Chapter I V

Functions, Limits and Continuity

1
Limits of functions
Let's begin by discussing somethings about the following function:
x
x
x f
sin
) (
Look what happens as we zoom in on a specific region!
2
Let's turn our attention now toward limits.
What happens to
x
x sin
when x goes to zero? Does the limit of
x
x sin
when x goes to 0
exist? If it does exist what is the limit? Does f (0) exist?
Let's look at another function:

,
_

x
x g
1
sin ) (
Can we zoom in and make it look any better?
3
We can't zoom in around x=0. It never will look nice. What is going on here? What
is this function doing when x gets close to zero? Does the limit of
,
_

x
1
sin
exist when
x goes to 0? Does f (0) exist?
4
We shall define the notation of the limit of a real valued function at a point.
When we say that a function f approaches L at x
o
, we mean that the value f (x) will lie
in an arbitrary neighborhood of L provided that we take x sufficiently close to x
o
.
L +
L
L -

( xo )
xo- xo+
Definition 4.1:
We say that the number L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches x
o
and write
L x f
o
x x

) ( lim
provided that for each > 0 there exists a small positive number > 0
such that
< < < L x f x x
o
) ( 0
i.e.,
) ( ) ( ) ( L V x f x V x
o

This means that we can make f(x) as close to L as we wish by making x sufficiently
close to x
o
.
Note: depends on .
5
Example 4.2:
(a) Prove that
b b
c x

lim
.
Let > 0. We want to show that > 0 such that
< < < b x f c x ) ( 0
.
But
< 0 ) ( b b b x f
. Take to be any positive number, for example let = 1.
Then
< < < b x f c x ) ( 1 0
.
(b) Prove that
c x
c x

lim
.
Let > 0. We want to show that > 0 such that
< < < c x f c x ) ( 0
.
But
c x c x f ) (
.Take = , then for every > 0 = such that
< < < c x f c x ) ( 0
.
(c) Prove that
2 2
lim c x
c x

.
Let > 0. We want to show that > 0 such that
< < <
2
) ( 0 c x f c x
.
But
( )( ) c x c x c x c x c x c x f + +
2 2 2
) (
.
If
1 < c x
, then
1 1 + < < c x c x c x
.
6

1 2 + < + + c c x c x
.
Therefore, if
1 < c x
, we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2
2 2
+ < + < + c c c x c x c x c x
.
Take
}
1 2
, 1 min{
+

. Then if
< < c x 0
we have
( ) ( )

+
+
< + < 1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
c
c
c c x
.
Theorem 4.3:
If
) ( lim x f
o
x x
exists, then it must be unique.
Proof: We must show that if
1
) ( lim L x f
o
x x

and
2
) ( lim L x f
o
x x

, then
2 1
L L
.
Let > 0.
1
) ( lim L x f
o
x x

. Then
1
> 0 such that
2
) ( 0
1 1

< < < L x f x x
o
.
2
) ( lim L x f
o
x x

. Then
2
> 0 such that
2
) ( 0
2 2

< < < L x f x x
o
.
Let = min (
1
,
2
). Then if
< <
o
x x 0
we have
( ) ( )

+ < + +
2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1
L x f L x f L x f x f L L L
.
Therefore
<
2 1
L L

2 1 2 1
0 0 L L L L >
.
7
Theorem 4.4: (Sequential Criterion)
Let R A and let
R A f :
,
R x
o

. Then the following are equivalent:
(i)
L x f
o
x x

) ( lim
(i) For every sequence (x
n
) in A that converges to x
o
such that
o n
x x
N n , the
sequence f (x
n
) converges to L. (i.e.,
( ) ( ) L x f x x
n o n
) (
).
Proof: (i)

(ii): Assume that

L x f
o
x x

) ( lim
, and suppose that (x
n
) is a sequence in A
that converges to x
o
such that
o n
x x
N n (we want to show that the sequence
f (x
n
) converges to L). Let > 0.
Since
L x f
o
x x

) ( lim
, then > 0 such that
< < < L x f x x
o
) ( 0
(1)
o n
n
x x

lim

N such that 0 <

< x x
n
N n > (2)
From 1 and 2, we get that
< L x f
n
) (
N n >
Hence, the sequence (f (x
n
)) converges to L.
(ii)

