Lêi Nãi ®çu: Å N Tèt Nghiöp: HTTTD GSM V Híng PH T Trión Gprs GVHD: L©M Hång TH CH

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch
GVHD:
Li ni u Mng GSM vi nhng u im ni bt nh: dung lng ln, cht lng kt ni tt, tnh bo mt cao,... c mt ch ng vng chc trn th trng vin thng th gii. Khi vn Internet ton cu v cc mng ring khc pht trin c v quy m v mc tin ch xut hin nhu cu v dch v truyn s liu mi lc, mi ni. Ngi s dng c nhu cu v cc dch v mi nh: truyn s liu tc cao, in thoi c hnh, truy cp Internet tc cao t my di ng v cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin khc. Thng tin di ng GSM mc d s dng cng ngh s nhng v l h thng bng hp, h tr tc s liu cao nht l 9,6 kbit/s v c xy dng trn c ch chuyn mch knh nn khng p ng c cc dch v mi ny. Cc nh khai khc GSM buc phi nng cp mng p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng. i vi cc nh khai thc GSM, khng th c c vic nng cp thng ln cng ngh W-CDMA vi cc gii php v chi ph chp nhn c. Qu trnh nng cp l mt qu trnh phc tp, yu cu cc phn t mng mi vi cc my u cui mi. Do vy, vn cn cn nhc y chnh l cc kha cnh v kinh t v k thut cho vic nng cp, buc cc nh khai thc phi suy tnh. Chnh v vy, GPRS l s la chn ca cc nh khai thc GSM nh mt bc chun b v c s h tng k thut tin ln 3G. Trong thi gian hc tp ti khoa in t vin thng trng i hc bch khoa h ni vi s tn tnh ch bo ca cc
SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung
GVHD:
thy c trong khoa cng vi kin thc c trau ri nn em chn ti khai thc v tm hiu r hn v h thng thng tin di ng GSM v dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS. Mi kin thc thu thp c trong thi gian hc tp ti khoa in t vin thng v trong qu trnh thc tp tm hiu ti liu em trnh by tng hp trong n tt nghip ny nhng v thi gian cn hn hp kin thc chuyn mn cn hn ch nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st em rt mong c s gp ca cc thy c v cc bn b trong khoa. Li cm n su sc u tin em xin gi ti thy gio hng dn Lm Hng Thch cng cc thy c trong Khoa TVT i hc Bch khoa H Ni gip em hon thnh n ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n! H Ni, Thng 6 nm 2008.
Sinh vin: ng th thu dung
GVHD:
Phn I: Tng quan v mng thng tin di ng GSM Chng I: Gii thiu mng thng tin di ng 1.1 Lch s mng thng tin di ng. m u cho vic tm hiu tng quan v mng thng tin di ng, chng ta cng nhn li lch s pht trin ca nghnh thng tin lin lc bng v tuyn. Nm 1873 sng in t c Maxwell tm ra nhng mi ti nm 1888 mi c Hertz chng minh bng c s thc tin. Sau t lu Marcony chng t c sng v tuyn l mt hin tng bc x in t. T c m ln lao ca con ngi v mt iu k diu trong thng tin lin lc khng dy c c s tr thnh hin thc. Tri qua thi k pht trin lu di, ti nay vic thng tin lin lc gia cc i tng vi nhau bng sng v tuyn c ng dng rng ri. Vi k thut lin lc ny, mi i tng thng tin u c kh nng lin lc c vi nhau bt c iu kin hon cnh, a hnh hay bt c iu kin khch quan no. Trn c s nhng u im ca k thut lin lc khng dy m k thut thng tin ra i. Cng vi s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cng ngh in t v thng tin, mng thng tin di ng ngy cng ph bin, gi c phi chng, tin cy ngy cng cao. Th h th nht: Xut hin sau nm 1946, Vi k thut FM (iu ch tn s) bng sng 150 MHz, AT & T c cp giy php cho in thoi di ng thc s St.Louis. Nm 1948 mt h thng n thoi hon ton t ng u tin ra i Richmond, Indiane. L th h thng tin di ng tng t s dng cng ngh truy cp phn chia theo tn s (TDMA) Tuy
SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung 1
GVHD:
nhin, h thng ny khng p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng trc ht v dung lng. Mt khc cc tiu chun h thng khng tng thch nhau lm cho s chuyn giao khng rng nh mong mun (ra ngoi quc t). Nhng vn ny t ra cho th h th hai thng tin di ng cellular phi gii quyt. Th h th hai: Cng vi s pht trin ca Microprocssor m ca cho mt h thng phc tp hn. Thay cho m hnh qung b vi my pht cng sut ln v anten cao l nhng cell c din tch b v cng sut pht nh hn, p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng v dung lng. H thng s dng cng ngh a truy nhp EGSM, DS -1800. Th h th ba: Bt u nhng nm sau ca thp k 90 l k thut CDMA&TDMA ci tin, p ng c vic tng tc tc trun v cc dch v trong mng. 1.2. Mng thng tin di ng GSM. T u nhng nm 1980, sau khi cc h thng NMT hot ng mt cch thnh cng th n biu hin mt s hn ch : - V dung lng thit k c hn m s thu bao khng ngng tng. Do h thng ny khng cn p ng c na . - Cc h thng khc nhau ang hot ng khng th phc v cho tt c cc thu bao Chu u, ngha l thit b mng NMT khng th thm nhp vo mng TACS v ngc li. phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v phn chia theo m (CDMA) m c trng l mng GSM,
GVHD:
- Nu thit k mt mng ln phc v cho ton Chu u th kh thc hin c v vn u t qu ln. V vy, p ng yu cu phm vi s dng in thoi di ng c rng ri trn nhiu nc, cn phi c h thng chung. Thng 12-1982, nhm c bit cho GSM (thng tin di ng ton cu) c hi bu chnh v vin thng Chu u CEPT (Confrence European Postal And Telecommunication Administration) t chc, ng nht h thng thng tin di ng cho Chu u ly di tn 900MHz. Cho n nm 1989, nhm c bit GSM ny tr thnh mt u ban c bit ca vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u ETSI (European Telecommunication standart Instute) v cc khuyn ngh GSM 900MHz ra i. GSM l tiu chun cho mng thng tin di ng mt t cng cng PLMN (Public Land Mobil Network), vi di tn lm vic (890-960)MHz. y l mt tiu chun chung, iu c ngha l cc thu bao di ng c th s dng my in thoi ca mnh trn ton chu u. Giai on mt ca tiu chun GSM c ETSI hon thnh vo nm 1990. N lin quan ti cc dch v thng tin c bn (thoi, s liu) v tc thng tin Ton tc- Full rate, tn hiu thoi tng t c m ho vi tc 13 kb/s. Giai on hai c hn thnh vo nm 1994. N lin quan dn cc dch v vin thng b sung vo tc thng tin bn tc - Half rate tn hiu thoi tng t c m ho vi tc 6,5 kb/s. Cc ch tiu phc v :
GVHD:
H thng c thit k sao cho thu bao di ng c th hot ng tt c cc nc c mng GSM. Cng vi phc v thoi, h thng phi cho php s linh hot ln nht cho cc loi dch v khc lin quan ti mng a dch v ISDN. To mt h thng c th hot ng cho cc thu bao trn tu vin dng nh mt mng m rng ca cc dch v di ng mt t. Phi c cht lng phc v t nht l tng ng vi cc h thng tng t ang hot ng. H thng c kh nng mt m thng tin ngi s dng trnh s can thip tri php. K hoch nh s da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT. H thng phi cho php cu trc v t l tnh cc khc nhau khi c dng cc mng khc nhau. Dng h thng bo hiu c tiu chun ho quc t. Nu MS di chuyn sang vng nh v mi th n phi thng bo cho PLMN v vng inh v mi m n ang . Khi c cuc gi n MS th thng bo gi s c pht trong vng nh v m MS ang .
1.3. H thng t ong. 1.3.1. Cu trc mng GSM. Mng t ong GSM c cu trc t nhng n v nh nht l (cell). Trn s a l qui hoch mng, cell c dng t ong hnh lc gic. Trong mi cell c mt i v tuyn gc BTS (Base Transceiver Station). BTS lin lc v tuyn vi tt
GVHD:
c cc my thu bao di ng MS (Mobile Station) c mt trong cell. Dng cell c minh ha nh sau:
Hnh 1.1. Khi nim v bin gii ca cellular Su BTS bao quanh to thnh cc ng bin hnh lc gic u, biu th vng ph sng ca mt cell. Khi MS di chuyn ra khi vng , n phi c chuyn giao lm vic vi BTS ca mt cell khc. c im ca cellular l vic s dng li tn s v kch thc ca mi cell kh nh.
GVHD:
Khong cch cell s dng Li tn s

