J.N. REDDY Distinguished Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas ACM College Station 1X 19843-31 An Introduction to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSAbout the Author J. N. Reddy is Distinguished Professor and the Holder of Oscar $. Wyatt Endowed Chair in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Prior to the current position, he was the Clifton C. Garvin Professor in the Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI&SU), Blacksburg, Virginia. Dr. Reddy is internationally known for his contributions to theoretical and applied mechanics and computational mechanics. He is the author of over 300 journal papers and dozen other books, including Introduction to the Finite Blement Method (Second Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1993; Theory and Analysis of Elastic Plates, Taylor & Francis, 1999; Fnergy Principles and Variational Methods in Applied Mechanics (Second Edition), John Wiley, 2002; Mechanics of Laminated Plates and Shells: Theory and Analysis, (second Edition) CRC Press, 2004; An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Finite Blements (coauthored with J. T- Oden), John Wiley, 1976; Variational Methods in Theoretical Mechanics (conuthored with J. T. Oden), Springer-Verlag, 1976; The Finite Blement Method in Ileat Transfer and Pluid Dynarnies (Second Edition; coauthored with D. K. Gartling), CRC Press, 2001; and Professor Reddy is the recipient of the Walter L. Huber Civil Bugineering Research Prize of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the Worcester Reed Warner Medal and the Charles Russ Richards Memorial Award of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the 1997 Archie Higdon Distinguished Féueaior Award from the American Society of Engincering Education (ASEE), the 1998 Nathan M. Newmark Medal from the American Society of Civil Engineers, the 2000 Excellence in the Field of Composites from the American Society of Composites, the 2000 Faculty Distinguished Achievement Award for Research and the 2003 Bush Breellence Award for Faculty in International Research from Texas A&M University, and the 2003 Computational Solid Mechanics Award from the U.S. Association of Computational Mechanics (USACM). Ds. Reddy is a Fellow of ASCE, ASME, the American Academy of Mechanics (AAM), the American Society of Composites, the U.S. Association of Computational Mechanics, the International Association of Computational Mechanics (ACM), and the Aeronautical Society of India (ASI). Professor Reddy is the Editor-in- Chief of Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, International Journal of Computational Engineering Science and International Journal of Structural Stability and Dymarnics, and he serves on the editorial boards of over two dozen other journals, inchiding International Journal for Numerical Methods in Begineering, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, and International Journal of Non- inear Mechanics.: ] Preface 1 Introduction | 1.1 Mathematical Models j 1.2 Numerical Simulations } 1.3 The Finite Element Method 1.4 Nonlinear Analysis 1.4.1 Introduction 1.4.2 Classification of Nonlinearities 1.5 The Big Picture References 2 The Finite Element Method: A Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 One-Dimensional Problems 2.2.1 Governing Differential Equation 2.2.2 Finite Element Approximation 2.2.3 Derivation of the Weak Form 2.2.4 Interpolation Functions 2.2.5 Finite Element Model 2.3 Two-Dimensional Problems 2.3.1 Governing Differential Equation 2.3.2 Finite Element Approximation 2.3.3 Weak Formulation 2.8.4 Finite Element Model 2.3.5 Interpolation Functions 2.3.6 Assembly of Elements 2.4 Library of Two-Dimensional Finite Elements 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Triangular Elements 2.4.3 Rectangular Elements 2.5 Numerical Integration 2.5.1 Preliminary Comments 2.5.2 Coordinate Transformations 2.5.3 Integration Over a Master Rectangular Element 2.5.4 Integration Over a Master Triangular Element Contents xvii sas oeee u 13 B 13 2B 4 16 18 22 24 ye 2 28