"

"

.

:

,
, ) (40
:
-1

-2

-3

, .

:
-1

-2

-3

-4

.

)(107

"
"

-5
:

) ( )
(119
,
" .
,
, " ).(57 ,2000 ,
"
" ) , .(3 , 2000 ,
,

, .

"
,
"
).(9 ,1991 ,

" "

)(107

"
"

,
, ,
. " "
, ) ,
.(34 ,1991
,



,
,


, " ) .(697 ,2003 ,
,
) (1981 ) (2000
) (2000 ) ( 1994
) ( 1985 ) ( 1985
) (2003

) (

)(107

"
"

) (





) (2003 ) (1988
) (1991 ) . (1993

:
:
,
.
:
-1

-2

-3

.
-4

)(107

"
"

.
:
:
-1

.
-2

.
-3

) (.
-4

) (.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
-3 .
- 4 .
:
-1

) ,,

)(107

"
"

)( ,(.
-2

.
-3

29/1/1428 29/2/1428 .
-4 ) (40 .
:
-1

-2

-3

.
:
:
Ozborn

) Ozborn,2001,151,152

(.

) , .(99 2002 ,
:
.

)(107

"
"

:
) ( ) ,
. (15 ,2002 ,
, Torrance

)
.) Torrance,1963,22 )
,
"
) (
) .(84 , 2002 ,
:

, ,
.
:
:
) .(207 1984
:

.

)(107

"
"

:
,
.
:
)(
:
(Sternberg(1988:

.


) .(199679
" ,


" ) .(96 , 2000 ,
:


) (64,1997 ,
) (Amabil ,1984

)(107

"
"

).(66,1987 ,

, )

, ) ,2000 ,
.(10
, )
(13 , 2005 , ,
,
)
.(11 ,2000 ,
:
) (1982
, ,
,
,
.
:
)( :

)(107

"
"

-1

: .

-2

.
-3

- - :

.
-4

.
:
-1

: .

-2

: ) (

-3

: .

-4

) .(14 , 2003 ,
)(:
" )(

, , , ,
" ) , . (99 ,2002 ,

.
,

)(107

"
"

)
.(115 , 2002 ,


" )

Osborn,2001,151-

.( 152
:
-1

-2

-3

-4

:
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

:
-1

-2

.

)(107

"
"

-3

) , (.

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

6 12.

-10 )
) (2002 , ) (1999 ,) (2000 ,
) (1995 ,,.(2002 ,
)( :


:
"
" ,
).(18 , 2004 ,


. : ,
"" ""

)(107

"
"

). (17 , 2004 ,
,
,

.

,
,
.
) (45 , 1989 ,

"
, ,
, " ) .(46 ,1989


.
:

) .(2003692
Collins and Gentner) ((1980 :
:

)(107

"
"

. .

.
) .(200534
:
-1

) .( 1994

.

-2

) (2000
" ,

"

.
-3

) ( 2000

,
.
-4

) (2000

,

)(107

"
"

.
-5

) (2003

,

.
-6

) (2003

.
-7

) (2006

.
:
) (1981


.
) (1983

)(107

"
"

,
.
) (1985


.
, ) (1989


.
) (1991

.
) (1993
,,
.
.
:


)(107

"
"

. ,
,
,


) (
) (
)(
.
:
-1

:
- :
: , , )( , ,
.
:

) (

)(107

"
"

, ,.(
) (2004 ) .
) (2004 ).( ) (2006
) (1997
) (1999 ,
, ,
:
-1: .
-2: .
-3: ) (
.
-4: , .
) (160
:

.
:
) ,
(32 ,1978 ,85
.
:

)(107

"
"

) (1997
.
:

, ) (160

% 25
) (4 %25 %50 3
%50 %75 , %75
%100
.
-2) * : ( -2 -
-1

: :

.
:
:
-1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .

)(107

"
"

- 6 .
- 7 .
- 8 .
- 9 .
- 10

- 11

- 12

- 13

-2

:
,
, .

.
- :

, "
, , .
, , ,

)(107

"
"

, .
- :
-:
-1: .
-2: .
-:
-1 .
-2 ) ( .
- :

, ,
.

.
-3) * : (-3 -
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
-4 )* : (-4 -

)(107

"
"

,
) (1986 ) (1988 ) (1994
) (2000

:
:
.
::
,
) (100.
-5 )* : (-5 -
- :
) ,
, )( ,
.
- :
,
.
- :

)(107

"
"

: ) (30 .

