grcaicr iIcrc, ii was duc io iIc ncgligcncc of iIc rulcr or lccausc
iIc oulaiion was rcdoninanily MoIanncdan, lui Ic
iIougIi iIai, as a naiicr of faci, ii was si of iIc onc and Ialf a
dozcn of iIc oiIcr.
fron Intcnutonu Aus, London, Novcnlcr 1931. fron
a long scccI ly MaIaina CandIi, on Ociolcr 20, 1931
Icld undcr iIc ausiccs of iIc Foyal Insiiiuic of
Inicrnaiional Affairs ai CIaiIan Housc, London; iIc
ncciing was aiicndcd ly influcniial EnglisIncn and
EnglisI-woncn drawn fron all aris of England. Lord
oiIian, wIo was onc of iIc DriiisI cIairncn ai iIc Found
Tallc Confcrcncc on India, rcsidcd ai iIis ncciing.
(TIc alovc ici is coicd fron
Cocctcd VoIs, Vol.48, .199-200, 201-2}
. . .
5, Invcrncss Cardcns,
W.8.
21si Ociolcr, 1931
M.K. CandIi, Esq.,
Found Tallc Confcrcncc,
Si. Jancs Palacc,
S.W.1.
Dcar Mr CandIi,
I undcrsiood you io say lasi nigIi ai iIc Foyal Insiiiuic of
Inicrnaiional Affairs iIai you could rovc on iIc cvidcncc of
DriiisI officials iIai liicracy Iad dininisIcd in DriiisI India in
iIc lasi fifiy or Iundrcd ycars. In rcly io ny rcqucsi for iIc
rccisc auiIoriiy for iIis siaicncni you ncniioncd a Punjal
Adninisiraiion Fcori, (wiiIoui, Iowcvcr, giving iIc daic,} and
said iIai wIai Iad Iacncd in iIc Punjal nusi Iavc Iacncd
in iIc rcsi of India. You ncniioncd, ioo, an ariiclc in 'Young
India', lui also wiiIoui giving iis daic. TIc suljcci is onc in
wIicI I Iavc ialcn a dcc inicrcsi for sonc ycars, and I sIould
lc graicful, iIcrcforc, if you would vcry lindly givc nc rccisc
rcfcrcnccs io iIc rinicd docuncnis on wIicI your siaicncnis
wcrc lascd, so iIai I nay consuli iIcn.
You will, I fccl surc, forgivc nc for oiniing oui iIai iIc
348
assuniion iIai wIai Iacns in iIc cducaiional world in iIc
Punjal ncccssarily Iacns in iIc rcsi of India is a nisialcn
onc. Ii is gcncrally rccogniscd iIai iIc Punjal Ias nadc norc
raid advanccs in rinary cducaiion in iIc lasi 10 or 15 ycars
iIan any oiIcr rovincc in India.
In rcly io ny qucsiion aloui iIc infcrioriiy of iIc liicracy
in iIc iwo largcsi Indian Siaics, KasInir, (Prcdoninanily
MoIanncdan wiiI a Hindu rulcr}, and Hydcralad,
(Prcdoninanily Hindu wiiI a MoIanncdan rulcr}, you
suggcsicd iIai crIas KasInir was cducaiionally laclward
lccausc ii was rcdoninanily MoIanncdan, lui iIis lcfi iIc
laclwardncss of Hydcralad as conarcd wiiI DriiisI India
unclaincd. Prolally iIc facis Iad noi lccn rcviously lrougIi
io your noiicc.
If you sIould find uliinaicly iIai iIc infcrcncc fron your
rcnarls iIai laclwardncss in liicracy and cducaiion Ias lccn
duc io DriiisI adninisiraiion in India was unjusiificd, I fccl
ccriain iIai you would wisI io corrcci your siaicncni.

I an
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/-PIili Hariog
M.K. CandIi Esq.,
Found Tallc Confcrcncc,
Si. Jancs' Palacc,
S.W.1
. . .
88, KnigIislridgc,
London, W.
23rd Ociolcr, 1931
Dcar Fricnd,
Inadvcricnily, I Iavc no douli, you Iavc oniiicd io sign
your lciicr, lui as iIc addrcss is fully givcn, I an Ioing iIai
iIis lciicr will rcacI you.
You will rcalisc iIai I could noi off-Iand givc you iIc daics,
lui sincc you would gladly siudy iIc wIolc qucsiion, I would
find oui iIc nunlcrs of 'Young India' in wIicI iIc ariiclcs
acarcd and scnd iIc rcfcrcnccs io you. I sIall also find oui
wIai is ossillc io rovc wiiI rcfcrcncc io iIc oiIcr rovinccs,
aari fron iIc dcduciions iIai I Iavc drawn fron iIc Punjal.
McanwIilc, I Iavc no difficuliy in drawing iIc dcduciion fron
iIc rcsi
349
of iIc Provinccs fron iIc canlcs of iIc Punjal and Durna.
WIaicvcr nay lc iIc siridcs nadc ly iIc Punjal during iIc asi
fivc or icn ycars, cannoi affcci iIc arguncni iIai I Iavc
advanccd io you.
Aloui KasInir, as I said in rcly, ninc was ncrcly a
conjcciurc, lui sincc you arc so inicrcsicd in iIc qucsiion, I
sIall iry and find oui iIc iruc siaic of cducaiion in KasInir.
You arc quiic rigIi in fccling ccriain iIai if iIcrc wcrc any
crror in ny rcasoning or iIc facis iIai I siaicd, I sIould innc-
diaicly corrcci iIcn, and wIilsi I sIould iry io vcrify norc fully
iIc siaicncnis iIai I nadc, you will also on your ari olligc nc
ly giving nc sucI infornaiion as nay lc in your osscssion and
as nay Icl nc io undcrsiand iIc iruiI.

Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- M.K. CandIi
P.M.C.
. . .
5,Invcrncss Cardcns,W.8.
27iI Ociolcr 1931
Dcar Mr CandIi,
I an nucI olligcd ly your vcry fricndly lciicr of 23rd
Ociolcr and nusi aologisc for Iaving oniiicd io sign ny own of
iIc 22nd. I nusi Iavc signcd iIc carlon coy insicad of iIc
coy scni.
I sIall lc graicful for iIc rcfcrcnccs io iIc ariiclcs in
'Young India' wIicI you ronisc nc, and I will vcrify iIcn and
givc you ny oinion of iIcn.

Tallc 55
350
In rcly io your rcqucsi for iIc sourccs of ny own
lnowlcdgc of iIc Iisiory of cducaiion in India, I would rcfcr you
io iIc sourccs quoicd in iIc rcori of iIc Calcuiia Univcrsiiy
Connission of wIicI I was CIairnan (Inicrin Fcori of iIc
Indian Siaiuiory Connission, H.M. Siaiioncry Officc, Cnd.
3407,1929}, and csccially io iIc liicracy figurcs, ialcn fron iIc
ccnsus rcoris and quoicd on .382 of Vol.1 of iIc Sinon
Fcori, wIicI I suljoin.
In 1911 iIc figurc for DriiisI India was 12%; and in 1881
8%. Ii Ias always io lc rcncnlcrcd iIai iIcsc crccniagcs arc
advcrscly affccicd ly iIc cisicncc of ncarly 20,000,000
aloriginals and Iill irilcs, as wcll as ly iIc cducaiional
laclwardncss of a far grcaicr nunlcr of 'unioucIallcs'.
You will noiicc iIai iIc figurc for nalcs for DriiisI India
incrcascd fron 8% in 1881 (50 ycars ago} io 12% in 1911 and
14.4% in 1921, noi a raid incrcasc, lui siill an incrcasc.
In Travancorc and CocIin you Iavc a largc nunlcr of
Indian CIrisiians. In Daroda iIc sysicn of conulsory rinary
cducaiion ialcn fron Wcsicrn nodcls, lcgan io lc iniroduccd in
1893.
TIc ccnsus figurcs, as you wcll scc, arc in conlcic
coniradiciion wiiI your asscriion iIai liicracy Ias dininisIcd in
DriiisI India in iIc lasi fifiy ycars.
TIc figurcs for Hydcralad (rcondcraiingly Hindu wiiI a
MoIanncdan rulcr}, and for KasInir (rcondcraiingly Muslin
wiiI a Hindu rulcr} sccn inclicallc if you aiiriluic illiicracy io
DriiisI adninisiraiion.
I would rcfcr you also io iIc cIaicr on Educaiion wIicI I
Iavc coniriluicd io 'Modcrn India' (Oford Univcrsiiy Prcss,
1931}, and finally io a worl ly an advanccd Indian oliiical
iIinlcr, iIc laic Lala Lajai Fai (Naiional Educaiion in India,
1920}, wIosc vicws, iIougI in nany ways ooscd io your own,
I an surc you would find inicrcsiing.
I wclconc your dccision, of wIicI I fcli assurcd
lcforcIand, iIai you will inncdiaicly corrcci your siaicncni, if
you arc convinccd iIai ii is crroncous, and I lool forward io your
doing so.
Dclicvc nc,

Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- PIili Hariog

351
5,Invcrncss Cardcns,W.8.
13iI Novcnlcr, 1931
M.K. CandIi, Esq.
88, KnigIislridgc, W.
Dcar Mr CandIi,
I wroic on Ociolcr 27iI in rcly io your lciicr io nc of
Ociolcr 23rd, lui Iavc noi yci rcccivcd fron you iIc roniscd
rcfcrcnccs io iIc docuncnis (a Punjal Adninisiraiion Fcori
and iIc ariiclcs in 'Young India'} on wIicI your siaicncni iIai
liicracy Iad dininisIcd in DriiisI India during iIc lasi fifiy
ycars was lascd.
In casc ny lciicr of iIc 27iI nay Iavc niscarricd I cnclosc
a coy of ii, and an scnding iIis io you ly rcgisicrcd osi.

I an,
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- PIili Hariog
M.K. CandIi, Esq.
88, KnigIislridgc
W.
. . .

88, KnigIislridgc, S.W.1.
(Posi-Marl Nov. 14, 1931}

(To Sir PIili Hariog, London}
Dcar Fricnd,
Mr CandIi Ias your lciicr of iIc 27iI Ociolcr. Hc Ias now
lccn allc io sccurc iIc filcs of 'Young India' for 1920 and wanis
nc io scnd you iIc cncloscd coics.

Yours sinccrcly,
MaIadco Dcsai.
(scc ooung ugc)
352
COPY OF AHTICLE TAKEN FHOM 'YOUNG INDIA`
STH DECEMHEH l92U
THE DECLINE OF MASS EDUCATION IN INDIA
(Dy Daulai Fan Cuia, M.A.}
Ii is gcncrally lclicvcd iIai fron iIc iinc iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni
Iavc ialcn in iIcir Iands iIc duiy of cducaiing iIc colc of
India, in accordancc wiiI iIc Parliancniary disaicI of 1854,
iIc couniry Ias nadc rcnarlallc rogrcss in cducaiion, in so
far as iIc nunlcr of scIools, iIc nunlcr of scIolars, and iIc
siandard of cducaiion arc conccrncd. Ii will lc ny lusincss io
rovc, iIai wc Iavc nadc no sucI rogrcss in iIcsc rcsccis,a
faci wIicI will lc siariling io sonc and a rcvclaiion io oiIcrs
and in so far as our nass cducaiion is conccrncd, wc Iavc
ccriainly nadc a downward novc sincc India Ias asscd io iIc
DriiisI Crown.
TIc advcni of DriiisI Fulc found in India sysicns, of
cducaiion of grcai aniiquiiy and valuc cisiing anong loiI
Hindus and Mussalnans, in cacI casc closcly lound u wiiI
iIcir rcligious insiiiuiions. TIcrc was noi a nosquc, a icnlc, a
DIaransala, iIai Iad noi a scIool aiiacIcd io ii. To givc and
rcccivc insiruciion was rcgardcd as a rcligious duiy. ScIools of
lcarning wcrc forncd in ccnircs coniaining a considcrallc IigI
casic oulaiion, wIcrc Pandiis gavc insiruciion in Sanslrii,
grannar, logic, IilosoIy and law.
For iIc lowcr classcs, villagc scIools wcrc scaiicrcd ovcr
iIc couniry in wIicI a good rudincniary cducaiion was givcn io
iIc cIildrcn of ciiy iradcrs, culiivaiors and landlords. TIc vcry
faci iIai cvcry fanily of iIc DWIJA (iwicc-lorn} and cvcry guild
of iIc nicd casics, and cvcry villagc of any inoriancc, Iad iis
own ricsi, and iIai ii was cnjoincd uon iIc ricsi io icacI as
wcll as io ninisicr io rcligion, lcads onc io iIc lclicf, on sirong
rina facic grounds, iIai cducaiion was vcry widcly diffuscd
anong iIc colc.
TIc IigIcr cducaiion of iIc Mussalnans was in iIc Iands
of ncn of lcarning. ScIools wcrc aiiacIcd io nosqucs and
sIrincs and suoricd ly iIc siaic grani in casI or land, or ly
rivaic lilcraliiy. TIc coursc of siudy in a Muslin Madrassa
includcd grannar, rIcioric, logic, liicraiurc, jurisrudcncc, and
scicncc.
TIus, in Madras, in an inquiry conducicd ly Sir TIonas
Munro in 1826, ii is siaicd iIai in 1826 iIcrc wcrc 11,758
353
indigcnous scIools and 740 collcgcs giving insiruciion io
1,57,664 loys, and 4,023 girls. (Vidc Educaiion Connission
Fcori ly iIc Madras Provincial Conniiicc 1884}. Ii is iIcrcforc
csiinaicd, iIai considcring iIc oulaiion in iIai criod
(123,50,941} clcncniary indigcnous cducaiion was inaricd io
aloui onc-fouriI of iIc loys of scIool-going agc. Ii was also
csiinaicd iIai iIcrc was ai lcasi onc scIool io cvcry 1,000 of iIc
oulaiion. 'Dui as only a fcw fcnalcs wcrc iaugIi in scIools, wc
nay rcclon onc scIool io cvcry 500 of iIc oulaiion.'
Mr Munro, (as Ic iIcn was} furiIcr sulcncnis iIis
csiinaic of iIc srcad of cducaiion wiiI iIc following
olscrvaiion.
I an, Iowcvcr, inclincd io csiinaic iIc oriion of iIc nalc
oulaiion, wIo rcccivc scIool cducaiion, io onc-iIird iIan
onc-fouriI of iIc wIolc, lccausc wc Iavc no rciurn of iIc
nunlcrs iaugIi ai Ionc.
In 1826, sucI was iIc siaic of urcly indigcnous cducaiion
in a rovincc wIicI Iad lccn undcr DriiisI influcncc for ovcr a
ccniury and was, iIcrcforc, fasi disinicgraiing old insiiiuiions
and adoiing ncw oncs.
In Dcngal, Mr W. Adan, conducicd a sinilar inquiry and
found iIai in 1835 'a nciworl of riniiivc Vcrnacular scIools
cisicd iIrougIoui Dcngal', and Ic csiinaicd iIcir nunlcr io lc
aloui onc lalI. TIc Sadlcr Connission Ias oinicd oui iIai 'no
aiicni was nadc io dcvclo iIcsc scIools.' Covcrnncni
rcfcrrcd io dcvoic iis cncrgics io sccondary and IigIcr scIools,
on iIc iIcory iIai, if Wcsicrn cducaiion wcrc iniroduccd anong
iIc ucr classcs, ii would 'filicr down' ly a naiural roccss io
iIc lowcr classcs. Praciically all iIc ullic funds availallc for
cducaiion wcrc ccndcd on scIools and collcgcs foundcd and
conirollcd ly Covcrnncni, and noiIing was scni uon
indigcnous scIools, and as rcni-frcc lands aiiacIcd io iIcsc
scIools wcrc rcsuncd, iIc scIools wcrc lcfi wiiIoui any
financial aid and naiurally collascd.
TIc urosc of all iIis was oliiical. Sir Sanlaran Nair in
Iis nasicrly Minuic of Disscni wriics.
Efforis wcrc nadc ly iIc govcrnncni io confinc IigIcr
cducaiion and sccondary cducaiion, lcading io IigIcr
cducaiion, io loys in afflucni circunsianccs...Fulcs wcrc
nadc calculaicd io rcsirici iIc diffusion of cducaiion
gcncrally und unong tIc ooc Ios n utcuu.
Condiiions for rccogniiion" for granis"siiff and
variouswcrc laid down and cnforccd, and iIc non-
fulfillncni of any onc of iIcsc
354
condiiions was liallc io lc followcd ly scrious
conscqucnccs. Fccs wcrc raiscd io a dcgrcc, wIicI,
considcring iIc circunsianccs of iIc classcs iIai rcsori io
scIools, wcrc alnornal. WIcn ii was oljccicd iIai
nininun fcc would lc a grcai IardsIi io oor siudcnis
iIc answcr was sucI studcnts Iud no Iusncss to cccuc
tIut Ind o cducuton. Managcrs of rivaic scIools wIo
rcniiicd fccs in wIolc or in ari, wcrc cnaliscd ly rcduccd
granis-in-aid.
TIus, ly iIis olicy, cducaiion was only confincd io iIc
wcll-io-do classcs.
'TIc t uus Iccucd uoud guc no touIc to tIc
Goucnncnt.` Sri Sanlaran Nair, iIcrcforc, concludcs iIai,
Ii is iIc univcrsal lclicf, and iIcrc is liiilc douli iIai facis
unforiunaicly icnd io rovc ii, iIai rinary EnglisI
Educaiion for iIc nasscs, and IigIcr cducaiion for iIc
IigIcr classcs uc dscouugcd o otcu cusons. HigIcr,
rofcssional, indusirial and iccInical cducaiion is
discouragcd io favour EnglisI indusirics and rccruiincni
in England of EnglisI officials.
In iIc Punjal iIc siaic of indigcnous cducaiion was nucI
lciicr lccausc of iIc sccial cfforis nadc ly MaIaraja Fanjii
SingI io ronoic lcarning. Dr Lciincr, wIo was iIc Princial of
iIc Oricnial Collcgc and Covcrnncni Collcgc, LaIorc, and wIo
also officiaicd for sonc iinc as Dirccior of Pullic Insiruciion,
Punjal, conducicd a vcry iIorougI going inquiry inio iIc siaic
of indigcnous cducaiion in iIc Punjal, and in Iis lool on iIc
'Hisiory of Indigcnous Educaiion' in iIc Punjal, Ic wriics.
I an aloui io rclaicI Ioc wiiIoui cicnuaiion or
nalicciIc Iisiory of iIc coniaci of a forn of Eurocan,
wiiI onc of iIc Asiaiic, civilisaiion; Iow in siic of iIc lcsi
inicniions, iIc nosi ullic-siriicd officcrs, and a
gcncrous govcrnncni iIai Iad iIc lcncfii of iIc iradiiions
of oiIcr rovinccs, iIc iruc cducaiion of iIc Punjal was
crilcd, cIcclcd and is ncarly dcsiroycd; Iow
ooriuniiics for iis IcaliIy rcvival and dcvcloncni wcrc
ciiIcr ncglccicd or crvcricd; and Iow, far lcyond iIc
llanc aiiacIing io individuals, our sysicn siands
convicicd of worsc iIcn official failurc.
Hc iIcrcforc wriics.
I fcar iIai ny accouni of iIc dcclinc of indigcnous
cducaiion in iIc Punjal nay offcnd sonc rcjudiccs and
oosc
355
sonc inicrcsis. I Iavc io acal io rulcrs io ui iIcnsclvcs
in iIc osiiion of iIc rulcd, if iIcy wisI io undcrsiand
iIcn...and loiI iIc wriicr of iIcsc agcs and iIc rcadcr
nusi cndcavour io divcsi iIcnsclvcs of cvcry
rcconcciion. Indccd, iIc nan Ias so oficn dcscrilcd iIc
sirugglc wiiI iIc lion, iIai ii would lc wcll io slcicI a
iciurc wIicI iIc lion nigIi Iavc drawn Iad Ic lccn a
ainicr.
Fcfcrring io iIc cducaiional glory of iIc Punjal lcforc
anncaiion Ic wriics.
Fcscci for lcarning Ias always lccn iIc rcdccning fcaiurc
of iIc Easi. To iIis iIc Punjal forncd no ccciion. Torn
ly invasion and war, ii cvcr rcscrvcd and addcd io cduca-
iional cndowncnis. TIc nosi unscruulous cIicf, iIc
avaricious noncy lcndcr, and cvcn iIc frcc-looicr, vicd
wiiI iIc snall land-owncr in naling cacc wiiI Iis
conscicncc ly founding scIools and rcwarding iIc lcarncd.
TIcrc was noi a nosquc, a icnlc, a DIaransala, iIai Iad
noi a scIool aiiacIcd io ii, io wIicI iIc youiI floclcd
cIicfly for rcligious cducaiion. TIcrc wcrc fcw wcaliIy ncn
wIo did noi cnicriain a Maulvi, Pandii, or Curu io icacI
iIcir sons, and along wiiI iIcn iIc sons of fricnds and
dccndcnis. TIcrc wcrc also iIousands of sccular scIools,
frcqucnicd alilc ly MaIoncdans, Hindus and SilIs, in
wIicI Pcrsian or Hindi was iaugIi. TIcrc wcrc Iundrcds of
lcarncd ncn wIo graiuiiously iaugIi iIcir co-rcligionisis,
and sonciincs all concrs, for iIc salc of Cod, LillaI".
TIcc uus not u sngc uugc uIo dd not tuIc u dc n
dcuotng u oton o Is oducc to u cscctcd tcucIc. In
rcscciallc MaIoncdan fanilics Iuslands iaugIi iIcir
wivcs, and iIcsc iIcir cIildrcn; nor did iIc SilIs rovc in
iIai rcscci io lc unworiIy of iIc acllaiion of Lcarncrs
and discilcs". In sIori iIc lowcsi conuiaiion givcs us
3,30,000 uils in iIc scIools of iIc various
dcnoninaiions wIo wcrc acquainicd wiiI rcading, wriiing
and sonc nciIod of conuiaiion, wIilsi iIousands of
iIcn lclongcd io Aralic and Sanslrii Collcgcs, in wIicI
oricnial liicraiurc and sysicn of oricnial law, logic,
IilosoIy and ncdicinc wcrc iaugIi io iIc IigIcsi
siandards. Tcns of iIousand also acquircd a roficicncy in
Pcrsian wIicI is now rarcly rcacIcd in govcrnncni and
aidcd scIools and collcgcs. TIrougI all scIools tIcc
IcutIcd u st o dcuoton to cducuton o ts oun suIc,
and for iis influcncc on iIc cIaracicr and on rcligious
culiurc; wIilsi cvcn iIc sons of Danias wIo ncrcly
356
lcarni wIai iIcy alsoluicly rcquircd in ordcr io gain a
livcliIood, loolcd wiiI rcscci, anouniing io adoraiion, on
iIcir Iunllc PandIas, wIo iaugIi iIcn iIc clcncnis of
iwo 'Fs'.
Dr Lciincr furiIcr dcscrilcs iIc siaic of fccling wiiI rcscci
io cducaiion in iIc Punjal. Hc wriics.
TIc Punjal is classic ground. Noi ncrcly iIc cclclraicd
couniry lciwccn Suilcj and iIc Junna, lui also iIc wIolc
rovincc iccns wiiI nollc rccollcciions. TIc Iisiory of iis
culiurc will icll us of a sinlc worsIi...........of an ardcni
rcullicanisn allicd io iIc nosi cIivalrous dcvoiion io
cIicfs, of caaciiy for sclf-Covcrnncni noi cquallcd
clscwIcrc, and alovc all, of iIc univcrsal rcscci for
lcarning and of iIc gcncral srcad of cducaiion. TIc ricsi
was a rofcssor and oci, and cducaiion was a rcligious,
social and rofcssional duiy.
Ii is, iIcrcforc, our lclicf, foundcd on auiIcniic Iisiorical
daia, iIai lcforc anncaiion, cvcry Punjal villagc Iad a scIool
of iis own.
In cvcry Indian villagc wIicI Ias rciaincd anyiIing of iis
forn...iIc rudincnis of lnowlcdgc arc sougIi io lc
inaricd; iIcrc is noi a cIild, ccci iIosc of iIc ouicasics
(wIo forn no ari of iIc connuniiy}, wIo is noi allc io
rcad, io wriic, io cyIcr; in iIc lasi lrancI of lcarning,
iIcy arc confcsscdly nosi roficicni.' (Vidc DFITISH INDIA
ly Ludlow}.
Dr Lciincr csiinaicd iIai in 1854-55 iIcrc wcrc ai lcasi 30
iIousand scIools, and if wc couni ai lcasi 13 uils cr scIool,
iIc ioial nunlcr of uils will anouni io 4 lalIs. Dr Lciincr
wriics.
'TIc villagc scIool would coniain 3,00,000 uils, lui
iIcrc arc rcasons for csiinaiing largcr nunlcr.'
FuriIcr, in laclward disiricis lilc iIai of HusIiarur, iIc
Sciilcncni Fcori of 1852, sIows a scIool io cvcry 1,965 nalc
inIaliianis (adulis and non-adulis}, wIicI nay lc conirasicd
wiiI iIc rcscni rooriion of onc govcrnncni or aidcd scIool io
cvcry 9,028 or onc scIool io 2,818.7 inIaliianis including iIc
rcscni nunlcr of asccriaincd indigcnous scIools iIrougIoui
iIc rovincc, a significani conirasi io iIc rooriion of onc
scIool io cvcry 1,783 inIaliianis in iIc nosi laclward division
of iIc Punjal in 1849 wIcn lrougIi undcr DriiisI Fulc aficr a
criod of confusion following on war and anncaiion.
357
SucI was iIc siaic of affairs in 1882, lui iIc conirasi will
lcconc norc siariling if wc lool ai iIc figurcs alrcady rcro-
duccd in 'Young India'.
A ncrc glancc ai iIai siaicncni will sIow Iow iIc
indigcnous cducaiion Ias dcclincd, and Iow siagnani iIc siaic
of cducaiion Ias rcnaincd fron 1882 io 1918-19. In a criod of
37 ycars iIc govcrnncni Ias donc noiIing wIaisocvcr for nass
cducaiion. In a criod lcss iIan iIis, England was allc io
cducaic iIc wIolc of iis oulaiions; in a criod considcrally
lcss iIan iIis, Ancrica could givc cducaiion io a oulaiion
wiiIoui any rccords of civilisaiion or inicllcciual sianina; and in
a criod cqual io iIis, Jaan was allc io worl oui iis dcsiiny.
Dui sucI is iIc way of doing iIings in India iIai during all iIis
iinc noiIing was donc ccci io sIifi scIools fron onc lacc io
anoiIcr, io sIifi iIc ccnscs of cducaiion fron onc sourcc io
anoiIcr, io sIifi iIc rcsonsililiiy fron nan io nan; in faci io
nalc sIifis as lcsi as could lc donc.
SucI in lricf is iIc Iisiory of iIc dcclinc of indigcnous
cducaiion, and as io Iow ii was crusIcd in iIc Punjal will forn
iIc suljcci naiicr of iIc nci ariiclc.
. . .
COPY OF AHTICLE TAKEN FHOM 'YOUNG INDIA`
OF 29TH DECEMHEH l92U
HOW INDICENOUS EDUCATION WAS CFUSHED IN
THE PUNJAD
1849-1886
TIc Punjal was iIc lasi of all iIc Provinccs of India io conc
undcr iIc dircci influcncc of iIc EnglisI. TIc Honourallc iIc
Easi India Conany Iad during a coulc of ccniurics, cicndcd
iIcir sIcrc of influcncc fron iIc Cac io iIc Januna; lui iis
adninisiraiors ncvcr iIougIi ii woriI iIc iroullc io go lcyond
iIc MogIul Couri. TIc MogIul Couri iisclf was jcalous of any
cncroacIncnis uon iis noriIcrn rovincciIc gaicway io
KalulwIicI iIcy siill loolcd uon as iIcir anccsiral Ionc.
WIcn iIc dcsccndanis of Aurangzcl lcgan io lunglc
iIings in iIis rovincc, iIc invadcrs fron iIc NoriI and iIc
colc fron wiiIin iIrcw in a siaic of anarcIy and nisrulc.
Undcr sucI circunsianccs iIc Iardy SilI lcgan io rcalisc Iis
own inoriancc and individualiiy. Evcr aficrwards iill 1849, iIc
SilIs lci iIc
358
lanls of Dcas frcc fron all dilonaiic or nariial ovcriurcs. TIcy
rcfcrrcd iIcir own incaaciiy io govcrn io an csiallisIcd ordcr
of iIings wIcrc iIcir lilcriy would lc rcsiraincd and iIcir
rcligion inicrfcrcd wiiI. TIc SilI lilc iIc Hindu is csscniially
dcvoui, and Iis dcvoiion always lands Iin on iIc sidc of
conscrvaiisn; of rcscci for iIc asi, iis insiiiuiions and
iradiiions.
So iIai, wIcn iIc rcins of govcrnncni and auiIoriiy
asscd inio iIc Iands of iIc SilIs, loiI fron lacl of iniiiaiivc
and rcquircncnis of dilonacy, iIcy lcfi unioucIcd all iIc old
villagc insiiiuiions. WIcrcas, DriiisI adninisiraiors in oiIcr
rovinccs wcrc cIanging and nodifying ancicni ways and
nanncrs io suii iIcir own concciions, iIc SilI Sirdar was
conicni io lci iIings Iavc iIcir own way, so long as Ic goi iIc
rcvcnuc iIai Ic wanicd. TIc rcsuli of ii all was iIai a nciworl of
villagc scIools wIicI iradiiions of a iIousand ycars asi Iad
srcad all ovcr India, was in iis full sircngiI Icrc. If any cIangc
was nadc ai all, ii was io add iIc CraniIi or DIai, io iIc Maulvi
and iIc Pandii. Insicad of iIcrc lcing iwo iradiiional icacIcrs of
villagc youiI, now iIcrc lccanc iIrcc.
TIc villagc cducaiion was an csscniial ari of iIc villagc
adninisiraiion and iIc rovision for ii was nadc in iIc villagc
ccnscs. TIc 'scIool-nasicr's ficld', iIc 'waicInan's ficld' ncvcr
disacar fron iIc villagc lools. TIcrc was in cvcry villagc in
iIc Punjal, a scIool of sonc sori, in wIicI clcncniary
cducaiion, Iaving a dircci lcaring on iIc sccular nccds of iIc
uil, was inaricd ciiIcr frcc of cosi, or ai a noninal raic of
noniIly fcc. In addiiion io iIcsc scIools, iIcrc wcrc srcad all
ovcr iIc rovincc 'collcgcs' of various gradcs and dcnoninaiions
in wIicI iIc ancicni idcals of iIc acadcnics wcrc lci alivc and
oicni. TIcrc wcrc ccnircs of advanccd siudics of nciaIysics,
asironony, naiIcnaiics, grannar, IilosoIy and oiIcr
scicnccs.
TIai nucI good was donc io all scciions of iIc connuniiy
ly iIcsc indigcnous scIools and collcgcs, is lcyond douli a faci
rccogniscd cvcn ly iIc liiicr aniagonisis of iIc indigcnous
sysicn. Fron iIc advanccd 'collcgcs', in wIicI classical
cducaiion (Aralic and Sanslrii} was inaricd io siudcnis of
naiurc agc and iIougIi, io iIc clcncniary MaIajani, SIarafi,
and Landc ScIools, iIcrc was a vcry largc variciy of quasi-
classical vcrnacular and iccInical scIools. TIc icacIcrs always
lci in vicw iIc rcquircncnis of individual siudcnis and iIc
rofcssion iIcy wcrc qualifying for.
359
TIcrc was no class insiruciion, as in our scIools rcducing
all inicllccis io iIc sanc lcvcl and rciarding iIc indusirious for
iIc salc of iIc dullard. Dui rcciiaiions in Sanslrii and iIc
sysicn of rccaiing lcssons in cIorus on iIc discrsion of iIc
scIool cncouragcd sucI cnulaiion as nay lc ncccssary, wIilsi
iIc scaraic insiruciion of iIc uil and Iis dcvoiion io Iis worl
during iIc iinc iIai Ic was noi rcading wiiI Iis iuior
siinulaicd iIosc Ialiis of rcflcciion and of rivaic siudy, in
wIicI iIc siudcnis of rcscni day scIools arc sadly dcficicni.
TIcn again wIcn iIc siudcni grcw oldcr, Ic iravcllcd io lcarn
IilosoIy undcr onc iuior, and law undcr anoiIcr, nucI in iIc
sanc way as siudcnis of Ccrnan Univcrsiiics visii various scais
of lcarning in ordcr io Icar, say, inicrnaiional law ai Hcidcllcrg,
iIc Pandccis ai Dcrlin.
Ii would noi lc wiiIoui inicrcsi io oini oui iIai fron iIc
Iunllcsi lcginnings in cducaiion u io iIc IigIcsi courscs in
Hindu nciaIysics and scicncc grcai wisdon was dislaycd.
Traccs of iIc 'Kindcrgaricn sysicn' arc siill found. TIc sinlcsi
nciIods for arrcsiing and lccing aiicniion wcrc rcsoricd io and
iIc noral and ncnial caaciiics of cIildrcn, according io iIcir
sIcrcs of lifc, wcrc cvcrywIcrc carcfully siudicd and culiivaicd.
As for iIc nodc of insiruciion, ii also lorc in cvcry onc of iis
fcaiurcs iIc cnIaiically raciical as wcll as idcal ain of iIc
Hindu lcgislaior.
TIai iIc alovc siaicncni is noi an unsuoricd asscriion,
I will quoic a aragraI fron iIc firsi cducaiional dcsaicI of
iIc Couri of Dircciors wIicI was issucd on iIc 3rd Junc 1814.
TIc Dircciors oini oui iIai 'iIc indigcnous villagc scIools
arc a ari of iIc villagc sysicn and iIai iIcy Iavc forncd a
nodcl io scIools in England.' Again iIcy oini oui 'iIis
vcncrallc and lcncvolcni insiiiuiion of iIc Hindus is
rcrcscnicd io Iavc wiiIsiood iIc sIocl of rcvoluiions, and io
iis ocraiion is ascrilcd iIc gcncral iniclligcncc of iIc naiivc.'
In 1848 iIc Covcrnncni of iIc Punjal asscd inio iIc
Iands of iIc Easi India Conany. TIc firsi Doard of
Adninisiraiion in iIc Punjal rccogniscd iIc full valuc of iIc ricI
cducaiional lcgacy, wIicI iIcy inIcriicd fron iIc dccaying and
disinicgraiing SilI consiiiuiion. Fccognising iIc widcsrcad
cIaracicr of iIc indigcnous cducaiion, and iIc ncccssiiy of
lccing u old cducaiional iradiiions alivc, Sir JoIn and Sir
Hcnry Lawrcncc dcfincd iIcir olicy in naiicrs of cducaiion in
iIc following words.
360
'Wc inicnd io sci u onc scIool, if noi in cvcry villagc, ai
lcasi in cvcry circlc of villagcs, so iIai ai lcasi iIcrc sIould lc
sonciIing iIrougIoui iIc land in wIicI iIc cIildrcn do aiicnd
sonc rudincniary scIool.'
How far olicy was aciually carricd oui will lc claincd in
anoiIcr ariiclc.
. . .
5,Invcrncss Cardcns,W.8.
17 Novcnlcr 1931

