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Roman context
Imperium: supreme authority, power to command; dominion or realm (territory under Roman command)
Technically this would include all Roman territory in Italy, suzerainty over socii in Italy, provinces
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Modern
Accidental, Rome stumbled into empire, drawn in by entangling alliances and commitments Preemptive, defensive; concerned about balance of power and potential enemies Economic Desire for power, glory, and opportunity (individual and collective)
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Areas of Expansion
West
Consolidation of Spanish holdings Moderate expansion in southern Gaul (linking Italy and Iberia) Continuing conflict with Carthage
East
Macedonia Greece Asia Minor Syria
Expansion occurred in both places throughout second century; see packet, p. 30-31
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Sources
Livy, 3145 Polybius, 1549 Plutarch
2nd century A.D. biographer Flamininus, Cato Maior, Aemilius Paullus
Appian
Early 2nd century A.D. historiographer Macedonica, Syriaca, Iberica, Libyca
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II Macedonian War,
200196 B.C.
T. Quinctius Flamininus
Philhellene
After I Macedonian War, Philip V concentrated on Aegean expansion Threatened Roman allies, Aetolia and Pergamum They appealed to Rome in 201 B.C. Romes reasons Fear, pride, revenge Economic Individual ambition
Peace Terms
Macedonia remains independent, a buffer state Ejected from Greece, garrisons withdrawn Arms limited, indemnity 198 B.C. Flamininus declaration of Greek freedom
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Aetolians unhappy about Macedonian settlement Invited Antiochus III the Great to free Greece Thermopylae, 192 B.C. Antiochus small landing force pushed out of Greece 190 B.C., Magnesia Weak Lucius helped by big brother P. Cornelius Scipio 188 B.C., Peace of Apamea See Liv. 37, 38 = LR no. 70 All Asia Minor ceded to Pergamum and Rhodes 15,000 talent indemnity Seleucids permanently weakened (empire soon reduced to the territory included within the fuchsia colored line)
Iberia divided into provinces of Nearer and Further Spain after Second Punic War Governed by praetors Not securely held until 133 B.C.