(i): Assume that (ii) holds. Suppose that

L x f
o
x x

) ( lim
. Then > 0 such that
for every > 0 a point x

A with
< <
o
x x 0
but
L x f ) (
.
8
Let
1
= 1, then a point x
1

A with
1 0
1
< <
o
x x
but
L x f ) (
1
.
Let
2
=
2
1
, then a point x
2

A with
2
1
0
2
< <
o
x x
but
L x f ) (
2
.
Let
n
=
n
1
, then a point x
n

A with
n
x x
o n
1
0 < <
but
L x f
n
) (
.
Hence, we have a sequence (x
n
) that converges to x
o
for which the sequence (f (x
n
))
does not converges to L, which is a contradiction to (ii). Therefore
L x f
o
x x

) ( lim
.
Divergence Criteria:
(a) If L

R, then
L x f
o
x x

) ( lim
if and only if a sequence (x
n
) in A with
o n
x x

N n such that
( )
n
x
converges to x
o
but ( f (x
n
)) does not converge to L.
(b) The function f does not have a limit at x
o
if and only if a sequence (x
n
) in A
with
o n
x x
N n such that
( )
n
x
converges to x
o
but ( f (x
n
)) diverges.
Example 4.5:
x
x
1
lim
0
does not exist in R since the sequence
( )

,
_

n
x
n
1
converges to 0 but the
sequence (f (x
n
)) = (n) is divergent.
Theorem 4.6:
Let R A , let f and g be functions on A to R, and let
R x
o

, R b .
9
(a) If
L x f
o
x x

) ( lim
and
M x g
o
x x

) ( lim
, then

M L x g f
o
x x
+ +

) )( ( lim

M L x g f
o
x x

) )( ( lim


LM x fg
o
x x

) )( ( lim

bL x bf
o
x x

) )( ( lim

(b) If
0 ) ( x g
A x and 0 M , then
M
L
x
g
f
o
x x

,
_

) ( lim
.
Proof: We will prove that
M L x g f
o
x x
+ +

) )( ( lim
.
Let (x
n
) be a sequence in A that converges to x
o
such that
o n
x x
N n . We want to
prove that the sequence ((f+g) (x
n
)) converges to L+M.
L x f
o
x x

) ( lim

The sequence (f (x
n
)) converges to L.
M x g
o
x x

) ( lim

The sequence (g (x
n
)) converges to M.
By theorem (3.15) the sequence (f (x
n
) + g(x
n
)) converges to L+M.
Hence the sequence ((f+g) (x
n
)) converges to L+M

M L x g f
o
x x
+ +

) )( ( lim
.
We can prove the rest of the theorem by using theorems (3.14), (3.16) and (3.17).
Theorem 4.7: (Squeeze Theorem)
Let R A , let f ,g and h be functions on A to R, and let
R x
o

.
10
If
) ( ) ( ) ( x h x g x f
A x ,
o
x x
and if
) ( lim ) ( lim x h L x f
o o
x x x x

, then
L x g
o
x x

) ( lim
Proof: Exercise. ( Use problem 8.5 in H.W. 6)
H.W. 9: P.105 : #8, 9(c), 11(b , d), 13
Continuous Functions
Readings:
Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus. (chapter 3)
Introduction to Real analysis (chapter 5)
In everyday speech, a 'continuous' process is one that proceeds without gaps of
interruptions or sudden changes. Roughly speaking, a function y = f(x) is continuous
if a small change in x produces a small change in the corresponding value f(x). We
can also say that a continuous function is a function whose graph can be drawn
without lifting the chalk from the blackboard.
Example 4.8:
Which of the two functions is continuous and which is not:
1. f(x) = 1 if x > 0 and f(x) = -1 if x < 0. Is this function continuous ?
2. f(x) = 5x - 6. Is this function continuous?
Since a function is continuous if its graph can be drawn without lifting the pencil, we
will look at the graph of each function:
11
f(x) = -1 if x < 0 and 1 if x > 0: Since we have to lift the pencil to draw this graph,
this function does not appear to be continuous.
f(x) = 5x - 6: Since this graph, being a straight line, does not require us to lift the
pencil, we would call this function continuous.
Now we give the formal definition of continuity:
Definition 4.9:
Let R A and let
R A f :
,
A x
o