Dcar Mr CandIi,
I lcg io aclnowlcdgc wiiI iIanls iIc undaicd lciicr
rcccivcd on Novcnlcr 14iI, wriiicn on your lcIalf ly Mr M.
Dcsai in wIicI wcrc cncloscd iycd coics of iwo ariiclcs on
Indian cducaiion ly Mr D.F. Cuia ullisIcd in Young Indu for
8iI Dcccnlcr 1920 and 29iI Dcccnlcr 1920.
I undcrsiand iIai ii is on iIc cvidcncc adduccd in iIosc
ariiclcs and on a Punjal Adninisiraiion Fcori io wIicI you
Iavc noi givcn nc iIc rcfcrcncc, iIai you lasc iIc swccing
siaicncni iIai liicracy Iad dininisIcd in DriiisI India during
iIc asi fifiy ycars, and iIai you could rovc iIis fron official
siaicncnis.
I Iavc canincd iIc ariiclcs and can find noiIing in iIcn
io suori your conicniion. TIc ariiclcs do noi coniain a singlc
crccniagc of liicracy. TIc cIicf auiIoriiy quoicd is iIc 'Hisiory
of Indigcnous Educaiion in iIc Punjal' ly Dr C.W. Lciincr, a
Punjal Official. I fccl surc iIai wIcn you nadc your asscriion
you cannoi Iavc lccn awarc iIai iIai lool was ullisIcd
ncarly fifiy ycars ago, in 1882. Mr D.F. Cuia docs noi ncniion
iIc faci. Nor docs Ic oini oui iIai so far fron rcgarding iIc
Punjal as iyical, Lciincr conarcs iIai Provincc cducaiionally
io iis disadvaniagc wiiI iIc Ccniral Provinccs and wiiI Lowcr
Dcngal (loc. cii. .3}. Ii is only wiiIin iIc asi icn or fificcn ycars
iIai iIc Punjal Ias nadc iIc raid advanccs in rinary
cducaiion io wIicI I rcfcrrcd in ny lciicr of 21si Ociolcr.
I an siill awaiiing iIc rcfcrcncc wIicI you roniscd io a
Punjal Adninisiraiion Fcori. I Iavc consulicd rcccni Punjal
Adninisiraiion Fcoris, lui can find noiIing in iIcn rclaiing io
liicracy in DriiisI India, and ii is olviously unlilcly iIai any
361
Punjal Fcori would dcal wiiI sucI a suljcci. If you find
iIcrcforc iIai your rcfcrcncc was nadc in crror, nay I suggcsi
iIai you sIould now wiiIdraw your siaicncni in accordancc
wiiI iIc undcrialing givcn in iIc lasi aragraI of your lciicr io
nc of Ociolcr 23rd?
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/-PIili Hariog

P.S.. May I asl fron wIai Fcori Sir Sanlaran Nair's Noic of
Disscni rcfcrrcd io in Mr Cuia's firsi ariiclc, is quoicd? No
rcfcrcncc is givcn in iIc ariiclc iisclf.
Sd/- P.H.
M.K. CandIi, Esq,.
88, KnigIislridgc, W.
. . .
88, KnigIislridgc
London, S.W. 1,
Novcnlcr 19, 1931
Sir PIili Hariog, K.D.E.
5 Invcrncss Cardcns, W.8.
Dcar Sir PIili,
I an nucI olligcd io you for your lciicr of iIc 17iI insi.
I do noi roosc jusi now io wiiIdraw iIc siaicncni I
nadc ai iIc ncciing ai CIaiIan Housc. Ai iIc rcscni noncni
I Iavc noi goi any iinc for scarcIing iIc rccords io wIicI you
arc naling rcfcrcncc. I, Iowcvcr, ronisc noi io forgci iIc
naiicr, and if I find iIai I cannoi suori iIc siaicncni nadc ly
nc ai CIaiIan Housc, I will givc ny rciraciion nucI widcr
ulliciiy iIan iIc CIaiIan Housc scccI could cvcr aiiain.
McanwIilc I an cndcavouring io find oui iIc rcfcrcnccs
you wani.
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- M.K. CandIi
Sir PIili Hariog, K.D.E.
5 Invcrncss Cardcns, W.8
. . .
362
5,Invcrncss Cardcns,W.8.
20 Novcnlcr 1931
Dcar Mr CandIi,
I an nucI olligcd ly your lciicr of ycsicrday's daic.
I iIinl ii nigIi Icl naiicrs if you could sarc nc a fcw
noncnis of your valuallc iinc; and I sIould lc glad io call on
you if would suggcsi a day and Iour.

I an,
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- PIili Hariog
M.K. CandIi, Esq,.
88, KnigIislridgc, W.
. . .
5, Invcrncss
Cardcns,W.8.
22nd Novcnlcr 1931
Dcar Mrs Naidu,
In accordancc wiiI your lind suggcsiion ioday I scnd you
cncloscd coics of ny lciicrs io Mr CandIi of 27iI Ociolcr and
17iI Novcnlcr. TIc oiIcr lciicrs fron nc do noi coniain any
dciailcd infornaiion. Would you lindly rciurn iIc cnclosurcs ai
your convcnicncc?
WiiI lind rcgards,
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/-PIili Hariog
Mrs Sarojini Naidu,
7, Parl Placc,
Si. Jancs', S.W.I.
. . .
Scar To,
Doars Hill, Oford.
Novcnlcr 23, 1931
Dcar Sir PIili Hariog,
I rolally undcr-raic iIc indigcnous sysicn of Indian
cducaiion; ai any raic, I Iavc ncvcr iIougIi ii anounicd io
nucI. My siaicncni is noi iIc usual ciravagani clain of iIc
Naiionalisi, lui a rciiy nild onc.
363
Howcvcr, you will gci iIc cvidcncc in F.E. Kcay, Anccnt
Indun Educuton, Oford Univcrsiiy Prcss 1918cs. .51, 57,
107 and ussn.
Dr Lciincr, Hsto o Indgcnous Educuton n tIc PunuI,
.14, 21 ussn.
A Fcori for iIc Punjal Covcrnncni issucd in 1882.
A.P. Howcll, Educuton n HtsI Indu Po to lS54. And
Ludlow, HtsI Indu.
TIc Madras Prcsidcncy nadc an cnquiry, 1822-6, and
calculaicd iIai raiIcr lcss iIan onc-siiI of iIc loys of scIool-
going agc rcccivcd cducaiion of sonc sori. Donlay Prcsidcncy,
1823-8, csiinaicd ii as onc in cigIi, Dcngal, 13.2 crccni
(Adan's cnquiry 1835}. Willian Ward suoscd iIai aloui onc-
fifiI of iIc nalc oulaiion of Dcngal could rcad.
I lnow iIc difficuliics. Dui I fccl norc and norc iIai in iIis
naiicr, of gcncral cducaiion, wc did rccious liiilc io congraiu-
laic oursclvcs onuniil iIc lasi dozcn ycars. Don'i you agrcc?
Calcuiia Univcrsiiy was danncd lad. And iIc Middlc Vcrnacular
scIools

Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- Edward TIonson

P.S. I do noi lclicvc wc dcsiroycd indigcnous scIools and indigc-
nous indusirics oui of nalicc (wIicI is wIai is siaicd, in Ancri-
ca as wcll as India}. Ii was incviiallc.
. . .
364
INTEFVIEW WITH MF CANDHI ON DECEMDEF 2, 1931
In ny lasi lciicr io Mr C. rclaiing io Iis siaicncni ai iIc Foyal
Insiiiuic of Inicrnaiional Affairs on Ociolcr 20iI iIai liicracy in
India Iad dininisIcd during iIc lasi 50 or 100 ycars (scc
Journal of Inicrnaiional Affairs Novcnlcr 1931, .727, 728,
734, 735}. I Iad aslcd Iin for an inicrvicw. I rcccivcd no rcly
in wriiing, lui Mrs Sarojini Naidu, io wIon I Iad solcn on iIc
naiicr, arrangcd for an inicrvicw ioday, ly iclcIonc, and I wcni
io scc Mr C. ai 88, KnigIislridgc ai 4 .n. and siaycd iill fivc.
Hc was lying on a sofa covcrcd wiiI Iis sIawl in froni of a lig
firc, olviously iircd, iIougI Ic insisicd on rising loiI wIcn I
canc and wIcn I wcni. Hc iold nc iIai Ic Iad iIougIi Iis
sircngiI was cqual io anyiIing lui iIai Ic was now saiuraicd. I
suggcsicd iIai Ic nigIi lc ioo iircd io discuss naiicrs lui Ic
said iIai ii was a lcasurc io ncci nc and Ic aologiscd
sinccrcly for noi Iaving wriiicn io offcr nc an aoinincni.
Hc adniiicd ai oncc iIai Ic Iad ai rcscni no facis io
sulsianiiaic Iis siaicncnis and did noi aiicni io answcr ny
arguncni iIai iIc ariiclcs in Young Indu for Dcccnlcr 8iI and
29iI 1920 ly Daulai Fan Cuia of wIicI Ic Iad furnisIcd nc
wiiI iycd coics, coniaincd no liicracy figurcs and iIai iIc
nosi rcccni official rcori in iIcn, Dr C.W. Lciincr's Hisiory of
Indigcnous Educaiion in iIc Punjal was wriiicn in 1882 and
could iIcrcforc furnisI no cvidcncc wiiI rcgard io iIc rogrcss
or dcclinc of liicracy in India during iIc lasi 50 ycars. Hc iold nc
iIai Mr MaIadco Dcsai wIo was rcscni Iad lccn invcsiigaiing
iIc naiicr in iIc DriiisI Muscun. Mr Dcsai adniiicd iIai Ic
Iad found noiIing frcsI u io iIc rcscni. Mr C. said iIai Ic
would qucsiion iIc wriicr of iIc ariiclcs in Young Indu and iIai
on Iis rciurn Ic would gci concicni fricnds io invcsiigaic iIc
naiicr for Iin ovcr iIcrc and iIai Ic would scnd nc a
callcgran wiiI rcgard io iIc rcsuli, and iIai in ii Ic would say
wIciIcr Ic Iad found naicrial iIai would convincc nc iIai Ic
was rigIi, or iIai Ic would aologisc Iandsoncly for Iis
nisialc, and would nalc Iis wiiIdrawal in sucI a way as io
rcacI a nucI widcr audicncc iIan Iis original siaicncni.
I sIowcd Iin Lciincr's Dool and oinicd oui iIc siaicncni
on .3 in wIicI Lciincr Iad oinicd oui iIai iIc Punjal was noi
iyical lui far lcIind iIc Ccniral Provinccs and Lowcr Dcngal in
iIc rooriion of uils io oulaiion, a siaicncni noi rcfcrrcd
io ly Mr Cuia iIougI Ic Iad quoicd figurcs in rcgard io
HusIiarur fron .2. I iold Mr C. iIai iIc oulaiion of DriiisI
365
India in 1882 was rougIly scaling 210 nillions and iIai ii Iad
incrcascd in 1931 io aloui 270 nillions, i.c. aloui 30 crccni in
round figurcs, and iIai during iIai criod iIc nunlcr of uils
undcr insiruciion in DriiisI India Iad incrcascd fron aloui 2
nillions io ovcr 11 nillions, i.c. norc iIan 4 iincs, and iIai ii
would lc surrising iIcrcforc if liicracy Iad dininisIcd during
iIcsc 50 ycars.
I also oinicd oui iIai ii was inossillc io draw any
accuraic conclusions on iIc oiIcr Iand in rcgard io liicracy
fron iIc nunlcrs of uils undcr insiruciion. Howcll in Iis
Educaiion in DriiisI India Iad oinicd oui iIai for nany
rcasons, including iIc carly agc ai wIicI iIc cIildrcn arc
wiiIdrawn ii was alnosi woriIlcss (loc. cii. .7}. I also
ncniioncd iIai during iIc ycars 1917-1927 in Dcngal wiiI an
incrcascd cnrolncni of ovcr 3,00,000 uils (iIc aciual figurc is
aloui 370,000} iIcrc Iad lccn a dcclinc of aloui 30,000 uils
in iIc nunlcr iIai rcacIcd Class IV wIcrc undcr rcscni
condiiions, liicracy was firsi aiiaincd.
I also sIowcd Mr C. ccriain figurcs of liicracy for Dcngal
fron Adan's Fcori on Vcrnacular Educaiion of 1835-38 and
conarcd iIcn wiiI iIc ccnsus figurcs for 1921 Vol.5, .302. I
furiIcr sIowcd Iin ccnsus figurcs for 1911 and 1901 ialcn
fron iIc sanc volunc, .285, sIowing considcrallc incrcascs in
liicracy in Durna, Dcngal and Madras, iIougI iIc Punjal,
DiIar, Donlay and Uniicd Provinccs Iad nadc liiilc or no
rogrcss during iIosc ycars. Mr CandIi said, 'I lnow vcry liiilc
aloui iIcsc iIings' in a ionc of aology, io wIicI I rcjoincd iIai
Ic Iad no douli nany oiIcr iIings io occuy Iis aiicniion.
Towards iIc cnd of iIc inicrvicw I said iIai I Iocd iIai Ic
was now on iIc sidc of cacc. Hc rclicd iIai Ic Iad ncani
cacily wIai Ic Iad said on iIc rcvious day, iIai Ic would
rcad iIc Princ Minisicr's dcclaraiion ovcr again and again, and
iIai Ic fcli iIc inncnsc crsonal rcsonsililiiy iIai rcsicd on
Iis sIouldcrs in advising Congrcss. Hc said iIai Ic Iad
osioncd Iis dcariurc in ordcr io scc Sir Sanucl Hoarc on iIc
following Friday as Sir Sanucl Iad said iIai Ic would Iavc no
frcc iinc during iIc dclaic in Parliancni (on iIc Wcdncsday
and TIursday}. I said, 'I an surc you nusi lc convinccd iIai
EnglisIncn arc in carncsi in wisIing io givc India cvcryiIing
ossillc ai iIc rcscni noncni.' Hc said, 'Ycs, lui iIcrc is onc
iIing iIai iIc EnglisI sinccrcly lclicvc, lui wIicI I cannoi
undcrsiand. TIcy iIinl us incaallc of nanaging our own
affairs cvcn wiiI iIc Icl of ccris. WIcn I was a young nan
and ny faiIcr
366
was Princ Minisicr of an Indian Siaic, I lncw iIc Princ Minisicr
of anoiIcr Indian Siaic (JunagarI}, wIo could Iardly sign Iis
own nanc lui wIo was a vcry rcnarlallc nan and nanagcd
iIc siaic wondcrfully. Hc lncw jusi wIo wcrc iIc rigIi colc io
advisc Iin and iool iIcir advicc. WIcn I solc io your own
Princ Minisicr aloui iIc ccIangc valuc of iIc rucc, Ic said io
nc, iIai Ic lncw noiIing aloui ccIangc valucs, iIai iIc Princ
Minisicr Iad of coursc io do iIings in Iis own nanc lui Iad
rcally io dccnd on ccris. Wc Iavc Iad ccricncc in
govcrning in iIc asi and wc could do cqually wcll.'
I did noi iIinl ii woriIwIilc io ursuc iIc oliiical ioic or
io oini oui iIc oliiical cIaos of India wIcn iIc DriiisI cnicrcd
on iIc sccnc, as ny nain oljcci was io sccurc fron Mr CandIi
iIc wiiIdrawal of Iis siaicncni aloui liicracy. I cndcd u iIc
inicrvicw ly saying iIai I was a nan of cacc, and Iad no dcsirc
io cnicr on a conirovcrsy lui iIai I nusi siaic iIc facis in iIc
Journal of Inicrnaiional Affairs, and io iIis I undcrsiood Mr
CandIi io asscni. I wisIcd Iin a lcasani journcy lacl io India
and said I Iocd I Iad noi iircd Iin. Hc rclicd iIai ii Iad lccn
a rcal lcasurc io scc nc, and iIai Ic Iocd io lcc in ioucI
wiiI nc.
TIcrc wcrc rcscni during iIc convcrsaiion Mr Dcsai, a iall
young nan wIosc nanc I did noi lnow, Miss Sladc io wIon I
was iniroduccd, lui wIo was in a lind of lacl drawing roon for
nosi of iIc iinc, and anoiIcr young EnglisIwonan, wIo
lrougIi Mr CandIi sonc fruii ai iIc cnd of iIc inicrvicw. No onc
inicrvcncd in iIc convcrsaiion, lui oncc or iwicc Mr CandIi
aslcd Mr Dcsai for infornaiion. Ii acarcd iIai Mr Dcsai Iad
lccn aslcd ly Mr CandIi io iry io gci infornaiion fron iIc
DriiisI Muscun, lui iIai Ic Iad lccn unallc io gci iIc lools
Ic Iad wanicd and Iad noi lccn allc io find any facis io
suori Mr CandIi's siaicncnis. Mr Dcsai acconanicd nc
downsiairs and sIowcd nc Iis DriiisI Muscun slis for onc
lool daicd 1859, anoiIcr lool of 1867-8, and a lool ly Wilnoi
on 'Ic Indigcnous Sysicn of Educaiion in India', of wIicI Ic
Iad noi iIc daic.
I find I Iavc oniiicd onc siaicncni of sonc inoriancc. Mr
CandIi said iIai Ic Iad noi accuscd iIc DriiisI Covcrnncni of
Iaving dcsiroycd iIc indigcnous scIools, lui iIcy Iad lci iIcn
dic for wani of cncouragcncni. I said iIai iIcy Iad rolally lci
iIcn dic lccausc iIcy wcrc so lad iIai iIcy wcrc noi woriI
lccing u. In iIc Uniicd Provinccs MaIoncdan wiincsscs Iad
iold ny Conniiicc iIai iIc MaIoncdan scIools noi organiscd
ly Covcrnncni wcrc noi an aid lui a Iindrancc io MaIoncdan
rogrcss and I lncw iIcrc wcrc nany voluniary scIools in oiIcr
367
aris of iIc couniry of wIicI iIis nigIi lc said. I iold Mr
CandIi iIai ny inicrcsi in rinary cducaiion in India was no
ncw iIing; and iIai wIcn as a ncnlcr of iIc Sadlcr
Connission I Iad sccn Mr Moniagu and Lord CIclnsford in
1918 I Iad iold iIcn loiI iIai aliIougI univcrsiiy rcforn was
crIas iIc nosi urgcni naiicr, iIc rollcn of rinary
cducaiion was iIc fundancnial onc for India, aliIougI I could
noi advisc on ii iIcn. I said iIai India Iad rolally noi yci
found iIc soluiion of iIc rollcn of giving iIc agriculiural
lalourcr an cducaiion iIai would nalc Iin a norc cfficicni
culiivaior wiiIoui naling Iin wani io lc a clcrl, lui iIai iIc
Punjal, undcr iIc insiraiion of iIc laic Mr FicIcy wIosc worl
Iad lccn carricd on ly Sir Ccorgc Andcrson, Iad nadc grcai
siridcs in iIc lasi icn or fificcn ycars. I dcscrilcd iIc sysicn
adoicd in Punjal and Mr CandIi said Ic Iad Icard of rcccni
rogrcss in iIai rovincc. I iIcn iold Iin iIai Donlay Iad
rolally iIc nosi cfficicni scIools in sonc ways undcr iIc
sysicn iniiiaicd ly Dr Paranjyc, lui iIai iIc conlcic iransfcr
of conirol io local lodics ly Iis succcssor Iad unforiunaic
rcsulis, as so nany disirici loards wcrc norc inicrcsicd in
oliiics iIan in cducaiion of wIicI iIcy lncw vcry liiilc.
I nci iold Mr CandIi iIai I could noi accci Iis
suggcsiion iIai univcrsal rinary cducaiion nusi ncccssarily lc
vcry rcnoic, and iIai ny Conniiicc Iad csiinaicd iIan an
addiiional rccurring ccndiiurc of aloui 19 crorcs would lring
aloui 80 crccni of loys and girls inio iIc rinary scIool
sysicn. Mr CandIi iIcn aslcd nc if I iIougIi iIai rinary
cducaiion would lc nucI usc unlcss iIc cIildrcn wcni on io
niddlc scIools. I said iIai was iIc nci sic iIai would follow,
and iIai I rcgardcd iIc cncouragcncni of vcrnacular niddlc
scIools as of iIc grcaicsi inoriancc noi only for iIc salc of iIc
cIildrcn, lui lccausc iIcy roducc iIc rinary icacIcrs. I said
iIai I was sorry iIai Dcngal dcsiscd vcrnacular niddlc scIools
and insisicd on EnglisI icacIing niddlc scIools.
Wc iIcn solc of girls' cducaiion and I quoicd iIc oinion
of ny Conniiicc iIai in all scIcncs of cansion rioriiy
sIould lc givcn io iIc clains of girls. Mr CandIi said iIai Ic
cniircly agrccd, lui Ic aslcd Iinsclf wIciIcr rinary cducaiion
would nalc girls lciicr noiIcrs. Mr CandIi said iIai Ic Iad
noi rcad iIc Fcori of ny Conniiicc. I aslcd Iin if Ic would
lilc io do so on Iis journcy lacl io wIicI Ic said ycs and I
roniscd io scnd Iin a coy.
(TIcsc notcs ucc dctutcd on DcccnIc 2nd und DcccnIc 4tI}
368
5,Invcrncss Cardcns,W.8.
2 Dcccnlcr 1931
Dcar Mr TIonson,
My aologics for noi Iaving aclnowlcdgcd your lind lciicr
of Novcnlcr 23rd wiiI iis rcfcrcnccs carlicr. I was faniliar wiiI
Adan's Fcoris and Lciincr, and wiiI Howcll fron quoiaiions. I
Iavc loolcd ai Kcay, and I'n afraid Ic docsn'i inrcss nc. I will
asl F.W. TIonas wIai Ic iIinls of iIc lool, lui ii all sccns io
nc sccond-Iand.
Aficr going iIrougI your rcfcrcncc I an siill in douli as io
wIciIcr iIc siaicncni on .255 of iIc 'Fcconsiruciion of India'
'NcvcriIclcss iIcrc was norc liicracy if of a low lind, iIan uniil
iIc lasi icn ycars' is jusiifiallc. You ncniion figurcs for Donlay
scIools and Dcngal scIools. Dui fron ny ccricncc of Indian
scIools ii is a far cry fron aiicndancc io liicracy.
In iIc icn ycars 1917-27 wiiI an incrcascd cnrolncni of
ncarly 370,000 uils in Dcngal, iIc nunlcr in Class IV, wIcrc
firsi you nay ccci crnancni liicracy, dcclincd ly 30,000.
(Scc EDn Conicc of Sinon Connission Fcori, .59, including
Tallc iv}.
I inaginc fron ny rcading of Adan, and Howcll and
Lciincrall rcssing iIc clains of indigcnous cducaiioniIai
iIis lind of iIing is noi ncw.
Did you noiicc in Long's cdiiion of Adan .268 a quoiaiion
fron a rcori of Mounisiuari ElIinsionc daicd 25 Ociolcr
1819 in wIicI Ic says.
'TIcrc arc alrcady scIools (in iIc Dcccan} in all iowns and
in nany villagcs, lui rcading is confincd io DraInans, Danyans,
and sucI of iIc agriculiural classcs as Iavc io do wiiI
accounis.'
And Howcll, .7, in rcfcrring io Adan's csiinaic iIai iIcrc
wcrc 100,000 scIools in Dcngal in 1835 and sinilar csiinaics in
Madras and Donlay says 'aliIougI all auiIoriiics wcrc agrccd
iIai iIc cisicncc of iIcsc scIools was a saiisfaciory cvidcncc of
a gcncral dcsirc for cducaiion, iIcrc was cqual unaniniiy iIai
iIc insiruciion aciually inaricd in iIcn was, owing arily io
iIc uiicr inconcicncc of iIc icacIcrs, iIc alscncc of all scIool
lools and alianccs, and iIc carly agc ai wIicI iIc cIildrcn
wcrc wiiIdrawn, alnosi woriIlcss.'
All iIc colc I Iavc quoicd wanicd Covcrnncni io luild
u a sysicn on iIc lasis of iIc villagc scIools.
369
Adan givcs sonc liicracy figurcs wIicI arc woriI
canining in dciail. I will lool u iIc Ccnsus rciurns for iIc
aciual disiricis for wIicI Adan Ias givcn figurcs.

Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- P.J. Hariog
. . .
Scar To,
Doars Hill, Oford.
Dcccnlcr 5, 1931
Dcar Sir PIili Hariog,
I an rcally noi clcar as io wIai wc arc disuiing aloui.
My siaicncni is nild cnougI, nodcraic cnougI and iis
urosc is lain. I was olviously irying io go io iIc liniis of
conccssion iIai iruiI crniiicd, as io clains iIai I considcr
cniircly wrong. TIai sccns io nc iIc only way io gci a
conirovcrsy forward. I ncvcr did lclicvc in iIc nciIod of
lcliiiling wIaicvcr casc ny ooncni, wIciIcr DriiisI
incrialisi or Indian naiionalisi, nay Iavc. TIc conici nalcs ii
clcar iIai I Iavc ncvcr iIougIi iIai Indian scIools anounicd io
nucI. Ii nalcs cqually clcar wIai I rcncnlcr quiic wcll was in
ny nind wIcn I wroic iIai assagciIis was iIai I do noi agrcc
wiiI iIc sicady cralling of iIc lasi dozcn ycars lui io
cnIasisc iIai on iIc wIolc iIcy Iavc lccn ycars far norc
rogrcssivc iIan any rcvious dccadc.
Of courscliicracy and scIool aiicndancc arc noi iIc sanc
iIing. TIcy arc noi iIc sanc cvcn now. Dui iIai is iIc rcaln of
iIc inondcrallc and noi woriI arguing. If ii concs io iIai, jusi
now I ranl ncrc liicracy low cnougI. Ii sccns io nc wc arc in
for a roiicn icn ycars of sirugglc io lcc any sori of dcccncy
alivc. I nay lc ovcrdcrcsscd; lui I saw iIc uiicr wasI iIai iIc
'liicraic' oulacc of iIc Uniicd Siaics rcad as iIcir only gain
fron cducaiion, and I conc lacl io iIis couniry io find iIai iIc
wccllics arc dying or rcccnily dcad, and iIai Daily Mail, Daily
Ercss, and iIc infanous Sunday oular acrs arc aloui all
iIc rcading iIai Dcnos docs. I lclicvc iIc nosi oular wcclly
is 'Conciiiions', wIicI guidcs iIc Iugc nol wIosc solc
inicllcciual rccrcaiion (an alsorling and cosily onc} is naling
'lullcis' or cross-word uzzlcs (scnding u si-cncc a iinc}. On
iIc oiIcr Iand, Allar was 'illiicraic'.
TIcrc arc in India oor foll wIo ncvcr wcni io any sori of
scIool wIo Iavc lcarni io rcad. Dui iIcsc of coursc arc fcw. TIcy
370
ay a fcw icc io lc coacIcd ly sonc siudcni. TIcrc nusi lc
norc liicracy in iIc scnsc of rcading iIc vcrnaculars, iIan iIc
nunlcrs in scIools indicaic, or clsc Iow could cvcry Dcngal
lazaar swarn wiiI iIcsc frigIifully rinicd (lui cIca} icis of
Fanrasad, CIandidas, Kriiiilas's Fanayana (lcforc iIc War,
according io DincsI Scn, iwo Iundrcd iIousand sold cvcry
ycar}, cvcn of DIadu songs (wIicI arc sung only in iwo
divisions}? Sarai CIaiicrjcc iold nc iIai in 1921 iIc iwclvc
annas cdiiion of Iis ficiion Iad lrougIi Iin in iwclvc iIousand
ruccs in royaliics, wIicI I csiinaic io lc a salc of iwo Iundrcd
iIousand. Dui iIc scni-rcligious icis swarn and always Iavc
donc, irrcscciivcly of iIc nunlcr in scIools.
I will go inio iIc naiicr wIcn in India nci sring. Dui ny
inrcssion Ias sicadily dcccncd iIai iIc firsi rcal advancc wc
nadcin nosi iIingslcgan aloui 1917. I do noi iIinl you
will lclicvc Iow siagnani officialdon was lcforc iIc War. WIcn I
siaricd in cducaiional worl in Dcngal, iIc M.V. ScIools uscd io
our an indcscrilally iurlid sircan inio iIc fouriI class of our
IigI scIoolliicraic, if you lilc, lui ii would Iavc lccn alnosi
lciicr if iIcy wcrc noi. And iIc Educaiion dcarincni was
sIocling. TIc aciing Licui. Covcrnor was iIc noioriously
incfficicni Slacl, and iIc D.P.I. iIc noioriously lazy KucIlcr. I do
noi lclicvc iIai a ccniury ago iIcrc was widcsrcad liicracy. Dui
nciiIcr do I lclicvc iIai anyiIing wc cvcr did for cducaiion
lcforc aloui 1917 nadc any scrious diffcrcncc or inrovcncni.
Wc givc oursclvcs nany unjusiificd cIiis. Dui I will siand u for
wIai wc Iavc donc sincc iIc unfairly aluscd Moniagu-
CIclnsford Fcforns.
Prcvious io 1917, wIai wcrc iIc figurcs of liicracy? Four or
fivc cr ccni of iIc oulaiion? I lclicvc iIcy wcrc IigIcr a
ccniury ago. Dui iIc only way of roving iIis would lc ly
finding oui wIai salcs in iIc vcry nucI snallcr oulaiion of
iIai day (iIougI iIc firsi ccnsus was 1871, was ii noi?} wcrc
acIicvcd for iIc oular classics.
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- Edward TIonson
(IN HAND FOLLOVING TYPED LETTEH)
P.S. 'Danyan' is a usual way of rcfcrring io 'Danias', in Easi India
Conany docuncnis.
I Iavc again rcad carcfully iIrougI your lciicr. Ii sccns io
nc iIai wc arc in agrccncni. Olviously wc loiI iIinl iIai (a}
371
iIc liicracy of a ccniury ago anounicd io vcry liiilc io jusiify a
song aloui ii (l} iIai iIc avcragc M.E. or M.C. scIools of rcwar
days was a farcc. Wc uscd io lc aslcd coniinually io ialc ovcr
villagc 'M.V.' scIools, wiiI a failcd Inicr Aris or cvcn failcd
Mairic, as iIcir Icad, and iIcir siudcnis aallcd nc. Our own
IigI scIool loys wcrc lad cnougI lui...I icll you wIai ii is. TIc
rcwar adninisiraiion of India in nany ways was uung. I
lnow iIc difficuliics. Dui icll ncwIai is ii iIai Ias lccn wrong
wiiI Indian adninisiraiion? I an rcading old rccords ly rc-
Muiiny rcsidcnis. TIcy iccn wiiI infornaiion iIai nalcs you
Ioc iIc Congrcsswalla will ncvcr gci Iold of ii. Oford swarns
wiiI c-I.C.S. I lilc and rcscci iIcn vcry nucI indccd. Dui
wIai Ias Iacncd io iIc oficn firsi class rccord of inicllcci iIcy
Iad lcforc cnicring iIc I.C.S.? Ii sccns io nc iIc vcry
Ioclcssncss of...Iugc Indian jol uscd io orcss and...us. Wc
did noi do anyiIing lilc as nucI as EnglisIncn sIould Iavc
donc.
I scandalously ran on io iIc lacl of iIiswIicI I ncvcr do
Iurricdlyio lcc ii sIori. You scc, I sail Dcccnlcr 24, and I
an sIoclingly ovcrworlcd uniil I gci off.
. . .
TO THE EDITOF, 'INTEFNATIONAL AFFAIFS' (Eiraci fron
'Inicrnaiional Affairs', iIc journal of iIc Foyal Insiiiuic for
Inicrnaiional Affairs, for January, 1932. . 151.}
Sir,
Ai a vcry largcly aiicndcd ncciing ai CIaiIan Housc on
Ociolcr 20iI lasi, Mr CandIi said.
'I say wiiIoui fcar of ny figurcs lcing cIallcngcd
succcssfully iIai ioday India is norc illiicraic iIan ii was
fifiy or a Iundrcd ycars ago, and so is Durna, lccausc iIc
DriiisI adninisiraiors, wIcn iIcy canc io India, insicad of
ialing Iold of iIings as iIcy wcrc, lcgan io rooi iIcn
oui.'
1

Ii will lc sccn fron iIc rcori of iIc ncciing iIai Mr
CandIi did noi ai iIc iinc quoic iIc figurcs io wIicI Ic
rcfcrrcd. I iIcrcforc aslcd Iin if Ic would givc Iis auiIoriiy for
iIc siaicncni iIai liicracy Iad dininisIcd during iIc lasi fifiy
ycars and Ic rclicd.
372
'iIai Iis auiIoriiy was iIc Punjal Adninisiraiion Fcoris,
and said iIai Ic Iad ullisIcd in Young India a siudy of
iIc Punjal cducaiional siaiisiics.'
2

I wroic ai oncc io Mr CandIi asling Iin for rccisc
rcfcrcnccs. In rcsonsc io ny rcqucsi Ic Ias lccn good cnougI
io furnisI nc wiiI iycd coics of iwo ariiclcs on iIc 'Dcclinc of
Mass Educaiion' ly Mr Daulai Fan Cuia, ullisIcd in 'Young
India' for Dcccnlcr 8iI and Dcccnlcr 29iI, 1920. TIcsc
ariiclcs do noi, Iowcvcr, coniain a singlc liicracy crccniagc
ciiIcr for iIc Punjal or Durna or for India gcncrally, nor do iIcy
coniain any dircci rcfcrcncc io Punjal Adninisiraiion Fcoris.
TIcy do, Iowcvcr, rcfcr io iIc 'Hisiory of Indigcnous Educaiion
in iIc Punjal' ly Dr C.W. Lciincr, an cducaiional official in iIc
Punjal, wIicI rcfcrs io sonc of iIcsc rcoris. Dui Dr Lciincr's
Fcori was ullisIcd foriy-ninc ycars ago, in 1882, and I Iavc
lccn unallc io discovcr in ii any liicracy crccniagcs.
I Iavc drawn Mr CandIi's aiicniion io, iIcsc facis. TIc
rcscni osiiion is iIai Mr CandIi Ias so far lccn unallc io
sulsianiiaic Iis siaicncni in any way. I Iavc io add iIai in iIc
coursc of a fricndly corrcsondcncc, and also ai an inicrvicw
wIicI 1 Iad wiiI Iin on Dcccnlcr 2nd, Ic Ias undcrialcn io
rciraci iIai siaicncni if Ic cannoi suori ii. I iIinl ii lcsi io
osionc any furiIcr conncni on iIc qucsiion uniil I rcccivc Iis
roniscd connunicaiion.

