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Introduction
The daily rise and fall in the level of ocean water relative to the coastline is referred to as tide. Tides generated by the combination of the moon and sun s gravitational forces and the rotation of the earth The relative motion of the three bodies produces different tidal cycles which affect the range of the tides. The tidal range is increased substantially by local effects such as shelving, funneling, reflection and resonance. Greatest affect in spring when moon and sun combine forces Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide For the tidal energy method to work effectively, the tidal difference should be at least 4m.
Introduction (Cont..)
Environmental concerns exist mainly to do with higher silt formation at the shore and disruption to marine life near the tidal basin. Wave energy projects have lesser ecological impact than tidal wave energy projects but tidal energy projects are more predictable than those harnessing solar or wind energy, since occurrences of tides are fully predictable.
Origin
The moon exerts a larger gravitational force on the earth, though it is much smaller in mass, because it is a lot closer than the sun. This force of attraction causes the oceans to bulge along an axis pointing towards the moon. Tides are produced by the rotation of the earth beneath this bulge in its watery coating, resulting in the rhythmic rise and fall of coastal ocean levels. The gravitational attraction of the sun also affects the tides similarly, but to a lesser degree. The oceans also bulge slightly towards the sun. Coastal areas experience two high and two low tides over a period of slightly above 24 hours .
Spring Tide
When the earth, moon and sun are positioned in a straight line i.e on the occasion of a full or new moon, the gravitational attractions are combined, resulting in very large spring tides.
Neap Tide
At half moon, the sun and moon are positioned at right angles, resulting in lower neap tides.
Ocean Shore
Generating Methods
Tidal power can be classified into three generating methods: Tidal stream generator TSGs make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use moving air. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower cost and lower ecological impact compared to tidal barrages. Tidal barrage Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary, and suffer from very high civil infrastructure costs, a worldwide shortage of viable sites and environmental issues.
Generating Methods
Dynamic tidal power DTP is a theoretical generation technology that would exploit an interaction between potential and kinetic energies in tidal flows. It proposes that very long dams (for example: 30 50 km length) be built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean, without enclosing an area. Tidal phase differences are introduced by the dam, leading to a significant water level differential (at least 2 3 meters) in shallow coastal seas featuring strong coast-parallel oscillating tidal currents such as found in the UK, China and Korea. Each dam would generate power at a scale of 6 - 15 GW.
How it Works?
Tidal Energy can be captured efficiently and inexpensively using the helical turbine
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Developing Nations that could receive significant benefits from Tidal Energy
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Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles. Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Vietnam. Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Kiribati, Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. Central and South America: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Surinam. Atlantic Ocean: Cape Verde. All coastal nations with tidal passes between coral reefs or offshore islands.
Indian Context
India being surrounded by sea on three sides has a high potential to harness tidal energy. The three most potential locations in this regard are
Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch (west coast) and Ganges Delta, Sunderbans, West Bengal (east coast).
The total potential of tidal energy in India is estimated at 8,000 MW with Gulf of Cambay accounting for over 90 per cent.
Durgaduani Creek
The country's first tidal power generation project is coming up at Durgaduani Creek of the Sundarbans. The 3.75 mw capacity Durgaduani Creek tidal energy project is a technology demonstration project and will span over an area of 4.5 km. (Oct 2008 data).
Advantages
No pollution Renewable resource More efficient than wind because of the density of water Predictable source of energy vs. wind and solar Second generation has very few disadvantages
Does not affect wildlife Does not affect silt deposits Less costly both in building and maintenance