Freq Grou p Freq Grou p Freq Grou p
Freq Grou p
B
Freq Grou p
Freq Grou p
C
Freq Grou p
Freq Grou p
F
Freq Grou p
G
Freq Grou p
C
Freq Grou p
B
Freq Grou p
Freq Grou p
E
Freq Grou p
A1
Freq Grou p
G
Freq Grou p
C
Freq Grou p
F
Freq Grou p
D1
Freq Grou p
A2
Freq Grou p
C
Freq Grou p
D2
Hnh 1.2. Khi nim v bin gii ca cellular Kch thc ca cell tu thuc vo s thu bao trong vng v cu trc a l ca tng vng. Do s tng trng lu lng khng ngng trong mt cell no dn n cht lng gim st qu mc. khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta tin hnh vic chia tch cell xt thnh cc cell nh hn. Vi chng ngi ta dng cng sut pht nh hn v mu s dng li tn s c dng t l xch nh hn.
GVHD:
Hnh 1.3. Tng dung lng h thng bng cch chia cell. Thng thng, cc cuc gi c th kt thc trong mt cell. Vi h thng thng tin di ng cellular phi c kh nng iu khin v chuyn mch cuc gi t cell ny sang cell khc m khng lm nh hng n cuc gi. iu ny lm cho mng di ng c cu trc khc bit vi cc mng c nh. Mng thng tin di ng s cellular thc cht l mng mt t cng cng PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network). PLMN cung cp cho cc thu bao kh nng truy cp vo mng thng tin di ng ton cu t MS n MS. Do c tnh di ng ca MS, mng phi theo di MS lin tc xc nh MS hin ang trong cell no. iu ny c thc hin bi khi nim vng nh v LA (Location Area). Vng nh v l
GVHD:
mt nhm cell lin thng nh hn ton b lnh th m PLMN qun l. Khi MS di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc trong cng mt vng nh v th MS khng cn thng bo cho PLMN v v tr hin thi ca mnh. 1.3.2. Cu trc a l mng. Mi mng in thoi cn mt cu trc nht nh nh tuyn cc cuc gi vo n cng tng i cn thit v cui cng n cc thu bao b gi. mt mng di ng cu trc ny rt quan trng do tnh lu thng ca cc thu bao trong mng. *Vng mng:Tng i v tuyn cng (GATEWAYMSC) iu khin cc ng truyn gia mng GSM/PLMN v mng PSTN/ISDN khc hay cc mng PLMN khc s mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc cuc gi vo cho mng GSM/PLMN s c nh tuyn n mt hay nhiu tng i v tuyn cng GMSC. GMSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho GSM/PLMN. y l ni thc hin chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi cho cc cuc gi kt cui di ng n cho php h thng nh tuyn n mt tng i v tuyn cng GMSC. GMSC c chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi. mt vng mng GSM/PLMN tt c cc cuc gi kt cui di ng s c nh tuyn n mt tng i v tuyn cng (GMSC. GMSC c chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi . * Vng phc v MSC/VLR: Vng MSC l mt b phn ca mng c mt MSC qun l. nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng,
GVHD:
ng truyn qua mng s ni n MSC vng phc v MSC ni thu bao ang . Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC/VLR. Vng phc v l b phn ca mng c nh ngha nh mt vng m c th t n mt trm di ng nh vic trm MS ny c ghi li mt b ghi nh v khch ( VLR ). GSM vng MSC v vng phc v bao ph cng mt b phn ca mng (MSC v VLR lun lun c thc hin cng mt nt. Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC/VLR.
III
IV
MSC
VLR
MSC
VLR
GMSC MSC VLR MSC VLR
Hnh 1.4. M t vng phc v MSC/VLR * Vng nh v (LA-Location Area): Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v. Vng nh v l mt phn ca vng phc v
GVHD:
MSC/VLR m mt trm di ng c th chuyn ng t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i MSC/VLR iu khin vng nh v ny. Vng nh v ny l mt vng m thng bo tm gi s c pht qung b tm mt thu bao di ng b gi. Vng nh v c th c mt s v ph thuc vo mt hay vi BSC nhng n ch ph thuc mt MSC/VLR. H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh v (LAI Location Area Identity). Vng nh v c h thng s dng tm mt Mobile Station ang trng thi hot ng
10
GVHD:
LA1
LA2
VLR
LA3
MSC
LA4
LA5
LA6
Hnh 1.5 : Phn chia vng phc v MSC/VLR thnh cc vng nh v LA * (Cell): Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s , l mt vng bao ph v tuyn c nhn dng bng nhn dng ton cu (CGI - Cell Global Identity). Trm di ng t nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC - Base Station Identity Code).
LA1
LA2
VLR
LA3
MSC
LA6
1 2 3
LA4
LA5
Hnh 1.6 : Phn chia vng theo cc
11
GVHD:
1.3.3. Phng php truy nhp knh v s liu cc h thng trn th gii Ph tn s quy nh cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh 2N dI tn s k tip, cch nhau mt di tn s phng v. Mi gii tn s c gn cho mt knh lin lc, N di k tip dnh cho lin lc hng ln, sau mt di tn phn cch l N di k tip dnh cho lin lc hng xung. c im: Mi MS c cp pht i knh lin lc sut thi gian thng tuyn. Nhiu giao thoa do tn s cc knh ln cn nhau l rt ng k. BTS phi c b thu pht ring lm vic vi mi MS trong cellular. H thng FDMA in hnh l AMPS( Advanced mobile Phone System). Cc tin tc ti thiu v AMPS cn quan tm c gii thiu phn cui mc ny. a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access. Ph tn s quy nh cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh cc di tn lin lc, mi di tn lin lc ny c dng chung cho N knh lin lc, mi knh lin lc l mt khe thi gian trong chu k mt khung. Tin tc c t chc di dng gi, ch th cui gi, cc bit ng b, cc bit bo v v cc bit d liu. c im : Tn hiu ca thu bao c truyn dn s. Lin lc song cng mi hng thuc cc gii tn lin lc khc nhau. Gim nhiu giao thoa. Gim s my thu pht BTS. Pha inh v tr truyn dn l nhng vn phc tp : ISI (giao thoa gia cc k hiu), mt ng b. a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Mi MS c gn mt m ring v k thut tri
12
GVHD:
ph tn hiu gip cho cc MS khng gy nhiu ln nhau trong iu kin c th cng mt lc dng chung di tn s. c im: Di tn tn hiu rng hng MHz. S dng k thut tri ph phc tp. K thut tri ph cho php tn hiu v tuyn s dng c cng trng rt nh v chng pha inh hiu qu hn FDMA, TDMA. Vic cc thu bao MS trong cell dng chung tn s khin cho thit b truyn dn v tuyn n gin H thng TDMA in hnh l GSM. GSM t Chu u n nhiu ni trn th gii, trong c Vit nam. t c thnh tu nh hin nay l thnh qu ca hng trc nm nghin cu v pht trin. ISDN PLMN 2.1. Cu trc mng. PSPD HLR SSVLR N CSPD N PSTN
Kt ni cuc v truyn dn
AUC CHNG II : tng quan H THNG GSM. HLR MS EIR
H thng chuyN mch
OMC
gi
BSS
BSC BTS
H thng trm gc
tin tc tc
Truyn dn tin
MS
Hnh 2.1- M hnh h thng thng tin di ng cellular
13
GVHD:
OMC : H thng khai thc v bo dng chuyn mch AUC : Trung tm nhn thc v tm tr HLR :B ghi nh v thng tr thit b nhn dng thit b MSC :Tng i di ng BSS : H thng trm gc BSC :i iu khin trm gc a dch v PSPDN : Mng chuyn mch gi mch S cng theo mng PSTN : Mng chuyn mch in mt t cng thoi cng cng cng CSPDN :
HSS : H thng VLR : B ghi nh EIR: Thanh ghi
BTS : i v tuyn gc MS : My di ng ISDN: Mng s lin kt Mng chuyn
PLMN : Mng di ng cng
14
GVHD:
2.2. Cc khi chc nng. 2.2.1. Trm di ng : 2.2.1.1. Chc nng v cc loi MS : Trm di ng l mt thit b u cui di ng, l phng tin gia ngi v mng. MS c chc nng v tuyn chung v chc nng s l truy cp mng qua giao din v tuyn. S la chon thc hin i vi cc nh sn xut c th khc nhau nhng u phi to ra mch t hp theo mt giao tip chun MS c th truy cp n tt c cc mng. MS thc hin chc nng: - Hin th s b gi. - Chn mng PLMN. - Hin th v xc nhn cc thng tin nhn. My di ng MS gm 2 thnh phn: - Thit b thu, pht, bo hiu ME (mobile Equipment). - Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identity Register). a. Thit b my di ng ME (mobile Equipment). ME c b phn y phn cng cn thit phi hp vi giao din v tuyn chung, cho php MS c th truy cp n tt c cc mng. ME c s nhn dng l IMEI (International mobile Equipment Identity) nh kim tra IMEI ny m ME b mt cp s khng c phc v. Thu bao thng ch tip xc vi ME m thi, c 3 loi ME chnh: - Loi gn trn xe (lp t trong xe, anten ngoi xe).
GVHD:
- Loai xc tay (Anten khng c gn trc tip trn thit b) - Loi cm tay (Anten c gn trc tip trn thit b). Tu theo cng sut pht, ME c mt s loi:
Loi
Cng sut pht
thu
nhy
my
20W(khng dng)
-104 dBm
2 3 4 5
8W (39 dBm) 5W (37 dBm) 2W (33dBm) 0,8W dBm ) (29
-104 dBm -104 dBm -102 dBm -102 dBm
Hnh 2.1. Bng phn loi cc loi ME. b. Modul nhn dng thu bao SIM (Subcriber Identity Module). SIM l mt ci kho cho php MS c dng. Nhng l ci kho vn nng. Dng nhn dng thu bao v tin tc v dch v m thu bao ng k. S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t IMSI l duy nht v trong sut qu trnh ngi dng GSM thit lp ng truyn v tnh cc da vo IMSI. SIM cng c phn cng, phn mm cn thit vi b nh lu tr 2 loi tin tc: Tin tc c th c hoc thay i bi ngi dng v tin tc khng th v khng cn cho ngi s dng bit. Cc thng s trong SIM c bo v, Ki khng th c,
GVHD:
IMSI khng th sa i. Mt s thng s khc trong SIM cn c cp nht : LAI. SIM c thit k khng th lm gi. Ngi dng c th s dng mt khu ring PIN (personal Identity Namber) phng ngi khc dng SIM phi php. Ngoi ra SIM cn cha thng tin tnh cc v thc hin thut ton nhn thc. SIM : Module nhn dng thu bao cha mt s thng tin nh : - S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t IMSI (International Mobile Subcriber Identity). nhn dng thu bao c truyn khi khi to. IMSI khng th sa i. - S nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi TMSI (Temporary Mobile subcriber Identity). Qun l vic thay i TMSI thu bao khng b theo di giao din v tuyn. - S nhn dng vng nh v LAI (Location Area Identity). - Kho nhn thc thu bao Ki. nhn thc SIM card. Ki khng th c c - S in thoi ca thu bao Station ISDN) MSISDN = M quc gia + M vng + M thu bao. Cc thng s ca SIM c bo v 2.2.2. H thng trm gc BSS (Base Station System). BSS thc hin gim st cc ng ghp ni v tuyn, thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi dng trm di ng vi ngi dng vin thng khc. BSS thc hin : - iu khin s thay i tn s v tuyn ca ng ghp ni vi s thay i cng sut di ng MSISDN (Mobile
17
GVHD:
Pht v tuyn. M ho knh v m ho thoi, phi hp tc truyn tin. Qun l chuyn giao (Handover). Bo mt knh v tuyn. H thng trm gc BSS bao gm 3 phn chnh : - Trm thu pht BTS. - Phn h iu khin trm gc BSC. - B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU. - H thng chuyn mch mng NSS (Network Switching System) Cc phn ny c lin kt vi nhau v c ni vi MSC qua ng truyn 2Mbp. NSS
ng truyn 2,048Mbps theo chun G703
TRAU
Chuyn i thoi 13Kbps---64Kpbs Thch ng tc s liu
iu khin BTS Khi u cc lin kt knh iu khin chuyn giao trong v gia cc BTS Ni vi MSC,BTS v
BSC
BTS
Sng mang v tuyn TX v RX Sp xp knh vt l M ho knh
18
GVHD:
MS Hnh 2.2- H thng trm gc 2.2.2.1. Trm thu pht v tuyn BTS (Base Tranceiver Station). L thit b trung gian gia mng GSM v my di ng MS, BTS cung cp cc chc nng thu, pht trao i thng tin vi MS qua giao din v tuyn. Mt BTS ph sng cho mt (hay mt s) khu vc nht nh gi l (cell). BTS c th cha mt hay mt s my thu pht v tuyn TRX (Tranceiver ). BTS thc hin cc chc nng : - Pht qung b thng tin h thng trn BCCH di s iu khin ca BSC. - Pht cc thng tin tm gi trn CCCH. - n nh cc knh DCCH di s iu khin ca BSC. - Qun l tn hiu thu pht thng tin trn cc knh vt l. - M ho ghp knh v gii m. - iu khin cng sut. - o cht lng. - Bo dng. 2.2.2.2 .B iu khin trm gc BSC (Base Station Controller). BSC c dng iu khin cc BTS. S lng BTS ny c th khc nhau gia cc nh sn xut v c th b gii hn bi dung lng, lu lng ca mi BTS hn l cc nhn t khc. BSC
19
GVHD:
cha cc chc nng chuyn mch ng v hot ng nh mt im tp trung gia mng v tuyn v MSC. BSC thc hin cc chc nng : Qun l v tuyn. Qun l v tuyn chnh l qun l cc v cc knh logic ca chng. Cc s liu qun l nh: Lu lng thng tin mt , mi trng v tuyn, s lng cuc gi b mt, s ln chuyn giao thnh cng hay tht bi. p ng s thu bao ngy cng tng BSC phi c thit k sao cho d dng t trc li cu hnh c th qun l c s lng knh v tuyn ngy cng tng v tng c hiu qu s dng ca lu lng v tuyn cho php. Qun l trm v tuyn gc: Trc khi a vo khai thc, BSC lp cu hnh ca BTS (S my thu pht TRX, tn s cho mi trm) Nh vic qun l ny m BSC c sn mt tp cc knh dnh cho iu khin v ni thng cuc gi. iu khin ni thng cuc gi: BSC chu trch nhim thit lp v gii phng cc u ni ti my di ng. Trong qu trnh gi, s u ni c BSC gim st. Cng tn hiu, cht lng cuc ni o c my di ng v my thu pht c a ti BSC, da vo BSC quyt nh cng sut pht tt nht ca trm di ng (MS) v trm thu pht (TRX) gim nhiu v tng cht lng cuc gi. BSC cng iu khin qu trnh chuyn giao da vo cc kt qu o c trn chuyn giao MS sang khc, t cht lng cuc gi tt hn. Trong trng hp chuyn giao sang ca mt BSC khc th n phi nh s gip ca MSC. Bn cnh , BSC c th iu khin chuyn giao
20
GVHD:
gia cc knh trong mt hoc sang knh khc trong trng hp ny b nghn nhiu. Qun l mng truyn dn: BSC c chc nng qun l cu hnh cc ng truyn dn ti MSC v BTS m bo cht lng thng tin. Trong trng hp xy ra s c mt tuyn no th BSC s iu khin chuyn mch sang mt tuyn d phng. Nh khai thc c th t trung tm bo dng (OMC) np phn mm mi v d liu xung BSC thc hin cc trc nng khai thc v bo dng hin th cu hnh ca BSC. 2.2.2.3. B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU ( Transcode Rate Adaption Unit) m bo b rng ca di tn, ting qua giao din v tuyn ca GSM c m ho vi tc 13Kbps nh vic s dng b m ho d on tuyn tnh LPC (Linear Prediction Code) Trong mng GSM, MSC kt ni vi tng i ISDN hot ng trn cc mch tc 64Kbs. Bi vy cn phi c s chuyn i gia tc 13Kbs (LPC) v tc 64Kbs (PCM) trong mng GSM gia MS v MSC. Vic chuyn i ny thc hin nh b chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU. Chc nng thch ng tc p ng tc truyn d liu l 9,6Kbps v thp hn. Sau n c chuyn thnh tc 64Kbps truyn qua MSC. V nguyn tc th TRAU l mt b phn ca BSS nhng thng th n t xa BSC v c t cng vi MSC.
21
GVHD:
2.2.3. H thng chuyn mch SS (Switching System). H thng chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca GSM cng nh cc d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l trao i thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng GSM vi nhau v ngi dng mng vin thng khc. 2.2.3.1. Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng MSC (Mobile Servise Switching Center). MSC l mt tng i thng thng, nhim v chnh ca MSC l iu phi v thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng mng GSM. Mt mt MSC giao tip vi BSS mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi i hi cng thch ng giao thc vi cc b nh v HLR, VLR m bo thng tin cho nhng ngi s dng mng. MSC c giao din vi tt c cc phn t thuc mng (VLR, HLR, AVC) v vi cc mng khc PSTN, ISDN. 2.2.3.2. B ghi nh v thng tr HLR (Home Location Register). B ghi nh v thng tr HLR l mt c s d liu quan trng GSM. N lu tr thng tin vmh cu v thng tin tm thi, nh nh v MS nhn dng thu bao, cc dch v s liu tnh cc v thu bao ng k trong mng nh: . Trng thi ca thu bao ng k.
22
S hiu nhn dng thu bao IMSI, MSISDN. Cc dch v c quyn s dng ca thu bao. S hiu nhn dng VLR hin MS ang truyn v VLR
GVHD:
Lu s nhn dng chuyn giao MSRN (Mobile Subcriber Roaming Number).
2.2.3.3. B ghi nh v tm tr VLR (Visiter Location Regiter). B ghi nh v tm tr c kt hp trong phn cng ca MSC. VLR lu gi tm thi s liu thu bao ca cc thu bao hin ang nm trong vng phc v ca MSC tng ng, ng thi lu gi v v tr ca cc thu bao ni trn mc chnh xc hn HLR. Khi MS di chuyn vo vng qun l ca MSC th thng tin nh v thu bao c cp nht vo VLR ca vng nh: - Nhn dng vng nh v LAI. - Trng thi bn hay ri ca thu bao. - S chuyn giao MSRN. - S nhn tm thi TMSI. 2.2.3.4. Trung tm nhn thc AUC. Trung tm nhn thc c chc nng cung cp cho HLR cc thng s nhn thc v cc kho mt m to ra 3 b m kho nhn thc cho tng thu bao: - Mt khu SRES. - Kho mt m Ki. - S ngu nhin RAND. Khi ng k thu bao, kho nhn dng thc Ki cng vi IMSI c dnh ring cho thu bao ny v c lu gi trung tm nhn thc AUC cung cp b 3 m ho. Trong qu trnh khi to cuc gi, h thng s dng b 3 m kho nhn thc xc nh quyn truy cp vo h thng ca thu bao.
GVHD:
2.2.3.5. Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identification Regiter) Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b bo v mng PLMN khi s truy cp mng ca nhng thu bao tri php bng cch so snh s IMEI ca thu bao gi ti khi thit lp thng tin vi s IMEI lu gi trong EIR. Nu khng ng, th thu bao khng c truyn truy nhp mng. Thu bao c phn loi 1 trong 3 danh sch sau: Danh sch trng ( White List ) : Bt k thu bao no c
danh sch trng th c truy cp vo mng m s dng dich v m mnh ng k. Danh sch xm (Gray List ) : nhng thu bao truy cp c Danh sch en (Black List) : Tt c cc thu bao c danh Trung tm khai thc v bo dng OMC danh sch xm th phi kim tra. sch en u khng c truy cp vo mng. 2.2.4. (Operation and Maintenance Center ). OMC bao gm phn v tuyn (OMC-R) v phn chuyn mch (OMC-S), l mt mng my tnh cc b LAN s dng h iu hnh UNIX v cc phn mm ng dng cho GSM. H thng ny cng vi cc phn t khc ca mng nh: MSC,VLR, qua giao din X25 nhm gim st, iu hnh, bo dng mng v qun l thu bao mt cch tp trung, H thng ny l ni cung cp thng tin quan trong cho vic thit lp k hoch xy dng v m rng mng. 2.3. Cc giao din ni b mng.
24
GVHD:
ISD N SSS DN ISD N SSS DN ISD N SSS DN ISD N SSS DN ISD N SSS DN
SS
VLR
DDD D
AU C HLR
C
VLR
Ngoi vi B
EIR
F
MS
OM
BSS
BS
Abits
Ngoi vi
BT
U
Hnh 2.3. h thng cc giao din ca mng GSM 2.3.1. Giao din v tuyn Um (MS BTS). Giao din v tuyn l giao din gi BTS v thit b thu bao di ng MS. y l giao din quan trng nht ca GSM, ng thi n quyt nh ln nht n cht lng dch v. Trong GSM, giao thc v tuyn s dng phng thc phn knh theo thi gian v phn knh theo tn s: TDMA,
25
GVHD:
FDMA, GSM s dng bng tn 900MHz v 1800MHz. y ta xt GSM900. Mi knh c c trng b mt tn s sng mang gi l knh tn s RFCH (Radio Frequency Channel) cho mi hng thu pht, cc tn s ny cch nhau 200KHz.Ti mi tn s, TDMA li chia thnh 8 khe thi gian hay 8 khe thi gian c truyn bi mt sng mng. Trong tng lai khi ng dng GSM pha 2 hay tc Half-rate (bn tc) th s khe s l 16. Trong GSM900, mi knh vt l l mt khe thi gian mt sng mng v tuyn c ch nh 890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz
ng ln
ng xung
45MHz
Di thng tn mt knh vt l l 200KHz, di tn bin cng rng 200KHz. Vi ng xung. Ta c th tnh c tn s trung tm cho ng ln v dng xung mi di theo cng thc sau: ng ln: ( MHz) ng xung: FU(n) = FL(n) + 45MHz ( MHz) Trong n l s lng di thng tn 1 n 124.
GSM900 c 124 knh tn s RFCH
(890 915)Mhz cho ng ln v RFCH (935 960)Mhz cho
FL(n) =890 + 0,2.n
GVHD:
Mi knh vt l cha mt cp knh tn s RFCH cho mi hng thu, pht. Mt knh c dng truyn mt nhm knh nht nh thng tin c gi l knh logic. Mi knh vt l c th gn cho mt hoc mt s knh logic. Knh logic c phn thnh 2 loi: knh lu lng TCH (Trafic Channel) v knh iu khin CCH (Control Channel). Knh lu lng TCH mang thng tin thoai hoc s liu. C 2 loi knh lu lng: Knh ton tc TCH/F: 22,8Kb/s Knh bn tc TCH/H:11,4Kb/s Knh iu khin CCH c dng truyn cc thng tin qun l giao din Um (truyn kt qu o cng trng t MS n BTS) hoc cc gi s liu (nh dch v bn tin ngn SMS: (Short Message Service). knh iu khin c 3 loi: Knh iu khin qung b BCCH Knh iu khin chung CCCH (Broadcast Control (Common Control Channel). Channel). Knh iu khin chuyn dng DCCH (Dedicate Control Channel). Knh iu khin qung b BCCH: Pht thng tin qung b lin quan n vng nh v v cc thng tin v h thng. BCCH (BTS MS): - Knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel): Hiu chnh tn s trong MS vi tn s h thng (BTS MS) ch dng cho tuyn xung
