This document discusses several types of congenital heart defects including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), aortic stenosis, congestive heart failure (CHF), and hypertension. It describes the abnormalities that cause each defect, their associated clinical manifestations, and treatments which typically involve surgical repair early in life or medications to manage symptoms like edema, pain, and blood pressure. All of the defects can potentially lead to CHF if left untreated.
This document discusses several types of congenital heart defects including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), aortic stenosis, congestive heart failure (CHF), and hypertension. It describes the abnormalities that cause each defect, their associated clinical manifestations, and treatments which typically involve surgical repair early in life or medications to manage symptoms like edema, pain, and blood pressure. All of the defects can potentially lead to CHF if left untreated.
This document discusses several types of congenital heart defects including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), aortic stenosis, congestive heart failure (CHF), and hypertension. It describes the abnormalities that cause each defect, their associated clinical manifestations, and treatments which typically involve surgical repair early in life or medications to manage symptoms like edema, pain, and blood pressure. All of the defects can potentially lead to CHF if left untreated.
nadersmadi@hotmail.com I . ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD):
Abnormal opening between the atria
allowing the blood to flow from the left atrium to right atrium, according to pressure differences. Then a mixing between oxygenated and nonoxygenated blood happened. Clinical manifestations : • Murmur during auscultation • Cardiac arrhythmias • Risk of emboli formation • Atrial enlargement • Difficulty in breathing • CHF (congestive heart failure ) II . VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD):
Abnormal opening between the ventricles
allowing the blood to flow from left ventricle to right ventricle, according to pressure differences. Then a mixing between oxygenated and nonoxygenated blood happened. Clinical manifestations : • Murmur during auscultation • Risk of respiratory infections • Cardiomegaly • Difficulty in breathing • CHF (congestive heart failure ) III . PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA) :
Ductus arteriosus is an artery connecting
the aorta and the pulmonary artery. And this defect results from failure of this duct to close after delivery, causing the blood to flow from aorta to pulmonary artery according to pressure. Clinical manifestations : • Hypoxemia • Wide pulse pressure • Risk of respiratory infections • Difficulty in breathing • Paleness of the skin • CHF (congestive heart failure ) IV . AORTIC STENOSIS ( AS ) :
Narrowing of the aortic valve, causing
resistance to blood flow in the left ventricle and decrease cardiac output. Clinical manifestations: • Hypotension • Tachycardia • Chest pain • Dizziness when standing • Murmur TREATMENT :
They are treated by surgical
repair of the opening before school age. ALL THESE DEFECTS MAY LEAD TO CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF). V . CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF):
Inability of the heart to pump an adequate
amount of blood to the systemic circulation to meet the demands of the body. Clinical manifestations : • Tachycardia • Sweating • Decreased urine output • Fatigue • Weakness • Anorexia • Chest pain • Weak pulses • Cardiomegaly • Edema in lower limps • Weight gain • Tachypnea • Hypotension TREATMENT AND NURSING CARE
Improve cardiac function by medications
as digitalis Remove accumulated fluids by diuretics Decrease cardiac demand by bed rest Improve tissue oxygenated by O2 therapy Decrease pain by analgesics VI . HYPERTENSION ( HTN ) :
It is the elevation of blood pressure due to
increase cardiac output or increase resistance in the peripheral arteries or gland disorders. Clinical manifestations: • Headache • Dizziness • Sweating • Drowsiness of eyes TREATMENT AND NURSING CARE:
Bed rest Monitoring of blood pressure B.P Medications - antihypertensive drugs Suitable diet ( low salt diet )