. We say that f is continuous at x
o
provided that for each > 0 there exists a small positive number > 0 such that
A x and
< < ) ( ) (
o o
x f x f x x
i.e.,
)) ( ( ) ( ) (
o o
x f V x f x V x


f(xo) +
f(xo)
12
f(xo) -

( xo )
xo- xo+
Notes: (1) depends on and on x
o
.
(2) A comparison of definition (4.1) and (4.9) shows that f is continuous at x
o
if and
only if
) ( lim ) ( x f x f
o
x x
o

Theorem 4.10: (Sequential Criterion for Continuity)

A function f :AR is continuous at the point x
o

A if and only if for every

sequence (x
n
) in A that converges to x
o
, the sequence (f (x
n
)) converges to f (x
o
).
Proof: Exercise. (See the proof of theorem 4.4) .
Discontinuity Criterion:
A function f :AR is discontinuous at the point x
o

A if and only if there

exists a sequence (x
n
) in A such that (x
n
) converges to x
o
, but the sequence (f (x
n
)) does
not converge to f (x
o
).
Definition 4.11:
13
Let A

R and let f :AR. If B

A, we say that f is continuous on the set B if f

is continuous at every point of B.
Example 4.12:
Let f (x) = 2x
2
+ 1. Prove that f is continuous on R by:
(a) Using definition (4.8).
(b) Using the sequential criterion.
Solution:
(a) Let x
o

R, and let > 0. We want to prove that

> 0 such that if

<
o
x x
,
then
< ) ( ) (
o
x f x f
.
( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o o o o
x x x x x x x x x x x x x f x f + + + + 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
.
If
1 1 + < <
o o
x x x x
. (see example 4.2(c) ).
Therefore,
1 2 + < + +
o o o
x x x x x
.
Thus, we have
) 1 2 ( 2 ) ( ) ( + <
o o o
x x x x f x f
if
1 <
o
x x

) 1 2 ( 2 + <
o
x
if
<
o
x x
14
Take
}
) 1 2 ( 2
, 1 min{
+

o
x

.
Then if
<
o
x x
, then
< ) ( ) (
o
x f x f
. Therefore f is continuous at x
o
which means
that f is continuous on R.
(b) Let (x
n
) be a sequence in R such that o n
n
x x

lim
.
Using the limit theorems for sequences we get that
( ) 1 2 1 2 lim
2 2
+ +

o n
n
x x
.
This implies that
) ( ) ( lim
o n
n
x f x f

. Therefore f is continuous at x
o
which means that f
is continuous on R.
Example 4.13:
Let

'

0 0
0
1
sin
) (
2
x
x
x
x
x f
. Prove that f is continuous at 0.
Solution: Let > 0. We want to prove that

> 0 such that if

< 0 x
, then
< ) 0 ( ) ( f x f
.
2 2
1
sin ) ( ) 0 ( ) ( x
x
x x f f x f
.
Take . Then
< < < < < ) 0 ( ) ( 0
2
f x f x x x x
.
Therefore, f is continuous at 0.
15
Example 4.14 :
Let

'

>

0 1
0
) (
2
x
x x
x f
. Prove that f is discontinuous at 0.
Solution: We will use the discontinuity criterion.
Let (x
n
) =
,
_

n
1
, then (x
n
) converges to 0.
However, the sequence (f (x
n
)) =
,
_

2
1
n
does not converge to f(0) = -1.
Therefore, f is discontinuous at 0.
Theorem 4.15:
Let A

R and let f :AR be continuous at the point x

o

A, then
f
is
continuous at x
o
.
Proof: Let (x
n
) be a sequence in A such that o n
n
x x

lim
. We want to prove that
) ( ) ( lim
o n
n
x f x f

.
f is continuous at x
o

) ( ) ( lim
o n
n
x f x f

.
Let > 0, then then N such that
< ) ( ) (
o n
x f x f
N n > .
16
But
< ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
o n o n
x f x f x f x f
N n > .
Therefore,
) ( ) ( lim
o n
n
x f x f