27
GVHD:
Knh ng b SCH (Synchronous Channel): SCH mang
thng tin ng b khung TDMA gia MS v tn s h thng. MS lun lun o c cng trng 6 cell ln cn thng bo v h thng thng qua knh FACCH. Cc thng tin ng b c lu tr khi MS chuyn giao xang cell khc th n c ti ng b. Knh iu khin chung CCCH: Bao gm cc knh phc v cho qu trnh thit lp cuc gi hoc tm gi cng nh qung b cc bn tin trong t bo. CCCH lm vic cho c hng ln v hng xung: - Knh iu khin truy cp ngu nhin RACH (Random Access Channel) MS dng truy cp v h thng yu cu mt knh dnh ring SDCCH - Knh tm gi PCH (Paging Channel): Mang thng tin xc nh mt MS trong vng nh v thng qua s nhn dng IMSI tm trm di ng - Knh cho php truy nhp AGCH (Access Grant Channel): ch c dng nng xung. AGCH c dng gn ti nguyn MS. - Knh qung b cell CBCH (Cell Broadcast Channel): CBCH c dng truyn bn tin qung b ti tt c MS trong (cell) nh thng tin v lu lng, s dng knh vt l nh knh SDCCH. Knh iu khin chuyn dng DCCH: DCCH c gn cho MS thit lp cuc gi v hp thc ho thu bao. DCCH bao gm : ch nh mt knh dnh ring SDCCH cho
28
GVHD:
- Knh iu khin chuyn dng n l SDCCH: (Stand alone Dedicate Channel):dng cho c hng trc khi mt knh lu lng TCH c ch nh. - Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH (Slow Assocated Control Channel): Mi knh SACCH lin kt vi mt knh SDCCH hoc mt knh TCH mang thng tin v iu khin cng sut hoc ch th cng trng thu c. - knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH (Fast ACCH): FACCH mang thng tin v cp nht hoc chuyn giao, FACCH lin kt nhanh vi TCH ch ly cp Stealing mode. Bng cch thay i lu lng ting hay s liu bng bo hiu. - Phng thc bo hiu trn giao din v tuyn s dng giao thc lp 2 trong m hnh OSI l LAPDm khng c chc nng bo hiu, sa sai, bn tin LAPDm phi t va vo cc cm. Cn lp 3 (Lp ng dng), giao thc c phn thnh nhiu loi tu thuc vo chc nng mng: 2.3.2.Giao din AbitS iu khin BTS (BSC----BTS) AbitS l giao din gia BTS v BSC, t cch xa trn 10m (cu hnh t xa) c s dng trao i thng tin tc thu bao (thoi, s liu,) v thng tin iu khin (ng b). AbitS s dng ng truyn chun PCM32 (2Mb/s) vi m sa sai CRC4 ca CCITT, G732. Giao thc bo hiu theo chun CCITT l LAPD. 2.3.3. Giao din A (BSC----MSC) Giao din A l giao din gia BSC v MSC qua b chuyn i m TRAU c th c gn lin hay tch ri vi BSC. Cng
ln
v hng
xung, phc v cp nht v qu trnh thit lp cuc gi
GVHD:
ging nh diao din AbitS, giao din A s dng cc lung chun PCM32 (2Mb/s) vi m sa sai CRC4 ca CCITT, G703, bo hiu trn giao din l CCS7. Cc h thng c TRAU t ti BSC th knh lu lng ti MSC l 64kb/s. - Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RR (Radio Resource Menagement): X l vic thit lp, duy tr, kt thc cuc ni ca dch v di ng. - Qun l di ng MM ( Mobile Menagement): Nhim v chnh ca qun l di ng MM l thc hin nhn thc v cp nht v tr, cp pht lai TMSI v bo mt ca trm di ng - Qun l ni thng CM (Interconnection Menagement): qun l ni thng l lp con cao nht trong cc lp con lp 3. Vic ny trao i cc mu tin gia mng vi thu bao ch gi cng nh thu bao b goi c s l lp con ny. Qun l ni thng c chia thnh 3 phn: + iu khin cuc gi (Call Control). + H tr cc dch v dc th SSS (Subplementery Service Support). + Dch v bn tin ngn SMS (Short Messsage Service). 2.3.4. Giao din B (MSC----VLR) Giao din B l giao din gia MSC----VLR c tiu chun ho cho GSM phase 1. thu bao, cc tham s quanh vic chuyn giao, s nhn dng ca thu bao vng lai v cc s liu cn trao i gia tng i v thu bao trong cng thi gian ni mch.
30
GVHD:
Hin nay cc hng u ch to VLR v MSC vo chung mt thit b cho nn Giao din ny s dng s liu gia MSC v VLR nh cc s liu v quyn truy cp mng din ny khng cn quan trng na. 2.3.5. Giao din C (MSC----HLR) Giao din ny s dng bo hiu s 7 CCS7. MSC s dng giao din ny truy nhp HLR ly s liu trong cc trng hp nh: S thu bao di ng vng lai MSRN khi c cuc gi t mng c nh vo mng di ng qua GMSC (Gate MSC). Thng tin nh tuyn HLR ti GMSC khi c cuc gi t mng c nh vo mng di ng. 2.3.6. Giao din D (VLR ----HLR) Giao din D s dng bo hiu s 7 CCS7 trao i s liu v cc thu bao di ng gia cc c s d liu ca VLR v HLR: Cc tham s v ti nguyn truy cp mng ca thu bao. - Ti thit lp li s liu ca thu bao trong VLR khi cn thit. Thit lp mi s liu v thu bao cho VLR khi thu bao di chuyn sang vng phc v ca tng i khc. - Khi c cuc gi t mng c nh vo mng GSM th HLR s chuyn cc yu cu ca GMSC v MSRN cho VLR. - Thit lp mi s liu ca thu bao cho VLR khi thu bao chuyn t vng phc v ca tng i khc ti. X l v lu tr cc thng tin v dch v b xung (Supplementery Service) khi c thu bao no yu cu.
31
GVHD:
2.3.7. Giao din E (MSC----MSC) L giao din gia cc tng i trong mng GSM. Giao din E c dng thit lp cc cuc ni gi cc thu bao thuc vng kim sot ca cc tng i khc nhau. Giao din ny s dng cc lung PCM32 (2Mb/s) cng cc knh CCS7 thc hin cc trc nng: - Di chuyn cuc ni t MSC ny xang MSC khc khi mch ang c ni cho thu bao thc hin cuc gi v ang di chuyn, c gi l Handover hoc Roaming. - Trao i cc thng tin iu khin cuc gi gia MSC v thu bao khi xy ra Handover. - Thit lp hay hu cuc ni t MSC ny sang MSC khc. 2.3.8. Giao din F (EIR----MSC) Giao din ny s dng CCS7 trao i s liu v nhn dng thit b thu bao vng lai IMEI (International Mobil Equiment Indentity) vi c c d liu c ghi sn trong b ghi nhn dng thit b ca mng EIR (Equiment Identification Register) khi cn kim tra cc thu bao di ng. 2.3.9. Giao din G ( VLR VLR ) Giao din G l giao din gia cc VLR vi nhau. Giao din ny c s dng trao i s liu v thu bao di ng trong qu trnh thit lp v lu gi h khu tm tr ca cc thu bao . Giao din G x dng CCS7 trao i thng tin: Gi cc yu cu v IMSI (International Mobile Subcriber Indentity) t VLR c sang VLR mi.
32
GVHD:
Gi cc yu cu v tham s quyn truy nhp thu bao t VLR ny sang VLR khc khi thu bao ang di chuyn khi khu vc ca MSC ny sang MSC khc. 2.3.10. Cc giao din ni b khc. Ngoi cc giao din trn, trong ni b mng GSM cn c cc giao din khc nh: - Giao din H (HLR ---AUC). Nhng hai b phn ny thng c thit k trn cng mt thit b nn giao din H khng c chun ring. - Giao din M gia BSC v TRAU qua giao din ny TRAU s chuyn i cc knh lu lng t BSC vi tc 16 Kbps thnh 64Kbps v ngc li. - Giao din T gia BSC v bn iu hnh cc b LMT ( Local Maintenance Terminal) thng thng s dng giao thc X25. LMT thng l mt my PC chuyn dng. 2.4. Cc giao din ngoi vi. 2.4.1. Giao din vi OMC. y l giao din gia OMC v cc phn t ca mng nh MSC, VLR, HLR, AUC, BSCDo chc nng ca BSS v NSS khc nhau nn cc OMC hin nay c thit k ring cho tng phn h thng. Tuy nhin trong tng lai c th c mng s c mt MSC duy nht. Giao din ny nhm mc ch iu hnh, khai thc v bo dng cc phn t trong mng nh: - Qun l thu bao: Nhp mng hay ri mng, tnh cc, ng k v gim st cc dch v. - Qun l s c: Pht hin v l s c. - Qun l lu lng, to lp cu hnh.
GVHD:
Hin nay cha c tiu chun chung cho giao din ny ngha l vic ghp ni gia OMC ca cc hng ny vi phn t ca cc hng khc s gp phi kh khn, nhn chung cc hng u dng tiu chun X25. 2.4.2.Giao din vi mng thoi cng cng PSTN. Giao din gia mng GSM vi mng PSTN c chun ho bng cc lung PCM 32 (2Mbps) vi cc h thng bo hiu CCS7 hay MFCR 2 tu thuc vo mng thoi. Ch c cc dch v c mt hai mng mi cung cp c cho cc cuc ni c lin quan ti thu bao trong mng thoi. 2.4.3.Giao din vi mng s a dch v ISDN. Giao din mng GSM vi ISDN c chun ho theo tiu chun giao din ca ISDN (giao din s cp) v s dng h thng CCS7 cung cp cc dch v thoi, s liu. 2.4.4.Giao din mng chuyn mch gi PSDN Giao din vi mng s liu X25 cng c tiu chun ho trong mng GSM. Cu trc ca giao din ph thuc vo yu cu c th ca tng mng khai thc. Trong thc t vic cung cp cc dch v s liu trong mng GSM theo tiu chun X25 kh phc tp v phn cng cng nh phn mm ca mng, do vy gi thnh cao. 2.4.5. Giao din vi PLMN qua PSTN/ISDN: Giao din gia cc mng GSM vi nhau thng qua mng c nh PSTN hay ISDN c tiu chun ho cho GSM. Gia MSC ca hai mng c 2 loi bo hiu c trao i khi ni mng:
34
GVHD:
- Cc chc nng x l cuc gi c bn, ph thuc vo h thng bo hiu ca mng c nh (CCS7 hay R2). - Cc chc nng ca MAP (Mobile Application Part) c quy nh trong SCCP ca CCS7 nh: Di chuyn cuc ni t MSC ny sang MSC khc khi ang ni mch (thu bao ang thoi v di chuyn). 2.5. Cc loi hnh dch v trong mng GSM. 2.5.1. Dich v in thoi. - Chuyn hng cuc gi v iu kin. - Chuyn hng cuc gi khi thu bao di ng b bn. - Chuyn hng cuc gi khi khng tr li. - Chuyn hng cuc gi khi khng n c MS. - Chuyn hng cuc gi khi nghn v tuyn. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra quc t. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra quc t tr cc cuc gi n cc nc c PLMN thng tr. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi n. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi n khi lu lng ngoi nc c PLMN thng tr. - Gi cuc gi. - i cuc gi. - Chuyn giao cuc gi. - Hon thnh cuc gi n thu bao bn. - Nhm ngi s dng khp kn. - Dch v 3 pha.
35
GVHD:
- Thng bo cc ph. 2.5.2. dich v s liu. - Truyn dn s liu. - Dch v bn tin ngn
Chng III: Vn chia v S dng tn s 3.1. Nguyn tc s dng tn s theo chia 3.1.1. S dng tn s Thng tin di ng b hn ch v tn s, v vy s dng hiu qu tn s v tuyn l yu t quan trng nht phc v cng nhiu thu bao cng tt. Ngi ta a ra cc phng php sau s dng hiu qu tn s: - Gim rng bng tn ca mt knh cng nhiu cng tt.
36
GVHD:
- S dng hiu qu cc knh v tuyn bng cch to ra kh nng cho nhiu u cui s dng chung nhiu knh v tuyn trong mt v tuyn. - S dng li tn s dng trong mt vo mt v tuyn bng cch gi cc ny cch nhau ln hn mt khong cch nht nh. - Cc tiu ho kch thc . 3.1.2. S ti s dng tn s trn mng 3.1.2.1. C s l thuyt Nguyn l c s khi thit k cc h thng t ong l cc mu c gi l cc mu s dng li tn s. Theo nh ngha th mu s dng li tn s l s dng cc knh v tuyn trn cng mt tn s mang ph cho cc vng a l khc nhau. Cc vng ny phi c cch nhau c li ln mi nhiu giao thoa ng knh chp nhn c. Nu c th bit trc, mt c bit s s dng nhng knh m cng c dng trong nhng khc, ti mt khong cch s dng li. iu ny c ngha l nhng m s nh hng bi s nhiu ca mt h thng knh t khc s dng cng nhng knh ny. Tm li mc bao ph c bn c gii hn bi iu ny nhiu hn nhiu t tn hiu trng ngoi. Mt vn trong thit k h thng Cellular l iu khin nhiu ny n mc chp nhn c. N c th lm c bng s iu khin khong cch ti s dng knh. Khi khong cch ny cng ln suy ra mc nhiu cng t.
GVHD:
Mc tn hiu thu c C ca sng mang mong mun s cao hn mc nhiu I ca tt c cc knh v mc nhiu A ca cc knh ln cn. S hot ng ca tn hiu thu mong mun s cao hn s hot ng ca tn hiu phn x R. Nhng gi tr c tin c h thng GSM l : C/A> -9 dB ; C/I 10dB. C/A: Khi 1 tn s c ti s dng nh m hnh 3/9 th mt s nng lng ca tn s ln cn s lt ra ngoi phc v v l nguyn nhn nhiu. S lin h gia tn hiu nhiu v tn hiu hu ch l t s C/A. 3.2. S phn chia . iu r rng l mt cell vi kch thc nh th dung lng thng tin cng tng. Tuy nhin, kch thc nh i c ngha l cn phi c nhiu trm gc hn v nh th chi ph cho h thng lp t trm cng cao hn. Khi h thng bt c s dng s thu bao cn thp, ti u th kch thc cell phi ln. Nhng khi dung lng h thng tng th kch thc cell cng phi gim i p ng vi dung lng mi. Phng php ny gi l chia cell. Tuy nhin, kch thc cell nh hn tc l cn phi thm nhiu trm gc hn, chi ph s cao hn. ng trn quan im kinh t, vic hoch nh cell phi m bo cht lng h thng khi s thu bao tng ln, ng thi chi ph phi l thp nht. p ng c yu cu ny phng php gim kch thc cell c gi l tch cell (cell split). Theo phng php ny vic hoch nh c chia thnh cc 3 giai on sau.
38
GVHD:
3.2.1. Giai on 0
Hnh 3.1 . Cc omni cell ban u Khi mng li mi c thit lp, lu lng cn thp, s lng i pht cn t mng thng s dng cc omni cell vi cc anten v hng, phm vi ph sng rng. 3.2.2. Giai on 1 Khi mng c m rng, dung lg s tng ln, p ng c iu ny phi dng nhiu sng mang hn hoc s dng li nhng sng mang c mt cch thng xuyn hn.
Hnh 3.2.Chia cell giai on 1 Mi s thay i trong quy hoch cu trc tn s phi gn lin vi vic quan tm ti t s C/I. Cc tn s khng th
GVHD:
c n nh mt cch ngu nhin cho cc cell. thc hin c iu ny, phng php ph bin l chia cell theo th t. Hnh 3. Trn cho chng ta thy nhng v tr lc u ca BTS khi mang anten v hng c th c s dng bng cch thay vo l cc anten c hng. Khi , mi v tr ny c th phc v c 3 cell mi, nhng cell ny nh hn v c 3 anten nh hng t v tr ny, gc gia cc anten l 1200. iu ny c th gi l Sector ho cell.Nhng trong GSM lai c s dng nh mt cch to ra v tr 3 cell vi vic s dng anten r qut. Vic chia cell 1:3 c th c tip tc vi phng php c ch ra trong hnh v. Nhng v tr hin ti vn c gi nguyn, nhng anten cn cn quay i so vi lc u mt gc 300 (anticlockwise) thch hp vi nhng mu mi. Nhng v tr mi phi c thit lp. Hiu qu chung s lm cic ti s dng tn s s tng gp 3 ln v do lu lng trong khu vc ny cng tng gp 3 ln. Li ch r rng l chia 3 lin tc lm tng s lng siter. Cng vic ny cn c th c gi l chia 1 thnh 3 cell con v s lng cell v s ln s dng li tn s ca mng s ln nh c thm v tr mi. 3.2.3. Giai on 2 y l qu trnh 1 cell tch thnh 4. Hnh v cho chng ta thy mt phng php kh thi khc l phng php 1 tch thnh 4 (1:4). Tt c cc v tr hin ti ang c s dng khng cn chnh li anten. iu ny lm tng gp 4 ln vic s dng li tn s v dung lng h thng .
40
GVHD:
By gi ta hy xem mt v d thy c s tng dung lng khi thu hp kch thc cell. Gi thit rng h thng c 24 tn s v chng ta bt u t cm 7 cell c bn knh cc i 14Km. Sau , chng ta thc hin cc giai on 1 tch 3 v 1 tch 4. Cng gi thit rng mt thu bao c lu lng 0,02 Erlang vi mc phc v GoS =5%. Vi 24 tn s knh m h thng c tt c l: 24x8=192 knh Trong giai on th nht, khi 1 cm (s nhm tn s) l N =7, th s knh lu lng TCH cho mi cell l: (192 2x7)/7= 25 TCH Trong giai on tip theo, khi mt cm c N=21. S knh lu lng cho mi cell l: (192 21 )/21 = 171/21=8 TCH Trong giai on th nht, ta phi s dng 2 knh cho vic iu khin. Trong cc giai on tip theo ta ch dnh 1 knh cho vic iu khin l . Cn c bng Erlang ta s c bng thng k mt lu lng qua cc bc tch cell nh sau: Bn Giai on 0 1 2 3 knh (km) 14 6 4 2 N TCH/m t 25 8 8 8 Phm vi (km2 ) 499.2 166.4 41.6 10.4 S thu bao/1 999 227 227 227 S thu bao/k m2 2.0 1.4 5.5 21.8 Hiu qu trung k 0.76 0.54 0.54 0.54
7 21 21 21
41
GVHD:
T bng ta thy, trong ln tch th nht dung lng b gim (s thu bao gim t 2 xung 1.4/ km) l do hiu xut trung k b gim khi s knh trn 1 cell t i. Tuy nhin, y l mt bc khng th thiu c thc hin cc bc tip theo. i vi cc bc tip theo l quy trnh 1 tch 4, bn knh cell gim 2 ln, nhng dung lng tng 4 ln. Nh vy ta thy rng bin php cell split lm gim kch thc ca cell. Nhng cng lm tng dng lng ca h thng, bin php ny phi c p dng theo tng giai on pht trin ca mng. Tuy nhin, bin php ny cng c hn ch bi kch thc cell cng c gii hn(gii hn trn l do cng sut bc x ca BTS v MS c hn, gii hn di l do vn nhiu). ng thi vic lp cc v tr trm mi i hi kinh ph ln, vic kho st chn c nhng v tr thch hp cng gp nhiu kh khn (nh trm mt t thit b, xy dng ct anten, mng in li thun tin) gii quyt vn dung lng nhng khu vc c mt rt cao m cc bin php trn khng th gii quyt c, th vic s dng cc minicell v cc microcell s tr nn ph bin vi phm vi ph sng nh, cng sut bc x ca BTS (thng l cc trm Repeater) thp. 3.3. Mu s dng li tn s giai on u ca vic quy hoch tn s , ngi ta chia vng a l thnh cc cm c cu trc ging nhau v phn b sng mang trong cc cm sao cho mi trong cm ny s dng cng cc tn s sng mang nh tng ng cc cm khc . Cc cm ny c gi l mu ti s dng tn s .
42
GVHD:
Khong cch gia cc s dng cng tn s c gi l khong cch ti s dng tn s . Vi R l bn knh Cell s dng li tn s v D l khong cch gia 2 cell s dng chung tn s, hn ch t s C/I th phi tho mn: Tng qut khong cch ny c tnh theo cng thc sau: Dreuse = R 3.N Trong : D l khong cch ti s dng tn s , R l bn
knh , N l kch c cm bng s cm. D R A B C E
Hnh 3-3: Mu s dng li tn s Trong mng thng tin di ng c 3 mu s dng li tn s nh sau: * Mu 3/9 : D = 5,2R
* Mu 4/12 : D = 6R * Mu 7/21 : D =7,9R Din tch vng ph sng ca 1 : S = 2,6.R2 Mng GSM ca Vinaphone s dng mu 4/12 - M hnh 3/9: S dng nhm 9 tn s trong mt mu s dng li tn s 3 i.
GVHD:
- M hnh 4/12: S dng nhm 12 tn s trong 1 mu s dng li tn s 4 i. - M hnh 7/12: S dng nhm 21 tn s trong 1 mu s dng li tn s 7 i. . Mu 3/9 A 1 A 3 B1 B 3 B 2 A3 A2 C 3 B 3 B 1 1 B2 C A 1 1 A 3 C 2 B3 A2 B 1 B2 A1 A 2
A1
Hnh 3-4: M hnh s dng li tn s 3/9. H thng GSM m bo cho php nhiu ng knh cao hn , nn c th quy hoch mng vi cc mu s dng li tn s m khng th quy hoch cc h thng tng t. c th s dng mu 3/9 vi nhy tn v thm ch c th khng nhy tn nu thc hin mt cch cn thn . iu ny vn cha c kim tra v c cc hu qu nghim trng , gim thp ngng C/I danh nh i vi GSM v cc h thng tng t vn cn phi ni n
44
GVHD:
. Mu 4/12
C 3 CC1 2 D3 B2 C 1 C 3 C 2 A3 D1 D2 C 3 A2 B3 B3 C 1 C 2 D3 B2 B2 A3 A1
B1
A2
B1 B3
A1
D1 D2
B1
Hnh 3-5 : M hnh s dng li tn s 4/12. . Mu 7/21 S dng cc nhm 21 tn s , trong mt mu s dng li tn s 7 i
E 3 E1 E 2 B3 B1 B2
G1 G2
C1 C3 C2
C1 C3 C2
G3
A 1 A 3 A 2
F1 F2
D1 D3 D2
D 1 D 3 D 2
F3
E1 E3 E2
45
GVHD:
Hnh 3.7: Quy nh nhm tn s cho cc mu ti s dng tn s
. Quy nh nhm s dng tn s cho cc mu ti s dng tn s c cho hnh v 2-8. Cc c nhm li trong mt mu lp c th hay cn gi l cluster. cc sng mang hu tuyn c pht i gia cc ca cluster theo mt cch thc c h thng. Mi cluster s dng li cng tn s sng mang v tuyn c n nh . S dng cc cluster nh m bo cho dung lng ca vng phc v cao cho cc tn s thng xuyn c s dng li .Tuy nhin t l C/I thp. Cc cluster rng n bo c t s C/I tt hn nhng dng lng li thp . S lng thu bao t do cc tn s khng c s dng li mt cch thng xuyn . Mt thun li ca h thng GSM l kh nng lm vic vi gi tr C/I thp do c giao din v tuyn s. Ni chung cc mu s dng li tn s cho GSM l 3/9, 4/12 , 7/21. Mu 4/12 bao gm 4 site, 12 , mi site phc v cho 3 . Mng ny ph hp vi mt trung bnh , t nh cao tng . Khong cch s dng cho mu ny l D = 6R gi tr ny ln hn mu 3/9. Do vy gim c nhiu ng knh v nhiu ln cn . Tuy nhin dng lng nh hn . V d : mu 3/9 cho (hnh 2-5) Mu 3/9 gm 3 site, mi site ph sng 3 .
46
GVHD:
Bng 2.1 V d phn b 24 tn s cho s 3/9 Cc nhm tn A1 s 1 Cc knh 10 19 2 11 20 3 12 21 4 13 22 5 14 23 6 15 24 7 16 8 17 9 18 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
Nhn vo hnh v v bng phn b tn s ta thy 2 gn nhau cch nhau t nht l 1 knh . V d C2 v B3. Cc knh trong cng mt cch nhau 9 knh . Mu 3/9 c tn s trong cng 1 ln , khong cch gia cc tn s nh hn so vi vic s dng mu 4/12. Kh nng nhiu ng knh v nhiu ln cn cao . Mu ny c p dng cho vng mt thu bao cao , kch thc nh. Tn s sng mang c s dng li tt c cc . Tuy nhin do nhiu ng knh s dng li tn s m vn m bo t l C/I i hi phi c mt khong cch nht nh nh (hnh 2-4) Kch thc nh c im thun li l s sng mang ln tn s sng mang c s dng li nhiu do dng lng ca h thng cao . Tuy nhin t l C/I thp. Ngc li kch thc ln th s sng mang li nh , s dng li tn s t, dung lng ca h thng thp nhng t l C/I cao.
47
GVHD:
* Ch nh knh cho mu s dng li tn s: Nguyn tc ch nh knh cho cc mu s dng li tn s l cc tn s sng mang trong cng 1 BTS phi cch nhau M sng mang v cc tn s trong cng 1 trm (site) hay cng v tr phi cch nhau N sng mang. Do bng tn ca GSM l hn ch do cc nguyn tc trn dn n s sng mang trong 1 Cell l hn ch lm gim kh nng phc v ca Cell. Di y l bng ch nh cho mu 4/12.
Nhm cc tn A s Cc knh 1 1 1 3 2 5 knh Nhn xt:
B 1 2 1 4 2 6
C 1 3 1 5 2 7
D 1 4 1 6 2 8
A 2 5 1 7 2 9
B 2 6 1 8 .
C 2 7 1 9 .
D 2 8 2 0 .
A 3 9 2 1
B 3 1 0 2 2
C 3 1 1 2 3
D 3 12 24
Bng 2-2: Ch nh tn s cho cc
Mu 4/12 dng nhm 12 tn s: A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, D1, D2, D3. Trong c php s dng li 4 i (Site): A, B, C, D. V d: Tn s 1 v 13 cell A1 cch nhau 12 sng mang. Tn s 1 v 5 Site A cch nhau 4 sng mang. * Kh nng p dng:
48
GVHD:
- M hnh 3/9: S sng mang trong cng 1 Cell l tng i ln, tuy nhin khong cch di tn gia cc sng mang l nh do c nhiu kh nng gy nhiu ng knh C/I v nhiu knh ln cn C/A. Kh nng p dng cho nhng vng mt my di ng cao, kch thc Cell nh nhng vng ph sng phi d dng trnh cc nhiu pha inh. M hnh ny ph hp phc v Indoor cho cc khu nh cao tng. - M hnh 4/12: S knh trong 1 Cell nh hn do s dng cho cc vng mt trung bnh. Cc vn nhiu ng knh y khng ng ngi. M hnh ny c th cho php m rng kch thc cell ph hp vi mt trung bnh v t nh cao tng. C th phc v Indoor v Incar. 3.4. Phn b tn s GSM. Trong thng tin di ng GSM s phn b tn s c quy nh nm trong di tn 890 n 960 MHz vi b tr cc knh tn s nh sau: fL = 890MHz + (0,2MHz).n fU = fL + 45MHz Bao gm 125 knh nh s t 0 n 124, knh 0 dnh cho khong bo v nn khng s dng. Trong fL l tn s bn bng tn thp dnh cho ng ln (t trm di ng n trm BTS), fU l tn s bn bng tn cao dnh cho ng xung (t BTS n trm di ng ). Nh vy ta thy di tn s ca mng GSM l c hn . Mun tng dung lng trong mng ny hay ni cch khc l m rng dung lng trong mng ta phi c cc gii php thch hp
n = 0,1,2,3,...,124
GVHD:
v thc t. m bo sao cho ph hp vi tnh thc tin , m bo v mt k thut , cht lng thng tin ...t c hiu qu s dung cao nht vi bng tn c cp pht . iu ny tr thnh mt yu t quan trng nh hng n gi thnh dch v . 3.5. Cc trng hp v th tc thng tin 3.5.1. Tng quan Trc khi kho st cc th tc thng tin khc nhau, hy kho st cc tnh hung c bit ca 1 PLMN c tt c cc thu bao di ng, v th ta quan st MS mt s tnh hung sau: - Tt my: Mng s khng th tip cn n my v MS khng tr li thng bo tm gi. N s khng bo cho h thng v vng nh v (nu c) v MS s c coi l ri mng. - MS bt my, trng thi ri: H thng c th tm gi MS thnh cng, MS c coi l nhp mng. Trong khi chuyn ng, MS lun kim tra rng n c ni n mt knh qung b c thu pht tt nht. Qu trnh ny c gi l lu ng(Roaming). MS cn thng bo cho h thng v cc thay i vng nh v, qu trnh ny c gi l cp nht v tr. - MS bn: Mng v tuyn c mt knh thng tin (knh ting) dnh cho lung s liu ti v t MS trong qu trnh chuyn ng MS phi c kh nng chuyn n mt knh thng tin khc. Qu trnh ny c gi l chuyn giao (Handover). quyt
50
GVHD:
nh chuyn giao h thng phi din gii thng tin nhn uc t MS v BTS. Qu trnh ny c gi l nh v. 3.5.2. Lu ng v cp nht v tr: Coi rng MS trng thi tch cc, ri v ang chuyn ng theo mt phng lin tc MS c kho n mt tn s v tuyn nht nh c CCCH v BCH TSo. Khi MS ri xa BTS ni vi n cng tn hiu s gim. mt thi im no khng xa bin gii l thuyt gia hai ln cn nhau cng ti mc m MS quyt nh chuyn n mt tn s mi thuc mt trong cc ln cn n. chn tn s tt nht n lin tc o cng tn hiu ca tng tn s trong s tn s nht nh ca ln cn. Thng MS phi tm c tn s BCH/CCCH t BTS c cng tn hiu tt hn tn s c. Sau khi t kho n tn s mi ny, MS tip tc nhn thng bao tm gi cc thng bo qung b chng no tn hiu ca tn s mi vn tt. Quyt nh vic thay i tn s BCH/CCCH s c thc hin m khng cn thng bo cho mng. Ngha l mng mt t khng tham gia v qu trnh ny. Kh nng chuyn ng v nh ng thi vi vic thay i ni thng MS giao tip v tuyn ti thi im cn thit m bo cht lng thu c gi l lu ng Roaming.
51
GVHD:
- Khi MS chuyn ng n gia hai cell thuc 2 BTS khc nhau: Ta bit rng MS khng h bit cu hnh ca mng cha n. gi cho MS thng tin v v tr chnh xc ca n h thng gi i nhn dng vng nh v (LAI) lin tc giao tip v tuyn bng BCCH. Khi i vo cell thuc BSC khc MS s nhn thy vng mi bng cch thu BCCH. V thng tin v v tr c tm quan trng ln nn mng phi thng bo v s thay i ny, in thoi di ng qu trnh ny c gi l ng k cng bc. MS khng cn cch no khc l phi c gng thm nhp vo mng cp nht v tr ca mnh MSC/VLR. Qu trnh ny c gi l cp nht v tr. Sau khi pht v tr mi ca mnh ln mng, MS tip tc chuyn ng trong vng mi nh m t trn. - Khi MS chuyn ng gia hai vng phc v khc nhau: Trong trng hp c mt cuc gi vo cho MS, vic chuyn t mt vng phc v MSC/VLR ny sang mt vng phc v MSC/VLR khc c ngha l tuyn thng tin i qua mng cng s khc. tm c nh tuyn ng, h thng phi tham kho b ghi nh v thng tr HLR v th MSC/VLR s phi cp nht HLR v v tr ca MSC/VLR cho MS ca chng ta. Qu trnh cp nht v tr nh sau:
52
GVHD:
(5) xo v tr HLR (3) tip nhn v tr (6) tip nhn xo MSC VLR
(2) Yu cu cp nht v tr MSC VLR
(1) Yu cu
nht v tr
(4) Cng nhn cp nht v tr
Sau khi cp nht v tr thnh cng HLR h thng s hu b v tr c, HLR thng bo hu b v tr cho tng i MSC/VLR c xo v tr c ca MS c lin quan. 3.5.3. Th tc nhp mng ng k ln u Khi MS bt my n s qut giao tip v tuyn tm ra tn s ng, tn s m MS tm kim s cha thng tin qung b cng nh BCH/CCCH c th c. MS t kho n tn s ng nh vic hiu chnh tn s thu v thng tin ng b. V y l ln u MS s dng nn phn mng chu trch nhim x l thng tin ti t MS hon ton khng c thng tin v MS ny, MS khng c ch th no v nhn dng vng nh v mi. Khi MS c gng thm nhp ti mng v thng bo vi h thng rng n l MS mi vng nh v ny bng cch gi i mt thng bo Cp nht v tr mng n MSC/VLR. T gi tr i MSC/VLR s coi rng MS hot ng v nh du trng d liu ca MS ny bng 1 c nhp mng c ny lin quan n IMSI.
GVHD:
3.5.4. Th tc ri mng Th tc ri mng lin quan n IMSI. Th tc ri mng ca IMSI cho php thng bo vi mng rng thu bao di ng s tt ngun, lc ny tm gi MS bng thng bo tm gi s khng xy ra. Mt MS trng thi hot ng c nh du l nhp mng. Khi tt ngun MS gi thng bo cui cng n mng, thng bo ny cha yu cu th tc ri mng. Khi thu c thng bo ri mng MSC/VLR nh du c IMSI ri mng tng ng. 3.5.5. Tm gi Cuc gi n MS c nh tuyn n MSC/VLR ni MS ng k. Khi MSC/VLR s gi i mt thng bo tm gi n MS, thng bo ny c pht qung b trn ton b vng nh v LA ngha l tt c cc BTS trong LA s gi thng bo tm gi MS. Khi chuyn ng LA v nghe thng tin CCCH MS s nghe thy thng bo tm gi v tr li ngay lp tc. 3.5.6. Gi t MS Gi s MS ri v mun thit lp mt cuc gi, thu bao ny s quay tt c cc ch s ca thu bao b gi v bt u th tc ny bng cch n phm pht . Khi ny MS gi i mt thng bo u tin n mng bng CCCH yu cu thm nhp . Trc ht MSC/VLR s ginh ring cho MS mt knh ring, kim tra th loi ca thu bao b gi v nh du thu bao ny trng thi bn. Nu thu bao gi c php s dng mng MSC/VLR s cng nhn yu cu thm nhp. By gi MS s gi i mt thng bo thit lp cuc gi, tu
GVHD:
theo thu bao b gi l c nh hay di ng s ca n s c phn tch trc tip MSC/VLR hoc gi n mt tng i chuyn tip ca mng PSTN c nh. Ngay khi ng ni n thu bao b gi sn sng thng bo thit lp cuc gi s c cng nhn, MS cng s c chuyn n mt knh thng tin ring. By gi tn hiu cui cng s l s khng nh thu bao. 3.5.7. Gi n thu bao MS Gi s c mt thu bao A thuc mng c nh PSTN yu cu thit lp cuc gi vi thu bao B thuc mng di ng. - Thu bao A quay m ni nhn trong nc t ti vng GSM/PLMN. Ni thng c thit lp t tng i ni ht ca thu bao A n GMSC ca mng GSM/PLMN. - Thu bao A quay s ca thu bao B, s thu bao c phn tch GMSC. Bng chc nng hi p GMSC gi MSISDN cng vi yu cu v s lu ng (MSRN) n b ghi nh v thng tr (HLR) - HLR dch s thu bao ca MS c quay vo nhn dng GSM/PLMN: MSISDN IMSI - HLR ch cho MS vng phc v v gi IMSI ca MS n VLR ca vng phc v ng thi yu cu v MSRN. - VLR s tm thi gn s lu ng MSRN cho thu bao b gi v gi n ngc tr v HLR, HLR s gi n v tng i cng GSMC. - Khi nhn c MSRN ng tng i GMSC s c kh nng thit lp cuc gi n vng phc v MSC/VLR ni thu bao B hin ang c mt.
55
GVHD:
- VLR s ch cho thu bao ny vng nh v (LAI) giai on qu trnh thit lp cuc gi h thng mun rng thng bo tm gi thu bao b gi c pht qung b trn vng ph sng ca tt c cc ca vng nh v ny. V vy MSC/VLR gi thng bo tm gi n tt c cc BTS trong vng nh v. - Khi nhn c thng tin tm gi, BTS s pht n ln ng v tuyn knh tm gi PCH. Khi MS trng thi ri v nghe knh PCH ca mt trong s cc thuc vng nh v LA, n s nhn thng tin tm gi, nhn bit dng IMSI v gi tr li v thng bo tm gi. - Sau cc th tc v thit lp cuc gi v sau khi gn cho mt knh thng tin cuc gi ni trn ddc ni thng n MS knh v tuyn. 3.5.8. Cuc gi ang tin hnh, nh v By gi ta xem xt iu g s xy ra khi mt trm di ng trng thi bn chuyn ng xa dn BTS m n ni n ng v tuyn. Nh ta va thy MS s dng mt knh TCH ring trao i s liu /tn hiu ca mnh vi mng khi cng ri xa BTS, suy hao ng truyn cng nh nh hng ca phadinh s lm hng cht lng truyn dn v tuyn s. Tuy nhin h thng c kh nng m bo chuyn sang BTS bn cnh. Qu trnh thay i n mt knh thng tin mi trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi hay trng thi bn c gi l chuyn giao. Mng s quyt nh v s thay i ny. MS gi cc thng tin lin quan n cng tn hiu v cht lng truyn dn n BTS qu trnh ny c gi l cp nht. MS
56
GVHD:
v mng c kh nng trao i thng tin v bo hiu trong qu trnh cuc gi c th ng b chuyn vng. Trong qu trnh hi thoi knh TCH dnh ring, MS phi tp trung ln TCH ny v th khng th mt knh khc dnh ring cho bo hiu. Mt l do khc na l s lng knh c hn nn h thng khng s dng 2 knh cho cng mt hng, vic t chc truyn dn s liu trn knh TCH sao cho cuc ni chuyn cng nh thng tin v bo hiu c gi i trn 1 knh. Lung s liu s c pht i theo mt trnh t chnh xc c MS ln BTS c th phn bit gia cuc ni chuyn v cc thng tin bo hiu. By gi ta quay li vic nh v, trc ht BTS s thng bo cho MS v cc BTS ln cn v cc tn s BCH/CCCH. nh thng tin ny MS c th o cng tn hiu cc tn s BCH/CCCH ca trm gc ln cn, MS o c cng tn hiu ln cht lng truyn dn TCH bn ca mnh. Tt c cc kt qu o ny c gi n mng phn tch su hn. Cui cng BTS s quyt nh chuyn vng. BSC s phn tch cc kt qu o do BTS thc hin TCH bn. Tm li BSC s gii quyt 2 vn : + Khi no cn thc hin chuyn vng + Phi thc hin chuyn vng ti BTS no Sau khi nh gi chnh xc tnh hung v bt u qu trnh chuyn vng, BSC s chu trch nhim thit lp mt ng ni thng n BTS mi. C cc trng hp chuyn vng sau: - Chuyn giao trong vng 1 BSC:
57
GVHD:
trng hp ny BSC phi thit lp mt ng ni n BTS mi, dnh ring mt TCH ca mnh v ra lnh cho MS phi chuyn n 1 tn s mi ng thi cng ch ra mt TCH mi. Tnh hung ny khng i hi thng tin gi n phn cn li ca mng. Sau khi chuyn giao MS phi nhn c cc thng tin mi v cc ln cn. Nu nh vic thay i n BTS mi cng l thay i vng nh v th MS s thng bo cho mng v LAI mi ca mnh v yu cu cp nht v tr. - Chuyn giao gia hai BSC khc nhau nhng cng mt MSC/VLR: Trng hp ny cho thy s chuyn giao trong cng mt vng phc v nhng gia hai BSC khc nhau. Mng can thip nhiu hn khi quyt nh chuyn giao. BSC phi yu cu chuyn giao t MSC/VLR. Sau c mt ng ni thng mi (MSC/VLR BSC mi BSC mi) phi c thit lp v nu c TCH ri, TCH ny phi c dnh cho chuyn giao. Sau khi MS nhn c lnh chuyn n tn s mi v TCH mi. Ngoi ra sau khi chuyn giao MS c thng bo v cc ln cn mi. Nu vic ny thay i BTS i cng vi vic thay i vng nh v MS s gi i yu cu cp nht v tr trong qu trnh cuc gi hay sau cuc gi. - Chuyn giao gia hai vng phc v MSC/VLR: y l trng hp chuyn giao phc tp nht nhiu tn hiu c trao i nht trc khi thc hin chuyn giao. Ta s xt 2 MSC/VLR. Gi MSC/VLR c (tham gia cuc gi trc khi chuyn giao) l tng i phc v v MSC/VLR mi l tng i ch. Tng i c s gi yu cu chuyn giao
58
GVHD:
n tng i ch sau tng i ch s m nhn vic chun b ni ghp ti BTS mi. Sau khi thit lp ng ni gia hai tng i tng i c s gi i lnh chuyn giao n MS. 3.6. Nhng hn ch ca cng ngh GSM 2G 1. Do nhu cu thng tin di ng ngy cng tng, c bit l nhu cu cn c mt h thng thng tin di ng ton cu. Cc t chc tiu chun ho quc t xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba- 3G. Mc tiu ch yu ca h thng 3G l kh nng tng thch v ng nht trong mi trng quc t. H thng c kh nng phc v trong mt khu vc, mi ngi s dng c kh nng truy nhp h thng bt k ni no trong khu vc . H thng 3G ngoi dch v thoi truyn thng cn c kh nng cung cp mt s dch v truyn d liu v cc dch v b xung khc. Do cc tiu chun ch thc hin c trong phm vi khu vc nn thng tin di ng ton cu khng thc hin c. y l nhc im ca h thng thng tin di ng 3G do m cn phi c mt h thng thng tin di ng mi ra i p ng c mc tiu ton cu ho. Hay ni cch khc mc tiu l hnh thnh mt h thng thng tin di ng duy nht trn th gii. Hn ch ny khng cho php mi ngi c th lin lc vi nhau d bt k v tr no trn th gii. 2. GSM s dng ng truyn d liu chuyn mch knh i xng vi tc 9,6kb/s, nhng thc t nhu c ca ngi s dng cc dch v internet, th in t trn ng truyn d liu di ng tng nhanh. i hi tc ng truyn d liu cng phi c tng ln. GSM 2G li khng p ng c iu , v vy truyn d liu mt cch khng hiu qu.
GVHD:
Phn II : Dch v v tuyn gi chung v hng pht trin i ln ca cng ngh GSM Chng I: dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS 1.1. Gii thiu Cng vi dch v thoi truyn thng c a vo khai thc trn mng GSM u nhng nm 80, trong thi gian t n nay, cc nh khai thc cng nh ngi s dng u nhn thy cc dch v chuyn mch knh hin nay trn thc t khng hon ton ph hp vi mt s nhng ng dng. Cc dch v s liu ra i v tng bc a ra p dng cho h thng GSM. l hai dch v: - Dch v s liu chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD. - Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS. Dch v HSCSD truyn s liu vn da trn nguyn tc chuyn mch knh ca h thng GSM hin nay, ch nng cp thm mt s phn mm mi v hon ton khng c thay i ln no v thit b phn cng. Dch v GPRS ra i da trn nn mng GSM nhng c ch truyn trong mng da trn nguyn tc chuyn mch gi, ph hp vi cc ng dng trong lu lng truyn i di dng burst. Sau y ta ch nghin cu v dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS. 1.1.1. GPRS l g? GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) l mt chun d liu gi trong h thng GSM do u ban truyn thng Chu u (ETSI) a ra. GPRS cung cp mt nguyn tc truyn dn cc
GVHD:
gi tin trong truyn thng v tuyn gia cc thit b di ng ca GSM vi cc mng chuyn mch gi khc. GPRS c trin khai trn nn mng GSM l mng chuyn mch knh. Chuyn mch gi ct d liu thnh cc gi tin ri truyn c lp n ngi s dng. GPRS c hnh thnh theo hai phase v ta s cp ti mng GPRS phase 2. Phase 1 (giai on 1) bao gm: -
Cc dch v im - im H tng mng GPRS Giao din v tuyn Qun l di ng Bo mt Cht lng dch v QoS Dch v SMS (dch v bn tin ngn) Cc nt h tr GPRS v cc mng backbone GPRS.
Phase 2 (giai on 2) bao gm: Cc dch v im - a im Cc dch v h tr.
Bng cch thm chc nng GPRS vo mng PLMN, cc thu bao c th s dng hiu qu cc ti nguyn v tuyn truy nhp trc tip vo cc mng cng cng da trn giao thc Internet (IP, X.25). Ngi s dng dch v GPRS ng k vo mt APN (tn mt im truy nhp) v c cp mt a ch giao thc tiu chun (IP, X.25). Thit b di ng ca GPRS c th dng t mt n 8 knh trn giao din khng gian tu thuc vo kiu thit b MS GPRS, cc knh ny c cp pht ng cho MS khi tin hnh thu pht cc gi tin.
GVHD:
Trong mng GPRS, cc knh ng ln v ng xung c phc v tch ring nn MS c th s dng c nhiu khe thi gian ng thi. Do dung lng ng ln v ng xung c th thay i khc nhau. Vic n nh ngun knh trong mng GPRS linh hot tu theo nhu cu s dng v kh nng cho php ca ngun knh. Cc gi tin c th c gi trn cc khong thi gian ri gia hai ln hi thoi. Mng GPRS cng h tr dch v bn tin ngn SMS v cc truy nhp ngm nh.
In te r n e t
G S M N e tw o r k w ith G P R S c a p a b ility
X .2 5 P a c k e t D a ta N e tw o r k
W o r k s t a ti o n
n h
I I . 1 -
n g
R S
Hnh 1.1 Mng GPRS 1.1.2: Cc c im ca mng GPRS * Tc truyn d liu cao hn Tc ca GPRS c gii hn t 14,4 kbps (s dng mt khe thi gian) n 115 kbps (s dng tng hp cc khe thi gian). Tuy nhin tc cc i theo l thuyt c th t c l 171,2 kbps khi s dng ng thi 8 khe thi gian cho mt thit b di ng. Tc ny ln gp ba ln tc truyn d liu qua cc mng c nh v mi ln so vi cc mng GSM hin nay. Bng cch gn chc nng GPRS cho php thng tin c truyn nhanh hn, hiu qu hn, cc ph s
62
GVHD:
dng dch v GPRS s t hn. Nhng trung bnh tc ch khong 56 kbps, ph thuc vo vic cp pht ti nguyn cho tng thu bao. Tc d liu cao hn cho php thu bao s dng thm nhiu dch v. * Lun lun kt ni Khng ging nh cc dch v s liu chuyn mch knh, truy nhp mng GPRS khng cn th tc thit lp kt ni mng trc khi gi v nhn d liu. c tnh ny cho php d liu c gi v nhn ngay khi c nhu cu. Kin trc Publich/Subcriber l mt m hnh ng dng hon ho cho mi trng GPRS, cho php cc ng dng t ng a thng tin ti ngi s dng. V d nh ng dng trong th trng chng khon, ngi s dng di ng yu cu c thng bo ngay khi no c phiu ln ti mt gi c phn xc nh. Server s a thng tin ny ti ngi s dng m khng cn thit lp mt cuc gi chuyn mch knh yu cu c thng bo . Gii php kt ni lin tc ny ca GPRS lm tng li ch ca cc ng dng v lm phong ph thm nhiu nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin cng c mt vn khi thc hin kt ni lin tc l MS khng trng thi truyn nhn d liu gi trong khi server mun truyn bn tin. Chng hn nh mt MS ang trong trng thi thoi m khng trng thi kt ni d liu. Trong trng hp ny, phi c mt ng truyn d liu an xen. C th dch v SMS c s dng thng bo cho ngi s dng di ng bit rng h s nhn mt bn tin. Khi nhn c thng bo, ngi s dng s chuyn MS t trng thi thoi sang trng thi d liu nhn bn tin ng dng.
GVHD:
* Tnh trc tip Cc phng tin GPRS kt ni khi thng tin c gi v nhn trc tip. i vi mng Internet, mun truy nhp cn c mt modem kt ni. Nhng i vi mng GPRS, khng cn modem kt ni quay s vn c th truy nhp vo cc mng cng cng v cc mng c v. * nh a ch IP ng Trong h thng GSM, mc tiu thit k phc v thoi di ng l chnh. Cn i vi GPRS, mc tiu chnh ca n l to ra kh nng truy nhp ti cc mng d liu tiu chun (IP, X.25). Cc mng ny coi GPRS l ch l mt thnh phn mng con thng thng. Do mng GPRS cng s dng mt c ch nh a ch giao thc Internet (IP Addressing). Tuy nhin cc a ch ny c hn do gii hn s lng ngi s dng Internet cng nh cc mng khng dy th h 3G. Mt phng php gii quyt vn ny l cp pht ng cc a ch IP cho cc thit b di ng. Nh vy ngi s dng di ng s c mt a ch mng d liu tnh hoc ng v lu lng d liu s lun s dng gateway do a ch ny ch dn. Mt a ch tnh (a ch IP) c th dng tu chn. Trong trng hp , a ch ny c cp lu di cho mt thu bao. N s hng ti mt gateway ca mng ch, gi d liu s lun c nh tuyn qua mng ch. Mt a ch ng cp pht cho ngi s dng ch trong thi gian mt kt ni. * Cc dch v c u tin ho Khi mt thit b kt ni ti mng GPRS, mt thng s QoS (cht lng dch v) lun i km kt ni ny. N ch ra kh
GVHD:
nng p ng yu cu ca khch hnh v tc d liu. GPRS c chc nng cho php lm tng hoc gim phn ti nguyn ca mng n nh cho GPRS da trn kh nng phn b ng v c iu hnh bi nh iu hnh mng. GPRS c mt s ch tiu v cht lng dch v QoS. N c th cung cp cho khch hng cc loi QoS khc nhau. - Mc u tin ca dch v: cao/ trung bnh/ thp. - tr - tin cy - Thng lng: tc bit ti a v tc bit trung bnh. * H tr nhiu ng dng Mt c im quan trng khi s dng GPRS l tng tc gn lin vi nhiu loi ng dng c h tr. Tc ca mng chuyn mch knh GSM l 9,6 kbps vi thi gian thit lp cuc gi ln v di bn tin nhn b gii hn l 160 k t, khng p ng c nhiu ng dng khng dy cn tc cao. Mng GPRS da trn IP cho php thu bao truy nhp tt c cc ng dng Internet nh cc dch v email, chat qua mng di ng; cc dch v hnh nh ng; cc dch v cung cp thng tin (gia c th trng chng khon, thi tit, mua v xem phim,...); truyn file. GPRS cung cp chc nng Internet di ng bng cch phi hp hot ng gia mng Internet v mng GPRS.
