___ is a procedure or rule that defines how data is to be transmitted

______ substitutes four consecutive zeros with 000V or B00V What is the other name for parity? A seven-bit character can represent one of ___ possibilities. What is the number of bits that are zeros when tramissing odd-parity code symbols?

With ____, each character is framed between a start and a stop bit.

In a _________ protocol, the data section of a frame is a sequence of bits.

A simple parity-check code can detect __________ errors.

________ is normally referred to as mB/nB coding; it replaces each m-bit group with an n-bit group.

In cyclic redundancy checking, what is the CRC? An 8-bit character code.

The line control unit (LCU) operates on the data in digital form. SYN character of EBCDIC code. For a ______ channel, we need to use the Shannon capacity to find the maximum bit rate.

______ refers to the physical or logical arrangement of a network. Which of the following encoding methods does not provide for synchronization? A system that perform parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion of a data link. All bits in a character are sent and received in ____ in serial port. The computer that initiates information transfer A logic __ is used for the start bit. _______ encoding has a transition at the beginning of each 0 bit. Unipolar, bipolar, and polar encoding are types of _______ encoding.

In _______encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative. What is the Nyquist sample rate for a voice input of 10 kHz? How many channels does a T2 line carry? Binary codes are sometimes transformed in modem into The baudot code uses how many bits per symbol? An equipment that interfaces the data terminal equipment to the analog transmission line What is produced by a longitudinal redundancy check (LRC)?

Data link control deals with the design and procedures for ______ communication. ________ is a type of transmission impairment in which the signal loses strength due to the resistance of the transmission medium. ________ is a type of transmission impairment in which an outside source such as crosstalk corrupts a signal. ________ is a type of transmission impairment in which the signal loses strength due to the different propagation speeds of each frequency that makes up the signal.

________ provides synchronization without increasing the number of bits. In _________, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent data. Both peak amplitude and phase remain constant. ___________ conversion involves three techniques: line coding, block coding, and scrambling.

Data means

In _______encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative. Which of the following is not an analog-to-analog conversion? In ________, the phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different signal elements. Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant. In what year did computer and terminals start comunicating with each other over long distance? How many number of equiprobable events are there for 8-bits of information?

________ is the process of converting digital data to a digital signal.

The cause of bit errors in data transmission

________ can be achieved by using multiplexing; ______ can be achieved by using spreading.

Before data can be transmitted, they must be transformed to ________.

Given two sine waves A and B, if the frequency of A is twice that of B, then the period of B is ________ that of A.

The signal rate is sometimes called the ____ rate. In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used for __________. The _______ model shows how the network functions of a computer ought to be organized. In a frequency-domain plot, the horizontal axis measures the ________. _________ conversion is the representation of analog information by an analog signal. _______ conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in the digital data.

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a combination of ___________. The lowest layer in the ISO protocol hierarchy. The OSI model consists of _______ layers. The Internet model consists of _______ layers. The capacity of the standard 4-kHz telephone channel with 30 dB S/N is The ______ layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices. The _________ layer enables the users to access the network. The ________ layer is responsible for the process-to-process delivery of the entire message. The ______ layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links. Which OSI reference model layer does Telnet function at? The _______ layer ensures interoperability between communicating devices through transformation of data into a mutually agreed upon format. The _______ layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium. The _______ layer links the network support layers and the user support layers.

The _______ layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without errors. Data communications refers to the tranmission of

In QAM, both ________ of a carrier frequency are varied. Baudot code uses how many bits per symbol?

_________ utilization is the use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals.

Frequency and period are ______. ________is the rate of change with respect to time. If the bandwidth of a signal is 5 KHz and the lowest frequency is 52 KHz, what is the highest frequency? A sine wave in the ______ domain can be represented by one single spike in the _____ domain. What is the smallest unit of information in binary transmission system? Binary codes are transformed in modems into ASK, PSK, FSK, and QAM are examples of ________ conversion. Radio communications between points using a single share frequency In _______ transmission, the channel capacity is shared by both communicating devices at all times. Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves ______________ transmission. A format set of conventions governing the formatting and relative timing of message exchange between two communications system. A television broadcast is an example of _______ transmission. Data flow between two devices can occur in a _______ way. If the bit rate for an ASK signal is 1200 bps, the baud rate is ________. If the baud rate for a 64-QAM signal is 2000, what is the bit rate?

MEO satellites are located at altitudes between km. If the bit rate for a 16-QAM signal is 4000 bps, what is the baud rate? The sharing of a medium and its link by two or more devices is called _______. 100Base-T4 uses ________ line coding.

100Base-TX uses _________ block coding and ________ line coding. 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, and 1000Base-CX use _________ block coding and ________ line coding.

Standard Ethernet (10-Mbps) uses _______ encoding Which of the following encoding methods does not provide for synchronization? _______ encoding has a transition at the beginning of each 0 bit.

In ______, the change or lack of change in the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit. A type of digital encoding technique used to detect collision in CSMA/CD.