, which means that
f
is continuous at x
o
.
Theorem 4.16:
Let A

R and f , g :AR be continuous at the point x

o

A and let k

R. Then
(i) kf is continuous at x
o
.
(ii) f
t
g is continuous at x
o
.
(iii) fg is continuous at x
o
.
(iv)
g
f
is continuous at x
o
if
0 ) (
o
x g
.
Proof: : Let (x
n
) be a sequence in A such that o n
n
x x

lim
.
f is continuous at x
o

) ( ) ( lim
o n
n
x f x f

.
g is continuous at x
o

) ( ) ( lim
o n
n
x g x g

.
Apply theorems (3.14) ~ (3.18) to get the results.
Example 4.17:
17
Polynomial functions are continuous on R
P (x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n-1
x
n-1
+----------------------+ a
1
x + a
o
.
Theorem 4.18:
Let A, B

R, and let f: AR and g: BR be functions such that f (A)

B. If f
is continuous at x
o

A and g is continuous at f (x
o
), then the composite function
f g
is continuous at x
o
.
Proof: Let (x
n
) be a sequence in A such that o n
n
x x

lim
.
f is continuous at x
o

) ( ) ( lim
o n
n
x f x f

.
g is continuous at f (x
o
)

) ( ) ( lim )) ( ( )) ( ( lim
o n
n
o n
n
x f g x f g x f g x f g

.
Hence,
f g
is continuous at x
o
.
H. W. 10: P.106: # 8 , 9, 10. P.107: # 3 , 7 , 10 , 11
P. 108 :# 17.8(a,c) , 17.9(a,c) , 17.10(a,b,c)
Properties of Continuous Functions.
Definition 4.19:
18
If

a constant M such that

M x f ) (
for all x in the domain of f, we say that f is
bounded above and call M an upper bound.
If

a constant m such that

m x f ) (
for all x in the domain of f, we say that f is
bounded below and call M an lower bound.
We say that f is bounded if it is bounded above and below. This is equivalent to
saying that

a constant M such that

M x f ) (
for all x in the domain of f.
Definition 4.20:
If x
o
is a point in the domain of f such that
) ( ) (
o
x f x f
for all other x in the
domain, then f is said to have an absolute maximum at x = x
o
.
If x
o
is a point in the domain of f such that
) ( ) (
o
x f x f
for all other x in the
domain, then f is said to have an absolute minimum at x = x
o
.
Theorem 4.21: (Boundedness Theorem)
Let I = [a, b] be a closed bounded interval and let f: IR be continuous on I.
Then f is bounded on I.
Proof: Assume that f is not bounded on I. Then for each
N n

[ ] b a x
n
,
such that
19
f (x
n
) > n. So we have a sequence (x
n
)

[a , b] which implies that (x

n
) is bounded.
Therefore, by Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem (3.41), (x
n
) has a subsequence
) (
k
n
x
that
converges to x
o

[a , b], i.e., o n
k
x x
k


lim
.
Since f is continuous at x
o
, we must have
) ( ) ( lim
o n
k
x f x f
k


.
But f (x
n
) > n for each
N n

+

) ( lim
k
n
k
x f
which is a contradiction.
Therefore, f is bounded on I.
Remark:
A continuous function on a set A does not necessarily have an absolute
maximum or an absolute minimum on the set. For example,
x
x f
1
) (
does not have
an absolute maximum or an absolute minimum on the set A = (0 , ) or A = (0 , 1).
While it has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on the set [1 , 2].
Theorem 4.22: (Maximum Minimum Theorem)
Let I = [a, b] be a closed bounded interval and let f: IR be continuous on I.
Then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on I. i.e.
I y x
o o
,
Such that
) ( ) ( ) (
o o
y f x f x f
I x .
20

Proof: We will prove that f has an absolute maximum.
By the boundedness theorem (4.21) , f is bounded from above. Let S={f(x): x

[a,b]},
then S is bounded above and by the completeness property c = sup S exists.
We are going to prove that c

S, i.e., c = f (y
o
) for some y
o

[a,b]. This will complete

the proof since from the definition of S and c we have
) ( ) (
o
y f c x f
I x .
To prove that c

S: Assume that c

S, then using problem 10.7 Page 71, there exists

a sequence {f(x
n
)} in S such that {f(x
n
)} converges to c. But the Bolzano-Weierstrass
theorem tells us that there exists a subsequence
) (
k
n
x
that converges to some y
o