65
GVHD:
1.1.3: Mt s ng dng ca GPRS Chat: cho php ngi s dng di ng s dng ngay cc nhm chat Internet hin c m khng cn thit lp mt nhm chat ca ring mnh. Cc dch v thng tin v vn bn v ha: ni dung thng tin trong cc dch v ny l gi c phiu, kt qu th thao, bn tin thi tit, tin tc thi s, cc thng tin v giao thng, bn v kt qu s x,... Hnh nh tnh: nh tranh, nh (c scan hoc t my camera s), bu thip,... Chia s ti liu v cng tc lm vic t xa: cho php mi ngi nhng ni lm vic khc nhau cng s dng mt ti liu v vn lin quan ti chuyn mn nh ngnh y t, bo ch, phng cha chy,... Audio reports: cho truyn thng qung b v phn tch, cc clip hnh nh v m thanh cht lng cao (v d phc v cnh st lm bng chng), yu cu kch thc file ln cn c tc truyn cao. Email tp th: cho php cc nhn vin c th truy nhp h thng email cc b t LAN ca h trong mt c quan. LAN: cho php mi nhn vin ng dng bng my tnh c nhn trong ton cng ty. Internet email: hu ht ngi s dng Internet email khng c thng bo c th mi trn my di ng. H phi quay s nh k check mail. Tuy nhin bng cch kt ni Internet s dng c ch cnh bo nh SMS hay GPRS, ngi s dng s c thng bo khi c th mi.
66
GVHD:
Xc nh v tr: ng dng tch hp trong h thng v tinh xc nh v tr bng dch v di ng phi thoi. Truyn file: download d liu qua mng di ng hoc download cc phn mm ng dng,... 1.1.4: Cc im khc nhau ca mng GPRS vi GSM: Bng thng ca mng GPRS ln hn nn tc
cao hn. Kt ni trc tuyn ti mng Internet. H tr cc dch v Internet t xa vi cc d liu
vn bn, hnh nh (email, chat, hnh nh ng), cc dch v cung cp thng tin nh gi c th trng chng khon, thi tit,... vi tc cao. liu. Tnh cc theo khi lng byte s dng, khc vi Cht lng cao hn v ti nguyn v tuyn v
bng thng ch c s dng khi thc s truyn d
GSM tnh cc theo thi gian kt ni. H tr cc giao thc Internet v X.25. B xung cc phn t mi vo cu trc mng
GSM: GGSN, SGSN v gateway tnh cc. Khng ch dng GSM MS, c th s dng cc
thit b khc: my tnh cm tay, c kt ni vi cc my in thoi gn GPRS hoc cc modem ngoi hoc modem card PC.
67
GVHD:
1.2: Kin trc tng quan 1.2.1. Cc giao din v im tham chiu
S M S -G M S C S M -S C S M S -IW M S C E G M S C /V L R A T E R M T U m G S G SN O B SS G n b G p G s D G r G G SN G n G a G a G i P d n T E d H L R C
SG SN
G G SN t h e r P L M
G N
C G F E IR
B i l l i n g S y s t e m
S i g n a l l i n g S i g n a l l i n g H n h I I .2 : C
I n t e r f a c e a n d D a t a u t r c
T r a n s f e m n
l o g i c
Hnh 1.2. Cu trc logic mng GPRS Trong GSM, c nhiu giao din gia cc thc th mng (giao din A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H). Mng GPRS trin khai trn nn mng GSM nn ngoi cc giao din cn c b sung mt s giao din mi, l cc giao din G. Cc kt ni ca h thng GPRS ti cc phn t
mng v chuyn mch NSC ca h thng GSM c thc hin thng qua mng bo hiu s 7 (gm Gc, Gd, Gf, Gr, Gs). Cc im tham chiu v cc giao din khc -
c thc hin thng qua mng backbone Intra-PLMN (Gn), Inter-PLMN (Gp) hoc cc mng ngoi Gi.
GVHD:
Trong mng GPRS c hai im tham chiu khc nhau: Gi dnh ring cho GPRS, R c dng chung cho c mng GPRS v GSM. Gi: im tham chiu gia GGSN v mng bn
ngoi. H thng GPRS s h tr cho vic kt ni vi nhiu kiu mng d liu khc nhau v iu ny gii thch ti sao Gi khng phi l mt giao din chun ho m ch n thun l mt im tham chiu. R: c chc nng kt ni thit b u cui TE ti
u cui di ng MT. Cc giao din trong kin trc logic mng GPRS Gb: ga SGSN v BSS trao i thng tin
bo hiu v lu lng ngi dng. Giao din Gb cho php nhiu ngi s dng c dng chung cc ti nguyn vt l. Ngun ti nguyn ch c cung cp khi ngi s dng truyn hay nhn d liu. Khc vi giao din A, ngi s dng chim c quyn ngun ti nguyn c cp trong sut thi gian cuc gi d c hay khng truyn d liu. Frame Relay da trn cc NS (Network Service) to ra kh nng iu khin lu lng cho giao din ny. Gc: gia GGSN v HLR. GGSN c th yu cu
thng tin v tr t HLR thng qua giao din ny. Gd: gia SMS-GMSC v SGSN s dng dch
v SMS hiu qu hn. Gf: gia SGSN v EIR cho php SGSN truy vn
cc thng tin v thit b trong EIR. MS c phn loi theo 3 danh sch: black list (cho cc MS b mt trm),
GVHD:
gray list (cho cc MS ang c theo di), v white list (cho cc MS cn li). Gn: gia hai GSN trong cng mt PLMN, l mt
giao din bo hiu v d liu trong mng trc IntraPLMN. Giao thc ng hm (GPT) ca GPRS c dng trong Gn (v Gp) thng qua mng trc IP c s. Gp: gia hai GSN trong cc mng PLMN khc
nhau. Gp cung cp chc nng ging nh giao din Gn. Nhng ngoi ra cng vi BG v firewall, n cn cung cp tt c cc chc nng cn thit cho vic kt ni lin mng ca mng Inter-PLMN nh chc nng bo mt, nh tuyn,... Gr: gia GS v HLR, cho php SGSN truy vn
cc thng tin v thu bao trong HLR. HLR c th c ci t trong mt mng PLMN khc vi mng ca SGSN. Gs: gia SGSN v MSC. SGSN c th gi thng
tin vi tr ti MSC hoc nhn cc yu cu nhn tin t MSC thng qua giao din ny. Gs lm tng hiu qu s dng ti nguyn mng v ti nguyn v tuyn khi c s kt hp gia mng GSM v GPRS. Um: gia MS v phn c nh ca GPRS. Giao
din ny cng ging giao din Um ca GSM nhng c mt s thay i cho ph hp vi GPRS. 1.2.2. Cc phn t trong mng GPRS GPRS c p dng mt cch logic trn cu trc mng GSM bng vic thm vo hai nt h tr GPRS (GSN): nt h tr phc
70
GVHD:
v GPRS (SGSN), nt h tr cng GPRS (GGSN). Trong mt mng GPRS c th c nhiu GSN. SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node): - C cng mc vi MSC - Lu gi v tr ca tng MS - Thc hin cc chc nng qun l di ng - Thc hin nhn thc - Thc hin m ho - Cung cp iu khin truy nhp SGSN lin kt vi h thng trm gc BSS bng frame Relay (giao din Gb) truyn cc gi d liu ti cc thit b di ng trong vng phc v ca n. SGSN cng giao din vi HLR ly cc thng tin v thu bao. SGSN c chc nng pht hin thit b di ng mi vo vng phc v v duy tr cc thng tin v v tr trong vng phc v . Trong qu trnh kt ni vi mng (GPRS attach), SGSN thit lp chc nng qun l di ng cha cc thng tin lin quan di ng v bo mt cho MS. Khi kch hot PDP context, SGSN thit lp PDU PDP context nh tuyn ti GGSN phc v thu bao GPRS. SGSN c th gi thng tin v tr ti MSC/VLR v nhn cc yu cu nhn tin t MSC/VLR qua giao din Gs. GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): Cung cp chc nng lin kt hot ng vi cc mng chuyn mch gi ngoi v kt ni vi cc SGSN qua mng ng trc GPRS-IP, da vo a ch PDP. GGSN chuyn i cc gi d liu GPRS n t SGSN thnh khun dng giao thc d liu gi (PDP) nh X.25, IP v truyn cc gi ny trong
GVHD:
mng. GGSN c th kt ni vi mng GPRS khc phc v chuyn vng. Khi d liu c truyn t mng PDP ti mng GSM, a ch PDP u vo s chuyn thnh a ch ch GSM. Cc gi c nh a ch li ny gi t GGSN ti SGSN tng ng. h tr chc nng nh tuyn cho ngi s dng, GGSN lu cc a ch ca SGSN trong thanh ghi dch v tr. Hn na, GGSN cng thc hin chc nng nhn thc v tnh cc. GGSN c th yu cu cung cp thng tin v tr t HLR qua giao din Gc. GGSN l im u tin ca kt ni PDN vi mng PLMN (im tham chiu Gi). Cc chc nng ca SGSN v GGSN c th c kt hp trong cng mt nt vt l hoc l cc nt khc nhau. SGSN v GGSN c chc nng nh tuyn IP v kt ni vi cc b nh tuyn IP. SGSN v GGSN cc mng PLMN khc nhau s c kt ni qua giao din Gp. Giao din ny c chc nng ca giao din Gn v b sung chc nng bo mt phc v truyn thng lin mng PLMN.
72
GVHD:
Backbone Network Mng ng trc GPRS Mng ng trc l mng IP c s. C hai loi mng ng trc GPRS: Mng ng trc PLMN cc b (Intra-PLMN Backbone Network): l mng IP lin kt ni cc GSN trong cng mt mng PLMN. Mng ng trc PLMN lin mng (Inter-PLMN Backbone Network): L mng IP lin kt ni cc GSN trong cc mng PLMN khc nhau. Mng Intra-PLMN Backbone l mt mng IP ring bit ch dnh cho d liu v bo hiu GPRS. Mng IP ring bit l mng IP m s dng mt c ch iu khin truy nhp no t c mc bo mt theo yu cu. Hai mng IntraPLMN Backbone c kt ni qua giao din Gp s dng Border Gateway (BG) vi mt mng Inter-PLMN. Mng Inter-PLMN Backbone c la chn theo yu cu chuyn vng (roaming), bao gm chc nng bo mt BG. Thng thng BG bao gm mt firewall c chc nng bo v mng v mt b nh tuyn (router) phc v vic la chn mng. BG khng c nh ngha trong phm vi mng GPRS. Inter-PLMN Backbone l mt mng IP c s, v d mng IP c nhn hay mng Internet cng cng s dng knh thu ring (leased line).
73
GVHD:
P a c k e t D
a t a
e t w
o r k
I n t e r - P L G i G p
B a c k b o n e G i
S N
B G
B G
S N
I n t r a - P L
B a c k I bn ot r n a e- P L
B a c k b o n
S G
S N P L M
S G N
S N A
S G
S N P L M N B
Hnh 1.3: Mng ng trc PLMN MSC/HLR HLR c nng cp, cha cc thng tin nh tuyn v d liu thu bao GPRS. HLR c th truy nhp vi SGSN qua giao din Gr v vi GGSN qua giao din Gc. i vi vic roaming ca MS, cn c HLR nm trong mng PLMN khc vi mng PLMN hin thi ca SGSN. Ton b cc thu bao MS u s dng HLR nm trong mng ch PLMN (HPLMN). MSC/ VLR c th c ci tin nhm tng tnh hiu qu trong vic phi hp cc dch v GPRS vi cc dch v phi GPRS, cng nh ci thin chc nng bng vic s dng giao
74
GVHD:
din Gs, trong n s dng cc th tc BSSAP+ l mt phn th tc BSSAP thng thng.
75
GVHD:
SMS-GMSC v SMS-IWMSC Vic nhn tin cuc gi chuyn mch knh c th c thc hin hiu qu hn thng qua SGSN, nh vy n c th kt hp vic cp nht d liu v tr cho c cc thu bao GPRS v non-GPRS. SMS-GMSC v SMS-IWMSC c kt ni ti SGSN cho php MS gi v nhn SM qua cc knh v tuyn GPRS. My di ng GPRS (GPRS MS) GPRS MS c th hot ng trong 3 lp tu vo dch v m MS s dng v kh nng hot ng ca MS. Lp A: MS s dng ng thi dch v GPRS v dch v chuyn mch knh GSM. V d: ti cng mt thi im n c kh nng thc hin cc cuc gi GSM thng thng ng thi tip nhn d liu GPRS. Lp B: MS khai bo s dng ng thi dch v GPRS v dch v GSM, nhng MS ch c th s dng mt dch v ti mt thi im. Lp C: MS ch s dng dch v GPRS. 1.2.3. Cu trc giao thc GPRS Truyn dn trong GPRS bao gm mt cu trc giao thc phn lp, cung cp vic chuyn giao thng tin ngi s dng theo cc th tc iu khin chuyn giao thng tin (iu khin lung, pht hin, sa li). H thng GPRS a ra mt tp hp cc giao thc mi so vi GSM. Vic kt ni gia cc phn t mng mi c thc hin vi cc giao thc mi ring ca GPRS. Tuy nhin, GPRS trin khai trn nn mng GSM nn mt
GVHD:
s giao thc vn c ca GSM vn c dng ti cc lp thp trong phn lp giao thc. - GSM RF l lp vt l thng thng ca GSM. - RLC (iu khin lin kt v tuyn): cho php thit lp mt ng kt ni v tuyn ti cc lp cao hn ( tin cy). - MAC (iu khin truy nhp): kim sot vic cp pht v ghp knh, RLC v MAC kt hp to thnh giao thc lp 3 ca giao din Um. - LLC (iu khin kt ni logic): thit lp mt lin kt logic (c tnh bo mt v tin cy) gia MS v SGSN vi cc lp trn. N hon ton c lp vi cc giao thc lp thp. Lp LLC c hai kiu chuyn giao: acknowledged v unacknowledged. LLC mang c cc gi SNDCP, SMS v bo hiu. - SNDCP (giao thc chuyn i c lp nhn mng): thc hin sp xp v nn gia lp mng v cc lp thp. N cng thc hin chc nng phn on, tp hp v ghp knh. - IP (giao thc Internet): l giao thc mng ng trc GPRS c s dng nh tuyn d liu ngi s dng v iu khin bo hiu. Mng ng trc GPRS ban u da trn giao thc IP version.4, sau s dng IP version.6. - Relay (chuyn tip): trong h thng trm gc, chc nng ny chuyn cc PDU (n v d liu gi) iu khin knh logic gia cc giao din Um v Gb.
GVHD:
Trong SGSN, chc nng ny chuyn cc PDU gia cc giao din Gb v Gn. - BSSGP (giao thc GPRS ca h thng trm gc): lp ny thc hin chc nng nh tuyn v vn chuyn thng tin v QoS gia BSS v SGSN. BSSGP khng thc hin chc nng sa li. - NS (dch v mng): lp ny thc hin vic truyn dn cc BSSGP PDU qua giao din Gb, c chc nng d phng phn ti cho phn Relay. NS da trn kt ni Frame Relay gia BSS v SGSN, c th qua nhiu hop v qua mt mng gm nhiu nt chuyn mch Frame Relay. - L1 bis, L1 v L2: l giao thc OSI lp 1 tu thuc vo nh sn xut thit b. - TCP/UDP: mang cc GTP PDU trong GPRS backbone dnh cho cc giao thc cn mt knh d liu tin cy (X.25). UDP mang cc GTP PDU dnh cho cc giao thc khng cn knh d liu tin cy (IP). TCP cung cp chc nng iu khin lung v bo v chng suy hao v gin on cc GTP PDU. - GTP: giao thc ny to tunnel (ng hm) cho d liu ngi s dng v bo hiu gia cc GSN trong GPRS backbone. Cc GDP PDU s c ng gi bi GTP. 1.3. Cc chc nng ca GPRS Phn ny a ra cc chc nng logic c thc hin trong mng GPRS. Trong mt nhm chc nng li gm nhiu chc nng ring bit.
GVHD:
- Cc chc nng iu khin truy nhp mng - Cc chc nng chuyn giao v nh tuyn gi - Cc chc nng qun l di ng - Cc chc nng qun l knh logic - Cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn - Cc chc nng qun l mng 1.3.1: Cc chc nng iu khin truy nhp mng Truy nhp mng l mt phng thc m mt ngi s dng kt ni vi mng c th s dng cc dch v v cc phng tin ca mng . Giao thc truy nhp l mt tp xc nh cc th tc cho php khai thc cc dch v v phng tin mng. Ngi s dng truy cp GPRS c th t bn di ng hoc bn c nh ca mng GPRS. Giao din pha mng c nh c th h tr nhiu giao thc truy nhp ti cc mng d liu ngoi (X.25, IP). Phn qun l ca mi PLMN c th yu cu cc th tc iu khin truy nhp ring cho php ngi truy nhp mng hay gii hn thu bao s dng cc dch v. Ngoi vic truyn dn d liu theo chun PTP (imim), PTM (im-a im) GPRS h tr thm loi truy nhp ngm nh (anonymous) ti mng. Dch v ny cho php MS trao i cc gi d liu vi host xc nh trc c nh a ch bi cc giao thc lin mng c xc nh. Tuy nhin ch c mt s a ch ch PDP nht nh s dng trong dch v ny. IMSI hoc IMEI s khng c s dng khi truy nhp mng do bo mt ngm nh cao. Do cc
79
GVHD:
chc nng nhn thc v m ho khng c xt trong kiu truy nhp ngm nh. Chc nng ng k (Regitration Function) ng k l phng thc m ngi s dng dng IP Mobile (nhn dng di ng) lin kt vi cc giao thc v a ch ca gi d liu trong mng PLMN cng nh lin kt vi cc im truy nhp ra mng PDP ngoi. Kt ni ny c th l lin kt tnh (c lu tr trong HLR), hoc ng (c n nh theo yu cu cn thit). Chc nng nhn thc v cp php (Authentication and Authoisation Fuction) Chc nng ny thc hin vic nhn dng v nhn thc ngi yu cu dch v, hp thc ho loi yu cu dch v m bo rng thu bao c php s dng cc dch v mng. Chc nng nhn thc c thc hin kt hp vi chc nng qun l di ng. Chc nng iu khin tip nhn (Admission Control Function) Mc ch ca iu khin tip nhn l xc nh cc ti nguyn mng no cn cung cp theo ng yu cu cht lng dch v (QoS). Nu cc ti nguyn ny c php th n phi tin hnh t trc. iu khin tip nhn c thc hin kt hp vi cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ca mng m bo nhng yu cu s dng ti nguyn v tuyn trong mi cell. Chc nng gim st bn tin (Message Screening Function)
80
GVHD:
Chc nng ny c thc hin bi chc nng lc gi tin trong cc rounter v cc firewall cho php truyn hay loi b cc bn tin khng hp l, trnh s xm nhp tri php t bn ngoi. Chc nng tng thch u cui (Packet Terminal Adaptation Function) Chc nng ny thc hin thch ng cc gi d liu nhn t (truyn ti) thit b mng GPRS. Chc nng thu thp d liu tnh cc (Charging Data Collect Function) Chc nng ny thu thp cc d liu cn thit tnh cc thu bao hoc tnh cc lu lng. Cc ph c tnh bng s lng byte s dng, khc vi tnh theo thi gian kt ni trong mng GSM. Thng tin tnh cc do cc SGSN v cc GGSN thu thp. SGSN lu thng tin tnh cc ca mi thu bao lin quan ti vic s dng mng v tuyn; trong khi GGSN lu cc thng tin tnh cc lin quan ti vic dng mng d liu bn ngoi ca mi thu bao. Trn c s , nh khai thc mng GPRS s s dng cc thng tin ny to ra ho n tnh cc cho tng thu bao. Thng tin tnh cc ti thiu m SGSN thu thp bao gm cc thng tin sau: Mc s dng giao din v tuyn: thng tin tnh u cui vi phng thc truyn qua
cc v s lng d liu c truyn theo hng MS pht i v MS thu v, c phn loi theo QoS v cc giao thc ngi s dng.
81
GVHD:
Mc s dng a ch giao thc gi d liu:
thng tin tnh cc ghi li thi gian MS s dng cc a ch giao thc gi d liu PDP ca MS. Mc s dng ti nguyn chung ca GPRS: thng
tin tnh cc s m t mc s dng ca thu bao i vi cc ti nguyn khc nhau c lin quan ti GPRS cng nh cc hot ng trong mng GPRS ca MS. V tr ca MS: cc thng tin v HPLMN, VPLMN v c
th thm cc thng tin v tr vi chnh xc cao hn. Thng tin tnh cc ti thiu m GGSN thu thp bao gm cc thng tin tnh cc sau: a ch ch v ngun ca thng tin trao i:
trong mc chnh xc ca thng tin ny c xc nh bi nh khai thc GPRS. ngoi. Mc s dng cc a ch giao thc d liu gi: Mc s dng mng d liu ngoi: cc thng tin
v khi lng d liu gi i v nhn t cc mng d liu
thng tin tnh cc lu li thi gian MS s dng cc a ch giao thc d liu gi PDP ca MS. V tr ca MS: cc thng tin v HPLMN, VPLMN v c
th thm cc thng tin v tr vi chnh xc cao hn. 1.3.2. Chc nng nh tuyn v truyn dn gi Tuyn: c nh ngha gm cc nt yu cu s dng cho truyn ti cc bn tin trong cng mt mng hoc gia cc mng PLMN. Mt tuyn phi c nt gc (pht bn tin), c
82
GVHD:
hoc khng c cc nt chuyn tip v mt nt ch (nhn bn tin). nh tuyn: l qu trnh xc nh v s dng mt s nguyn tc thch hp la chn tuyn s truyn mt bn tin trong mt mng hoc gia cc mng PLMN. Chc nng chuyn tip (Relay Function) Chc nng chuyn tip l mt phng thc m mt nt mng chuyn cc n v d liu gi PDU nhn c t mt nt ri chuyn ti mt knh u ra thch hp cho nt tip theo trong tuyn. SGSN v GGSN gn thm s th t vo cc PDU. SGSN c th sp xp li cc PDU trc khi chuyn ti SNDCP; GGSN c th sp xp li cc PDU trc khi truyn ti im tham chiu Gi. Chc nng nh tuyn (Rounting Function) Chc nng nh tuyn s dng a ch ch trong bn tin xc nh nt nhn bn tin v s dng cc dch v lp di a cc bn tin ny ti GSN. Chc nng nh tuyn s la chn ng truyn cho hop tip theo trong tuyn. Cc chc nng nh tuyn v truyn dn gi: nh tuyn v truyn dn gi gia thit b di ng
v mng ngoi. nh tuyn v truyn dn gi gia thit b di ng
v mng PLMN GPRS khc. nh tuyn v truyn dn gi gia cc thit b di
ng khc nhau.
83
GVHD:
Cc PDP PDU s c nh tuyn v truyn gia MS v GGSN nh cc n v d liu mng (N-PDU). Cc PDP PDU c truyn gia SGSN v MS bi giao thc SNDCP, gia SGSN v GGSN bi giao thc TCP/IP hoc giao thc UDP/IP. D liu c truyn bi giao thc Tunnelling qua ng hm. Mt ng hm c xc nh bi s nhn dng (TID) v a ch SGN. Chc nng phin dch v sp xp a ch (Address Translation and Mapping Function) Phin dch a ch l s chuyn i mt a ch loi ny thnh mt a ch loi khc. Chc nng phin dch v sp xp a ch chuyn i a ch giao thc mng ngoi thnh a ch mng ni b nhm phc v cho vic nh tuyn cc gi tin trong mng PLMN hoc gia cc mng PLMN. Chc nng ng gi (Encapsulation Function) GPRS truyn trong sut PDP PDU gia mng ngoi v MS. Cc PDP c ng gi v tch gi nhm phc v nh tuyn trong mng. ng gi cho php gn thm thng tin iu khin v a ch vo mt PDU. Tch gi l qu trnh ngc li: tch a ch v thng tin iu khin t gi ly ra n v d liu ban u. Chc nng ng gi c thc hin gia cc SGN trong backbone v gia cc SGSN v MS. Chc nng Tunnelling Tunnelling l mt phng thc truyn dn cc PDU c ng gi trong hoc gia cc mng PLMN t mt im ng gi ti mt im tch gi. Tunnel (ng hm) l mt giao tuyn hai chiu kt ni im-im nhng ch c im cui ca tunnel l c xc nh.
GVHD:
Chc nng nn (Compression Function) Chc nng ny cho php s dng ti u dung lng ca phn v tuyn bng cch truyn i cc SDU cng nh (nn) cng tt m vn m bo ni dung trong n. Chc nng m ho (Ciphering Function) Cho php bo mt d liu v d liu ca ngi s dng qua cc knh v tuyn v bo v mng PLMN t nhng ngi xm phm. Chc nng qun l tn min (Domain Name Server) L chc nng Internet chun m bo thng nht tng ng gia tn gi, chc nng v a ch ca cc GSN trong mng. 1.3.3. Cc chc nng qun l di ng Chc nng ny thc hin tng t nh trong h thng GSM. Cc chc nng qun l di ng c s dng theo di v tr hin ti ca MS trong mng PLMN hoc trong mng PLMN khc. Mt hoc mt s cell to thnh mt vng nh tuyn (routing area), mt s vng nh tuyn to thnh mt vng nh v (location area). Mi vng nh tuyn c phc v bi mt SGSN. Vic theo di v tr ca MS ph thuc vo trng thi qun l di ng nh sau: - Khi MS trong trng thi STANBY (ch): v tr ca MS c bit cp mt vng nh tuyn. - Khi MS trong trng thi READY (sn sng): v tr ca MS c bit cp mt cell.
GVHD:
a. Cc trng thi ca MS GPRS c 3 trng thi qun l di ng khc nhau: Trng thi IDLE (ri)
Trng thi ny c s dng khi thu bao MS khng hot ng (khng khai bo kt ni mng GPRS). trong trng thi IDLE ca GPRS, thu bao khng c gn chc nng qun l di ng (MM). Cc context ca MS v SGSN khng cha cc thng tin nh tuyn v thng tin v tr thu bao. Vic nhn tin v truyn d liu khng thc hin c nhng MS c th nhn d liu trong dch v PTM-M (dch v im-a im: l dch v trong bn tin c pht ti tt c cc thu bao hin thi trong mt vng a l). thit lp cc MM context trong MS v SGSN, MS phi thc hin th tc khai bo kt ni mng (GPRS attach). Trng thi STANBY (ch):
Trong trng thi ny, thu bao khai bo kt ni mng v c qun l di ng. Lc ny mng bit MS ang nm mt vng nh tuyn no. MS c th nhn cc trang nhn tin bo hiu, d liu v c th c cc trang nhn ca dch v chuyn mch knh. Trng thi ny cha th truyn v nhn d liu. MS thc hin la chn vng nh tuyn GPRS (routing area) v chn cell cc b. MS s dng cc th tc di ng khai bo cho SGSN khi vo vng nh tuyn mi, nhng khng cn thng bo khi thay i cell trong cng mt vng nh tuyn. Do , thng tin v v tr ca MS trong MM context ca SGSN ch cha s nhn dng vng nh tuyn RAI (Routing Area Identifier). Nu ht thi gian STANBY, MS chuyn v trng thi IDLE v vic qun l di
GVHD:
dng ht hiu lc. Nu MS cn gi d liu th n chuyn sang trng thi READY. Trng thi READY (sn sng)
MS thc hin cc th tc qun l di ng v mng bit thu bao ang cell no. SGSN gi d liu ti MS m khng cn tm gi MS v MS gi d liu ti SGSN bt c lc no. MS c th kch hot hoc gii phng PDP context, MM context vn c duy tr trong trng thi READY d MS c hay khng c cung cp ti nguyn v tuyn thm ch khi khng c d liu c truyn. Trng thi READY c gim st bi mt b nh thi. Mt phin MM s chuyn t trng thi READY sang trng thi STANBY khi b nh thi READY kt thc.
I D L E I D L E
P R
t t a c Gh P R
e t a c h
P R
G P R S D t t a c h o r C a n c e l L
e t a c h o c a t i
I m C
p l i e n t D e t a c h R E o r a n c e l L o c a t i o n R E A
o r F o r c e t o
t i m
e r e x p i r y P D U t r a n s m S T A N B Y
D Y t i m e r e x p i r y o r i s s i o F n o r c e t o S TP AD NU B t Yr a n s m i s o r A b n o r m a l R L C c o n d i t i o n
S T
Hnh 1.4: M hnh qun l di ng b. Cc chc nng qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn
GVHD:
Cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn lin quan ti vic n nh v duy tr cc tuyn thng tin v tuyn. Ngun ti nguyn v tuyn ca GSM c chia s gia cc dch v ca chuyn mch knh (thoi, s liu) v cc dch v chuyn mch gi GPRS.
88
GVHD:
Chng II: H thng thng tin di ng 3g(UMTS) 2.1. Qu trnh nng cp t 2G ln 2,5G. Do xu hng ngy cng truyn s liu qua chuyn mch gi thu ht c nhiu thu bao, kh nng vt qu nhu cu thng tin thoi. Vic chun ho v gii thiu cc dch v ca cng ngh GSM din ra trong mt th gian di. Mt s lng ln cc tnh nng hay ca h thng GSM c trin khai nn vic ci tin h thng GSM theo tng giai on l cn thit. H thng thng tin di ng 2G vi mc tiu l h tr dch v thoi v truyn s liu nhng vi tc thp. phc v cc dch v k thut s, GSM 2G mng chuyn mch knh c thit k ti u cho mng ISDN (Intergrate Services Digital Network: mng s liu a dch v). ( Tng i MSC: Mobile Switching Center: trung tam chuyn mch di ng, thc cht l tng i chuyn mch knh ISDN). Chia s chung ti nguyn knh do hiu sut s dng knh gim. Do nhng hn ch ca cng ngh GSM 2G, v do phi thch ng vi xu hng pht trin m GSM 2G c nng cp ln GSM 2,5G hay GPRS (General Packet Radio Service: dch v v tuyn ni chung). Trong thc t khng c GPRS ring bit m n da trn mng GSM 2G. GPRS l s nng cp ca GSM a vo dch v chuyn mch gi m vn duy tr chuyn mch knh vn c. Nng cp mng GSM nhm thch hp hn cho vic truyn d liu mt cch hiu qu nht. GPRS ci thin vic s dng ti nguyn v tuyn, tc truyn s liu cao hn, khch hng ch phi tr tin cho
GVHD:
s gi tin gi v nhn, ngoi ra thi gian truy cp cng ngn hn. Vi mng GSM ngi s dng phi mt vi giy truy cp v ch t tc truyn ti a l 9,6kb/s, th dch v GPRS thi gian truy cp mng thp hn mt giy v tc truyn c th t n 171,2kb/s. GPRS cung cp 2 li ch chnh cho nh khai thc v nhng ngi s dng dch v s liu: 1. Lm gim chi ph kt ni c cung cp, v GPRS s dng ti nguyn v tuyn v ti nguyn mng hiu qu hn. Vi GPRS cc ng dng ch chim gi mng khi s liu thc s c truyn. 2. H tr IP mt cch trong sut. Bng vic to ng hm ca giao thc IP thng sut t u cui di ng n Internet hoc Intranet. Theo quan im dch v th GPRS m u ch bc pht trin nhiu loi dch v chuyn mch gi truyn thng c th c chuyn i v s dng qua cng ngh GPRS. in hnh la WAP(Wireless Application Protocol: th tc ng dng khng dy )m tim nng ca n s c khai thc mnh khi s dng GPRS. Mun nng cp GSM 2G tr thnh GSM/ GPRS th vn t ra la phI giI quyt: 2.1.1. Gii php th 1 Bo m cht lng dch v QoS cho tt c cc dch v, cc tin tc. Gii quyt vn ng b v vn bo mt tng i kh khn hn so vi cc vn khc. Mng
90
GVHD:
GSM/GPRS phi tng thch vi GSM2G t vic xy dng c s h tng n cc thit b u cui. - Phn chia ng ti nguyn theo yu cu thu bao bo m QoS cho tng dch v nng cao hiu sut s dng knh. - Thay i v mt vt l: GPRS tch vic cp pht ti nguyn 2 ngng dc lp vi nhau. a ra khi v tuyn phc v cho cc gi truyn d liu. Nu nh GSM ch c mt s m ho thi GSM/GPRS c 4 s m ho
S m ho knh CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4
S bt cc i trong 20ms 160 240 288 400 S bit sa li 40 16 16 16
S bit chc b/s 0 132 220 0
H s m sa li r=1/2 2/3 3/4 1
Tc s liu cho 1 khe 8kbps 12 14.4 20
Cn c vo tc ng truyn v tuyn tt hay xu chn s m ho c tc bit cao th kh nng sa li yu.S tc thp th kh nng sa li cao hn. S la chn ny theo kiu ng tu thuc vo cht lng ng truyn v tuyn v tu thuc vo loi tin tc. - Thay i v knh logic
GVHD:
- Thay i sm nh thi; thi im chuyn giao nhn thc thu bao: khi truyn thoai:nhn thc , khi truyn s liu:nhn thc. 2.1.2. Gii php th 2 L thm 2 nt h tr dch v mang di ng l SGSN v GGSN thm c PCU.
SMS
TE
MT
BS
MSC/VLR
BS
PCU
SGSN1
GGSN SGSN2
Hnh 2.1. Cu trc mng GPRS SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node : Nt h tr dch v GPRS GGSN: Gateway GPRS Suppor Node : Nt h tr GPRS PCU : Packet Control Unit : n v iu khin gi
92
GVHD:
93
GVHD:
1. SGSN
BS
PCU
SGSN
INTERNET
BS
PCU
GGSN
BS
PCU
SGSN
Hnh 2.2. Cu trc mng ca SGSN v GGSN Trong mng GSM/GPRS :SGSN c vai tr, v tr tng t MSC/VLR MSC: Mobile Switching Centrer : Trung tm chuyn mch di ng VLR: Visister Location Regiter : Thanh ghi nh v tm tr. SGSN phc v cac MS theo cng lnh th do mt mng di dng c nhiu SGSN. Cc SGSN khc nhau v vng phc v phn chia theo a l, khng nht thit vng phc v ny phI trng vng phc v MSC. phc v chuyn mch goi,SNSG c mt s chc nng c bit sau: - nh tuyn gi - Phc v truyn cc bn tin ngn. - M ho s liu gi khc vi GSM2G
94
GVHD:
GSM2G: MS GPRS: MS -
X l mt m BTS
BTS
SGSN
Nn s liu : mo u khung s liu c nn theo RFC 1144, cn s liu th c nn theo 42bit.
Tham gia tnh cc, thu nhp v truyn I cc thng tin tnh cc. Tham gia chuyn giao : Nu s chuyn giao lam thay i SGSN th SGSN c trch nhim bo m tt c cc gi s liu no cha c MS xc nhn phI c kt ni sao cho c th chuyn giao ton mng. 2. GGSN i vi mng internet, GGSN l mt b nh tuyn chun, n l mt tng i chuyn mch gi cI tin cho GSM/GPRS. Nu SGSN ph thuc vo a l th GGSN khng ph thuc a l mc d mt mang c th c nhiu SGSN. Cc c im ca GGSN 1.Thit lp hon cnh v iu kin cho giao thc s liu gi: Trc mt ln lin lc th mt giao thc s liu gi phI c kch hot gia MS vi mng. Ngha l MS trong mng tho thun vi nhau v a ch v cc tham s truyn dn. Tuy co s tham gia ca SGSN nhng GGSN chu trch nhim chnh v kch hot hon cnh v iu kin cho giao thc s liu gi v do chu ti x l ch yu. 2. Chc nng Neo
GVHD:
Cc gi s liu t mng ngoi cn mt im n c nh GSM/GPRS , bt k MS ang di ng nh th no. V vy GGSN qun l cuc gi chuyn gi phc v MS t u n cui, d MS chuyn giao, chuyn vng (c th thay i SGSN nhng khng thay i GGSN)
96
GVHD:
3.Tnh cc Nu SGSN thu thp tin tc cc ni b th GGSN thu thp tin tc lin quan n mng bn ngoi. 4.Cng ra( BG: Border Gateway) GGSN thc hin chc nng cng ra ca mng di ng. Cng ra ca 2 mng di ng c kt ni vi nhau sao cho phc v s chuyn vng ca MS. 3.PCU Thc hin vic chuyn gi s liu thnh cc khung PCU .Cc PCU c truyn trong sut n BTS .Ti BTS khung PCU c s l thm(m ho knh).PCU cn c nhim v cho GPRS (RLC/MAC). RLC v MAC l 2 giao thc quan trng. Mt k thut iu ch mi c th p dng ti giao din v tuyn l 8-PSK sao cho mt k t c th mng mt t hp 3 bit thng tin v do vy tc bt s c ci thin ng k. Tc t 9,6kbps tng ln 48kbps cho mt knh. K thut l tng tc d liu trn c gi l EDGE. S pht trin ca EDGE c chia lm 2 giai on: - Giai on 1: c bit n nh E-GPRS, giai on ny EDGE xc nh cc phng php iu ch v m ho knh nhm t c tc d liu ln n 384kbps cho lu lng chuyn mch gi di cc iu kin xc nh. Ngoi ra thit b u cui EDGE phi gn BTS s dng tc m ha knh cao hn. - Giai on 2: E-HSCSD nhm t c tc truyn d liu trn cc dich v chuyn mch knh.
97
GVHD:
2.2. H thng di ng 3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System) l gii php tng qut cho cc nc s dng cng ngh GSM. UMTS do t chc 3GPP qun l. 3GPP cng ng thi chu trch nhim v cc chun mng di ng nh GSM, GPRS, EDGE. UMTS i khi cn c tn l 3GSM, dng nhn mnh s lin kt gia 3G v chun GSM. UMTS h tr tc truyn d liu n 1920Kbps, mc d trong thc t hiu sut t c ch vo khong 384Kbps, v l s la chon hon ho u tin cho gii php truy cp Internet gi r bng thit b do ng. 2.2.1. Cu trc mng H thng UMTS c xy dng trn c s GSM do vy h thng ny c xu hng tn dng ti a c s h tng GSM. Cu trc mng 3G:
BTS
RNC
MSC
GGSN
VLR
HLR
GGSN RNC MPE
98
GVHD:
UTRAN Hnh 2.3. Cu trc mng UMTS. UTRAN: Mng truy cp v tuyn ton cu RNC: B iu khin mng v tuyn RNS: Phn h mng v tuyn MPE: Thit b x l a mI trng
Mng li
Nhim v chnh ca UTRAN l to v duy tr cc knh mng truy cp v tuyn (RAD) thc hin thng tin gia cc thit b di ng (UE) vi mng li (CN). Nhim v ca UTRAN l thc hin cc dch v mng qua cc giao din m Uu v Iu. Nhim v c thc hin vi s phi hp ca mng li. Cc knh mng v tuyn (RAB) tho mn cc yu cu QoS c thit lp bi mng li(CN). UTMS c 2 mng ng trc chnh ng l chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. - RNC: qun l ti nguyn v tuyn cp pht sang, cp pht m tri ph, m ngu nhin ho, nh mc cng sut ca tng knh. Mt RNC cng vi nhiu BTS to thnh nhiu RNS. Ch mt RNS iu khin kt ni mi MS vi mng. Cc RNS khc c th tr gip ghi MS di ng. - MPE: chuyn i cc m gia cc tiu chun khc nhau cho vic m ho m thanh, hnh nh iu khin bo hiu khi phc v cc thit b u cui a phng tin rt khc nhau. 2.2.2. Cu trc knh 1. M hnh phn lp
99
GVHD:
Higher Layer RRC PDC P
Higher Layers
BMC RLC
MAC
Vt l => Knh vt l Hnh 2.4. M hnh phn lp
100
GVHD:
RRC: iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn PDCP: Th tc hi t gi s liu BMC: iu khin qung b RLC: iu khin lin kt v tuyn MAC: iu khin truy cp a phng tin - RRC c chc nng s l 2 loi bn tin: khi ngun t MS hoc n MS. Khi ngun t chnh RRC: loi ny dng phn chia ti nguyn, yu cu MS o lng v bo co, gip RRC cu hnh cc lp bn di. Nhng bn tin ny c truyn trc tip n cc lp c cu hnh. 2. Cu trc knh. - Knh logic : cc knh logic khc nhau s dung cho cc dich v truyn s liu khc nhau phn lp MAC. Cc knh logic c th c chia thnh nhm knh iu khin v nhm knh lu lng. Nhm knh iu khin bao gm: 1.Knh iu khin qung b-BCCH 2. Knh iu khin nhn tin-PCCH 3. Knh iu khin dnh ring-DCCH 4. Knh iu khin chung-CCCH 5. Knh iu khin phn chia knh-SHCCH 6. Knh iu khin ring cho ODMA-ODCCH 7. Knh iu khin chung cho ODMA-OCCCH Nhm knh lu lng bao gm: 1. 3. Knh lu lng dnh ring-DTCH 2. Knh lu lng dnh ring cho ODMA-DTCH Knh lu lng chung- CTCH
101
GVHD:
- Knh truyn dn: cc knh truyn dn c nhim v truyn thng tin gia phn lp MAC v lp vt l. Cc knh truyn dn c phn loi chung hoc thnh 2 nhm: cc knh chung v cc knh ring. - Knh vt l: knh vt l ch FDD. Cc knh vt l trong FDD c dng cu trc lp nh cc khung v tuyn v cc khe thi gian. Khung v tuyn l; mt khi x l bao gm 15 khe thi gian c chiu di 38400 chip, v khe thi gian l mt khi cc trng bit c chiu di 2560 chip. Cu hnh khe thi gian bin i tu thuc tc bit ca knh vt l.V th s bit trn mt khe thi gian c th khc nhau i vi cc knh vt l khc nhau v trong mt vi trng hp c th bin i theo thi gian. Mt knh v tuyn tng ng vi mt m, mt tn s sng mang c th. Cc knh vt l c phn lm 2 loi l knh ng ln v ng xung, knh dnh ring v knh chung. Cc c im chung ca UMTS: 1. Bng thng rng hn, khung v tuyn c s dng lm n v vt l l 10ms/15 khe, c 2500 chip. 2. Vn hnh d b, mi mt bng trm gc c th vn hnh di b do cn mt m ngu nhin ho ring bit c trng mi cell. UMTS khng cn tham chiu thi gian GPS nh IS-95 3. M ho knh kh bit, m ho sa li kh bin 4. M ho tri ph c h s tri ph kh bin. Cc knh bo hiu c h s tri ph 256, cc knh s liu ngi dng hng ln c h s tri ph t 4-256, cc knh bo
102
GVHD:
hiu s liu ngi dng hng xung c h s tri ph t 4-512. 5. M ngu nhin ho hng ln v xung l m phc. Hng ln c loi m di 38.400 chip/10ms, m ngn 256chip/10ms. Hng xung c mt m ngu nhin ho s cp v 15 m ngu nhin ho th cp, mi m c 3400chip/10ms. 6. Tri ph phc lm gim di ng ca tn hiu do ph hp vi vic s dng b khuch i phi tuyn c hiu sut cao. Cc iu ch MSK ca GSM 2G cng dng phng thc ny. 7. Bng thng kh bin t c bng cch tri ph, cp pht nhiu knh dnh ring, mt hay nhiu khe thi gian. 8. Cc dch v s liu gi c h tr mt cch linh hot cn c vo s ALOHA phn khe. 9. C ng dng nhng k thut mi: gii iu ch tng can c hai hng, pht hin phn bit nhiu ngi dng, mng anten thch ng. 10. 11. Pht phn tp: GSM c thu phn tp. iu khin cng sut 1500ln/1s.
103
GVHD:
Kt lun Trn y l ton b ni dung n tt nghip ca em vi ti H thng thng tin di ng GSM v hng pht trin GPRS. Mc d bn thn rt c gng v c s gip tn tnh ca thy gio hng dn Lm Hng Thch. Song do trnh hiu bit ca bn thn cn nhiu hn ch, thi gian chun b ngn, ngun ti liu khng nhiu, nn khng trnh khi thiu st. Vy bn thn em rt mong nhn c s ch bo thm ca thy gio hng dn, s gp ca cc thy c gio khoa in t-Vin thng cng nh ca cc bn sinh vin, em khc phc nhng thiu st hon thin thm kin thc ca mnh. Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio hng dn thy Lm Hng Thch tn tnh ch bo cho em hon thnh n tt nghip ny. Sinh vin: ng Th Thu Dung
104
GVHD:
Bng tra cu cc thut ng vit tt
Thut ng vit tt
A/D AGC AGCH AICH ATM AUC BCH BSC BSIC BTS CD/CA-ICH Analog /Digital Automatic Gain Control Access Grant Channel Acquisition Indication Channel Asynchronous Transfer Mode Authentication Center Broadcast Channel Base Station Controller B chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh s T iu khuch Knh cho php truy nhp Knh ch th bt Ch truyn khng ng b Trung tm nhn thc Knh qung b B iu khin trm gc
Basic Station Identity Code M nhn dng trm gc Base Transceiver Station Trm thu pht gc Knh ch th n nh knh/ pht hin xung t Knh ch th n nh knh/ Pht hin xung t a truy nhp phn chia theo m Mng li
Collision Detection/
Channel Assignment Indicator Channel Collision Detection/Channel Asignment Indicator Channel Code Division Multiple Access Core Network
CD/CA-ICH
CDMA CN CPCH
Common Physical Channel Knh vt l chung
105
GVHD:
CPICH CRC CS CSCF CSICH CSPDN
Common Pilot Channel Cyclic Redundancy Check Circuit Switch Call State Control Function CPCH Status Indicator Channel Circuit Switch Public Data Network
Knh hoa tiu chung M dch vng Chuyn mch knh Chc nng iu khin trng thi cuc gi Knh ch th trng thi CPCH Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch knh B chuyn i tn hiu s thnh tng t
D/A DCCH DPCCH
Digital/Analog
Dedicated Control Channel Knh iu khin ring Dedicated Physical Control Knh iu khin vt l ring Channel Dedicated Physical Channel
DPCH DPCH DPDCH DRNC DS SS
Knh vt l ring
Downlink Physical Channel Knh vt l ng xung Dedicated Physical Data Channel Drift Radio Network Controller Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Knh vt l s liu ring B iu khin mng v tuyn tri Tri ph chui trc tip
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence- Code Division Multiple Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo m tri ph chui trc tip
DSCH EDGE
Downlink Shared Channel Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
Knh chia s ng xung Tc s liu tng cng pht trin GSM
106
GVHD:
EIR ETSI
Equipment Identity Register European Telecommunication Standard Institute Fast Assocrated Control Channel Forward Access Channel Gateway GPRS Support Node Gateway Mobile Service Switching Center General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile Communication
B ng k nhn dng thit b Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u
FACCH FACH GGSN GMSC
Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh Knh truy nhp ng xung Nt h tr GPRS cng Trung tm chuyn mnh cc dch v di ng cng Dch v v tuyn gi tng hp H thng thng tin di ng ton cu
GPRS GSM
GTP HLR HSCSD
GPRS Tunneling Protocol Home Location Register High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Giao thc xuyn ng hm GPRS B ghi nh v thng tr S liu chuyn mch knh tc cao Dch v thu bao thng tr (ng k thng tr)
HSS
Home Subscriber Server
IF IMSI
Intermediate Frequency International Mobile Station Identity
Trung tn Nhn dng trm di ng quc t
IP ISDN
Internet Protocol Integrated Service Digital Network
Giao thc Internet Mng s lin kt a dch v
IWF
Interworking Function
Chc nng tng tc mng
107
GVHD:
LAI MAC MCC ME MGCF
Location Area Identity Medium Access Control Mobile Country Code Mobile Equipment Media Gateway Control Function
Nhn dng vng nh v iu khin truy nhp trung gian M nc Thit b di ng Chc nng iu khin cng cc phng tin
MGW MNC MRF MS MSC
Media Gateway Mobile Network Code Multimedia Resuorce Function Mobile Station Mobile Service Switching Center Mobile Station Identity Number Mobile Station Random Number
Cng cc phng tin M mng Chc nng ti nguyn a phng tin Trm di ng Trung tm chuyn mnh cc dch v di ng S nhn dng trm di ng S lu ng ca trm di ng
MSIN MSRN
MT OMC
Mobile Terminal Operation and Management Center
My di ng H thng khai thc v bo dng mng
PACCH
Packet Associated Control Knh iu khin lin kt gi Channel
PAGCH PCCCH
Packet Access Grant