Yours faiiIfully,
Sd/- P. J. Hariog
5 Invcrncss Cardcns,
Vicaragc Caic, W. 8.
Dcccnlcr 14, 1931
. . .

373
LETTEF OF MF M.K. CANDHI TO SIF PHILIP HAFTOC
(COPY}
Dcar Fricnd,
I an sorry I was unallc, owing io circunsianccs lcyond
ny conirol, io fulfill iIc ronisc I gavc you aloui ny siaicncni
on iIc condiiion of Prinary cducaiion in India during iIc rc-
DriiisI iinc. Inncdiaicly on ny landing I cnirusicd iIc rcscarcI
io Advocaic MunsIi, a ncnlcr of iIc Donlay Univcrsiiy scnaic,
and iwo oiIcr cducaiionisi fricnds. Dui iIcy ioo lilc nc find
iIcnsclvcs civil rcsisiancc risoncrs. I Iad aslcd Advocaic
MunsIi io ui Iinsclf in dircci ioucI wiiI you. Dui Iis arrcsi
canc so soon aficr ninc iIai I Iardly iIinl Ic could Iavc
corrcsondcd wiiI you. As I an crniiicd io carry on non-
oliiical corrcsondcncc, I Iavc now aslcd Prof SIaI io icsi ny
siaicncni and givc you iIc rcsuli of Iis icsi. As I found in you a
fcllow scclcr aficr iruiI, I was nosi anious io givc you
saiisfaciion ciiIcr ly confirning ny siaicncni or wiiIdrawing ii
as ullicly as I Iad nadc ii. I iIougIi iIai I would icll you wIai
I Iad donc in ursuancc of ny ronisc.
As I Iavc noi your rivaic addrcss ly nc, I an scnding iIis
io you undcr carc India Officc.

Yours Sinccrcly,
Sd/-M. K. CandIi.
Ycravda Ccniral Prison,
Poona. 15.2.32.
. . .

45, CIowaiiy Foad, Donlay (7}
20iI Fclruary, 1932
Dcar Sir PIili,
I Iavc lccn inforncd ly MaIaina CandIi iIai during Iis
siay in London rcccnily, and wIilc scaling ai sonc ullic
ncciing aloui iIc siaic of cducaiion in DriiisI India lcforc iIc
advcni of iIc DriiisI in iIis couniry, Ic rcnarlcd iIai iIc
cicni of liicracy was grcaicr in iIosc days iIan ai iIc rcscni
iinc. Hc adds iIai you Iad qucsiioncd iIc accuracy of iIai
siaicncni, and callcd uon Mr CandIi io furnisI roof in
suori of iIc sanc. MaIainaji Ias, I undcrsiand, rcfcrrcd you
io sonc wriiings in iIc Young Indu; lui you do noi considcr
374
iIai sufficicni roof; and so Ias aslcd nc if I could find any
norc accciallc sulsianiiaiion for iIai olscrvaiion. I an,
iIcrcforc, addrcssing you iIis lciicr io iry and offcr iIai
sulsianiiaiion, as far as iIc rccords availallc could crnii of ny
doing so. If you carc io aclnowlcdgc iIis lciicr io MaIainaji,
would you ai iIc sanc iinc scnd nc a coy of iIc sanc?
To lcgin wiiI, I nccd Iardly oini oui io you iIai, ai iIc
iinc undcr rcfcrcncc, no couniry in iIc world Iad anyiIing lilc
dcfiniic, auiIoriiaiivc, siaiisiical infornaiion of iIc iyc onc
would now rccognisc as rocr roof in sucI discussions. In
India ariicularly, iIanls io iIc disiracicd siaic of iIc couniry,
ii was inossillc io rovidc any sucI naicrial on a naiion-widc
lasis, cvcn suosing ii Iad lccn cusionary io conilc sucI
infornaiion fron iinc io iinc. TIc claloraic 'dircciory', if I nay
so dcscrilc ii, of iIc icrriiorics undcr Iis rulc, conilcd ly iIc
indcfaiigallc Minisicr of iIc grcai Allar lnown as iIc Ayccn-i-
Allari, was rcarcd so long lcforc iIc advcni of iIc DriiisI
iIai I fccl a Icsiiaiion cvcn in rcfcrring io ii, aari fron iIc
furiIcr faci iIai auiIoriiaiivc worl suffcrs fron oiIcr llcnisIcs
in iIc cycs of a ioo criiical rcadcr. All, iIcrcforc, iIai onc can
ccci ly way of roof in sucI naiicrs, and ai sucI a iinc, can
only lc in iIc forn of inrcssions of colc in a osiiion io forn
idcas a liiilc lciicr and norc scicniific iIan iIosc of lcss
foriunaicly siiuaicd, or lcss wcll cndowcd, olscrvcrs. SucI
official invcsiigaiions as wcrc ordcrcd in conncciion wiiI iIc
criodical arliancniary cnquirics lcforc iIc rcncwal of iIc
Conany's CIaricr in 1793, 1813, 1833, and 1853 also afford
sonc daia, iIougI iIcsc Iavc iIcir own dcfcci as is oinicd oui
lclow. OiIcr official cnquirics, rcoris, or oliicr dicia of qualificd
officcrs, wcrc originally for a urosc diffcrcni fron iIc onc
undcr rcfcrcncc Icrc; and, iIcrcforc, discussion or olscrvaiion
on cducaiional naiicrs iIcrcin nusi nccds lc ialcn as
incidcnial raiIcr iIan as iIc inncdiaic suljcci of iIcir conccrn,
and conscqucnily ocn io sucI dcfccis as all sucI incidcnial ol-
scrvaiion suffcrs fron.
For iIc inncdiaic urosc of iIis lciicr, will you crnii nc
io lcgin ly rcfcrring you io iIc rcoris of ccriain rovincial
cnquirics conducicd aloui iIc iinc wIcn iIc DriiisI rulc firsi
lcgan in iIosc rovinccs? Lci nc, Iowcvcr, add a rcnarl as a-
licd io iIc couniry, ai largc, on iIc auiIoriiy of Ma Mucllcr,
and anoiIcr on iIc auiIoriiy of iIc Iisiorian Ludlow,loiI
ncniioncd in Kcir Hardic's worl on India. 'Ma Mucllcr, on iIc
sircngiI of official docuncnis and nissionary rcoris,
375
conccrning cducaiion in Dcngal rior io iIc DriiisI occuaiion,
asscris iIai iIcrc wcrc iIcn 80,000 scIools in Dcngal, or onc for
cvcry 400 of iIc oulaiion. Ludlow, in Iis Hisiory of DriiisI
India, says iIai in cvcry villagc, wIicI Ias rciaincd iis old forn,
I an assurcd iIai iIc cIildrcn gcncrally arc allc io rcad, wriic
and ciIcr; lui wIcrc wc Iavc swci away iIc villagc sysicn,
iIcrc iIc villagc scIool Ias also disacarcd."' (C. D.D. Dasu,
Educuton n Indu undc tIc E.l. Co., 18}.
In Donlay, wIicI canc undcr DriiisI rulc aficr iIc fall of
iIc PcsIwas in 1818, a Fcori of iIc Donlay Educaiion Sociciy
for 1819 olscrvcs. 'TIcrc is rolally as grcai a rooriion of
crsons in India wIo can rcad, wriic, and lcc sinlc accounis,
as arc io lc found in Eurocan counirics.' TIc sanc Fcori for
iIc following ycar noics. 'ScIools arc frcqucni anong iIc na-
iivcs, and alound cvcrywIcrc.' In Aril, 1821, Mr Prcndcrgasi,
ncnlcr of iIc Eccuiivc Council of iIc iIcn Covcrnncni of
Donlay, noics in a Minuic on an alicaiion for 2 EnglisI
scIools in TIana or Panwcll Talulas. 'I nccd Iardly ncniion
wIai cvcry ncnlcr of iIc Doard lnows as wcll as I do iIai iIcrc
is Iardly a villagc, grcai or snall, iIrougIoui our icrriiorics, in
wIicI iIcrc is noi ai lcasi onc scIool, and in largcr villagcs
norc; nany in cvcry iown and in largc ciiics in cvcry division
wIcrc young naiivcs arc iaugIi rcading, wriiing and ariiInciic,
uon a sysicn so ccononical, fron a Iandful or iwo of grain, io
crIas a rucc cr noniI io iIc scIoolnasicr, according io iIc
aliliiy of iIc arcnis, and ai iIc sanc iinc so sinlc and
cffcciual, iIai iIcrc is Iardly a culiivaior or ciiy dcalcr wIo is
noi concicni io lcc Iis own accounis wiiI a dcgrcc of
accuracy, in ny oinion, lcyond wIai wc ncci wiiI anong iIc
lowcr ordcrs in our own couniry; wIilsi iIc norc slcndid
dcalcrs and lanlcrs lcc iIcir lools wiiI a dcgrcc of casc,
conciscncss, and clcarncss I raiIcr iIinl fully cqual io iIosc of
any DriiisI ncrcIanis.' (C. Connons Fcori, 1832, .468}.
I sIall conc io Madras in a noncni, and rcvcri io
siaiisiical roof sucI as I can find,iIcrcaficr. Lci nc Icrc rcfcr
you io iIc classic casc of Dr Lciincr's Fcori on iIc sysicn of
Indigcnous Educaiion in iIc Punjal, lascd on an invcsiigaiion
carricd oui ly iIc lcarncd Docior,rincial of a Covcrnncni
Collcgc, lccausc of a surrising diffcrcncc lciwccn Iis figurcs of
iIc colc cducaicd in indigcnous scIools, and iIosc sulicd
ly iIc Dirccior of Pullic Insiruciion for iIc rovincc, io iIc
Indian Educaiion Conniiicc of 1882. Dr Lciincr rcnarls, in Iis
376
iniroduciion io Iis Fcori,'In sIori iIc lowcsi conuiaiion
givcs us 330,000 uils (againsi liiilc norc iIan 190,000 ai
rcscni} in iIc scIools of iIc various dcnoninaiions, wIo wcrc
acquainicd wiiI rcading, wriiing and sonc nciIod of
conuiaiion; wIilsi iIousands of iIcn lclongcd io Aralic and
Sanslrii collcgcs, in wIicI oricnial liicraiurc and sysicns of
Oricnial Law, Logic, PIilosoIy and Mcdicinc, wcrc iaugIi io iIc
IigIcsi siandards.' I would ariicularly conncnd io your
aiicniion iIis classic docuncni of 650 odd agcs (folio}, iIc
norc so as Dr Sir Wn. Hunicr, rcsidcni of iIc Indian
Educaiion Conniiicc, nadc a sccial Minuic io iIc Fcori of
iIai Conniiicc (.621-2} in wIicI Ic found iIai Dr Lciincr's
csiinaic of 120,000 uils in iIc Punjal was aciually an
undcrcsiinaic ly sonc 15,000, wIilc iIc official figurc sulicd
ly iIc D.P.I. of iIc rovincc was lclow iIc aciual figurc ly sonc
80,000 uils. Incidcnially, iIis will sufficc io sIow Iow
incrfcci, inaccuraic, undccndallc, was iIc official siaiisiical
infornaiion for iIcsc carly days, wIcn iIc colc vicwcd wiiI
casily iniclligillc susicion cnquirics of iIis naiurc, and so
assivcly rcfuscd io afford iIc corrcci infornaiion wIcrcvcr and
wIcncvcr iIcy could Icl ii. WiiIoui nininising in iIc lcasi
dcgrcc iIc valuc of siaiisiical cvidcncc, I cannoi lui add iIai
sucI cvidcncc is worsc iIan usclcss, wIcn wc rccall iIc
condiiions undcr wIicI ii was conilcd, as also iIc
icncrancni and iraining of iIc officials wIo Iclcd in
coniling iIc sanc in iIosc riniiivc iincs of DriiisI rulc in
India.
Lci nc now scal of Madras, iIai carlicsi sciilcncni of
DriiisI rulc in India, and cvcn now said io lc iIc lcsi cducaicd
rovincc in iIc Enirc. Sir T. Munro, in a Minuic daicd
10.3.1826 (Connons Fcori, 1832, .506} olscrvcs iIai, ialing
iIc nalc ari of iIc oulaiion only, and ialing cIildrcn of
lciwccn 5-10 ycars of agc only, as scIool going oulaiion,
(assuncd io lc onc-niniI of iIc ioial oulaiion} iIcrc wcrc
713,000 nalc uils iIai would lc ai scIool. TIc aciual nunlcr
of uils in rccogniscd scIools was found ly Iin io lc 184,110
wIicI worls oui io lc a liiilc ovcr a fouriI of iIc ioial scIool-
going oulaiion. Sir TIonas, Iowcvcr, was of oinion iIai iIc
aciual rooriion was ncarcr onc-iIird iIan onc-fouriI, owing io
a largc nunlcr of cIildrcn rccciving insiruciion rivaicly, and so
noi includcd in iIc alovc calculaiion.
In Dcngal, (C. Adan's Fcori, 1838} iIc ioial nunlcr of
cIildrcn lciwccn 5-14 ycars of agc is ialcn ai 87,629. Of iIcsc,
6,786 wcrc rciurncd as rccciving insiruciion in iIc rccogniscd
scIools, or 7.7%. TIis includcs loiI ncn and woncn, girls as
377
wcll as loys, wIilc in Madras only iIc nalc oulaiion was
considcrcd. On iIai lasis, iIis figurc could lc casily raiscd io ai
lcasi 15% of iIc ioial. TIcrc is rcason io rcfcr iIis lasis for
calculaiion, sincc, undcr iIc condiiions and idcas of iIc iinc,
woncn could noi go for cducaiion io scIools ullicly rccogniscd;
and so a rocr indc for judging of iIc rcal siaic of liicracy is
raiIcr iIc nalc oulaiion iIan iIc ioial. Again, iIc crccniagc
of oulaiion rccciving insiruciion, conarcd io iIc ioial of
scIool-going agc, would lc siill IigIcr, if wc would lcar in nind
iIc faci iIai iIc so callcd unioucIallcs forncd ari of iIc ioial,
lui could noi, ncccssarily, lc includcd in iIc colc rccciving
insiruciion as iIcsc wcrc noi adniiicd inio ullic insiiiuiions.
In iIc Donlay Prcsidcncy, iIc ioial oulaiion was
rciurncd in 1829 ai 4,681,735. TIc ioial nunlcr of scIolars in
scIools was 35,153. If wc ialc, wiiI Sir T. Munro, onc-niniI of
iIc oulaiion io lc of scIool-going agc, iIc ioial figurc of
scIool-going agc would lc 520,190. TIis givcs a crccniagc of 7
io iIc ioial of scIool-going agc; wIilc if wc confinc oursclvcs only
io nalcs, iIc crccniagc of scIolars io iIc ioial oulaiion
(nalc} of scIool-going agc would lc 14. TIis rooriion is norc
iIan lornc oui ly iIc laicr Fcori of 1841, rclaiing io only 9
sclccicd disiricis in iIc Prcsidcncy.
TIc following conaraiivc osiiion, lciwccn iIc siaic of
iIings now and a Iundrcd ycars ago, would lc insiruciivc, if noi
conclusivc. Pcrccniagcs of oulaiion of scIool-going agc
rccciving rinary cducaiion in 1921 (nalcs only} and a 100
ycars ago (rougIly}.
Madras 42.5 33
Donlay 45.1 14 (IigIcsi 28 in sonc aris}
Dcngal 37.2 16 (IigIcsi 32 in sonc aris}
I Iavc alrcady oinicd oui iIai iIcsc siaiisiical daia for iIc
carlicr criod arc undccndallc, lccausc (1} iIc figurcs for
rivaicly cducaicd cIildrcn arc noi availallc; (2} iIc colc wcrc
avcrsc io disclosing wIai iIcy iIougIi io lc unwarraniallc liis
of infornaiion; (3} iIc conilcrs of iIis infornaiion wcrc noi of
rcquisiic cfficicncy or iniclligcncc; (4} ccriain largc scciions of iIc
oulaiion wcrc ncccssarily ccludcd, and Iad io lc ccludcd
fron iIcsc calculaiions, if iIcy wcrc io lc ai all rcliallc; and so
iIc ncrc crccniagcs, uncorrccicd, arc of no usc. TIc closcr
cnquiry of iIis iyc conducicd ly Lciincr is far norc rcliallc,
378
and so also iIc oliicr dicia of colc in iIc osiiion io Iavc clcar
inrcssions. TIcsc colc, also, gcncrally oliaincd iIcir
inrcssions of iIc siaic of cducaiion in iIc arca undcr iIcir
cIargc, only incidcnially, wIilc collcciing infornaiion for Land
Fcvcnuc Sciilcncni of iIcir disiricis; and iIc rinary oljcci was
noi io discovcr iIc rcal siaic of cducaiion in iIc couniry, lui
sonciIing quiic diffcrcni. Hcncc cvcn iIosc inrcssions nusi
lc Icld io givc raiIcr an undcrcsiinaic iIan oiIcrwisc of iIc
iruc siaic of affairs in iIis lcIalf, in vicw of iIc considcraiions
ncniioncd alrcady.

Yours iruly,
Sd/-K.T. SIaI
. . .

5 Invcrncss Cardcns,
Vicaragc Caic, London,W.8.
9 MarcI, 1932
M.K. CandIi, Esq.,
Ycrvada Ccniral Prison,
Poona,
India.
Dcar Mr CandIi,
Many iIanls for your lind lciicr of Fclruary 15, wIicI
rcacIcd nc lasi nigIi. I fully undcrsiand your difficuliics in
carrying oui your ronisc. I rcccivcd ly iIc sanc osi as your
own a long lciicr fron Profcssor K.T. SIaI daicd Fclruary 20,
wIicI Ic Ias no douli scni io you, lui iIc lciicr coniains
alsoluicly no daia wIicI would cnallc onc io judgc wIciIcr
liicracy Iad advanccd or dcclincd during iIc lasi fifiy ycars; ii
coniains noi a singlc liicracy crccniagc. I Iavc lccn vcry nucI
rcsscd ly oiIcr worl, lui I Iavc in a rougI siaic naicrial for
iwo or iIrcc ariiclcs on iIc rogrcss of liicracy in Dcngal during
iIc lasi Iundrcd ycars, of wIicI I will scnd coics loiI io
yoursclf and Profcssor SIaI wIcn iIcy arc conlcicd. TIc
osiiion is siill iIai you arc unallc io suly iIc figurc io wIicI
you rcfcrrcd in your addrcss ai iIc Foyal Insiiiuic of
Inicrnaiional Affairs on Ociolcr 20. I fccl surc iIai you will lc
convinccd ly iIc facis as siaicd in ny ariiclcs, wIicI arc noi in
any way convcricd ly iIc siaicncnis in Profcssor SIaI's lciicr. I
cnclosc a coy of ny rcly io Profcssor SIaI and also a coy of a
lciicr daicd
379
Dcccnlcr 14iI wIicI acarcd in iIc Journal of iIc Foyal
Insiiiuic for January.
WiiI cvcry good wisI, I an,

Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- PIili Hariog
. . .
5 Invcrncss Cardcns,
London, W.8.
MarcI 10, 1932
Profcssor K.T. SIaI
45 CIowaiiy Foad,
Donlay (7}.
Dcar Profcssor SIaI,
I an nucI olligcd for your lciicr of Fclruary 20, and for
iIc grcai iroullc, you Iavc ialcn in iIis naiicr. I rcccivcd a
lciicr daicd Fclruary 15 fron MaIaina CandIi ly iIc sanc
osi, and an scnding io Iin a coy of iIis rcly io you. I cnclosc
coics of ny rcly io Iin, and of a lciicr fron nc wIicI
acarcd in 'Inicrnaiional Affairs', (iIc Journal of iIc Foyal
Insiiiuic of Inicrnaiional Affairs} for January, 1932.
WIcn you Iavc rcad iIcsc docuncnis you will rcalisc iIai
your lciicr docs noi ioucI iIc nain qucsiion wIicI I ui io Mr
CandIi, viz., wIai auiIoriiy Ic Iad for iIc siaicncni iIai
liicracy Iad dininisIcd during iIc lasi 50 ycars in India. TIc
laicsi auiIoriiy iIai you quoic is Lciincr, wIosc Hisiory of
Indigcnous Educaiion in iIc Punjal was ullisIcd in 188250
ycars agoand iIrougIoui your lciicr you do noi givc any
liicracy crccniagcs ai all.
On iIc oiIcr Iand, you acar io iIinl iIai iIc nunlcr of
scIools is a guidc io liicracy crccniagcs. I agrcc iIai iIai would
lc a naiural conclusion, lui, on iIc oiIcr Iand, as Ias lccn
oinicd oui in iIc ccnsus, a nunlcr of Indian scIools in iIc
asi did noi ain ai liicracy, and norc rcccnily iIc Educaiion
Conniiicc of iIc Indian Siaiuiory Connission, of wIicI I was
CIairnan, oinicd oui iIai in iIc icn ycars 1917 io 1927 iIc
nunlcr of rinary scIools in Dcngal was incrcascd ly ncarly
clcvcn iIousand, and iIc nunlcr of uils ly ncarly 370,000
wIcrcas in Class IV, iIc lowcsi class in wIicI crnancni
liicracy is lilcly io lc aiiaincd undcr cisiing condiiions, iIc
nunlcr of uils Iad aciually dininisIcd ly ncarly 30,000. I
an afraid
380
iIai I an aliogciIcr unallc io accci your conclusions wiiI
rcgard io iIc Iisiory of liicracy in Dcngal during iIc asi 100
ycars, of wIicI iIcrc rcnains a good dcal io lc said.
TIis is only a rclininary rcly io your lciicr; I Ioc io lc
allc io wriic sIorily again, loiI io Mr CandIi and yoursclf.
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- P.J. Hariog
. . .
20 MarcI 1939
Dcar Mr CandIi,
You will, I iIinl, rcncnlcr iIai wIcn you wcrc in England
for iIc Found Tallc Confcrcncc, now norc iIan scvcn ycars ago,
wc Iad a fricndly discussion on iIc suljcci of liicracy in India,
wIicI arosc oui of a siaicncni nadc ly yoursclf ai iIc Foyal
Insiiiuic of Inicrnaiional Affairs io iIc cffcci iIai liicracy Iad
dininisIcd in DriiisI India in iIc lasi fifiy or Iundrcd ycars.
You will crIas also rcncnlcr iIai I Iad an inicrvicw wiiI you
on iIc suljcci ai your roons in KnigIislridgc in Dcccnlcr
1931, and iIai you willingly undcriool ullicly io rciraci your
siaicncni if you wcrc convinccd iIai iIcrc was no lasis for ii in
faci; and iIai you vcry lindly wroic io nc aloui ii laicr wIcn
you wcrc in Ycrvada Caol. TIc filc of corrcsondcncc of wIicI I
cnclosc a coy will sIow you cacily Iow iIc naiicr rcsicd aficr
your lasi lciicr of 15 Fclruary 1932 and ny rcly of 9 MarcI
following.
I Iad io ui iIc suljcci asidc, owing io oiIcr and urgcni
dcnands on ny iinc, lui I Iavc rcccnily concludcd an
invcsiigaiion of iIc auiIoriiics io wIicI you and Profcssor SIaI
rcfcrrcd nc and Iavc ullisIcd iIc rcsulis in iIrcc ncnoranda
includcd, in iIc lool cniiilcd Sonc Asccts o Indun Educuton,
Pust und Pcscnt, of wIicI I cnclosc a coy for your accciancc.
You will scc iIai in iIc Prcfacc I Iavc rcfcrrcd noi only io our
conirovcrsy lui io your WardIa scIcnc, in wIicI I ialc iIc
dcccsi inicrcsi. If you will rcad iIrougI iIc Mcnoranda, I Iavc
liiilc douli iIai you will find iIai a closc analysis of iIc facis
rcvcals no cvidcncc io suori iIc siaicncni wIicI you nadc ai
iIc Foyal Insiiiuic of Inicrnaiional Affairs on Ociolcr 20, 1931,
and iIai you will iIcrcforc fccl jusiificd now in wiiIdrawing iIai
siaicncni. As you inlicd in your lciicr of 15 Fclruary 1932 wc
arc loiI conccrncd only wiiI asccriaining iIc iruiI, and, I
381
would add, in rcnoving olsiaclcs io good undcrsianding
lciwccn iIc DriiisI and iIc Indian colcs.
WiiI all good wisIcs,
Dclicvc nc,
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- P. Hariog
MaIaina M.K. CandIi,
TIc Asran,
WardIa,
C.P., India.

