INDIAN ETHOS AND BUSINESS ETHICS ASSIGNMENT

On the topic,

PROSTITUTION AND INDIAN ETHICS

Submitted by, Nithya Nair MBA(FT), S3 Roll no:24 Under the guidance of , Dr. Duraipandi Mavoothu Associate Professor SMS,CUSAT

PROSTITUITION-FOR OR AGAINST THE INDIAN ETHICS

INTRODUCTION

Ethics is concerned with the norms of human social behaviour. "it is that study of human behaviour which propounds the supreme good of human life and which formulates the judgements of right and wrong and good and evil." It is also called moral philosophy. The word 'ethic,' itself is derived from the Greek 'ethos' meaning customs, usages or habits, or more comprehensively 'character'. In simple words, Ethics is rational enquiry into how to act and how to lead ones life. Indian ethics is enriched with a rich heritage and decent culture. Indian ethics is nothing but the dharma. It is widely agreed that "dharma" can refer to moral and social norms, and thus that it can sometimes mean "ethics" or "morality". Hence, , "if we could translate 'dharma' into 'ethics' or 'morality', consistently, we would then be justified in viewing references to 'dharma' in Indian philosophical literature as marking Indian thought on moral matters" . And from there one could begin to assess the importance of ethics in Indian thought.But how much we Indians value this enriched and divine ethical system or morality seems to be a question which has to be raised in the current scenario. We've become a society where there are no limits. We no longer self-regulate our own behavior by listening to that inner-voice -- our conscience -- and then acting out of principle. Or, our inner voices have been corrupted. There are lots of issues or cases which have to be carefully examined or explored when we go for examples of practices against Indian ethics. But by this assignment actually what i mean is to explore an area which has not been seriously discussed or analysed on the ground of ethics. Prostitution is never been or very carelessly discussed issue as for or against ethics. I as part of and beyond that ,out of my interest selected the topic.By this assignment I am trying to answer the question, Prostitution is legal,but is it ethical??This is just an attempt.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Prostitution is the act or engaging in sexual acts in exchange of money. Its just like exploiting yourself for an income/earning. In India, prostitution (the exchange of sexual services for money) is legal, but a number of related activities, including soliciting in a public place, kerb crawling, owning or managing a brothel, pimping and pandering, are crimes. Actually what does this statement implies? If prostitution itself is legal, then whats the idea behind keeping those related items illegal !!! And how could Indian government legalize such an act while in India, Bharatha sthreekal than bhavashuddhi is treated as her most valuable asset.I am not that authoritative to say that prostitution should be abolished or wiped out from the society.But the problem is whether prostitution is against the Indian ethics and culture or it is a part of Indian culture.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC

There are some issues on which nobody can have a definite for or against stand. Whether it is moral or immoral is very subjective and differs from individual to individual. Some may say yes it is totally against morality and ethics of our culture but on other hand they(prostitute's) are giving service to society but providing opportunity to men to vent out their sexual desires. When we were asked to select a relevant issue for assignment, I thought about different topics like moral policing, homosexuality and all, but I felt like theres nothing much to argue on or against these topics. I searched for a much more serious topic ,its then that I remembered about recently reading an article on a social website. It was about legalizing prostitution .As any common Indian thinks ,I also felt prostitution is against Indian culture and ethics, but when I just went through similar articles on internet, I was shocked to realize that there are people who want to legalize prostitution and thinks that its a part of our culture. They were arguing that prostitution is a continuation of devadasi system which was once a part of Indian tradition and culture. I felt interested on the issue and wanted to know what should be the stand taken. Atleast I needed to have a definite stand for myself .Thats why I decided to select this topic .

PROSTITUTION-A debated issue

It is a debated issue whether to legalize prostitution or not. Legislation passed in India regarding prostitution in 1956 and 1986 did not have the objective of abolishing prostitutes and prostitution; the stated objectives of the legislation were 'suppression' and 'prevention of prostitution'. [3] The 1956 Supression of Immoral Trafficking Act (SITA) assumed that prostitution was a 'necessary evil' and prohibited a prostitute from soliciting clients in public places and forced her to work in certain areas known as red-light areas, thereby exposing her to exploitation by pimps and others. Though the SITA did not aim to punish prostitutes unless they solicited, it gave enough powers to police and other government agencies to terrorise, harass and financially exploit a prostitute. The 1986 Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act (ITPA) provides marginal benefits to prostitutes by prohibiting male police officers from searching them unless accompanied by two female police officers; and also by seeking to draw women away from prostitution through rehabilitation in Protective Homes. However, a recent review of the conditions in a wellknown Protective Home in Delhi indicates little success in meaningful rehabilitation of its inmates.