[a ,
b], i.e., o n
k
y x
k


lim
.
Since f is continuous at y
o
, we must have
) ( ) ( lim
o n
k
y f x f
k


.
But, {
) (
k
n
x f
} is a subsequence of {f(x
n
)}

c x f
k
n
k


) ( lim
by theorem (3.38).
Therefore c = f (y
o
) and hence c

S .
21
Similarly, we can prove that f has an absolute minimum.
The Intermediate Value Theorem: Proof and Applications
Example 4.23: (Application of the Intermediate Value Theorem)
The population (in thousands) of a colony of bacteria t minutes after the
application of a toxin is given by the function

'

+
< +

5 66 8
5 0 1
) (
2
t t
t t
t p
(a) When does the colony die out?
(b) Show that at some time between t = 2 and t = 7 the population is 9000.
Solution: Note that p is a continuous function.
22

(a) The colony dies out when -8t + 66 = 0 which means t
25 . 8
8
66

Therefore, the colony dies out in 8 minutes and 15 seconds.
(b) Since p (2) = 5000, p(7) = 10000 and p is continuous on (2 , 7), then the
population was 9000 at some time after 2 minutes and before 7 minutes. Therefore,
there is some time t = k between 2 and 7 such that p (k) = 9000.
Theorem 4.23: (The Intermediate Value Theorem)
Let I be an interval and let f: IR be continuous on I. If a ,b I and if R k
Satisfies f (a) < k < f (b) then there is a point c I between a and b such that f (c) = k.
Proof: Suppose a < b. (The other case is similar).
Let S={ x

[a,b]:f(x) < k}, then S is bounded above by b. By the completeness

property c = sup S exists and c

[a,b]. (why?)
Claim: f (c ) = k.
23
(i) Suppose f (c ) < k and let = k - f (c ) .
f is continuous at c, then > 0 such that for all x

[a , b]
) ( ) ( ) ( c f k c f x f c x < <

S x k x f c f k c f x f < < ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
.
Thus, S x for all x

[a , b] satisfying
< c x
. This contradicts the fact that
c = sup S. Hence, f(c) is not less than k.
(ii) Suppose k < f (c ) and let = f (c ) - k .
f is continuous at c, then > 0 such that for all x

[a , b]
k c f c f x f c x < < ) ( ) ( ) ( S x k x f c f x f k c f > < + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
.
Thus, S x for all x

[a , b] satisfying
< c x ] , [ c a S
. This contradicts the
fact that c = sup S. Hence, k is not less than f(c).
Therefore, the only possible case is that f(c) = k.
Example 4.24:
Prove that the equation 0 2 ) (
x
xe x f has a root c in the interval [0 , 1].
Solution: f is continuous on [0 , 1].
f(0) = -2 < 0 and f(1) = e 2 >0. Therefore, f(0) < 0 < f(1).
24
So by the intermediate value theorem there is a number c

(0 , 1) such that
0 2
c
ce .
Example 4.25:
Let f be a continuous function mapping [0,1] into [0,1]. Show that f has a fixed
point. i.e., there is a point x
*

[0,1] such that f(x

*
)=x
*
Solution: The graph of f lies in the unit square across the line y=x.
Let g(x) = f(x) x. Then g is continuous on [0,1].
g(0) = f(0) 0 0 and g(1) = f(1) 1 0.
Hence, there is a point x
*

[0,1] such that g(x

*
)= 0

f(x*) x
*
= 0

f(x
*
) = x
*
.
H.W. 11: P. 109: # 11, 17
P.110: # 18.5 , 18.7 , 18.8
25
Uniform Continuity:
Definition 4.26:
Let R A and let
R A f :
. We say that f is uniformly continuous on A
provided that for each > 0 there exists a small positive number > 0 such that
A y x ,
and
< < ) ( ) ( y f x f y x
Continuous versus uniformly continuous
For uniform continuity, there has to be one single that works for a fixed,
given . In the picture below that is not possible. If the 'slides' up the positive y-
axis, the corresponding must get smaller and smaller. There is no single that will
work for any possible location of the -interval on the y axis.
Continuous but not uniformly continuous
In the example below, however, one can see that regardless of where I place the -
interval on the y-axis, it is possible to find one single small that will work for each
of those locations of . That is to say, there is one that will work uniformly for all
26
locations of (of course, choosing a smaller means that I am also allowed to pick
another, smaller - that will work again uniformly for all -locations).
Uniformly continuous
Remarks:
(i) If f is uniformly continuous on A, then it is continuous at every point of A.
(ii) It makes no sense to speak of a function being uniformly continuous at a
point.
(iii) While this definition looks very similar to the original definition of
continuity, it is in fact not the same: a function can be continuous, but not
uniformly continuous.
(iv) In the definition of uniform continuity depends only on ,whereas in the
definition of simply continuity depends on and on x
o
.
Example 4.27:
Let
R R f :
be defined by f (x) = 2x, and let x
o

