Sumati J.

Singh

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1/29/2013

Unguided Media

Unguided
2

No physical conductor required Electromagnetic waves Air is the medium

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

EM Spectrum
3

Visible Light

Infrared

UV

X-ray, Gamma

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Propagation Types
4

Ground Very low frequency radio waves move in all directions and follow the curvature of planet Sky Transmitter sends high frequency waves to the sky, that are refracted back by Ionosphere and receiver can catch them. This allows larger distance. Line of sight Very high freq radio waves travel straight. Antennas must be aligned, facing each other. Either close or tall.
Sumati J. Singh 1/29/2013

Propagation Types
5

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Radio Bands
6

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Radiowaves
7

Freq 3kHz 1GHz Omni directional Subject to interference from electrical equipments Penetrate buildings, pass through obstacles Power reduces sharply with distance, 1/r2 High freq travel in a straight line, bounce off obstacles, absorbed by rain Used for AM, FM, television, cellular phones, wireless LAN
Sumati J. Singh 1/29/2013

Microwaves
8

Freq 1GHz 300GHz Unidirectional line of sight Narrowly focused antennas Dont interfere More distance , taller towers VHF microwave cant penetrate walls Band is wide, higher data rates are possible Certain portions require govt. permissions Bi-direction needs two frequencies wLANs, satellite, cellular phones
Sumati J. Singh 1/29/2013

Terrestial Microwave
9

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Parabolic Dish Antenna

10

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Horn Antenna
11

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Infrared Waves
12

Freq 300 GHz 400 THz Short range communication Cannot pass through objects Much reduced interference Cheap, easy to build & no licensing More secure Large band Remote control, PANs, IrDA ports
Sumati J. Singh 1/29/2013

Light Waves
13

Freq 400 THz 900 THz Transfer data up to few kms. Unidirectional A photo detector & laser is setup on both sides High bandwidth at very low cost Cannot penetrate rain or thick fog Hot sunny days, they are affected by turbulent air Connect two LANs in two buildings
Sumati J. Singh 1/29/2013

Light Wave
14

Laser

Laser

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Satellite
15

Natural/Man-made Cover max. area of the earth Path of revolution orbit Act as a big microwave repeater Geostationary satellite 36000 km, 24 hrs 1 revolution Transponders receive signal from one, amplify & send back to other 12-20 transponder with 36-50 GHz bandwidth
Sumati J. Singh 1/29/2013

Satellite
16

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Satellite Frequencies
17

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013

Geosynchronous Sattelite
18

Sumati J. Singh

1/29/2013