One group of people argues that prostitution should be legalized for several reasons. Some people opine that prostitution shall be made legal in India and accept them as a part of society because the problem of prostitution is inevitable. The benefit of legalizing prostitution in India will be that atleast we will have a track record of Sexworkers as for example when dance bar in Bombay were closed most of the bar dancers migrated to Gujarat and Karnataka and other neighbouring state and started their business undercover. Legalising prostitution will see these women, who live life on the edge everywhere, gaining access to medical facilities, which can control the spread of AIDS. There is a very strong need to treat the sex industry as any other industry and empower it with legal safeguards. The practical implications of the profession being legal would bring nothing but benefits for sex workers and society as a whole. Keeping prostitution illegal also contributes to crime because many criminals view prostitutes and their customers as attractive targets for robbery, fraud, rape, or other criminal acts. The criminals realize that such people are unlikely to report the crimes to police, because the victims would have to admit they were involved in the illegal activity of prostitution when the attacks took place, now if it is legal then they will easily go and report this to police.Benifits of legalizing prostitution are: Legalization of prostitution and the sex industry will stop sex trafficking. Legalization of prostitution will control the sex industry. Legalization of prostitution will decrease clandestine, hidden, illegal and street prostitution. Legalization of prostitution will protect the women in prostitution as they will have rights. Women in systems of Prostitution want the sex industry legalized as they are the one who suffers the most as they dont have any rights. Legalization of prostitution will promote women's health as they can have easy access to medical facilities which they dont have when it is illegal.

Recognizing prostitution as an economic activity, thus enabling women in India to obtain working permits as "sex workers". In India, poverty and inequitable distribution of income are the main factors that force women into this trade, carried out rampantly all across the nation. Penalizing people has not yielded good results mainly because the urge for sex is natural and migrant workers and others wanting to have sex often visit prostitutes and call girls. The flourishing industry has, however, contributed to the growing problem of AIDS and HIV. It is for these reasons that the issue of legalizing the industry is being debated. But the other side of this issue! How can Indian government even think about legalizing such a filthy profession. Even if the government is saying that related activities like brothel centres and running business is not legal,prostitution itself,ie selling of sex for money is legally allowed. We are from a country which value women as the eternal power,we worship every women as a goddess,we are belivers of Bhoomi matha.We are followers of Dhurgadevi and respect women as the mother of the society.Woman should be respected with all dignity.Bharatha sthreekal than bhavasshuddi is something that roots from Indian culture. Virginity is treated as the basic power of a girl.I personally feel that prostitution should never be allowed to continue as it is just like insulting womanity.

PROSTITUTION: RIGHT OR WRONG?

Not mentioned in the criminal code because it was not, and is not, a crime (although this doesnt necessarily mean it is moral) It is illegal to obtain or attempt to obtain: the services of a person who is a minor Prostitutes are not necessarily bad people, the majority of them are people who have no other place to turn Both sides of the argument whether prostitution is moral or immoral should be addressed, there are many valid reasons why prostitution is immoral but it can be argued that, under certain conditions, it can be just as morally acceptable as other forms of work A reason why prostitution is immoral is in some cases where enforcement is involved. In most cases, people do not freely decide to become prostitutes, due to lack of opportunity or forcefulness by others. Philosopher john locke argues that a person who would enslave another person should be regarded as a potential threat to the life and liberty of all However some people freely choose to be prostitutes and sell their body, which would make it somewhat moral Feminism goes against prostitution as it degrades women and furthers the power politics of men. Feminists seek to support sex workers while disapproving the work itself. They look at prostitution as immoral, but they cant directly support the theory that prostitution degrades all women