R. Let > 0,
2

.
If
< < 2 2 2 2 ) ( ) (
o o o o
x x x x x f x f x x
.
27
Here depends only on and therefore f is uniformly continuous on R.
Example 4.28:
(a) Let
R A g :

) , 0 ( A
be defined by g(x) =
x
1
, and let x
o

A.
Let > 0. We want to find 0 > such that
< < ) ( ) (
o o
x g x g x x
.
o o
o
o
o
xx xx
x x
x x
x g x g

<

1 1
) ( ) (
.
If
2 2 2 2
o o
o
o
o o
o
o
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x < < .
Hence,
2
2
) ( ) (
o o o
o
o
x xx xx
x x
x g x g

< <

.
Take

'

2
,
2
min
2
o o
x x

. Here depends on and x

o
, so we can only say that g is
continuous on A. (Is it uniformly continuous on (0 , ) ? we don't know yet.)
(b) Consider the same function g in (b) but with A = [a ,] where a > 0.
Let > 0. We want to find 0 > such that if
a y x ,
and
< < ) ( ) ( y g x g y x
.
2
1 1
) ( ) (
a xy
x y
y x
y g x g

<

. So take
2
a .
Here depends on and hence g is uniformly continuous on [a ,].
28
Example 4.29:
Is the function f (x) = x
2
uniformly continuous on [-7 , 7]?
Let > 0.
y x y x y x y f x f +
2 2
) ( ) (
.
14 7 7 + + + y x y x

y x y f x f 14 ) ( ) (
for
] 7 , 7 [ , y x
.
Thus, if
14

then
] 7 , 7 [ , y x
and
< < ) ( ) ( y f x f y x
.
Therefore, f is uniformly continuous on [-7 , 7].(Is it uniformly continuous on R?)
Theorem 4.30: (Uniform Continuity Theorem)
Let I be a closed and bounded interval and
R I f :
be continuous on I. The f
is uniformly continuous on I.
Proof: Assume that f is not uniformly continuous on R. Then > 0 such that for
every > 0 x ,y

I with
< < y x 0
but
) ( ) ( y f x f
.
29
Then for each n

N (letting
n
1

) x
n
,y
n

I with
n
y x
n n
1
0 < <
but
) ( ) (
n n
y f x f
.
Therefore, by Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem (3.42), (x
n
) has a subsequence
) (
k
n
x
that
converges to x
o

I, i.e., o n
k
x x
k


lim
. Clearly, we also have o n
k
x y
k


lim
.
Since f is continuous at x
o
, we must have
) ( lim ) ( ) ( lim
k k
n
k
o n
k
y f x f x f


.
Thus
0 )] ( ) ( [ lim

k k
n n
k
y f x f
.
But
) ( ) (
k k
n n
y f x f

k
which is a contradiction.
Therefore, f is uniformly continuous on I.
Theorem 4.31:
If
R A f :
is uniformly continuous on A and (x
n
) a Cauchy sequence in A,
then (f (x
n
)) is a Cauchy sequence in R.
Proof: Let (x
n
) be a Cauchy sequence in A, and let > 0. We want to prove that
(f (x
n
)) is a Cauchy sequence, i.e. N such that
< ) ( ) (
m n
x f x f N m n > ,
.
f is uniformly continuous on A

> 0 such that

30

A y x ,
and
< < ) ( ) ( y f x f y x
(1)
(x
n
) a Cauchy sequence

N such that
<
m n
x x N m n > ,
(2)
From (1),(2) we see that N such that
< ) ( ) (
m n
x f x f N m n > ,
.
Example 4.32:
The function g(x) =
x
1
is not uniformly continuous on (0 , 1):
Let (x
n
) = (
n
1
). Then (x
n
) a Cauchy sequence in (0 , 1).
But (f (x
n
)) = (n) is not a Cauchy sequence.
H.W. 12: P.111: # 2 , 5 , 9 , 10.
P.112: # 19.1(a,b,c) ,19.2(a,b)
31