In _____, the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit. 100Base-FX uses _________ block coding and ________ line coding. Which encoding method uses alternating positive and negative values for 1s?

Two common scrambling techniques are ________. _______ encoding has a transition at the middle of each bit.

Which of the following is not an advantage of digital transmission? ____ is defined to be the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted through a channel. ____ is the difference between the original and reconstructed signal

Analog-to-analog conversion is needed if the available bandwidth is _______. Baseband transmission of a digital signal is possible only if we have a ____ channel. If the available channel is a ____ channel, we cannot send a digital signal directly to the channel. In _____ transmission, the carrier signal is modulated so that its amplitude varies with the changing amplitudes of the modulating signal.

In TDM, the transmission rate of the multiplexed path is usually _______ the sum of the transmission rates of the signal sources. OSI consists of how many layers of interconnection ___ is a data communications hardware that assist the host computer in handling input and output tasks. ________ uses two carriers, one in-phase and the other quadrature. In _________, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent data. Both peak amplitude and phase remain constant. Digital modulation technique used in modems. In ________, the phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different signal elements. Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant. Which of the following is not a digital-to-analog conversion? In ________, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal elements. Both frequency and phase remain constant. Which mode of transmission achieves less than full-duplex but more than half-duplex. ____ is a device used to convert a time varying electrical quantity to an appropriate from

Signals with a frequency between 2 MHz and 30 MHz use ______ propagation.

Signals with a frequency below 2 MHz use _______ propagation.

Signals with a frequency above 30 MHz use _______propagation.

Set of rules governing the orderly exchange of data information. The use of coaxial cables in interconnecting networks is limited to an overall length of approximately. Use of coaxial cables in interconnecting networks is limited to an overall length of 100Base-T4 uses ________ line coding. 100Base-TX uses _________ block coding and ________ line coding. 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, and 1000Base-CX use _________ block coding and ________ line coding.

Standard Ethernet (10-Mbps) uses _______ encoding Which of the following encoding methods does not provide for synchronization? _______ encoding has a transition at the beginning of each 0 bit.

In ______, the change or lack of change in the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit. A type of digital encoding technique used to detect collision in CSMA/CD.

In _____, the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit. 100Base-FX uses _________ block coding and ________ line coding. Which encoding method uses alternating positive and negative values for 1s?

Two common scrambling techniques are ________. _______ encoding has a transition at the middle of each bit. Error control used in high frequency radio data transmission. ________ is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.

Standard

Protocol

Data specification

Code

B4B8 BCC 7 Odd synchronous data

HDB3 LRC 14 Even isochronous data

none of the above CRC 128 Four nonsynchr asynchronous onous data data B8ZSf VRC 64 Unknown either (a) or (b)

B C D C

byte-oriented bit-oriented an evennumber of

none of the above B an oddnumber of D None of the above A The remainder D HOLLERIT H A

two

no errors

Block coding

Line coding

Scrambling

The divisor EBCDIC

The quotient BAUDOT

The dividend ASCII

Data Data terminal communicatio equipment n equipment (DTE) (DCE) Modem 32H 8H 16h noisy noiseless bandpass Mode of operation

UART 4H low-pass

A A B

Data flow NRZ-L DTE one at a time Master 0 RZ line

None of the above Manchest RZ NRZ-I er DCE Modem FEP simultaneousl in groups of 2 in groups y bits of 3 bits Slave DCE DTE 0 or 1 1 0 and 1 Differential All the Manchester Manchester above Manchest block NRZ er Topology

C A A A A A C A

unipolar 10 kHz 24 octtal codes 5 Modem Parity bit

bipolar 20 kHz 48 Huffman codes 6 Muldem Block check character

polar 30 kHz 96 Gray code 7 Multiplexer CRC process-toprocess Noise Noise Noise

none of the above 40 kHz 672 Hamming code 8 Codec Hamming code

B B C C A A C

node-to-node host-to-host Attenuation Attenuation Attenuation Distortion Distortion Distortion

none of the above A Decibel Decibel Decibel A C B

Scrambling ASK Analog-todigital

Line coding PSK Digital-toanalog

Block coding FSK Analog-toanalog

None of the above A QAM C Digital-todigital D neither digital nor analog A none of the above B QAM D QAM 1980's 512 B A A

digital information

both digital and analog

analog information

unipolar AM ASK 1950's 256

bipolar PM PSK 1960's 132

polar FM FSK 1970's 2400

Block coding

Line coding

Scrambling

Noise

Equipment

Human encoder

None of the above B Poor S/N ratio at the receiver A

Efficiency; privacy and antijamming

Privacy and Privacy and antijamming; efficiency; efficiency antijamming

electromagnet aperiodic periodic signals ic signals signals

Efficiency and antijammi ng; privacy A lowfrequency sine waves B indetermi nate from B none of the above A

one-half

twice

the same as

baud

bit

signal

bit transfer CCITT peak amplitude Digital-toanalog Digital-toanalog

synchronizatio none of baud transfer n the above C OSI ISO ANSI B frequency Analog-toanalog Analog-toanalog phase Analog-todigital Analog-todigital slope B Digital-todigital B Digital-todigital A none of the above Data link layer eight Eight