It is not a problem which exists in India but exists throughout the world. Prostitution was a part of daily life in ancient Greece .In the more important cities, and particularly the many ports, it employed a significant proportion of the population and represented one of the top levels of economic activity. In the ancient city of Heliopolis in Syria, there was a law that stated that every maiden should prostitute herself to strangers at the temple of Astarte.In Armenia the noblest families dedicated their daughters to the service of the goddess Anaitis in her temple at Acilisena.In ancient India prostitutes have been referred as to devdasis. Originally, devadasi were celibate dancing girls used in temple ceremonies and they entertained members of the ruling class. But sometime around the 6th Century, the practice of "dedicating" girls to Hindu gods became prevalent in a practice that developed into ritualized prostitution. Devadasi literally means Gods (Dev) female servant (Dasi), where according to the ancient Indian practice, young pre-pubertal girls are married off, given away in matrimony to God or Local religious deity of the temple. The marriage usually occurs before the girl reaches puberty and requires the girl to become a prostitute for upper-caste community members. Such girls are known as jogini. They are forbidden to enter into a real marriage. The system of devadasi started only after the fall of Buddhism and records about them start appearing around 1000 A.D. [Bharatiya Sanskruti Kosh, IV, 448]. It is viewed that the Devadasi`s are the Buddhist nuns who were degraded to the level of prostitutes after their temples were taken over by Brahmins during the times of their resurgence after the fall of Buddhism. According to the 1934 Devadasi Security Act, this practice is banned in India.

HISTORY In ancient India, there was a practice of having Nagarvadhus, "brides of the town". Famous examples include Amrapali, state courtesan and Buddhist disciple, described in Vaishali Ki Nagarvadhu by Acharya Chatursen and Vasantasena, a character in the classic Sanskrit story of Mricchakatika, written in the 2nd century BC by Sudraka. Good In Goa, a Portuguese colony in India, during the late 16th and 17th centuries, there was a community of Japanese slaves, who were usually young Japanese women and girls brought or captured as sexual slaves by Portuguese traders and their South Asian lascar crewmembers from Japan. In ancient India prostitutes have been referred as to devdasis. A review of Prostitution in India would be incomplete if it not refers to the special class of women known as devadasis. For centuries the devadasis or dancing girls serving in temples were taught music and dancing with all wealth of detailed technique. As they were hereditary employees of the temples, the enjoyed economic security. Further, they had an advantage of receiving training under technically competent traditional teachers. Unfortunately the system deteriorated and devadasis came to be increasingly identified with prostitution. The Devadasi system has a significant place in the history of prostitution in India. The term Devadasi literally means servants (slaves) of God and perhaps originally denoted a class of women who gave themselves to a life of religious service and austerities. These devadasis who were not supposed enter the bond of matrimony often functioned as temple singers, dancers, concubines and prostitutes. The term Devadasi became a euphemistic way of referring to women prostituting in the name of religion (Lall, 1968).