Channel
Knh cho php truy nhp gi Knh iu khin chung gi
Packet Common Control Channel
108
GVHD:
P-CCPCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp
PCH PCPCH
Paging Channel Physical Common packet Channel
Knh tm gi Knh vt l gi chung
PCU PDN PDSCH
Packet Control Unit Packet Data Network Physical Downlink Shared Channel Packet Data Traffic Channel Paging Indicator Channel
Khi iu khin d liu gi Mng d liu gi Knh vt l chia s ng xung
PDTCH PICH PLMN PN PRACH
Cc knh lu lng s liu gi Knh ch th tm gi
Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng cng cng mt t Pseudo Noise Physical Random Access Channel Packet Random Access Channel Packet Switch Phase Shift Keying Packet Switch Public Data Network Gi tp m Knh truy nhp vt l ngu nhin
PRACH PS PSK PSPDN
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin gi Chuyn mch gi Kho dch pha Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng
PSTN
Public Switch Telephone Network
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Kho dch pha vung gc
109
GVHD:
RAB RACH RAN RANAP
Radio Access Bearer Random Access Channel Radio Access Network Radio Access Network Application Part
Vt mang truy nhp v tuyn Knh truy nhp ngu nhin Mng truy nhp v tuyn Phn ng dng mng truy nhp v tuyn
RF RNC RSC
Radio Frequency Radio Network Controller Recursive Systematic Convolutional Roaming Signaling Gateway Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
Tn s v tuyn (cao tn) B iu khin mng v tuyn B m ho xon h thng hi quy
R-SGW S-CCPCH
Cng bo hiu chuyn mng Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp
SCH SF SGSN SMS-GMSC
Synchronous Channel Spreading Factor Serving GPRS Support Note Short Message Service GatewayMobile Switching center
Knh ng b H s tri ph im h tr GPRS phc v
Tng i di ng c cng cho dch v bn tin ngn Tng i di ng lin mng cho
dch v bn tin ngn
SMSIWMSC
Short Message Service Interworking Mobile Switching center
SRNC
Serving Radio Network Controller
B iu khin mng v tuyn phc v
110
GVHD:
TCP TE TMSI
Transmission Control Protocol Terminal Equipment Tempoary Mobile Station Identity
Giao thc iu khin truyn dn Thit b u cui S nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi Khi thch ng tc chuyn i m Cng bo hiu truyn ti Thit b ca ngi s dng H thng vin thng di ng ton cu
TRAU T-SGW UE UMTS
Transcoder Rate Adaptor Unit Transport Signaling Gateway User Equipment Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UPCH USIM
Uplink Physical Channel UMTS subscriber Identity Module
Knh vt l ng ln M-un nhn dng thu bao Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS B ghi nh v tm tr Ting trn nn IP
UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VLR VoIP W-CDMA
Visitor Location Register Voice Over IP Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
a truy nhp v tuyn phn chia theo m bng rng
111
GVHD:
Ti liu tham kho. 1. Thng tin di ng s cellular. V c Th Nh xut bn gio dc- 2001 2. Thng tin di ng GSM. Bin son: Nguyn Phm Anh Dng Nh xut bn bu in- 1999 3. Thng tin di ng s cellular. V c Th Nh xut bn gio dc- 1997 4. Bo hiu trong mng vin thng. Trung tm o to bu chnh vin thng I 1996 5. Common Channel Signalling. ERICSSON
112
GVHD:
mc lc
Li ni u...............................................................1 Phn I: Tng quan v mng thng tin di ng GSM....1 Chng I: Gii thiu mng thng tin di ng.................1 1.1 Lch s mng thng tin di ng....................................1 1.2. Mng thng tin di ng GSM........................................2 1.3. H thng t ong. ........................................................4 1.3.1. Cu trc mng GSM.................................................4 1.3.2. Cu trc a l mng. ...........................................8 1.3.3. Phng php truy nhp knh v s liu cc h thng trn th gii.....................................................................12 CHNG II : tng quan H THNG GSM......................13 2.1. Cu trc mng.............................................................13 2.2. Cc khi chc nng.....................................................15 2.2.1. Trm di ng :......................................................15 2.2.2. H thng trm gc BSS (Base Station System).. .17 2.2.4. Trung tm khai thc v bo dng OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center )..............................................24 2.3. Cc giao din ni b mng..........................................24 2.3.1. Giao din v tuyn Um (MS BTS).......................25 2.3.2.Giao din AbitS iu khin BTS (BSC----BTS) .......................................................................................29 2.3.3. Giao din A (BSC----MSC) .....................................29 2.3.4. Giao din B (MSC----VLR) .....................................30 2.3.5. Giao din C (MSC----HLR) .....................................31 2.3.6. Giao din D (VLR ----HLR).....................................31 2.3.7. Giao din E (MSC----MSC) ..................................32 2.3.8. Giao din F (EIR----MSC).......................................32 2.3.9. Giao din G ( VLR VLR ).....................................32 2.3.10. Cc giao din ni b khc...................................33 2.4. Cc giao din ngoi vi.................................................33 2.4.1. Giao din vi OMC.................................................33 2.4.3.Giao din vi mng s a dch v ISDN.................34 2.4.4.Giao din mng chuyn mch gi PSDN................34 2.4.5. Giao din vi PLMN qua PSTN/ISDN:......................34 2.5. Cc loi hnh dch v trong mng GSM.....................35 2.5.1. Dich v in thoi...............................................35 2.5.2. dich v s liu......................................................36 Chng III: Vn chia v S dng tn s.............36 3.1. Nguyn tc s dng tn s theo chia ......................36 3.1.1. S dng tn s.....................................................36 3.1.2. S ti s dng tn s trn mng............................37
GVHD:
3.2. S phn chia ...........................................................38 3.2.1. Giai on 0...........................................................39 3.2.2. Giai on 1...........................................................39 3.2.3. Giai on 2...........................................................40 3.3. Mu s dng li tn s................................................42 3.4. Phn b tn s GSM..................................................49 3.5. Cc trng hp v th tc thng tin...............................50 3.5.1. Tng quan...........................................................50 3.5.2. Lu ng v cp nht v tr:.................................51 3.5.3. Th tc nhp mng ng k ln u...................53 3.5.4. Th tc ri mng...................................................54 3.5.5. Tm gi................................................................54 3.5.6. Gi t MS..............................................................54 3.5.7. Gi n thu bao MS...........................................55 3.5.8. Cuc gi ang tin hnh, nh v .....................56 3.6. Nhng hn ch ca cng ngh GSM 2G.....................59 Phn II : Dch v v tuyn gi chung v hng pht trin i ln ca cng ngh GSM...............................60 Chng I: dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS ..............60 1.1. Gii thiu.....................................................................60 1.1.1. GPRS l g?..........................................................60 1.1.2: Cc c im ca mng GPRS...........................62 1.1.3: Mt s ng dng ca GPRS...................................66 1.1.4: Cc im khc nhau ca mng GPRS vi GSM:.....67 1.2: Kin trc tng quan...................................................68 1.2.1. Cc giao din v im tham chiu.....................68 1.2.2. Cc phn t trong mng GPRS..............................70 1.2.3. Cu trc giao thc GPRS.......................................76 1.3. Cc chc nng ca GPRS.............................................78 1.3.1: Cc chc nng iu khin truy nhp mng..........79 1.3.2. Chc nng nh tuyn v truyn dn gi...........82 1.3.3. Cc chc nng qun l di ng.............................85 Chng II: H thng thng tin di ng 3g(UMTS).......89 2.1. Qu trnh nng cp t 2G ln 2,5G...........................89 2.1.1. Gii php th 1.....................................................90 2.1.2. Gii php th 2.....................................................92 2.2. H thng di ng 3G.................................................98 2.2.1. Cu trc mng ......................................................98 2.2.2. Cu trc knh........................................................99 Kt lun................................................................104 Bng tra cu cc thut ng vit tt.......................105 Ti liu tham kho.................................................112
GVHD:

Lêi Nãi ®çu: Å N Tèt Nghiöp: HTTTD GSM V Híng PH T Trión Gprs GVHD: L©M Hång TH CH

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Lêi Nãi ®çu: Å N Tèt Nghiöp: HTTTD GSM V Híng PH T Trión Gprs GVHD: L©M Hång TH CH

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n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

Sinh vin: ng th thu dung

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

Khong cch cell s dng Li tn s

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

GMSC MSC VLR MSC VLR

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

Hnh 1.6 : Phn chia vng theo cc

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

AUC CHNG II : tng quan H THNG GSM. HLR MS EIR

H thng chuyN mch

Hnh 2.1- M hnh h thng thng tin di ng cellular

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

HSS : H thng VLR : B ghi nh EIR: Thanh ghi

BTS : i v tuyn gc MS : My di ng ISDN: Mng s lin kt Mng chuyn

PLMN : Mng di ng cng

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

Cng sut pht

8W (39 dBm) 5W (37 dBm) 2W (33dBm) 0,8W dBm ) (29

-104 dBm -104 dBm -102 dBm -102 dBm

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

Chuyn i thoi 13Kbps---64Kpbs Thch ng tc s liu

Sng mang v tuyn TX v RX Sp xp knh vt l M ho knh

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

Lu s nhn dng chuyn giao MSRN (Mobile Subcriber Roaming Number).

n tt nghip: HTTTD GSM v hng pht trin GPRS Lm Hng Thch

SVTH: ng Th Thu Dung