Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISSN 0976 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 112-124 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.5930 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
IJECET
IAEME
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
Among many techniques that exist in the open literature, a conventional linear filter such as Gaussian filter [3] helps to smooth noises effectively but also tends to blur edges. Vijaykumar et al [1] proposed a method in which they keep increasing the window size until the number of elements within a factor multiplied with the image standard deviation is below a particular threshold. However, this method will cease to work in case the image inherently has high frequency component in it. The method proposed by Padole et al [6, 7] tends to over smooth the image as is shown in their results thereby losing out on retaining the edges after noise removal. Since the goal of filtering is not only to suppress the noise but also to preserve the edge and detail information of the image, the nonlinear approaches generally provide more satisfactory results than the linear approaches. Thus, there have been many attempts to design digital filters which have the abilities of noise attenuation along with edge preservation. In [4] C. Tomasi and R. Manduchi have proposed a bilateral filter to remove Gaussian noise. In [8], Elad has detailed on improvements to the bilateral filtering technique. The bilateral filter is a nonlinear filtering technique utilizes both spatial and amplitudinal distances. Here a local filter is defined based on the combination of spatial distances and amplitudinal distances between a centre point at (x, y) and its neighboring points. However the edge preservation performance of bilateral filter is debatable for images with fine details and for those that have a low signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, it retains most of the false edges from the original noisy image. In this paper, we have proposed a new modified bilateral filter for reduction of Gaussian noise, wherein the noise standard deviation is known a-priori. This filter shows improved performance in terms of MSE, PSNR and edge retention over bilateral filter for the regions of input image that contains fine details. The paper is organized as follows: next section describes the assumed noise model. Section 3 illustrates the proposed noise removal method. Section 4 shows noise removal experimental results and discussions, followed by conclusion in Section 5. 2. NOISE MODEL Noise is modeled as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) where all the image pixels deviate from their original values following a Gaussian curve. The probability density function for the zero-mean Gaussian distribution is given by: (1) For each image pixel with the intensity value O (i, j) (1 i M, 1 j N for an M x N image), the corresponding pixel of the noisy image X(i, j) is given by: (2) Where, each noise value G (i, j) is drawn from the zero-mean Gaussian distribution. 3. PROPOSED METHOD The proposed noise reduction approach involves selective smoothening of image, wherein edges are relatively better preserved. The performance of our algorithm is dependent on prior knowledge about the standard deviation of the noise corrupted image. In this paper, we have used Swati et als [5] method of transfer function based technique for estimating noise standard deviation.
113
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
Having estimated the noise standard deviation, the proposed approach works in two phases: 1. Estimate the smoothening parameter and 2. Generate the modified bilateral filter. 3.1. ESTIMATE THE SMOOTHENING PARAMETER In order to estimate the smoothing parameter, blocks of three different window sizes are considered. This helps in estimating the strength of noise at diverse regions in the noisy image based on a varying window size around the pixel of interest. Based on the strength of the Gaussian noise in the noise corrupted image, the smoothening parameter is estimated. The detailed algorithm for estimation of smoothening parameter is summarized below: STEP 1: Initialise the block sizes. We have experimented with three window of sizes for the block B (around the pixel of interest (i, j)), viz. 55, 77 and 99. Applying larger block sizes could result in over estimation of smoothing parameter. The blocks are defined as: B Where, x= y= z= We first select the block B . x|y|z (3)
STEP 2: We then compute the absolute difference D between the central pixel and its neighborhood for the considered block. The local standard deviation is calculated for the same block. (4) Where, c = central pixel m = neighbouring pixel (5) Where, k is the total number of elements denotes the mean value within the window and is given by: (6)
114
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
STEP 4: Here, we are taking into account the fact that for a Gaussian distributed variable with mean and variance 2, 95.5% of the samples (drawn from the normal distribution) lies within the range . By applying this observation we compute P0, where P0 is the number of pixels 0.95. (8) We then estimate Noise Strength Factor (NSF) total number of elements k in the block. , which is the ratio between P0 and
(9) STEP 5: Similarly, we repeat Step 2, 3 and 4 for other window sizes, viz. B and B . STEP 6: We now compute difference di where i=1, 2 and determine the smoothing factor fact. (10) (11) The differences d1 and d2 are used to analyse the strength of noise in the blocks where B x|y|z. This provides three different conditions that will assist in estimation of fact. The conditions that can possibly arise are as follows: Case 1: The normalized noise strength factor (NSF) present in the region of 5x5 block is higher as compared to 7x7 and 9x9 blocks. This denotes that the strength of noise gradually decreases with increase in the block size.