P.S. I Iad inicndcd scnding a coy of ny lool io Profcssor K.T.
SIaI, lui I Iavc lccn unallc io find Iis rcscni addrcss fron
any of iIc lools of rcfcrcncc. PcrIas you would lindly lci nc
lnow wIai Ias lcconc of Iin?
P.J.H
.
. . .
2 May 1939
Profcssor K.T. SIaI,
45 CIowaiiy Foad,
Donlay (7}
Dcar Profcssor SIaI,
I scni io you a fcw wccls ago a lool of ninc rcccnily
ullisIcd ly iIc Oford Univcrsiiy Prcss, callcd 'Sonc Asccis
on Indian Educaiion, Pasi and Prcscni', wIicI I Ioc you Iavc
duly rcccivcd. I inicndcd io wriic io you ai iIc sanc iinc, lui
Iavc lccn worling undcr circnc rcssurc.
As you will scc, iIc lool includcs iIrcc 'Paync Lcciurcs'
givcn ai iIc Insiiiuic of Educaiion dcaling wiiI gcncral
rollcns, Iisiorical and aciual, of Indian cducaiion, and also
iIrcc ncnoranda in wIicI I Iavc canincd in dciail iIc
arguncnis in iIc lciicr wIicI you wroic io nc in Fclruary, 1932
ai MaIaina CandIi's rcqucsi, in suori of Iis siaicncni ai
CIaiIan Housc iIai liicracy Iad dininisIcd in India during iIc
rcvious fifiy or a Iundrcd ycars.
You will crIas rcncnlcr iIai in ny rcly (of 10 MarcI
1932} I oinicd oui iIai you Iad noi ioucIcd on iIc qucsiion of
iIc rcvious fifiy ycars, and iIai I was unallc io accci your
conclusions in rcgard io iIc Iisiory of liicracy in Dcngal in iIc
rcvious Iundrcd ycars, of wIicI iIcrc rcnaincd a good dcal io
lc said.
382
I roniscd io wriic io you again lui did noi do so lccausc,
owing io iIc rcssurc of oiIcr worl, I was olligcd io osionc
iIc dciailcd caninaiion of iIc Iisiorical facis, of wIicI iIc
rccord was nucI ioo long io lc conriscd in a lciicr and is now
sci oui in iIc lool.
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- PIili Hariog
. . .
CONFIDENTIAL
Coy of a lciicr fron Mr CandIi io Sir PIili Hariog. (Scni in
cnvcloc daicd 16 Augusi 1939; iIc daic on iIc lciicr iisclf is
difficuli io dcciIcr.}
Scgaon, WardIa.
Dcar Sir PIili,
I Iavc noi lcfi off iIc ursuii of iIc suljcci of cducaiion in
iIc villagcs during iIc rc-DriiisI criod. I an in corrcson-
dcncc wiiI scvcral cducaiionisis. TIosc wIo Iavc rclicd do
suori ny vicw lui do noi roducc auiIoriiy iIai would lc
acccicd as roof. My rcjudicc or rcscniincni siill nalcs nc
cling io iIc siaicncni I nadc ai CIaiIan Housc. I don'i wani io
wriic Ialiingly in Harijan. You don'i wani nc ncrcly io say iIai
iIc roof I Iad in nind Ias lccn cIallcngcd ly you. McanwIilc I
scnd you a coy of an ariiclc in Modcrn Fcvicw on iIc suljcci. I
sIould lilc your rcaciion io ii if you Iavc iIc iinc.

Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- M.K. CandIi
(Noic. TIc ariiclc of wIicI a coy Ias lccn scni io nc ly Mr
CandIi is in ny oinion of no valuc P.J.H.}
. . .

383
10 Scicnlcr 1939

MaIaina CandIi,
Scgaon WardIa,
Ccniral Provinccs,
India.
Dcar Mr CandIi,
Many iIanls for your lciicr and cnclosurc rclaiing io ny
lool.
I will wriic io you on iIc suljcci laicr wIcn I an lcss
ovcrwIclncd wiiI worl, lui I cannoi waii io crcss io you ny
rofound graiiiudc, sIarcd, I an surc, ly an innuncrallc
nunlcr of ny fcllow-couniryncn, all ovcr iIc world, for iIc
aiiiiudc you Iavc ialcn u in rcgard io iIc rcscni War ai your
inicrvicw wiiI iIc Viccroy, rcoricd in iIc 'Tincs'.
I lnow Iow nucI ii nusi Iavc cosi you io crcss an
oinion involving any lind of aroval of war; I Iaic war,
crIas as nucI as you do, lui violcncc on iIc ari of a
oliccnan in irying io rcscuc a cIild fron iIc cluicIcs of a
ruffian, is surcly jusiifiallc and ii is io sucI aciion iIai I
conarc iIc war of Crcai Driiain and Francc in suori of
Poland ai iIis noncni.
WiiI cvcry good wisI,
Dclicvc nc,
Yours sinccrcly,
Sd/- PIili Hariog
. . .
384
Anncurc C

Lst o Tunoc Tcncs Hcccung Hcucnuc Assgnncnts
l4.4.lS4J
No.6. ACCOUNT PAFTICULAFS OF THE ANNUAL MOHINS TO
THE PACODAS OF TANJOUF FOF FUSLEE 1222

Anouni No. Nanc Placc
CI. Fs. C
1 2 3 4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

Conlaswara Swany
Naugaswara Swany
Sonaswara Swany
CailaIcciccswara Swany
Vissvanauda Swany
Covoianaswara Swany
Sodasulinga Swany
Causcvisswanada Swany
Aulcnuiiaswara Swany
Saurungaauny Swany
CIacraauny Swany
Fauna Swany
Saranaraina Pcrnall
Kisina Swany
Hanunui Swany
Aunoriagaiaswara Swany
Nundanada Pcrnall
Caravalanauda Swany
Hanununia Swany
Daunaooraswara Swany
Scvagoronauda Swany
Prauvaiaswara Swany
Suia KcicIaswara Swany

MuIalinga Swany
Daunaoraswara Swany
VcncaiacIcllauiiy Swany
Managanada Swany
Sudjunaswara Swany
CanaIaraswara Swany
Naugananda Swany
Pagoda
ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do
-do-

Conlaconun
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Tcroculasa Ncllor
Nundavanun
Kccrungoody
SaucoiiaI
VarnaIioray
Scvaorun
Daunaloorun
Sauscvarun-
lalorun
Murdcarjcnun
Covindaorun
Covindaoorun
Trcnalagoody
Caravaly
Trclovun
Vooalauncovil

1,349
666
100
90
22
22
18
125
18
2,120
766
666
270
36
50
77
53
36
138
33
48
240
1,575

3,000
240
120
240
18
1,000
291

4
6
"
"
2
5
"
"
"
2
6
6
"
"
"
8
5
"

"
3
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
6

8
16
"
"
24
"
"
"
"
24
20
20
"
"
"
28
16
"
"
"
6
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
20

385

1 2 3 4

31.

32.

33.

34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.

48.
49.

50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.

61.
62.

VcncaiacIallauiicc
Swany
Yadooiiadynauda Swany

Sonanada Swany

Faujagoaula Swany
Fauna Swany
Vcclcnada Swany
Solaarcswara Swany
SoocIunanauda Swany
AuacIagaswara Swany
Codundarauna Swany
Canaswara Swany
Wooiiaraswccdaswara
Swany
CIolaswara Swany
Vouncauluswara Swany
Munnaduswara Swany
SuiaraicIaswara Swany
Causcvissvanauduswara
Swany
Audccaswara Pcrnall
Sonanauda Swany

Vcrdaraja Pcrnall
VcrooaucIy Swany
Tcroonoolcnauda Swany
Soondaraswara Swany
VcncaiacIcllauiicc Swany
DrunIaooraswara Swany
CIanundaswara Swany
Nauradavcrda Pcrnall
Soondaraswara Swany
Singaura Toiul Pilliar
Nuianaoruswaraswara
Swany
Nuganauda Swany
Fcinanadaswara Swany
Pagoda
ai

-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-


-do-
-do-

Vooalauncovil

Wooiiuroinnun-
loor
Poundarccca-
oorun-
-do-
Adunlaur
Tcrovalynalala
Trcaun Doorun
TIcclasaragoody
TocayacIcc
-do-
Codcvasscls
Cooiiaulun

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
TcvonungacI-
arny
-do-
Saragoody
Poladagooda
Naicooadcnady
Naicooadcnady
Alraunaoorun
CIolanclaugun
Cudalungoody
-do-
Cadalungoody
Muncnady

TcrucIciunlaln
Tcrovaluuiioor

144

18

6

9
54
226
38
2
36
18
36
466

240
12
6
1
4

25
18

28
18
15
15
7
30
7
75
73
9
30

9
75

9

"

"

"
"
8
5
"
"
"
5
6

"
"
"
5
5

"
"

1
"
"
"
5
"
5
"
"
"
"

9
"

"

"

"

"
"
14
"
"
"
"
16
20

"
"
"
"
"

"
"

16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

24
"

386

1 2 3 4

63.
64.
65.
66.
67.

68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.

78.
79.
80.

81.
82.
83.

84.
85.
86.
87.

88.
89.
90.

91.
92.
93.
94.

95.
96.

Vidonuuda Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Visswanauda Swany
Ncclacuniaswara Swany
Kylausanada Swany

Jcnloonauda Swany
VonanaIaswara Swany
Vccraiunduswara Swany
Paduaiaswara Swany
Audcccasava Pcrnall
Hunnununia Swany
Pillyar
Vissvanauda Swany
DrunIaooraswar Swany
VcncaiacIcllaaiiay
Swany
Tolasaswara Swany
Soondaraswara Swany
SIcrauldcnaurauyana
Pcrnall
Paulanauda Swany
Codundarauna Swany
Aunooriagaiaswara
Swany
Ycsraunanaswara Swany
Kcclacauiioor Pcrnall
Agusiccswara Swany
VcncaiacIcllauiiy
Pcrnall
Durnaoraswara Swany
Soollrananna Swany
VcncaiacIcllauiiay
Swany
Aronaujaiaswara Swany
Suiagcrcnauda Swany
PuncIavurnaswara Swany
Pranavadanganauda
Swany
Vadaoruswara Swany
AucIcyanauda Swany
Pagoda
ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do

Virdougancllorc
Puuaugoody
Saiungoody
Covclady
Morogunungalan

Vycl
Trcnalun
Vccraucun
Pundancllor
-do-
Pundanclloor
-do-
-do-
Vaiaioiy
Covanoor

Cauvcnnour
Trcloly
-do-

Tcrovauaudy
CorocIy
CorocIy

Kcclacauiioor
Kcclacauiioor
Malacauioor
-do-

Darnaorun
CoviniIanallocIcrry
Tcrovcnlancllorc

Tcroancnial
Scngancllorc
Manccoody
Pranavcdcncun

Trccaulaiulla
Trcnandcry

18
18
1
75
12

5
37
18
666
144
18
18
7
35
3

2
13
20

149
62
5

5
5
90
150

60
3
12

533
14
30
220

9
90

"
"
5
"
5

4
3
"
6
"
"
"
5
6
"

"
5
"

8
1
"

"
"
"
"

"
"
5

3
"
"
"

"
"

"
"
"
"
"

"
12
"
20
"
"
"
"
16
"

"
"
"

16
16
"

"
"
"
"

"
"
"

8
"
"
"

"
"

387

1 2 3 4

97.

98.
99.

100.
101.

102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.

120.

121.
122.

123.
124.
125.
126.

127.

128.
129.

Soorcgunaurauyana
Swany
Yadancondaswara Swany
Vcadooroonda Pcrnall

Carnaudaswara Swany
Kylausanaudaswara
Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Augnaswara Swany
Codundarana Swany
Vissvanauda Swany
Trccaiaswara Swany
Soondaraswara Swany
Duddracauly
Vissvanauda Swany
DaujacIolaswara Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Drunlaooraswara Swany
Kylauswanada Swany
Vissvanauda Swany
Cooraswara Swany
Kaunaswany
Doodaswara Swany
Tauiacaswara Swany
Soondaraswara Swany

VcncaiacIcllauiicc
Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
VcncaiacIcllauiicc
Swany
Nauganauiaswara Swany
Sondarauja Pcrnall
Faunaswany
CIcndrasucra Swany

Krisinaswany

Saranaia Swany
Vydcnaia Swany

Pagoda
ai

-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

Soorcancrcovil

-do-
Vccicrondacrnal-
covil
Cornadarooor
Asoor

-do-
Cunjanoor
-do-
-do-
Trccoiiacauvul
Nauganungalun
Candcyoor
Valoor
Cooiianoor
Codcyalun
Nullaiaday
-do-
Annacoody
Tcrocolunliun
Fanaswaraoorun
Darany
Nainasscl
Davasianunca-
rooor
-do-

Solavanun
Solavanun

Maununlaudy
CaducIcnlaudy
Valangan
CIcndrqasacor-
aoorun

TrccIara
TrccIara
VcrooaucIi-
oorun

288

9
3

30
50

58
216
90
18
47
12
18
7
4
2
6
2
107
270
480
19
1
266

18

97
13

9
106
48
36

24
300
36



6

"
9

"
"

"



5
5
"
2
6
4
7
1
5
"
"
1
"
5

"

5
5

"
6
"
"

"
5
"



20

"
"

"
"

"
"
"

"
"
"
"


16
24
"
"
"
"
"
24

"

"
"

"
20
"
"

"
"
"

388

1 2 3 4

130.

131.

132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.

139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.

151.
152.

153.
154.
155.
156.
157.

158.
159.
160.
161.

162.
163.
164.

Vcrdarauja Pcrnall

Kylausanauda Swany

Voodayanan Pcrnall
AuasIaya Swany
Doondalaswara Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Jcnloonauda Swany
Dilvanauda Swany
Pauialaswara Swany

Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Cauracoiaswara Swany
SaucIynandy Swany
Paranaswara Swany
Cunanaswara Swany
Jcnloonauda Swany
Mauyavaranauia Swany
Soollrananncya Swany
Paiora Visswanada Swany
Toracauiiovullur
Vurdarauja Pcrnall
Scnncndaranada Swany

Agnccswara Swany
Siiiunlalanada Swany

Vccraiaswara
MaurgasaIcya Isswarar
Auana Isswarar
Soollranunna Swany
Vaudccswarar

Fanaswany
CIolasworar
Coaula Kisina Swany
Voduvundanada
Pooraswarar
Vcrdaraja Pcrnall
Fcnganauda Swany
Faunaswany
Pagoda
ai

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

VcrooaucIi-
oorun
Kylausanada-
Cuiiay
Noodiavcrcovil
Aulungoody
Singalaoorun
Voga
Cooiioor
Tcrocaulunloor
Karadavaranun-
galun
-do-
Aravoor
Navorulloor
Nauloor
Tcronungalun
Andancovil
Myavcran
-do-
-do-
Valanagur
-do-
Scnnandaran-
covil
Kclcyannoor
Siiiunlalana-
dcyar
Valoor
Moovulloor
Auluniorc
Pavanoor
Davasianunarcn-
cIary
Tcrovalungoody
-do-
Trcvalungoody
Koolcycnaia

-do-
Trcvalundoor
-do-

33

8

37
33
4
14

36
33

4
18
9
18
33
56
1,725
525
18
100
40
14

40
4

150
36
4
75
30

75
18
18
2

7
833
240

2

5

9
2
5
5
9
"
"

9
"
6
"
2
9
"
"
"
"
"
3

"
"

"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
7

4
3
"

16

16

28
8
"
4
12
"
"

28
"
24
"
4
8
"
"
"
"
"
16

16
"

"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"
20
"
389

1 2 3 4

165.
166.
167.
168.
169.

170.
171.
172.
173.
174.

175.

176.
177.
178.
179.

180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.

192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.

Taundonccswarar
Soondarccswarar
Sonanaiaswarar
Soondaraswarar
Suiiaoorccswarar

Vadanccswarar
Kylausanaudaswarar
Naugunaudaswarar
Kylausanaudaswarar
Doolocanaudaswarar

Sova Scvalocanauda-
swarar
Taundonaswarar
Alcgcnaudaswarar
Sirccncvassa Pcrnall
Noodvancswara Swany

Muddanaswara Swany
Manavalaswarar
Kylausanaudaswarar
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Vccraiccswarar
Maciciaswarar
AulacIaIaya Isswarar
Cooiiunooroiia Isswarar
Kylausanaudaswarar
VcncaiacIcllauiiy Swany
Valunlorcnauda Swany
Naugananda Swany

YcllunnaI Davy
Sovaraaraswarar
Conarasauny
Ycraiaswarar
Agnaswarar
Muddanaswarar
Cusiory Kcnga Pcrnall
Sonanauda Swany
Anoriaguiaswarar
Anoorianaurayana Pcrnall
Soycnlonauda Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Pagoda
ai
-do
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Trcvalundoor
Palaroycciiia
Nccdoor
Manacody
Coronocanau-
dunaia
Vullalaurcovil
Solasacavanclloor
Pogacoddy
CunnaInuiiun
Trcnungalun-
covilui
Manacody

Solanaia
-do-
-do-
Tcronunjasra-
covilui
Tcronunjara
Tcroovalacody
Moolungoody
-do-
Corocacovilui
Varagadc
Anncyoor
Talanauycr
Vadavaunjayar
-do-
Tcrovalunloor
Naugonaudun-
covilui
Modccondanclloor
Scnlavarcovilui
MaIaraujaorun
Parasclloor
Nullada
Elaayorc
Pcrnalcovilui
Vulunodacody
Trccauiiayoor
-do-
Praulacuiily
Kooiiungoody

29
11
32
10
22

240
2
17
120
21

5

12
18
4
34

12
90
2
2
90
15
60
52
7
7
180
9

23
33
3
47
38
2
26
3
1,157
38
450
1

2
5
5
8
5

"
7
2
"
4

9

5
5
"
5

5
"
9
9
"
"
"
3
2
2
"
"

7
7
"
5
"
5
2
"
8
"
"
9

16
4
"
"
"

"
16
16
"
22

24

"
"
"
14

"
"
8
"
"
"
"
16
28
28
"
"

24
24
"
30
16
"
8
"
15
24
"
28

390

1 2 3 4

204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.

214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.

229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.

Vissawanaudaswarar
Paurvaiaswarar
Casava Pcrnall
Trcnacanaudaswarar
Agusiaswaraswany
Maugulccswarar
Scvcoranaudaswarar
Crcausanlodva Pcrnall
Paulavaraudaswarar
Kylausanaudaswarar

NiiIananavaulaswarar
Prauvaiaswarar
Soollranunnaswarar
Naugunaudaswarar
Anooriagaswarar
Scvalocanaudaswarar
Audilingaswarar
DrunIaoraswarar
Vccioronda Pcrnall
DrunIaoraswarar
Vccioronda Pcrnall
Maugaunlaswarar
Sourcrauja Pcrnall
Agnccswara Swany
Vooiiarauuiy Isswarar

Faunanauia Swany
Tcroovulunloor Isswarar
Sonanaudaswarar
Fcinagcraswarar
Sovurnagcraswarar
Anundaswarar
Vulncnaudaswarar
Cullanasoondra Pcrnall
Panasaycr Isswarar
Faunaswany
AuacIaya Isswarar
Conacuiaswarar
Visswanaiaswany
Vaiarcnnaswarar
Soycnlonaudaswarar
Pusooaiaswarar
Vadaoraswarar
Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Alugcilliunaia
Iycngoody
-do-
TrcvcracIoor
-do-
Maungoodycuiiy
Kccvannoor
Saraolcyoor
-do-
Kylausanadacada-
lungoody
Nudangolun
Trccoiiaurun
Covilcundangoody
MunnaIgoody
Yarvcdy
Kooiiaaudy
Paranclloor
Polagoodycovil
Kcclacadanccngoody
Anlul
-do-
Covilcronauln
Trcccnnaoorun
Trcogalorc
TrccIcncaui-
icngoody
Fananaudasgoody
Yanangoody
DundauravaudaI
Tcronarogul
Tcyaianunga
Anunianclloor
Tundunlauluyorc
-do-
Condaga
-do-
Coriiaulun
Tcrovaudoiory
Curayacundon
Tcrovaulungod
Narasingunaia
Nullavoor
Taralundoor
Isswarauncovilui

1
60
4
296
27
9
240
188
1
15

7
15
24
15
1
19
7
2
15
150
18
240
1,125
1,020
533

20
4
3
133
30
2
20
3
8
4
9
416
25
82
9
20
90

9
9
1
5
"
9
9
"
7
9

"
5
"
9
4
8
"
8
5
"
"
"
"
"
"

3
"
5
6
3
"
5
"
"
2
8
"
6
"
5
"
"


28
22
"
"
30
30
"
"
28
"

"
"
30
28
30
4
"
4
"
"
"
"
"
"
8

"
"
"
14
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
28
4
"
"
"
"

391

1 2 3 4

246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.

257.
258.

259.
260.
261.

262.
263.
264.
265.
266.

267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.

286.
287.