: ) (70 .
) (100 .

) ( ,
(55 ,1978 ,86 .
:
-1 :

) (40 , .
-2 :

.
-3 :
,
.
-4 :

, , ,

)(107

"
"

.
, ,
, , ,
,
, .
.
-5 :

, )( ) ,
(32 , 1991 :
) (1
.

40

636

3430 15,9

)(

39

2,71

10,74

0.01

,

) (1994 ) (2000 ) (2000 )
(1981 ) (1983 ) (1991 ) (1993
) (2003 .(02003

)(107

"
"

:
) (2
.

%25

10%

%50

15%

%75

24%

%100

51%

%10 %15
%24 %51
%25

) . (2003
:
) (225 , 1984 ,

1.8 .


, ..
:

)(107

"
"

-2

-3

,

,

) .(2
) (3

.

)(3

)(3

)(4

)(4

32,84

9,38

39,60

7,26

82,36

15,37

99,83

10,80

,


.

)(107

"
"

)(
.
) (4
.

)(

429

10,75

299

39

2,71

7,73

0.01

, )( )(


) (
) (2000
) .(2003
:
-

.

)(107

"
"

%25
%50 %75 %100

%10 %15 %24 . %51

.

:
-1

)(107

"
"

.
-2

-3

.
:
-

)(107

"
"

:
.1

1993 .

.2

.1996

.3

1988
.

.4

, 1989 1 .

.5

2003 .

.6

. .
2004 .

.7

"
" 1988 .

.8

,. 1999 .

.9

1994 .

.10

. ,
. 2001 .

.11

)(107

"
"

,. 2004 .
. 12

2000 2 .
" "

. 13

2000
.

.14

, . 1991 , .

. 15

2000 .

. 16

1994 .

. 17

2003 2 .

.18

"

1998 .

. 19

, 2002 2 .

.20

"
1986 .

. 21

)(107

"
"

2000 2 .
. 22

. 1984

. 23

2000 .

. 24

, 1999 1 .

. 25

2002 1 .

. 26

2004 .

. 27

, 1991 1 .
,1

. 28
1978 .
. 29

2000 .

.30

22000 .

. 31

2005 1 .

.32

2000 .

. 33

.
1984 .

. 34

)(107

"
"

2005 48 .
. 35

2005 .

. 36
.2005

)(107

"
"

:
1.

Albano, Charles, The effects of an experimental training Program on the Creative Thinking Abilities of
Adults. Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol. 46, No. 19, pp. 809, 1985.

2.

Collins, Allan and Gentner , Dedve, A Frame work for a Cognitive Theory of writing , In Gregg Wlee and
Steinberg R Erwin (eds) Cognitive processes in writing, Lawrence Erlbum Associates,Inc,NJ.1980.

3.

CORMACK. M, and JOSEPH, A. " The Effect of Selected teaching " Methods on Creative Thinking
Self- evaluation and achievement of students enrolled in an elementary science education methods courses "
Colorado State College 1969.

4.

De bono, E, Interview with EDWARD DE BONO. OMNI, spring: 50-71-1982.

5.

Elaine .S. The effect of a basic movement education program on the creative thinking skills and self-concept
of gifted students Dissertation, Abstract International. Vol. 41. No. 8, pp3407 , 1981.

6.

Hinnant, B. A study of De Bono's PMI Thinking tool as a mean of enhancing student writing performance
DAI Vol. 53 No. 11, pp378,1993.

7.

Jenna Lee, H: A Qualitative Evaluation Study of Thinking Skills Program for teachers and Students ".
PHD. University of Denver, 1989.

8.

Osborn, A, applied Imaginalion Prin Ciples And Proced Ures of Creative problem solving,3rd ed, Charles
Scribnerls Some,united states of America,2oo1

9.

Renzulli, Joseph. The assessment of Creative Products in Programs for gifted and talented students. Gifted
Educational International. Vol. 6, No. 3, pp128 134, 1991 .

10.

Sternberg, R (ed) , The Nature Of Creativity London , Cambridge university press, 1988.

11. Torrance, Guiding creative Taletn,1

st

ed Engle Wood Cliffs, New Jersey, prentice Hall,1963.

(107)