4/2/12 Hypothesis: longer the tail, more attractive the male- intersexual selection (between the sexes) Cut

tails, left alone, cut and replaced, made existing tail even longer Longer tails had the most nests, cut and replaced control and normal had the same, shortened tail had least number of nests The control was cut and glued to make sure the cut and glue had nothing to do with the experiments outcomes. When one nucleotide changes Synonymous substitutions- change in the nucleotide that leads to the same protein as a result usually the last one in the 3 nuc sequence Nonsynonymous substitutions- change in nucleotide sequence that leads to a different protein ex) ugg becomes uga which codes for a stop translation Rates of substitution differ: Pseudogenes- nonfunctional genes that are a copy of a functional gene, but are inserted into an area lacking a promoter gene before it, allowing it to be activated Pseudogenes>synonymous>nonsynonymous substitutions per nucleotide site per 10mil years Pseudogenes are replicated, so not reason that they have higher rate of nucleotide substitution If gene doesnt give rise to a protein, theres nothing for natural selection to act on, so pseudogenes dont get selected out of the population Protein function determined by protein shape and protein shape determined by the different amino acids. If amino acids change, then shape changes, and usually the proteins function changes also mostly to nonfunctional Evolution can be measured by changes in allele frequency Measure: total copies of alleles in population/total number of copies of all alleles in population (called allele frequeny) For two alleles at a locus, A and a, three genotypes possible Aa, AA, aa. Double the allele frequency if diploid, so for AA, or aa, but keep it single for Aa. P=frequency of A; q= frequency of a. For a population that has 30 AA, 20Aa, 50aa, what is p? N=100, 200alleles; 2(30)+20=80/200=0.4 P+q=1; p and q refer to allele frequencies ***Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium- allele frequencies do not change across generations In other words, when a population is in HWE, it is not evolving. If a population is in HWE, which of the following must NOT be occurring? (mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection only can change allele frequency so they must NOT be occuring. Random mating is incorrect because it can occur without causing changes in allele frequency) Populations are never in HWE. So why do we do that calculations to see if they are?

Scientific way to provide a basis of comparison to see what the population would look like when not evolving and to see how allele frequencies change over time. At HWE, allele frequencies dont change. Genotype frequencies: Frequency: p2+2pq+q2=1 Genotype: AA Aa aa P and q: allele! P2 and q2: genotype! DO NOT MIX UP. 1. Calculate genotypic frequency of homozygous recessive (aa=q2). 2. Take =q 3. 1-q=p 4. Solve for p2 and add in 2pq Generation 1 (founder population) N=1000 AA=0.45 0.45+0.10: p=0.55 Frequency of alleles in population (remains constant) Aa=0.20 0.10+0.35: q=0.45 aa= 0.35 Founder effect related to genetic drift. Generation 2 (N=150) AA: N=45 Aa: N=75 aa: N=