Aurnava Pcrnall
Covindarauja Pcrnall
Canaswarar
Vyialaswarar
Prauvaiaswarar
AuacIaIayuswarar
Suiiunaudaswarar
Naugaswarar
Valavadcnaudaswarar
Vadanguswarar
LccIncnaurauyan
Pcrnall
Tcnnulucoiaswarar
Kylausanadaswarar

Munnoolaudccswarar
Visswanaudaswarar
LoicInananaurayana
Pcrnall
Kylasanadaswarar
Vcrdaraja Pcrnall
Soondaraswara Swany
AuacIaIaya Isswarar
Tcrolaulanoodiyar
Isswarar
Vadaoraswarar
Nacrarana Isswarar
Taulaoraswarar
Valavadanaudaswarar
Tcvcrauna Swany
Faunaswany
Agasiccswarar
Coondulcarunaswarar
Maudalaswarar
Funganadaswany
Cungauaranaswarar
Scvalocanaudaswarar
Tcronancalagur
Vidcnaudanauda Swany
Parandaswarar
Yacanauda Swany
DrunIaoraswarar
LuicIncswarar
Cunnauronoodiycr
Isswarar
Kisina Swany
LcicIncnnarauyana
Pcrnall
Pag.
ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-

Paroonalcovilui
Turadundci
Tcronunganun
Maraiagoody
-do-
Nadavaujaoorun
SIcllay
Sunlungoody
Tcrocarungauvoor
Tcllynaudungun
Sciiuraudaurn

Tcnnalagoody
Varauycroocon-
araillasasiry
Nunnalungarun
Yaracoor
-do-

Scdcyacoody
-do-
Trcnalundy
Saunyan
PuicIo

Vadavundungoody
Kcnianayarcovilui
CovilirccolacaI
Koclaioracoragauvoor
Taudaurungovil
-do-
Aulunjary
MalairccolacaI
Maudclcvaloor
Vadarangun
Aarcovil
Trcungoor
Mancullun
Valoor
Paucusula
Yogcswarun
Cundaiioor
Trcnundcyorc
Corovaunucoody

Moradoor
CunjuInagur

85
18
36
90
36
36
1,153
1
1
2
3

2
6

1
1
2

2
1
225
3
50

1
3
7
9
220
80
9
9
18
112
9
125
5
4,050
4
6
3
15
4

3
2

"
"
"
"
"
2
1
"
"
5
7

5
5

5
"
5

4
6
"
"
"

8
"
5
"
"
"
"
8
"
5
8
"
"
"
"
5
"
"
"

"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
8
"
"
"
"

"
"

"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
392

1 2 3 4

288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.

308.

309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.

316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.

322.
323.
324.
325.
326.
327.
328.
329.

Cadunodcswarar
Polagaswarar
Swaiuurunna Swany
Aurunnaswarar
Faunaswany
Coaulaswany
Pauraiaswarda Pcrnall
Norasinna Pcrnall
Prauvaiaswarar
Audicasuva Pcrnall
CIayavanaswarar
Pullavanaswarar
Conaraswany
Prcyavadangun Swany
Mooiicc Acrswany
Faujanaurayana Pcrnall
Fagania Pcrnall
Agusiccswarar
Tauladanaswarar
LaicIncnnaurauyana
Pcrnall
Scncaurana Swarar

Tcronada Pcrnall
Nuricncswarar
Naurayana Swany
PorosIoina Swany
Pulcconda Pcrnall
Ysicondanauda Swany
Sunana Naurayana
Pcrnall
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Coodunacooiiar Pcrnall
Muianguswarar
Naucaya Pilliar
Conara Swany
Nauganada Swany

Anna Pcrnall
Maudava Pcrnall
Tcnungayalvar
Nurasinga Pcrnall
Cunlaranaudaswany
Narasinga Pcrnall
Marcandaswarar
DrunIaoraswar
Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Kcclagoor
-do-
Trcvcncaud
Tcroocauiooully
-do-
Cauvalunlaudy
Prariunully
Munganadun
Parcioiun
Parccoioiun
CIayavanun
Malayorc
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Kcllayorc
-do-
-do-

Noodcyavana-
covilui
Dundauyavauda
Punja
Kcclanaugoor
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Malanaugoor
Scnadarcycncr-
soiunaudy
Malusaula
Kcclasaula
Trcnugcry
Scnnalynailaudy
Vclluullun
Coravulloor
Munanado
Tcroncngod

18
1
1,628
5
6
21
12
35
12
7
50
12
4
4
2
6
3
3
2
1

17

25
15
92
162
75
24
25

10
37
8
3
6
18

78
130
337
2
2
2
5
47

"
"
6
9
1
2
5
"
5
5
"
5
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

5

5
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
5
"
5
2
"

5
"
5
5
5
"
7
5

"
"
16
"
16
16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
16
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
4
30

393

1 2 3 4

330.
331.
332.
333.
334.
335.
336.
337.
338.
339.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.

371.
372.
373.

374.

Aulcnociaswarar
Todarauiicswarar
Faujagoaulaswany
Agaswarar
Soollranunncya Swany
Vcrdaraja Pcrnall
CIolaswarar
Taundonaswarar
Faujagoaula Swany
Nauganauia Swany
Niiicvcnocara Swany
Durlanunna Swarar
Nalanaurauyuna Pcrnall
Trclocunauda Swany
Agusiccswarar
Caucaia Swarar
Vcclcnaia Swany
Puiiarauvccrnall
Taundonaswarar
CIoIarcswarar
Maudccswarar
Yacuunlaraswarar
Mauranauia Swany
Siddaswarar
Faujagoaula Swany
Taundoncswarar
Kylausanaudaswany
Dranusiccswarar
Nauganauda Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Tcronuncalagur
Siiianauda Swany
Moolavanauda Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Faujagoaula Swany
Tolasaswarar Woodiyar
Ncclacuniuswarar
CIaconauia Swany
Jayancondanauda Swany
Nauganauda Swany
Kylausanauda Swany

Sonanauda Swany
Sacicorawara Swany
Annanalanauda Swany

Vcnnaswara Woodiyar
Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

PillacrnaInclloor
Cauluyaanclloor
-do-
PanaIary
Tcrovadccolly
-do-
Cooduloor
Aucoor
-do-
PrccaulacIary
Sauiicnoor
Trcnallun
-do-
Tuccaloor
Scloor
Cauconally
Valudcyorc
-do-
Nullunlalun
Tcnnongoody
Maudiyar
Coviluiiosaioor
Yalayangoody
Saiiioor
-do-
Nadangod
Scoranavalunga
Caranlagaran
Causugoody
VarcIcgoody
Trcvciiagoody
Poovun
Trcnalavauscl
-do-
Mannargoody
-do-
-do-
-do-
Singanarcovil
Paunany
Kylausanau-
dacovil
Sangolun
TrccIiiianuiiun
AnnaInalana-
dacovil
Saranungalun

3
2
70
2
125
18
3
21
40
45
25
1,100
17
16
17
3
12
8
24
20
28
36
16
120
60
36
18
60
36
12
36
6
125
10
3,333
4
4
5
120
120
35

1
6
30

5

"
5
"
5
"
"
"
4
4
"
"
"


4
6
6
4
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
3
8
8
1
"
"
1

2
"
"

"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
6
17
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
10
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"

"

394

1 2 3 4

375.

376.
377.

378.
379.
380.
381.
382.
383.
384.

385.
386.
387.
388.
389.

390.
391.

392.
393.
394.
395.
396.
397.
398.
399.

400.

401.
402.
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
408.

409.
410.
411.
412.

CIoiorungavallaloor-
aswarar
Vurdurauja Pcrnall
Curaga Pilliar

Faunanauda Swany
Agasiccswarar
Kylausanauda Swany
Visswanauda Swany
Vurdurauja Swany
Vundoornauda Swany
Aunarauvaiaswara
Swany
Faunaswany
Fuinaooraswara Swany
Aulagunaiia Swany
Augusiccswara Swany
Sawncyanausay-
anaswany
Visswanauda Swany
LcicIncnaurauyana
Pcrnall
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Trcncgaswara Swany
MaducIcndaswara Swany
Scvanauda Swany
Conaunaswara Swany
Ponvadauda Swany
Funganauda Swany
DcicInagocurnoswara
Swany
VcncaiacIcllauiicc
Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Tcyagarauja Swany
Cunda Fow
Parcvaiiuncuiiy Isswarar
Vccdavadunga Isswarar
Curoorucuiiy Isswarar
Tcrocnaundacuiiy
Isswarar
Canalauya Anncn
Nduvanayanar Isswaar
Vissvanauda Swany
Egnaswara Swany
Pag.
ai

-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Poovunnoor

-do-
Narasinganun-
galun
Toly
KoaucIary
Kcclayorc
-do-
Kcycnnoor
Sinnacoianclloor
Vooiicyana

Faunanaudaoorun
Naialaungogoody
Alagcnaudancovil
Pinnavauccl
-do-

Agraioo
Munula

TiiiacIary
Sundangoody
Coviluii
Scvanudcrcovil
Munacar
Sciianloor
-do-
Pclcvalun

-do-

Voya
Elangoorgoody
Trivalorc
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

140

104
1

6
3
2
3
3
18
15

6
5
7
5
5

7
9

3
2
6
5
2
30
15
360

360

7
18
5,050
26
18
30
6
20

12
9
3
18

"

"
8

"
"
2
7
1
"
"

2
7
7
"
"

5
"


2
"
"
5
"
"
"

"

5
"
"
7
"
"
"
"

5
"
"
"

"

"
"

"

16
16
8
"
"

16
16
16
"
"

"
"

"
16
"
"
"
"
"
"

"

"
"
"
16
"
"
"
"

16
"
"
"

395

1 2 3 4

413.
414.
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.

421.

422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
428.
429.
430.
431.

432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.

441.
442.
443.
444.
445.
446.
447.
448.
449.
450.
451.
452.

Vissvanauda Swany
Vissvanauda Swany
Soollranunncya Swany
Vissvanauda Swany
Vcllay Pilliar
Tovauninar Swany
VcroaucIiswara Swany
Prauiaua Visvanauda
Swany
Tarady Kylausanada
Swany
Vissvanauda Swany
Faunaswany
Aulcnociaswara Swany
Funucauday
Tcronunganasawry Swany
Aununda Pilliar
Caclaswarar
Trcncdaswarar
Kylausanadaswara Swany
LcicIncnaurayana Pcrnall

Caravccranauda Swany
Augusiccswara Swany
Kylausanada Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Faunanauda Swany
Vanogoaula Swany
Faunaswany
Foodracaiccswara Swany
PadcncIclly
Vcgraoraswara
Vissvanauda Swany
DrunIaoraswara Swany
Vissvanada Swany
Soolranunna Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Volaragocurnaswarar
CIocanauia Swany
Ponnauguswara Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Vulnccuswara Swany
Soundcraya Swany

Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
do-
-do-
-do-
do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Trivalorc
Tcngara
-do-
-do-
Tcncara
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

Foungaya
-do-
Maradunaia
Vcjayaorun
-do-
-do-
-do-
Pillaiarno
Palavanacody
Tcyagaraujao-
run
Karavccrun
Nagacoody
Moongacoody
-do-
Fanalingacovil
Madaoorun
-do-
Foodracoiy
Vadanala

Calccara
Pavciranaunun
Sandanungalun
Danaorun
Malcnaugalun
Pullcvauraswany
Vandanauly
Vaurccody
Podoaioor
Podoaioor
Trcnayoorun
Malayorc

18
18
6
9
3
27
3
180

3

288
252
12
180
6
1
1
6
12
6

54
12
9
9
18
180
27
180
36

36

12
4
6
6
6
6
8
1
9
6

"
"
"
"
"
"
2
"

"

"
"
"
"
"
5
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
7
"
5
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
16
"

"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

396

1 2 3 4

453.
454.
455.
456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.
463.
464.

465.

466.
467.
468.
469.
470.

471.
472.
473.
474.
475.

476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.

490.

491.

Vissvanada Swany
Sonanauda Swany
Naugaswara Swany
Cauranauia Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Maudavaoraswarar
Vissvanada Swany
Soundaraswara Swany
Soundaraswara Swany
Foodracaiuswara Swany
Faujagoaula Swany
LcicIncnnaurauyana
Pcrnall
LcicIncnnaurauyana
Pcrnall
CaulaIusiaswarar
CIocunauda Swany
Coiy Isswarar
Soollranunna Swany
VrcdacIclla Swany

Nauganauda Swany
DrunIaoraswara Swany
Naugaswara Swany
VcncaiacIclla Swany
Kylausanda Swany

DuciavccIala Swany
Soondaraswara Swany
Durnaura Swany
Vurdarauja Swany
Aulcnuciaswara Swany
Vyconianaurayana Pcrnall
Agusiccswarar
SasIaoraswarar
Agusiccswarar
Kylausanada Swany
Pcrnalnauda Swany
Narianaoraswara Swany
Ncclanaga Pcrnall
Soondaraswarar

Sonanauda Swany

VauncIanauda Swany

Pag. Ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do

Cooncyorc
Nunluaudy
Kaudanclloor
Cauranauiuncovil
Poosclungoody
Ponavasscl
Panuiicyorc
Trcanaaia
Vcdcaoran
Valccoody
-do-
Poolungoody

Cannalaorun

Vauiioogoody
Curcvanoor
Coodcyanungalun
Ycncon
Malaicrcndccon-
non
Kccllaolcyorc
Tundaly
Parandaracody
Anniucn
Kcclunocondancl-
loor
Trccanununga
Couiioor
Vadacundun
Yalayulunclloor
Pcnaia
-do-
Manacaul
Fauciaswarun
Dccvangoody
Paranunnayorc
-do-
Tulayalungaddoo
Mulayoor
Nairccunnanunga-
lun
AicIcyalununga-
lun
SirccvancIcn

3
15
3
1

24
18
12
3
6
6
3

3

23
3
18
50
1

18





484
18
10
6
9
3
3
3

10
1
6
9
9

12

666

"
"
"
5
7
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"

"
"
"
"
2

"
6
6
6
6

2
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
6
5
5
"
"
"

"

6

"
"
"
"
16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"

"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"

8
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"

20

397

1 2 3 4

492.
493.
494.
495.
496.
497.
498.
499.

500.
501.

502.
503.
504.
505.
506.
507.
508.
509.
510.
511.
512.

513.
514.
515.
516.

517.
518.
519.
520.
521.
522.
523.

524.
525.
526.
527.
528.

529.
530.

Vurdarauja Pcrnall
Audcoraswara Swany
Soondaraswarar
Kylausanada Swany
Kylausanada Swany
Kylausanada Swany
Sonanauda Swany
Soollaranannccswara
Swany
Posooaiuswara Swany
Codonlcnauda Swany

Soundaraswara Swany
Faunaswany
AuauIayaswara Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Augusiccswara Swany
Vudaoraswarar
Modovanaswara Swany
Kylausanada Swany
Scnloonauda Swany
Sowrcyarauja Pcrnall
Agusiccswarar

Vissvanauda Swany
Trccaulacuiaswara Swany
Vccruiiuswarar Swany
CaulaIusiccswarar Swany

CaulaIusiccswarar
Agusiccswarar
Nauganauda Swany
Vccrarauga Pcrnall
Trcuyanauda Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Scvalocanauda Swany

CurcIa Isswarar
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Soondaraswara Swany
Augusiccswara Swany
Nauganauda Swany

Soondaraswara Swany
CaulaIusiccswara Swany

Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do
do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do

SirccvancIcn
Kcclagun
Sauranandoor
NadancIary
Covilui
Andccyoor
Sangannoor
ScnnaInclloor

Trccundaswaraun
Codananinar-
coiioor
Trcanyyoor
Moodccondan
Foodracanaca
Poonioiun
-do-
Pillanungalun
Nunnclluncovilui
Naulacoun
Vyoor
-do-
Malanaduncauiaun-
goody
Vadaaudy
Trcnaulunoga
Vcccoody
Parcyacunnunun-
galun
Poracalacoody
Kcclasoranoor
Vcngaduncovil
-do-
Trcayaiungoody
Cadalungoody
Trcvcdauranun-
galun
CuicIcn
-do-
Coluaud
Pillaycngoody
Paunlodunda-
nulloor
Paungul
Curunlcyorc

18
3
6
5
3
6
6
4

180
18

18
25
18
4
4
3
6
3
6
6
12

12
6
18
3

4

6
6
9
3
6

110
18
18
36
3

2
2

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
5

"
"

"
"
"
5
5
"
"
"
"
"
5

5
"
"
"

5
5
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"

4
4

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"

"
"

398

1 2 3 4

531.
532.
533.
534.
535.
536.
537.
538.
539.
540.
541.
542.
543.
544.
545.

546.
547.
548.
549.
550.
551.
552.
553.
554.
555.
556.
557.
558.
559.
560.
561.
562.

563.
564.
565.
566.
567.

568.
569.
570.
571.

Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
AuroonaucIclla Swarar
Kylausanauda Swany
Funganaudaswany
Socanauda Swany
Tcyagarauja Swany
Vcrdarauja Swany
Tcyagarauja Swany
Curanjuswara Swany
Anarauvaiaswarar
Nauganauda Swany
Canacaularanaswarar
CaulaIusiccswarar
Soondaraswarar
AuroonaucIcllaswarar
Swany
MuIalingaswarar Swany
Vurianaunaswarar
Funganauiaswany
Alagcnaia Swany
Carajoiaswara Swany
Scnloorauia Swany
Toanauyalcc Anncn
Audasiddaswara Swany
Ncriananauda Swany
CaulaIausiaswara Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
CIocanauda Swany
Yucanlaraswarar Swany
Sovcrnagcraswarar Swany
Taundonaswarar Swany
Scvalolanauda Swany
Mundaiaundaswarar
Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Vissvanauda Swany
CalaIausiccswarar
Manganlalanadaswany
VcncaiacIcllauiicc
Swany
Paurcjauiavanaswarar
Funganauia Swany
Nauganauia Swany
DrunIaoraswarar

Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do
do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Paungul
Kcclayorc
-do-
-do-
Vaulacara
TrccoIala
-do-
Trcvoyanoor
Vadoor
Cundcniclly
MauraucIury
Panaianoo
Scnlayavaloor
Ncclnola
Muncncdacundun

Trcvadcnaradoor
Sagul
Audcrangun
DccunlaIuinun
Madaorun
Yalanauyalady
Sagul
Trcicraoondy
TundlacIayry
Paunany
-do-
-do-
-do-
Valoor
Pulluncovil
Covclungalandy
Parcyasingalandy

Parcyasingalandy
Vciioocuiicc
Cooiioor
-do-
-do-

Trccaulur
Valacoly
TolaucIary
Tcrovalunjoly

2
60
12
143
60
250
18
100
6
3
1
40
1
1
1

1
58
25
3
1
6
36
220
24
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3

3
3
135
18
18

75
18
3
24

4
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
2
"
2
2
2

2
7
"
"
2
"
"
"
"
5
5
5
5
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

399

1 2 3 4

572.
573.

574.

575.
576.
577.
578.
579.
580.
581.
582.
583.
584.
585.
586.
587.
588.
589.
590.
591.
592.
593.
594.
595.
596.
597.

598.
599.
600.
601.
602.
603.
604.
605.
606.
607.
608.
609.
610.
611.

SuiarclcIaswarar
Vissavanauia Swany

LcicIncnaurauyana
Swany
Fajiiaswara Swany
Agraswara Swany
Soondaraswara Swany
Vcrdarauja Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
AuronacIcllaswara Swany
Aunuraswarar
Trccaulasoonduraswarar
Faunanauda Swany
VcncaiaucIclla Puiiy
Pulagcrynauda Swany
Faunanada Swany
Mauyournauda Swany
Agusiccswara Swany
AuronacIcllaswara Swany
Soondaraswara Swany
Anlalanauda Swany
Puronauncca Pcrnall
MaIacaulaswarar
Andonaswarar
Vissvanauda Swany
Esalocanaudaswany
Vulnccasunauda Swany

Vaudaswarowoodyar
Vurdarauja Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
AuacIaIaswara Swany
Agusiccswara Swany
Sudgonaswara Swany
Curanauda Swany
Agusiccswara Swany
Cullananauda Swany
Caunaswarawoodiar
Socundavanaswara Swany
CaulaIusiccswara Swany
Enayaluncunna Pcrnall
Anaravaiaswarar

Pag. ai
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Yallaiioor
Pancyacoiianun-
galun
-do-

Trciangoor
Trccolacaud
Audunoor
Alcvalun
Aundandory
Alcvalun
Trcncllicauvil
Poorycyoor
Pooiioor
-do-
Tunnccrccunnun
Tcrooranaswarun
KarccIcndraorun
Sinnacorawaudy
Annunnoor
Kouiioor
Talanaycr
Talanaycr
Trccaulun
Mancoody
VanananacIary
Vauiiaugoody
Vulnccanauda-
ncllorc
VoonlalacIary
Cocnaudaorun
-do-
Parcycnala
Vanycnadoo
Yadanlavanun
Caranarcovil
Trcoondy
-do-
-do-
Poosavanun
Padaully
Covilui
Naulcvalauiio

45
90

36

90
30
3
3
3
3
3
60
3
3
3
3
95
6
3
3
60
20
60
18
6
3
3

7
10
10
3
3
37
18
150
15
7
65
10
22
7

"
"

"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
2
"
"

5
"
"
"
"
5
"
"
"
5
"
5
"
5

"
"

"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
16
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

400

1 2 3 4

612.
613.

614.
615.
616.
617.
618.
619.
620.
621.
622.
623.
624.
625.

626.
627.
628.
629.
630.
631.

632.
633.
634.

635.
636.
637.
638.
639.
640.
641.
642.
643.
644.
645.

646.
647.
648.
649.
650.
651.

652.

Yacanlaraswarar
Agusiccswarar

Scvalocunauda Swany
Alugcnauda Swany
Aunacaiia Pcrnall
Kylausanaudaorun
Cungaudaraswarar
Vanagoaula Swany
Yacanlra Swany
Vccraiaswara Swany
Tcrovcrunda Pcrnall
Pasoaiaswara Swany
Auinanauda
Sollranancanauda
Swany
Vcncaiuccllauiia
Sonanauda Swany
Cnanaoraswara Swany
Fanganauda Swany
Muniraoraswarar
Paiau Isswarar

Alagcnauda Swany
Ycllanaswara Woodiyar
DuicIna Causscvi-
ssvanaudar
Soollranunna Swany
Vadaoraswara Swany
Dyravanauda Swany
Vurdarajaar Pcrnall
Vadaurannaswarar
Agusiccswarar
Vurdaraja Swany
Anoriagaiaswara Swany
Sonanauia Swany
Vissvanauia Swany
Soorcyunaurauyuna
Swany
Kanununia Swany
VancaiacIclluuiicc
Ycllunnadavy
Vcllay Pilliar
Hanununia Swany
SanlonaIadavy
Swany
Malaaia Vissvanada
Swany

Pag. ai
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

Vullunlalun
Praiaaraunaoda-
aiianun
Vadagarayarooo
Navacalaul
-do-
Cauiliololyaul
Paundy
-do-
Annancyorc
Curaca
-do-
Auyanoor
Talacaudo
-do-

-do-
Vccraiicc
Tccnayacoiia
-do-
Covilcoia
Dundauravauda-
calaioor
Auyacaurunlalun
-do-
PancIanadycolun

-do-
Cullcnadoo
Taguiioor
-do-
Vadaurunncyan
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Trivalorc
-do-

Munnagody
Sarungalun
MuIadavauiianun
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

7
7

7
18
12
12
6
3
3
20
9
9
72
6

12
9
12
6
44
12

6
9
6

9
6
18
6
341
90
119
90
5
54
54

36
90
18
9
9
54

36

5
5

5
5
"
"
"
"
"
"
4
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
2

"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
2
"
9
"
6
"

"
"
"
"
"
"

"

"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
16
"

"
"
"

"
"
"
"
22
"
26
"
8
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"

"

401

1 2 3 4

653.