ASK and FSK

PSK and FSK Transport Network layer Physical layer layer three five seven Three Five Seven 455225 bps transport transport transport transport Transport transport transport transport 42525 bps network application network network Network network network network 39846 bps session data link data link data link Session data link data link data link

ASK and PSK

B B C B

39840 bps C physical physical physical C B A

physical B Applicatio n D presentati on D physical session D A

transport voice

network video

data link

physical facsimile computer data signal

C C

frequency and phase and amplitude frequency 9 7

amplitude and none of phase the above C 5 8 C None of the above B none of the above A Voltage C 57 KHz phase; time Nibble octal analog-todigital Full/duple x halfsimplex D A C C B C C

Frequency

Bandwidth

Amplitude

inverse of each proportional other to each other the same Amplitude Time Frequency 5 KHz time; frequency Byte hexadecimal digital-todigital Simplex simplex simplex Simplex simplex simplex 300 300 10 KHz frequency; time Digit 47 KHz time; phase Bit

Hullman code Gray code digital-toanalog-toanalog analog Full duplex half-duplex half-duplex Tail circuit half-duplex half-duplex 400 400 Half-duplex full-duplex full-duplex Queuing full-duplex full-duplex 600 1000 5000 and 15,000 1000

automatic A Protocol automatic all of the above 1200 12000 D A D D D

5000 and 3000 and 5000 10,000 300 400 modulation NRZ encoding 8B6T

none of the above 1200 multiplexi line discipline ng Manchest MLT-3 er

C C D B

4B/5B; NRZ 4B/5B; NRZ

8B/10B; NRZ 8B/10B; NRZ

NRZ NRZ-L RZ

AMI RZ Manchester

8B/10B; 4B/5B; MLT-3 NRZ 8B/10B; 4B/5B; MLT-3 NRZ differentia l Manchest Manchester er Manchest NRZ-I er Differential All the Manchester above both (a) and (b) UPNRZ both (a) and (b)

C B

C A C

NRZ-I UPRZ

NRZ-L BPRZ

neither (a) nor (b) A Manchest er D

NRZ-I 4B/5B; NRZ-I NRZ-I

NRZ-L 8B/10B; NRZ RZ

NRZ and RZ RZ Noise immunity Bit rate Quantizing noise

AMI and NRZ Manchester Ease of multiplexing Baud rate Fade margin

neither (a) nor (b) 8B/10B; 4B/5B; MLT-3 NRZ Manchester AMI Manchest er and differentia l B8ZS and Manchest HDB3 er Differential All the Manchester above Ease of Bandwidth encryptio utilization n channel Coding capacity Noise Nosie margin figure either (a) or (b) low rate low rate

B A D

C D

C D A

low-pass low-pass low-pass

band-pass bandpass bandpass

neither (a) nor (b) B high rate A high rate B none of the above A

AM

PM

FM

greater than 3 Hub ASK ASK ASK ASK ASK ASK

less than 5 Cluster controller PSK PSK FSK PSK PSK PSK

equal to 7 Front end processor FSK FSK PSK FSK FSK FSK Isochronous ADC/DAC

not related to 9 Concentra tor QAM QAM MSK QAM AM

A C C D C C B D

Full/full duplex Echoflex Codec Transducer

QAM A Synchrono us B Modem B none of the above B none of the above A

ground

sky

line-of-sight

ground

sky

line-of-sight

ground sky CCIR Recommendati on Protocol 1500 ft 1500 ft NRZ 4B/5B; NRZ 4B/5B; NRZ 1500 km 1500 m 8B6T 8B/10B; NRZ 8B/10B; NRZ

none of line-of-sight the above C CCITT Recommendat ion Standard B 1500 m 1500 km 1500 kft 1500kft Manchest MLT-3 er 8B/10B; 4B/5B; MLT-3 NRZ 8B/10B; 4B/5B; MLT-3 NRZ differentia l Manchest Manchester er Manchest NRZ-I er Differential All the Manchester above C B B C B

NRZ NRZ-L RZ

AMI RZ Manchester

C A C

NRZ-I UPRZ

NRZ-L BPRZ

both (a) and (b) UPNRZ both (a) and (b)

neither (a) nor (b) A Manchest er D

NRZ-I 4B/5B; NRZ-I NRZ-I

NRZ-L 8B/10B; NRZ RZ

NRZ and RZ RZ FEC

AMI and NRZ Manchester ARQ

neither (a) nor (b) 8B/10B; 4B/5B; MLT-3 NRZ Manchester AMI Manchest er and differentia l B8ZS and Manchest HDB3 er Differential All the Manchester above Hamming Parity

B A D

C D B

Demodulating Multiplexing

Compressing

None of the above B