The Devadasi system was set up, according to a Times of India report (10-11-1987) as a result of a conspiracy between the feudal class and the priests. The latter, with their ideological and religious hold over the peasants and craftsmen, devised a means that gave prostitution their religious sanction. Poor, low-caste girls, initially sold at private auctions, were later dedicated to the temples. They were then initiated into prostitution. A Times of India report (10-11-1987) confirms that the practice of dedicating young dalit girls (Mahars, Mangs, Dowris and Chambhar) at childhood to a goddess, and their initiation into prostitution when they attain puberty continues to thrives in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and other parts of South India. This is largely due to social backwardness, poverty and illiteracy, according to a study by two doctors of the India health Organization. The Devadasi system was the result of a conspiracy between the feudal class and the priests (Brahmins), who with their ideological and religious hold over the peasants and craftsmen devised a practice, which acquired religious sanction. They noted in their study on -"Devadasis - the link between religious culture and child prostitution". The study revealed that girls from poor families are married to God Krishna and are sold after puberty at private auctions to a high caste master who initially pays a sum of money to the families ranging from Indian Rupees 500/- to 5,000/-.The study, made during health camps organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Devadasi populated areas, revealed that the dedicated girls formed 15 percent of the total women involved in prostitution in the country, and as much as 70 percent to 80 percent of the prostitutes in the border districts of Karnataka and Maharashtra The devadasi tradition, still prevalent in many parts of India, continues to legitimize child prostitution. A devadasi is a woman married to a god and thus sadasuhagan or married, and hence at all times blessed. As such, she becomes the wife of the powerful in the community. Devadasi is known by different names in different states. In the Bijapur district of Karnataka, girls are given to the Monkey God (Hanuman, Maruti), and known as Basvi. In Goa, a devadasi is called Bhavin (the one with devotion), In the Shimoga District of Karnataka, the girls are handed over to the goddess Renuka Devi, and in Hospet, to the goddess Hulganga Devi. The tradition lives on in other states in South India. Girls end up as prostitutes in Bombay and Pune. The Banchara and Bedia peoples of Madhya Pradesh also practice "traditional" prostitution. (Lambey, 1997) During the British East India Company's rule in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was initially fairly common for British soldiers to frequently visit local Indian nautch dancers. Likewise, Indian lascar seamen taken to the United Kingdom frequently visited the local British prostitutes there. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands or even millions of women and girls from continental Europe and Japan were trafficked into British India, where they worked as prostitutes servicing British soldiers and local Indian men. .In ancient India prostitutes have been referred as to devdasis. Originally, devadasi were celibate dancing girls used in temple ceremonies and they entertained members of the ruling class. But sometime around the 6th Century, the practice of "dedicating" girls to Hindu gods became prevalent in a practice that developed into ritualized prostitution. Devadasi literally means Gods (Dev) female servant (Dasi), where according to the ancient Indian practice, young pre-pubertal girls are married off, given away in matrimony to God or Local religious deity of the temple. The marriage usually occurs before the girl reaches puberty and requires the girl to become a prostitute for upper-caste community members. Such girls are known as jogini. They are forbidden to enter into a real marriage. The system of devadasi started only after the fall of Buddhism
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and records about them start appearing around 1000 A.D. [Bharatiya Sanskruti Kosh, IV, 448]. It is viewed that the Devadasi`s are the Buddhist nuns who were degraded to the level of prostitutes after their temples were taken over by Brahmins during the times of their resurgence after the fall of Buddhism. According to the 1934 Devadasi Security Act, this practice is banned in India.

SOCIAL STATUS
Traditionally, no stigma was attached to the devadasi or to her children, and other members of their caste received them on terms of equality. The children of a devadasi were considered legitimate and devadasis themselves were outwardly indistinguishable from married women of their own community.Furthermore, a devadasi was believed to be immune from widowhood and was called akhanda saubhagyavati ("forever a woman of good fortune"). Since she was wedded to a divine deity, she was supposed to be one of the especially welcome guests at weddings and was regarded as a bearer of good fortune. At weddings, people would receive a string of the tali (wedding lock) prepared by her, threaded with a few beads from her own necklace. The presence of a devadasi on any religious occasion in the house of an upper caste member was regarded as sacred and she was treated with due respect and was presented with gifts.Devadasis nurtured the arts dance and music - to the high levels of today. They were torchbearers of these arts throughout the history of India under various rulers, passing on their legacy until the end of the 19th century. After that period the upper castes started learning these arts, taking away the devadasis' only means of subsistence Prostitution is considered to be the oldest profession in the history of the world. Since time immemorial we have heard of prostitution- mentioned in scriptures, depicted in engravings, crafted on canvas and what not.With the evolution of society and economy as we see it today, many countries find it obligatory to impose a ban on this practice. Seeing it as a source of degradation to the society and a harbinger of amoral practices, prostitution is often condemned and looked down upon. Nonetheless, there is one question that we must ask ourselves regarding prostitution. Turning a blind eye towards prostitution and hoping that it will vanish with time is like saying If I dont see it, it doesnt exist. A significant question worth putting forward is whether legalization of prostitution would be for the better of the society or not? In India, the very first area of concern that springs up is the magnitude of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) that shall be spread if this practice is legalized. However, pause and think. Is prostitution an unfamiliar practice? Does it not happen all over the country with the knowledge of the police, the media as well as the public administration system? From depiction of the grand kothas in Devdas to the shabby one roomed brothels in Dev D, India has it all. There are many countries in the world where prostitution is not unlawful. The governments in these countries have put forward the argument that by legalizing this practice they would at least be able to regulate it. Prostitutes can be registered with the government and regular health check-ups made binding.