654.

655.
656.
657.
658.
659.
660.
661.
662.
663.
664.
665.
666.
667.
668.
669.
670.
671.
672.
673.
674.
675.
676.
677.

678.
679.
680.
681.

682.
683.
684.
685.
686.
687.
688.
689.
690.
691.

692.
693.

Kcllavaudy Vissvanada
Swany
Malavaudy Vissvanada
Swany
McclauvaiaucIy Anncn
Swaiavcnauga Swany
Vadavcnauya Swany
JagcdrcicIca Swany
Soondaraswara Swany
Funganauia Swany
Faunaswany
Faunalinga Swany
Taurdraswarar
Funganauia Swany
SaucIynauda Swany
Vijianauga Swany
Dilvanauda Swany
Sauninauda Swany
Scvundanauda Swany
Malavidcnauda Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Vurdarauja Pcrnall
Soondarauja Pcrnall
Vagaraoraswarar
Craiaoraswarar
DrunIaoruswarar
Pillanungc DrunIa-
oraswarar
Pasoaiaswarar
Maradaswarar Swany
Cullana Soondara Swany
Soondrarauja Pcrnall

Caurcnauncya Pcrnall
Pasoaiaswarar
Danaoraswarar
Vissvanauda Swany
Parasonauda Swany
Faunanada Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Cocnaada Pcrnall
Soncnauda Swany
Tcronaialinga Kylass-
nauda Swany
Darnaoraswara Swany
HarcIcndraswara Swany

Pag. ai

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do
-do-

-do-
-do-

MuIadavauiianun

-do-

-do
Tcrovalunjoly
TrccIciiory
Audoiory
Audannoor
-do-
Pillunladungoody
-do-
Maurauancllor
Alvarcovil
Tcroarcnlcycn
Vcjianunga
Trcvauyavoor
Scvaninala
Cullanaado
Dauoraujaorun
Tingalorc
-do-
Paranolyorc
-do-
Tillasianun
Parannoor
Pillanungalun

Pasoaiagoody
Mauioor
Mulloor
CIandracnnal-
goody
Podaadavadoo
Auvoor
Puiiuswarun
Molayorc
Faunanaudancovil
Kylassanaduncovil
Cocnauduncovil
Kcclaclcyorc
Tcronaialcga
Vcnaduncovil

HarcccIcndraorun
Nauduncovil

36

18

420
273
43
12
4
9
62
1
1
9
525
15
30
250
4
4
20
22
37
35
36
3
36

12
9
240
102

9
75
195
6
18
4
3
9
12
5

4
1

"

"

"
3
7
5
5
"
"
5
9
"
"
"
"
7
5
5
"
5
5
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
5
"
"
"
5

5
5

"

"

"
10
16
"
"
"
"
"
16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"

402

1 2 3 4

694.
695.
696.
697.
698.

699.

700.
701.
702.

703.
704.
705.
706.
707.
708.
709.
710.
711.
712.
713.
714.
715.
716.
717.
718.
719.
720.
721.
722.

723.
724.
725.
726.
727.
728.
729.
730.

Jaganauda Swany
Scvalocundaswary Swany
Sirccncvassacrnall
Kisina Swany
Faunalinga Swany

MaIaoraswara Swany

Navcncia Kisina Swany
Moloovanauda Swany
Maulcyaiadulsoondra
Swany
CIiiia Kisina Swany
Vasisiaswara Swany
Kylausanauda Swany
Vancaiasa Pcrnall
Sircncvassa Swany
Siddanauda Swany
Faunanauda Swany
Aunloronoul
Sovarnaaraswara Swany
Agraanaswara Swany
Aulcnucia Swany
CIocanauda Swany
Vasisiawara Swany
DaciavccIalaswara Swany
Vcncaiasa Swany
Nauganauda Swany
Vurdarauja Pcrnall
Codundaruna Swany
DrunIaoraswara Swany
Possooavanaswara
Swany
Vajraoraswara Swany
Vancnada Swany
Vadaoraswara Swany
Funganauda Swany
CaulaIusiccswara Swany
-do-
DrunIaoraswara Swany
Caravcnduswara Swany

Pag. ai
-do-
Pag. ai
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

TrccIiiiunoiicn
Pauanassun
Vcngfaurunaia
Vcngaurunaia
Moollaiionscva-
laun
Covildavarauycn-
aia
Vaunlaiovaly
Tcrocaracauvoor
Mauicaiadul

Tiiia
-do-
Solanalcga
NaucIcyagoody
Tcronarayor
-do-
Aandcovil
Alagadrcoioor
Tcncaracogoor
Anuriaswarun
Coodalovc
Caraiaiaungoody
Naugaiiy
Vadaady
Kcclancnnaly
Malancnaly
Vudavoor
Ncllciooo
-do-
Poondcy

Aravcndoorun
Sadyarcovil
Trcvadygoody
Trclovanun
Cuiicrcnuiiun
Salcnangalun
Alungoody
Vadayacovil

45
47
375
18
100

12

166
270
10

90
12
4
4
666
133
75
2
18
18
90
270
157
30
54
162
36
333
90
12

12
3
15
12
9
15
144
15

"
"
"
"
"

"

6
"
"

"
5
5
5
6
3
"
"
"
"
"
"
5
"
"
"
"
3
"
5

5
"
"
5
9
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"

"

24
"
"

"
"
"
"
24
8
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"

"
"
"
"
30
"
"
"

403

1 2 3 4

731.
732.
733.
734.

735.
736.
737.
738.
739.
740.

741.
742.
743.
744.

745.

746.
747.
748.
749.
750.
751.
752.

753.
754.
755.
756.

757.

758.
759.

760.

761.
762.
763.

764.
765.
766.

Moodanduswara Swany
Vurdarauja Pcrnall
Vasisiaswara Swany
Cullcnganurdana
Kisinaswany
LcicIncnaurayana Pcrnall
Kccriavadaswara Swany
Vurdarauja Pcrnall
Vurdarauja Pcrnall
Faujagoaula Swany
Vcjcavadungaswara
Swany
Srauvaiaswara Swany
Caranluswara Swany
Soondarswar Swany
Aununiaudnanada
Swany
Kylausanada Swany

Agnaswaraswan Swany
VccraIanununia Swany
Vaianoolaswara Swany
Kylausanaudur
Vurdarauja Pcrnall
Yacunlaraswara Swany
Callynunglungnaswara
Swany
Scvanauda Swany
AuacIayaswara Swany
Faunaswany
Vunsoodaranaswara-
swany
Soollranunnaswara
Swany
Canasa Swany
DrunIaswaracuniaswara
Swany
Harcnsaauvanoo-
sunacrnall
Poosavanaswara Swany
Vcrdarauja Pcrnall
Aaul Fanganauda-
swany
Dcvaganaswara Swany
PraiauavccraIanununia
Jcnloocaswara Swany

Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
Pag. ai

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Mariioor
-do-
-do-
Vooiioocundoo

-do-
Solanungalun
-do-
Trccalvoor
NullycIary
Adayar

Nanun
Trccaunoor
Scndala
-do-

Vuncaiasanoo-
drun
Tcrocaiioully
-do-
Tcrovaulunlawly
Parunloor
-do-
Vcllunarunloor
Calcnungalun

CIiiiaragoody
Poodaloor
-do-
Alloor

Scllcunaia

Pilliaruiiy
Candoor

-do-

Tcrouniory

-do-
Covclady
-do-
Cullany
Cassanaud

54
18
36
108

36
54
36
54
20
18

18
18
240
37

25

150
36
18
54
45
36
18

27
108
36
18

18

5
37

25

87

18
180
18
72
90

"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
5

"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"

"
"

"

"

"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"

"
"

"

"

"
"
"
"
"

404

1 2 3 4

767.
768.
769.
770.
771.
772.
773.
774.
775.
776.
777.
778.
779.
780.
781.
782.

783.
784.
785.
786.

787.
788.
789.
790.
791.
792.

793.
794.
795.
796.

797.
798.
799.
800.

801.
802.
803.
804.
805.
806.
807.

Daslaraswara Swany
Soondaraswara Swany
Auroonaujaiaswaraswany
Vullalaswara Swany
Alylaundaswary Anncn
DraIaiccswara Swany
DraIaiccswara Swany
Prasunnavcncaiaswarar
Caulccaudavy
Kcclasinga Pcrnall
Suncaranaurayanar
Tclagaswara Swany
Scvaganaga Pilliar
Vonanana Pilliar
Nauganauda Pilliar
Sunnadysoondara
Sunianailliar
Soollranunna Swany
Daddraculy
Cassicvisswanaudaswany
Nadavanauda Soonda-
railliar
Arcasola Pilliar
Tcauruncuiiy Pilliar
YcllanaI Davy
Vccraluddrar
Munnar Swany
Tcrcavccdcvissvanauda-
swany
Anunda Pilliar
Curoora Pilliar
Vissvanaudur
VijayaraunacIcndray
Swany
Navanccia Kisinaswany
Muddana Coaulaswany
LuicIny Davy
Praiaua VccraIa-
nununiur
Faunaswany
ColayIcavcncaiasa Pcrnall
Coronauiia Swany
Covindarauja Swany
Dolala Kisinaswany
Anoriavcncaiaswara
CIaiurloja Vurdarauja-
swany

-do-
-do-
-do-
Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Kcclavcnganad
Soondaranad
Vaugaranaud
Voraianaud
Jcnlocaswarun
Fori of Tanjour
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Fori of Tanjorc
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

93
36
18
34
36
5,550
1694
780
72
120
322
90
3
3
7
90

36
17
90
54

3
7
126
9
18
3

3
3
45
214

90
17
3
640

180
90
3
60
13
3
3

"
"
"
6
"
"
8
"
"
"
"
"
7
7
2
0

"
2
"
"

7
2
"
"
"
7

7
7
"
"

"
4
7
"

"
"
7
"
5
7
7

"
"
"
24
"
"
28
"
"
"
"
"
16
16
12
0

"
16
"
"

16
12
"
"
"
16

16
16
"
28

"
24
16
"

"
"
16


16
16

405

1 2 3 4

808.
809.
810.
811.
812.
813.
814.
815.
816.
817.
818.
819.
820.
821.
822.
823.
824.
825.
826.
827.
828.
829.
830.
831.
832.
833.
834.
835.
836.
837.
838.
839.
840.
841.
842.
843.
844.
845.
846.
847.
848.
849.
850.
851.
852.

Scnjcvyroycr
Codundarana Swany
Corocaul Scnjccvy Pcrnall
Adicusava Pcrnall
Vurdarauja Swany
Puiiauly Fauny Swany
Janardana Swany
Vadanaurdasangcnyroycr
DuicIuna Scngcvcroycr
Funganaiia Swany
Tccriascnja Pcrnall
Nooiialoo Pcrnall
Aunundavully
Causanada Swany
Siddavcnooycaswany
Soodaraswarar
CaulaIusiccswarar
Soondraswarar
CodianaI
CIocanauda Swany
Malasinga Pcrnall
Ncclanaga Swany
Manccunda Pcrnall
ToiunIanununiur
Cullanavcncyaiaswany
Padciory Vcncaiasa-swany
Codundaranaswany
MaurcunnaI Davy
CIcndrasacara Swany
Cassivisswanaudaswany
Kylausanaudaswany
Yanayaluncunnacrnall
Naudy Anncn
Malanaurc Anncn
Maraduswarar Swany
Maurcanncn
Parcanyniar
Faunalinga Swany
Trcnancnaudaswany
Tcrcancncara Woodiyar
Mooiioonaurccunncn
Casscvisswanaudar
VccranaIacally
Soondararauja Pcrnall
DaulaIananuni

Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

Fori of Tanjorc
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Fori of Tanjorc
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
PuiioocoiiaI
-do-
-do-
-do-
Naivaly
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Valaiaroovoo
do-
-do-
Vcciioovaucoiia
Ardungy
-do-

3
3
7
17
180
9
6
3
3
3
3
6
958
102
90
54
17
36
9
7
800
495
163
90
72
3
360
250
54
18
16
36
52
1
10

5
330
13
13
2
180
135
65
6

7
7
2
4
"
"
8
7
7
7
7
8
2
9
"
"
4
"
"
2
"
4
"
"
"
7
"
"
"
"
5
"
5
5
6
5
2
"
5
5
2
"
2
1
3

16
16
12
24
"
"
8
16
16
16
16
8
28
"
"
"
24
"
"
"
"
24
12
"
"
16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
28
8
16
"
"
"
16
"
"
"
"

406

1 2 3 4
853.
854.
855.
856.
857.
858.
859.
VccraIananuni
Ponnonlalanaular
VurdannaI
Kouiia Pilliar
FaujandracIolaswarar
Ponavausalaswarar
Pinnanaurcanncn
Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Ardungy
-do-
-do-
Arcndangy
-do-
Poonanassol
-do-
12
50
3
3
1
24

9
4
1
1
4
"
5
16
"
16
16
"
"
8
Toial 85,149 6 27
Equal io Siar Pagodas 35,479 2 39
860. Vadarcnnaswara Swany Pag. ai Vadarcnncyun for
Assuncd Sali
Pans
1,848 " "
37,327 2 39

SOODAHS OF TANJOUF CFAIN MOHINS
Carcc M M
861.
862.
863.
864.
865.
866.
867.
868.
869.
870.
871.
872.
873.
874.
875.
876.
877.
878.
879.
880.
881.
882.
883
Conaiuswara Swany
Codundavauna Swany
Sanccswara DuIavan
Nalanaurauayana Pcrnall
NinarcIarry Pilliar
Paia Pilliar
Kcclanana Pilliar
Podoonanoola Pilliar
Mooayaia Swarar
Curgungoody Pilliar
Valaiianungala Pilliar
Soolaroyaorun Pilliar
Nullaiunda Swarar
Anlagavaioor Isswarar
Cunnaooraswarar
Puiiagoduswarar
DanunnaIoraswarar
Soracodaswarar
Causagoody Pilliar
Cooiioogoody Pilliar
Caranlacara Pilliar
-do-
Coviluiiccswarar
Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Trcloovuni
Munrcanncncovil
Trcncllaur
-do-
NainacIary
Paia
Kcclanana
Podoonanala
Mooayulungoody
Curgungoody
Valaiianungalun
Soolaroyaoorun
Nullaiundoor
Anlagavaioor
Cunnaoorun
Puiiagoody
DavanaIorun
Soragoody
Causagoody
Cooiiagoody
Caranlagun
Pooiiagarun
Coviluii
69
69
12
"
"
"
"
"
"
11
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
328
328
356
119
79
79
39
39
39
19
19
19
79
79
19
79
59
79
19
19
39
39
39
"
"
6
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
407

1 2 3 4
884.
885.
886.
887.
888.
889.
890.
891.
892.
893.
894.
895.
896.
897.
898.
899.
900.
901.
902.
Muiiaugoodaswarar
Kclcycnnnoora Swarar
Paunaiaswarar
Vadanoiiaswarar
AlcsIacaswarar
CouiacaIaraswarar
CouiacaIaraswarar
Trclocanauda Swany
Saioagusiccswarar
Caacaiaswarar
Vclanauda
Taundanaswara Swany
Soundaraswara Swany
Mauiacovil
Mooiioonaurcannun
Naivalcnaurcannun
Jyanar
Tanjorc Maurcannun
Valangola Maurcannun
Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Muiiaulagoody
Kclcycnnoor
Paunaiicc
Vadanoiiun
AlcsIacacuiiy
Colacoody
CoaiacIary
Trccauloor
Savaiioor
Caucanooly
Valadyan
Ncllunlalun

Tcnncngoody
Trcncllaur
VciioovaIcoiiaI
Naivaly
-do-
Tanjorc
Valangolun

Toial Crain
MoIins
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
9
"
"
"
"
"

167
39
39
79
39
79
39
99
99
199
59
179
179

158
39
9
2
19
3
1

200
7
7
6
7
6
7
5
5
3V
6
3
3

4
7
5
3
1
3
2V

4


19 14 84 Siar Pagodas cr Carcc
DrougIi Forward
S.Pgs.
3,238
37,327
F.
33
2
C.
29
39

Toial Moncy and Crain MoIins
in iIc Provincc of Tanjorc in Siar Pagodas
40,565 35 68
EUFOPEAN POSSESSION OF NECOFE MONEY MOHINS
CI. Fs. C
903.
904.
905.
906.

907.
908.
909.
910.
911.
912.
913.
Nauganaud Swany
Prusunnavcncaius Pcrnall
AucIcyanauda Swany
Padciora Vissvnauda-
swany
Anuniuswarar
Annanagulaswarar
VcncaiucIclla Pcrnall
Durnaoraswarar
Vadaoraswarar
CIiiiunlaraswarar
Nauganaudaswany
Pag. ai
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Nagorc
-do-
Kccvalorc
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
Pooiioor
CovilvaduaucIary
Aiiyolcnyorc
Ncclaudc
360
360
491
3

3
5
40
7
5
13
3
"
"
2
"

6
4
"
2
2
6
2
"
"
14
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
408

1 2 3 4
914.
915.
916.
917.
918.
919.
920.
921.
922.
923.
924.
925.
926.
927.
928.

929.
930.
931.
932.
933.
934.
935.
936.
937.
938.
939.
940.
941.
942.
943.
944.
945.
946.
947.

948.
949.
950.
951.
952.
953.
954.
955.
956.
957.
958.
Cudgaoraswarar
Agusiccswarar
Dilvanaudaswany
Vudaoraswarar
Polangodaswarar
DrunIaoraswarar
Navanccia Swarar
Vaunana Pcrnall
Vissvanada Swany
Varaiia Pcrnall
Naiana Isswarar
Aununianaurayana Pcrnall
Alungoody Iswarar
CaulaIusiccswarar
Daunodara Narayana
Pcrnall
Covoraswarar
Naunooiicnauyacar
Davooraswarar
Pasoaiaswarar
Vooiia Faswarar
Davanaurauyana Pcrnall
Eloayooraswarar
Pcrnall Covil
Sooiavanaswarar
Polcdacoodaswarar
Puiianungalaswarar
Vudacaulaioor Isswarar
Vadacauluiia Pcrnall
Tcrcaulaiooraswarar
Faudaunungalaswarar
Eroocaswarar
Kccluvcnnanaswarar
Anacodccswarar
Moddannoor Isswarar

Paasoaiaswarar
VcncaiacIclla Pcrnall
Vissvanauda Swany
Nadagodaswarar
PodacIaraswarar
Caunoraswarar
Sanungala Pcrnall
Kvcdacunlulanaudaswany
YacacIacara Pcrnall
Cauragoody Pcrnall
Tcyagarauja Swany
Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-

-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Corocoiiy
Auiioor
YcroyanoIary
Vodayaorun
Poolangoody
Tovaracody
SicIcl
-do-
Varaioor
-do-
PodocIary
Malolaranadavy
Alungoody
Trccanacody
-do-

Covoor
Parcyacadunlanoor
Tavoor
Coviluii
Dundauravaudy
-do-
Eloayoor
Eloayoor
Soiianan
Polcdacoody
Puiianungalun
Vudacullaioor
-do-
Tcraulaioor
Faudaunungalan
Erca
Kcclvcnnany
Anacoody
Moddannoorwoo-
coodal
Adcyacanungalun
-do-
-do-
Nadacoody
PoducIary
Cunnoor
Sanungalun
Vclcvalun
-do-
Cauragoody
Trccallyvasscl
16
1
1
19
1
2
203
28
16
12
24
28
12
24
88

16
12
233
15
14
17
12
12
2
16
2
13
12
4
1
24
1
1
1

10
4
40
6
4
2
4
263
6
1
720
2
"
8
2
6
2
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
8
2
"
6
"
"
4
"
5
6
"
"
2
8
2
4
2

6
"
8
4
"
"
"
4
"
2
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
28
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
24
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
409

1 2 3 4
959.
960.
961.
962.
963.
964.
965.
966.
967.
968.
969.
970.
971.
972.
973.
974.
975.
976.
977.
978.
979.
980.
981.
982.
Covilcunnaswarar
Naguswarar
Kcclacoodaswarar
Kcclacoody Pcrnall
Vcdungulloraswarar
Vadaoraswarar
Mauncllooraswarar
Maunclloor Pcrnall
Kcclacavadcooda Isswarar
Kylausanaudaswany
Faujagoaula Pcrnall
Tcronancalagur
Vissvanauda Swany
Singcnungalaswara
Vadallooraswarar
Vadalloor Pcrnall
cranjcyooraswarar
Maugaulaswara Swany
Maugaulcy Pcrnall
CIiniaunanaswarar
Cauraadaugaswarar
Mudaorun Pcrnall
Anduora Pilliar
Condcyoorccswcrn
Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do
-do-
Covilcunnaorun
Nagulloor
Kcclagoody
-do-
Vcdungullor
Sciiyacoody
Munaloor
-do-
Kcclacavcrgody
ScnlayanaIadavy
Faujagoalaorun
Oyvanilloor
Cinnaiunloor
Singananungalun
Vadalorc
-do-
Eranjcyoor
Maugally
-do-
CIiniaunany
Cauraadauga
Mudaorun
Andaorun
Condcyorc
72
2
23
4
36
55
3
3
36
166
17
36
16
30
12
12
2
21
6
1
4
1

2
"
"
8
6
"
6
6
6
"
3
5
"
"
5
"
"
4
3
2
2
"
2
7
8
"
"
4
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
24
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
3,813 " 30
1588
40565
33
35
11
68
42153 68 79


NECAPATAM MONEY MOHINS CIs. Fs. Cs.
983.
984.
985.
986.
987.
988.
989.
990.
991.
992.
993.
McclauyaiausIcunncn
Tcyagarauja Swany
Podoiora Vissvanaudur
Cuiicacr
Conara Swany
Alagcyar Soondaraswarar
Vccraluddraswany
Anaranaudaswarar
Hcnciccswarar
Nadavanauda Swany
Sciiyacr
Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Ncgaaian
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
394
89
10
6
77
11
6
31
6
54
32
1
2
8
8
"
8
8
8
8
3
8
19
"
14
14
16
14
14
10
14
20
24
410

1 2 3 4
994.
995.
996.
997.
998.
999.
1000.
1001.
1002.
1003.
1004.
1005.
1006.
1007.
Soundarauja Pcrnall
Agusiccswarar
Kisinaswany
Kylassanauduncovil
Vooioora Swarar
Kylassanaudu Swany
Corocanaudur
Conalunauda Swany
Magccswara Pilliar
Sciiunauda Swany
Valcoraswarar
Manunany Pilliar
Talcgaswarar
AnnaInalanaudaswany
Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Ncgaaian
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
45
109
7
45
9
3
4
4
7
12
2
3
1

2
1
5
4
2
1
9

2
9
6
6
2
3
20
21
"
24
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
979 1 "

Equal io Siar Pagodas
DrougIi forward
407
42,153
40
68
20
79
42,561 08 99

DEEVECOTTAH MONEY MOHINS
1008. Scvalocaiogur Pag.ai AucIcyaoorun 12 " "
cqual io Siar Pagodas
DrougIi Forward
5
42,561
"
08
"
99
42,566 08 99

CFAIN MOHINS Carcc M M
1009.
1010.
1011.
1012.
1013.
Scvalogaiogur
Codundavauna Swany
Tcronungalugaswarar
Codunduraunaswany
Sulaulaiy
Pag.ai
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
AncIauorun
Nclloor
MaIandraully
DccvccoiiaI
-do-
15
3
2
2
"
262
74
295
121
173
3
5
4
7
5
Toial Crain MoIins 24 128 "

19 14 8 Siar Pagodas cr Carc
DrougIi Forward
471
42,566
20
08
40
99
43,037 29 39
CuicIcrry of iIc Collccior of Tanjour
14iI Aril 1813
JoIn Wallacc
Collccior

411
Lst o Induduus n Tunoc cccung
Hcucnuc Assgnncnts

No.7.ACCOUNT PAFTICULAFS OF PENSIONS IN THE
PFOVINCE OF TANJOFE FOF FUSLEE 1222 (Pro 22.4.1813}
Sncc tIc ccsson o Tunoc to tIc Conun

Nanc of Pcnsioncrs Anouni of iIc Pcnsion
cr Annun
S.Pgs F. C.
SoollaI Sasiry Trccaulascvcn
DrunIanunda Dyroycc
Soorcyanaurauyana Sasiry
FunjunsIaw Fulccr
Anayaroovan
AyacIiiioo
Vcncaia DcccIadar
Tonaa DauvaIjoscc
ArnaucIclla Sasiry
PuiioocoiiaI Sasiry
Fundass Daugavai
SoollaI DIui
Trinala Daugavai
Sauna Daugavai
Kisina Avaduny
Cunlaloor Sccncvassau CIarry
Cundayvccna Daugavai
AluIcry DIui
Faunaswarun AnnacIuiirun
Cundyvccna Daugavai
CIiiiqady Vcncaiunaraisinna CIarry
Tadolosccncvassau CIarry
Vissvauiia LcicInanau CIarry
Auniau CIarry
Narasinna CIarry
Nariycnna DcccIadar
Faungaya SoollaIlui
Taroonaugany DcccIadar
AuyacIii SoolaIlui
Narasinna CIarry
Vcncaialui
Mausclaunoncy Pundaurun
Ogandcundaurun
Faunaga Narayana DcccIadar
Parcyanadun Pundaurun
MaIadava DIui
CIidunlra Pundaurun
22
7
15
22
10
6
6
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
15
1
10
208
2
14
1
1
1
1
7
3
5
3
2
2
5
3
4
2
5
5
22
22
"
22
"
11
11
5
5
5
5
25
25
25
25
"
30
18
15
41
26
11
11
11
11
36
5
9
10
3
3
9
5
22
3
9
24
40
40
"
40
"
20
20
50
50
50
50
25
25
25
25
"
"
60
"
20
20
20
20
20
20
45
50
30
25
60
60
30
50
40
60
30
30
412

Nanc of Pcnsioncrs Anouni of iIc Pcnsion
cr Annun
S.Pgs F. C.
Sirccvassau CIarry
AuyacIui Nundcccaswara DIai
Davoroya Sasiry
MaIaganauiy DcccIadar
Aunayarovan
CIicla Naicl (1806 January 9iI}
Faunaswany
Vccroonduuvana Faunaswany
Fanayana Kisina Sasiry
DrunnaI Nunda Pyrauyc
Soollarow
Durnascravana Dondu DIui
Asooruiiy Purducnuna Dranoncy
Saunyvada Soolranoncyajoscc
Yadoovadcc SoollaI Avadany
Foogvada FaugoovalIui
MoocoondaDrunnaI CIarry
Coaulavcncajoscc
Survooiiana Cosany
Soolaunogary Cosany
Suncara Davur
Nanunvcncaia FaunaDagavai
FaucIoor SccncvassaucIcrry
KisinacIarry
VidinaudunaiiaI Dunncundal
Kcclavunganaud & Vcroianaud Tunny Pundal
Ninc Naud Tunniundal
Annicui Tunniundal
NadovacoiiaI Vidcnauda Sasiry
Pooraunun CoaulacIary
Pooraunun SccncvassaIcIarry
Munnargoody Dagavui
For LcaiIjcring Nagaraus in Nayoor Musquc
For Kccing ligIi in iIc CIurcI of
Fanganaudaswany
For Tolusy ArcIany of Fanganaudaswany
For Tausoogadics or Clocl Siruclcr
Sincara Pundary
For Anonar CIurcI in iIc Cauvary Danl
For Curiallangoody Vasscsioowavar CIurcI
Narriany AucIary
Vicndranadun Narriany CIarry
AIclandascncn
Cungadaraundii
Pundaraoor Viiialagosany
WoodavacIiiiana Dauljcc Cosany
5
5
5
5
1
96
75
75
15
82
22
18
6
6
3
3
60
12
9
12
3
20
16
12
20
7
7
6
2
1
1
4
4
90

30
22
16
15
7
3
3
7
7
15
37
9
9
9
9
25
"
"
"
"
22
22
33
11
11
5
5
"
22
16
22
5
"
30
"
22
22
22
25
22
39
25
7
7
"

"
22
39
"
22
33
33
22
22
"
22
30
30
30
30
25
"
"
"
"
40
40
60
20
20
50
50
"
40
70
40
50
"
"
"
40
40
40
25
4
30
25
40
40
"

"
40
30
"
40
60
60
40
40
"
40
413

Nanc of Pcnsioncrs Anouni of iIc Pcnsion
cr Annun
S.Pgs F. C.
Trcvaulungaud Daslara DcccIadur
Vignaswarar
Saurungaauny Swany
Suclraauny Swany
Mungalanauyaly Davy
Vaunaiory Fauncu CIarry
CIuclra Pauny Kisina CIarry
Tunnunnal CIarry
Dunnuniry Vcncauiau CIarry
Wooaucary Kisina CIarry
Juyaiccriau CIarry
Poornau CIarry
Mooloovauga Vcncannau CIarry
Faunayana Nursinna CIarry
Alagcry AucIarry
Yudoorvady Vcncaiau CIarry
Anunia Tccriau CIarry
Moodgul Nursinna DIui
Covindau CIarry
JnaucIarry
Aana CIarry
Pudnanau CIarry
Aana DIui
DuiiuvucIula Saragfcvcya CIarry
Muiaoraunun Kisina CIarry
Causlccr Fan DIui
Fanganauda CIarry
Koanalacada Sirccncvassa DIui
Tauiau CIarry
Poorauna Fagaady Iycngar
Doda CIarry
Daurada Fungaycngar
AurauvonoiIy Iycngar
Sirccnunnaurauyana Iycngar
Josc Kisinaycngar
Vyda Fogauiiycngar
Soollauvadauny
Joscc Vcncaiauiiy Iycngar
Sadagoa Iycngar
Sauvairyorun VydanaudiaI
Kisina Sasiry
Yalundory Trcycnlaului
Mungauiiy Sasiry
Nurrain DIui
Koonlaswara Padciory CungadariaI
MullaIara DIui
Sadascva DIui
20
1
5
5
5
5
3
1
2
5
3
2
1
5
1
2
5
2
2
3
3
5
7
1
1
2
5
5
5
2
2
2
1
2
5
2
5
2
1
5
5
2
3
2
2
6
5
"
11
"
"
"
"
33
11
22
"
33
22
11
"
11
22
"
22
22
33
33
"
22
11
11
22
"
"
"
22
22
22
11
22
"
22
"
22
11
"
"
22
33
22
22
11
0
"
20
"
"
"
"
60
20
40
"
60
40
20
"
20
40
"
40
40
60
60
"
40
20
20
40
"
"
"
40
40
40
20
40
"
40
"
40
20
"
"
40
60
40
40
20
0
414

Nanc of Pcnsioncrs Anouni of iIc Pcnsion
cr Annun
S.Pgs F. C.
CIuclraauny DcccIadur
Kisina DcccIadur
Pudnanaula Sasiry
Dalccr AgraIarun FuinagcracIiiio
Kisina DIui
Daulalisina Sasiry
Cooauvadauny
JcnlIui
Tcronala Sasiry
Aausausiry
Nairain Sasiry
CIcniaunany DIui
Vadavaudiar
Anuniajoscc
Vcncaiaraunajoscc
Donda DIui
Faunalisina DcccIadur
Soollau Sasiry
Yalundory Trccaula Scvcn
Vadavassau CIarry
Taiucsrccncvassau CIarry
JnaucIarry
Sircnooriy NaraIary CIarry
AgncIoiry NaraIary CIarry
Annunialccriau CIarry
Suncaranarain CIarry
Sirccncvassau CIarry
DIccnaroya CIarry
MuddarjanaIansnuniaoojau FaunauCIarry
Avadany Narain CIarry
Sana CIarry
VccunnaI CIarry
Vcncaiaroy CIarry
Davalu Narain DIui
Conarc DIua
VausoodavalIui Son of Faujan DIui
Soodarcna Iycngar
Soollaranunna Sasiry
Jcnloolaswara Alclaundaswary Anncn
Auascncara Sunnassa DIui
Covclady Sialaooraunccun Poornau CIarry
Piiaswara DaIaiccswara Pulccr
Tirvcngada Faunalinga Sasiry
AnoosoorlaI Falccr
Scncarau CIarry
5
1
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
3
2
2
2
5
5
5
2
2
2
7
7
3
5
3
3
3
6
3
3
5
1
2
3
3
7
6
3
5
6
12
6
15
7
7
1926
"
11
"
33
22
22
22
22
22
33
22
22
22
"
"
"
22
22
22
22
22
33
"
33
33
33
11
33
33
"
11
22
33
33
22
11
33
"
"
"
"
"
22
22
30
"
20
"
60
40
40
40
40
40
60
40
40
40
"
"
"
40
40
40
40
40
60
"
60
60
60
20
60
60
"
20
40
60
60
40
20
60
"
"
"
"
"
40
40
"
415

Nanc of Pcnsioncrs Anouni of iIc Pcnsion
cr Annun
S.Pgs F. C.
Toolaucauvcry Drunony
Nadungolly Sirccncnassau CIarry
KisinunlIui of Kcclauna Modo
Kavoor Kisina DIui
Kuniavccnaw Daugavui
CIananan Cauoor Aggraurun Dranin
Vallavoor SusIagcryjoscc
Manacoody Vcncaiaswara DcccIadur
Trclacc Kusla Vcncaia DIui
AluncIary Fooclood Iycngar
Sooranoola Ycggaswara DcccIadur
CIolavur LcicInana CIarry
CuruiiycIarry Vcncaia Sasiry
Annayacn Sirccncvassau CIarry
Carnaudaoor Fauja Coauliycngar
TuivacIary Vccrraugava Avadauny
Vadagoody NursinnalIuiicr
Trclacla FagavalIuiicr
Kuniavana Dagavai
LcicIanana Sasiry of CoaicIary Mauganun
Scallay Faunaw Sasiry
Trcvcngaud Faugava Sasiry
Anlala Magaunun Aununiauluiiar
Munangoody LcicInana Naurauna Sasiry
Tcrioncorun NursinnaI CIarry
For Tausoogadccs Clocl Siuclcr
Tolucauvcry Dranany
Trivcndoor Sialaoraunilun Sirccncvassau
CIarry
Pundanulloor LcicInana CIarry
Arasoor Kisina DIui
Noyjcc Trcycnluc of naIola
Nadoiia Vcnca CIarry
LcicInanacIarry
Valaioiy Anunia DIui
Saraswaicc Vidcc
KisicIauvidcc
Trcavcnlanclloor Kisina DIui
Pooiianungalavadavadaunicr
Sircc Mooriy VaraIary CIarry
Kadagun Fauna Sasiry
Kadagun rauna Sasiry
Kally Narsinna DIui
Alungoodyar DIui
Trivcndancllor Kisina DIui
iricIiiiunlalun Kisina DIui
DIooiungoody Vcncaiaroya Sasiry
20
1

8
3
8
8
6


3

1

4
6
2

5
12
11
11
12
8
13
13
20
1

2
2
8
21
3
2
2
1
1

2
2
3



6
3
37
11
42
15
5
15
1
15
6
44
2
37
25
28
7
25
22
28
9
22
44
24
9
15
9
33
37
11

16
30
40
39
40
30
8
38
30
24
4
3
43
37
25
7
34
5
40
20
75
"
50
"
70
75
45
42
65
40
25
10
40
25
40
10
30
40
5
30
30
"
30
60
40
20

70
38
25
30
25
38
35
30
30
45
45
60
10
40
60
40
55
50
416

Nanc of Pcnsioncrs Anouni of iIc Pcnsion
cr Annun
S.Pgs F. C.
Scrcyadunloor Cadunlaswara Sasiry
Valaioiy Sincura Sasiry
Durny Suncara Sasiry
Koolasacavanulloor Soollranunna Sasiry
Ilooauiiay ViiialacIary
Agraolanungoody Vccraraugova LiicIada
AgncIoiry
Valciory Kisina Sasiry
KooroocIcy Kisina DIui
Vacauranaurc SasIagcryaucIaury
Curoor FaunaI DIui
Cauvuiioor Munnaricngar
Alungoody SasIa DIui
Polcdagoody Faunau Sasiry
ScllaunaiaI Arcaloor SirccncvassaI
DIui
Curoor FaunaI
Kylausa DIui
Nadoiilloo FaunaucIarry in iIc Villagc of
Iluauiiy
TrinangacIary Ollaycngar
-do- Kisinycngar
-do- Faunayana Vcncaiauiiy
-do- Vcncaiycngar
-do- CIcnganyaI
-do- Faujagoaulycngar
-do- Sialanassa Dranony
Tcrlanuiioory Narrainjoscc
Kcclanundoor Narainjoscc
Valauranaurc Vcncaiau CIarry
Sclluunaia Sialaoraunilun Nursinna
CIarry
Sclluunaiay Suiiay Pundaurun
Kayoorycggaswara Sasiry
Aicaurun Prasunna Fauna DcccIadar
Tcrvanaudauorun Soollaunalascvcn
Valuioiccrcsunna Fauna DcccIadar
-do- TrinulaucIary
Cauvanoor Prasunna Fauna DcccIadar
Aulunjary Prasaraunajoscc
Nccoa Prasunnarauna DcccIadar
Pooiianungalun CuaaiccIul
Adciianungalun Narrain Sasiry
Valaioiy Sully Puiiaurun
Ilooaui VcncaiacIarry
Cansungoody Vcncaiarauna Sasiry
3
2
6
1
5
3

2
2
7
1

1




1
1






1
4
1

3
2


1

4
1

5
1
1

3


11
18
24
11
7
19
26

8
8
30
34
41
25
15
11

8
1
1

16
41
15
37
3
30
28
41
19
9
22

39
15
37
7
30
7
"
1
30
28
31
19
9
18
60
30
20
40
55
20

35
35
"
55
20
25
"
20

35
70
70

3
20
75
40
60
"
48
20
17
30
40

"
2
"
70
"
2
"
70
"
10
31
55
30
60
417

Nanc of Pcnsioncrs Anouni of iIc Pcnsion
cr Annun
S.Pgs F. C.
Vcncaiaswara Avadany & Nursinna Avadany
Pooiioor KisinaucIarry
Faunalisina Sasiry
Anuniaraunau Sasiry
Vcncaia Soollau Sasiry
VcncaiaI
Vissvanaud Sasiry
MoodiaI Sasiryu
Cullana Fauna Daugavai
PuncIanaicc Sasiry
Scvcn
Soolaravaura Cuiiy
Tcroovadcnaudavanun
Mausclaunany Pundaurun
Yciiungoody Valur
Faunalingun
Navarauiry Dranin
Dccavala Dranin
VcncuiaraucIclliaI
YcswariiaI
Tunlcran
SarusvaiccoojuI
VcnauyacacIaioorly
Tcroovaudciory
MoodcgalaI Sasiry
VcncaiacIclla Sasiry
Yacaudosc Cuiiy
Suncraniy Draniny
Vadarauna Dranin
Couiiay SoollaI Sasiry
CacIalaicn
VaraIacIurry
Savoor Pcrnal Icngar
Widow Mosscl (1812 Ociolcr 9iI}
Mrs Alcr (1812 Ociolcr 9iI}
Mr. Daiigcr (1805 MarcI 30iI}
Widow Swanscycr (1805 January 22nd}
Widow Swari (1806 July 6iI}
Widow Saulficld (1806 MarcI 1si}
VcncaiaucIclliaI HurcauraI
Kisinaurcddy Dcloycis
8
2
4
4
5
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1

1




1

1





2



144
96
180
120
60
60
46
24
1
22
"
"
"
"
"
18
41
22
"
22
22
22
22
11
3
39
3
3
5
19
30
30
18
18
37
22
26
18
18
37
33
"
"
"
"
"
"
22
"
70
40
"
"
"
"
"
60
20
40
"
40
40
40
40
20
60
30
60
60
50
55
"
"
60
60
40
40
20
60
60
60
60
"
"
"
"
"
"
40
"
418

Nanc of Pcnsioncrs Anouni of iIc Pcnsion cr Annun
S.Pgs F. C.
CAFFICAUL

Widow Fcrnandcz (1805
MarcI 30iI}
P. Clcncni (1810 Augusi
10iI}
C. Caudari (1810 Augusi
8iI}
Widow Drindcll (1812 Aril
3rd}
Aniony Sanio Laflair (1812
Aril 3rd}

74

51

51

34

17

6

19

19

12

6

72

22

22

68

34
CFAIN PENSIONS TANJOUF
S.P
gs
F. C. Carcc

M. M.

To iIc Annadauna
CIciirun ai Trivalorc
for iIc Dcncfii of
Pilgrins io
Faunaswarun
19 14 8 3/4 Siar
Pagodas cr Carcc
To a CIoiiarun on Island of
Faunaswarun for iIc
Dcncfii of Pilgrins
To Tcyagaraujaorun
CIuiirun
To Sircaudaswany CIurcI
ai NaucIiargoody
To PuncIaucsIaca Sasiry
To FanaI Sasiry
To Trcycnlacl Isswrar
Calcndcr Dranin
To Miriinja Josc
To Coaula Josc
To Vcncaia Josc
To CIundracara Josc
To Daulalisina Josc
To SoollaI Josc
To Jyaviycngoor Josc
To Aunayarovan
Paroonaricn

308






219


119

141

11
5
18

18
18
18
12
12
12
12
2

18






34


11

27

11
19
33

33
33
33
22
22
22
22
15

34






46


66

53

20
74
60

60
60
60
40
40
40
40
53

15






11


6

7

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

380






146


67

129

232
112
387

387
387
387
258
258
258
258
48

0






2


2

4

6
5
7

7
7
7
4
4
4
4
4
Toial Crain Pcnsions of
Tanjorc
933 4 26
Toial Tanjorc Provincc 5,929 42 26

CuicIcrry of iIc Collccior of Tanjorc14iI Aril, 1813
JoIn
Wallacc
Collccior

419
INDEX

Adan Willian, 2, 3, 6, 18, 39, 46-60, 63, 65-68, 70, 73, 82, 355,
365, 370, 371, 378
Adan's Fcoris, 46, 47, 63, 69, 270-342, 371
Allar, MugIal Encror, 4, 66, 371, 376
Andcrson, Sir Ccorgc, 369
Aurangzcl, MugIal Encror, 74, 359

Dacon, Francis, 8
Dailly, Jcan Sylvan, 14
Danls, Sir JoscI, 61n
Dasu, D.D., 377
Dcll, Andrcw, 10
Dcniincl, Lord Willian, 48, 63, 67, 82
DriiisI Indology, liriI of, 14-17

Canlcll, A.D., 67, 81, 82
CIaiicrjcc, Sarai, 372
Coonaraswany, Ananda K., 64, 86
Cornwallis, Lord, 17n

Dcsai, MaIadco, 353, 362, 366, 368
DIaranal, Ciia, 13n
Dolls, A.E., 8, 82
Dundas, Hcnry, 15

Educaiion in England, siaic of, 8-13
Ellis, F.W., 15
ElIinsionc, Monsiuari, 67, 370
Fcrguson, Adan, 14, 15

CandIi, M.K., 3-6, 62-70, 80, 348-385
Cuia, Daulai Fan, 63, 354, 362-63, 366, 374

Hardic, Kcir, 19, 376
Hariog, Sir PIilli, 3-5, 21, 47, 63-70, 81, 348-385
Hoarc, Sir Sanucl, 367
Hunicr, Sir Willian, 377

Jaffar, S.M., 2
JaIangir, MugIal Encror, 4, 66, 74
Joncs, Willian, 11n, 15

Lancasicr, JoscI, 10
Lciincr, C.W., 3, 17-19, 56-70, 81, 356-366, 370, 374, 379, 382
LoiIian, Lord, 62
420

Macaulay, T.D., 48, 82, 84, 85
MaconocIic, A., 14-16
MacIcrson, JoIn, 14
Mar, Karl, 60, 62, 73, 83, 85
Mcicalfc, CIarlcs, 73, 74
Mill, Jancs, 62, 83-85
Morcland, W.H., 4, 66
Mucllcr, F. Ma, 2, 19, 65, 376
Munro TIonas, 18, 26, 42, 46, 65, 67, 72-76, 79-85, 354, 355, 378

Naidu, Sarojini, 366
Nail, J.P., 1, 2
Nair, Sri Sanlaran, 356, 363
Nalanda, 1, 7, 11
NurullaI, S., 1, 2

Playfair, JoIn, 14
Pcndcrgasi, C.L., 18, 65
Prinsc, H.T., 76

Fanjii SingI, MaIaraja, 356
Faynal, Allc, 14
Folcrison, Willian, 14

ScIools of Lcarning, 297-316; Daclcrgungc, 305-306; DccrlIoon,
308-310, Durdwan, 297-298; CIiiiagong 306; Dacca and Jalal-
ur, 305; Dinajur, 312-314
Scoii, Dr H., 61n
SIaI, K.T., 65, 69, 375, 380-383
SniiI, V.A., 66

Taila, 7, 11
TIonas, F.W., 370
TIonson, Edward, 64, 68, 365, 370, 372

Univcrsiiy of Canlridgc, 11
Univcrsiiy of EdinlurgI, 11, 14, 16
Univcrsiiy of London, 13n
Univcrsiiy of Oford, 11, 14, 16; Lisi of ProfcssorsIis 1546-1803,
11-12

Varanasi, 15
Voliair, 14
Wallcr, Alcandcr, 5, 10, 32, 76
Willcrforcc, 4, 16, 48, 62, 84
Willins, CIarlcs, 15