In India, prostitution is not illegal. It is the practices like soliciting sex in a public place, kerb crawling (driving around areas for street prostitution), keeping a brothel, pimping and pandering (operating a prostitution business) associated with prostitution that is criminal.However, without these activities, carrying on prostitution is difficult, if not impossible. The constitution makers have opted for a middle path in this case which does not serve the purpose. It leaves the prostitutes in a neither-here-nor-there situation. An interesting argument against the legalization of prostitution has been raised. According to Scott A. Anderson, prostitution should be considered a violation of one's sexual autonomy. In direct response to the argument that sexual activity should be treated like any other commercial activity, Anderson argues that sexual relations are so important, so personal, and so private that no one under any circumstances should feel that they have to sell such relations simply to earn enough money to eat and survive. Even a westerner can think like that, but we Indians, the well cultured society of the world are still on a debate!

On the other hand, absolute legalization of prostitution would work well to combat female trafficking. Females who are trafficked from Nepal and Bangladesh for this purpose would have to be registered and this way the police would be able to verify that they are not minors who are forced into this profession. This practice would be somewhat similar to that of not employing children below the age of 14 years. Also, as a part of the underground economy, prostitution is one massive industry- the income earned from which, if included in the GDP will make it shoot upwards by a significant amount. This not only gives us a more actual status of the economy but also helps curbing sources of black money. Another pro of legalizing prostitution is that it will help regulate any impostors who run the business in the faade of other things. Only last year did the media unveil a scam involving a priest in a temple who worked as a pimp. Legalizing prostitution may not help eradicate these practices but may surely help curtail them to a large extent. Legalization of prostitution, however, has a marked social cost. What earlier used to happen behind closed doors and in secrecy would now be out in the open. Dilapidation of a morally high-ranking society would be but obvious. There are not many people who would appreciate a brothel anywhere near their homes or work areas. All said and done, one thing that we have to address is how to integrate prostitutes as a part of the society or how to alienate them completely. A middle path has worked in all the wrong ways. Either complete elimination of the system by means of proper policing and laws should be executed; or the incorporation of this highly unorganized sector into the structured part of the economy should be done.The question is big and any decision regarding the same shall be a milestone in the history Indian economy. Legalization has its pros as well as its cons. Weighing them right, keeping in mind the future expected changes in the economy, is vital as well as crucial.

MY PERSPECTIVE
Prostitution has long been called the oldest profession in the world, and there is probably good justification for that. It seems likely that humans have always traded whatever they had in exchange for something they needed - and the one thing that a human always has is his or her own body. Everyone trades something about their body for the necessities of living, so why not sexual activity as well! This is the question before us. There are some issues on which nobody can have a definite for or against stand.Whether it is moral or immroal is very subjective and differs from individual to individual.Some may say yes it is totally against morality and ethics of our culture but on other hand they(prostitute's) are giving service to the society. For me any kind sexual act or favour done to get money, promotion or any other material benefit is prostitution, so In my opinion prostitution is immoral, I don't agree with the act of selling their body for money, its a way of degrading self. Prostitution is prostitution even if its done by actress for chance or street lady for money. There is no good prostitutes and bad prostitutes every one is same. As they are using their body for some gain and benefit.Is prostitutes are characterless, yes they are characterless, else they may have chosen some other job and lived their life with dignity. These are characterless and self respect less people. Prostitutes are cowards who choose the easy way and not ready to suffer and work hard for earning money and comfort. In olden days, there were prostitute women in the kingdoms where men and some kings too used to go and satisfy their urge with them.. It was dated from when ever man started to civilize.. And these women were always treated as secondary citizens. Prostitution in India can be traced back to archaeological findings of Indus Valley.The bronze figure of dancing girl from Mohenjadaro represents a sacred prostitute carrying out her duties within the precincts of the temple of some mother goddess and this cult was quite well established in the Indus Valley Civilization.So we cannot say that prostitution is totally against Indian culture when our culture itself has paved the roots for this devalued profession.From the above mentioned facts about devadasi system and all,its very clear that prostitution was a part of our culture from very ancient days itself. But the question is whether it is for or against the Indian ethos, and yes my opinion is that prostitution is completely against Indian ethics and it is immoral,an activity which immortalizes the womanity of India.We have to understand that it is just like selling womanity for money.We are a nation which respects every women as a mother,thaaya, janani and still how can we think about selling our mother for money?This should be the question to be answered.We respect and worship bhoomi matha and bharath matha and on the contradiction ,sell our mother for money. How can Indian government even think about legalizing such a filthy profession. Even if the government is saying that related activities like brothel centres and running business is not legal,prostitution itself,ie selling of sex for money is legally allowed. We are from a country which value women as the eternal power,we worship every women as a goddess,we are belivers of Bhoomi matha.We are followers of Dhurgadevi and respect women as the mother of the society.Woman should be respected with all dignity.Bharatha sthreekal than bhavasshuddi is something that roots from Indian culture. Virginity is treated as the basic

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power of a girl.I personally feel that prostitution should never be allowed to continue as it is just like insulting womanity. Still in the minds of westerners and other foreigners India is a nation which has its strong and divine culture which treats women as a devi. Even if its a truth that there are several issues like child marriage, female foeticide and other abusals against women,the decent part of India treats women as their janani.And according to me ,prostitution is against Indian culture , traditions and ethos, which so should never be encouraged. Some people are on the view point that prostitutes are serving the society,but we have to see whether our society has been degraded to that level or the minds of certain people have got dirted.If you can vies yourself as a piece of good that can be easily sold out for anything then wheres that personality or individuality for what we are screaming upon. Some may argue that its a sign of liberal feminism, but if this is feminism then its a shame for whole womanity. And other group argues that Indian constitution says that every individual has the right to choose his or her own profession, the people have to know constitution cannot imbibe a culture or ethical values in you, it should be from you,yourself. If prostitution is examined from a human rights perspective, it can be seen to violate a number of basic human rights. The United Nations (UN) has affirmed that prostitution is in contradiction with the inherent worth and dignity of being humanthe cornerstone of the UN philosophy and subsequent international human rights treaties and conventions. The right to be free from violence; not to be subject to torture, or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; equality before the law and to equal protection by the law; freedom of movement; to work in just and favourable conditions with equal pay for equal work; a standard of living adequate for health and well-beingthese rights are all contravened through unequal power relations, poverty, corruption and the cultural inequality of men and women found in prostitution. Liberals frequently argue that it is a womans right to be free to use her body; an expression of the right to sexual freedom. In reality however, prostitution does not entertain values of freedom, dignity or respect, nor is it ever afforded the same benefits and rights as other work. And some others say that India is still holding up values and culture which has got outdated and traditional, nothing can we do, because we are from that same society which finds even our parents as outdated when they get older.And also, the best defense against crossing ethical or legal lines is openness and honesty.If we are that open to the world then we should not make issues on rapes and other assaults. If some of us are ready to sell and some are not, then may be this assaulters are trying to bring up a unity in us. So better learn to afford that also. So in my opinion, whatever arguments are there prostitution will never go in par with Indian culture and ethics. It is unethical and should be made strictly made illegal rather than allowing a hide and seek play. Under patriarchal norms prostitutes are usually social outcasts not worthy of respect and prostitution is completely degrading and damaging and it must be declared illegal. What Indian govt is now saying is that do it if you want, but do it secretly . This should not be the stand. Abolish it, Wipe out the dirt from the society. Let India be proud on BHARATHA STHREE THAN BHAVASHUDDHI !!!

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CONCLUSION
India is a nation which is well-known for its rich and varied culture and ethos.We have an ethical system which is rooted from puraanas and Vedas. A nation which respects womanity and motherhood can never ever support prostitution and its legalizing. Women
in India are seen with utmost respect and prostitution is something which brings down the honor of women In my view, a country like India should work on reducing prostitution because we

are a country of high morale and ethics It is totally against morality and ethics of our culture. Prostitution and the related activities should be wiped out from the society completely. The argument that it is a part of our culture should be drowned. It is never a part of our culture and ethos and should never be made.

REFERENCES
http://www.ethicsinaction.asia/archive/2008-ethics-in-action/vol.-2-no.-5-october2008/prostitution-trafficking-and-impunity-in-india-a en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devadasi http://aphilosopher.wordpress.com/2008/05/13/the-ethics-of-prostitution/ http://schoolworkhelper.net/prostitution-ethics-legality-history/ http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/phil/blphil_eth_auto.htm http://www.proud2bindian.in/issues-india/4345-prostitution-india.html

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