For such condition, we use block size of 5x5 for estimating the smoothening factor (fact). Case 2: The normalized NSF in 5x5 block is the lowest. The strength gradually increases for 7x7 block and then again decreases for 9x9 block. Thus, the NSF is highest for 7x7 block.
115
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
Fig. 2: Noise strength factor (Case 2) For such condition, we use block size of 7x7 for estimating the smoothening factor (fact). Case 3: The 5x5 block has the least normalized NSF and the 9x9 block has relatively more NSF. The strength of noise increases with increase in the block size.
Noise strength factor 1.5 1 0.5 0 (5x5) (7x7) Block sizes (9x9)
Fig. 3: Noise strength factor (Case 3) For such condition, we use block size of 9x9 for estimating the smoothening factor (fact). Thereafter, to calculate fact it is essential to know a-priori the level of Gaussian noise present in the image. As discussed earlier, we use the approach detailed in [5] to estimate . Based on Step 6, if this indicates that in 5x5 block, the level of noise is much more than 7x7 block (Case 1). (12) , this indicates that the amount of noise is more in 7x7 block as compared Similarly, if to 9x9 block (Case 2). (13) Otherwise, it specifies that the strength of noise is higher in block of size 9x9 (Case 3).
116
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
Looking at the way we calculated this factor, it is evident that it is some kind of weighted average of its neighbours. The value of fact is affected by two criteria: How close (spatially) are the neighbouring pixels and centre pixel for a given block. How similar (in terms of gray value) are the neighbouring pixels and the centre pixel for a given block. STEP 7: Consider the block of size 55 of the noisy image and repeat Step 2. We obtain and as given in Eqn. (4) and (5). We now compute the new local standard deviation for the considered block: (15) We then repeat Step 3 to obtain from Eqn. (7).
STEP 8: Convolve the noisy image with the Laplacian mask given in Eqn. (16) to generate a Laplacian image. This helps in suppression of a large amount of smooth regions in the noisy image, mostly leaving behind the high frequency noisy regions. Laplacian mask = (16)
We then consider a 5x5 block BLap of the Laplacian image and calculate the local standard deviation . 3.2. GENERATE MODIFIED BILATERAL FILTER Conventional bilateral filter [4] is a non-linear and non-iterative filtering technique which utilizes both spatial and amplitudinal distances to preserve the image details. In the Gaussian case, the bilateral filter can be defined as follows: (17) Where, (18)
(19)
117
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
(20) Ws [k, n] computes the spatial distance and Wr[k,n] computes the amplitudinal distance. W[k, n] is a local filter defined by combination of both spatial and amplitudinal distances. In our approach, we have used the Laplacian image (generated in Step 8) for determining the amplitudinal distances for BLap, which is given as: (21) Compute the spatial distance using the domain filter B . and to create a local filter . (23) The modified bilateral filter is now defined as: (24) 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1. CONFIGURATION In this section we compare the performance of our proposed approach (PA) with other standard noise reduction filters. Some of the test images that we have used are as shown in Fig. 4. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested for various levels of noise (with standard deviation varying from 5 to 40) and the results are compared with standard filters like Gaussian filter [3], bilateral filter [4] and Wigner filter [6]. In addition to the visual quality, the performance of the proposed algorithm and other standard algorithms are quantitatively measured. for the noisy image with block (22)
Leaves .
Flower
Lena
Baboon
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
All the filters are implemented in MATLAB 7.1. The filtering window used for Gaussian filter and bilateral filter is of size 55 and that for Wigner filter is 77. 4.2. DENOISING PROPERTY The denoising performance of the proposed algorithm and other standard methods are tested for gray scale images. In order to quantitatively evaluate the performance of our approach we have used two metrics, Mean Square error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). MSE (25)
(26) Where, mn = size of the image MAXI = maximum intensity value of the image I = noise free original image K = noisy test image The results of the proposed algorithm are presented in the Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) (e) (f) Fig. 5: (a) Input Image (b) Noisy image ( =30) (c) Gaussian Filter output (d) Proposed approach output (e) Bilateral Filter output (f) Wigner Filter output
119
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) (e) (f) Fig. 6: (a) Input Image (b) Image with high noise ( =40) (c) Gaussian Filter output (d) Proposed approach output (e) Bilateral Filter output (f) Wigner Filter output The quantitative performance in terms of PSNR and MSE with different values of sigma for mentioned standard filters and the proposed approach are shown in Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10.
Fig. 7: Comparison of MSE of [3], [4] and PA for test images with = 10
120
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
Fig. 8: Comparison of PSNR of [3], [4], [6] and PA for test images with = 10
Fig. 9: Comparison of MSE of [3], [4] and PA for test images with = 20
121
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Noisy Wigner Gaussian Bilateral Proposed Approach LEAVES FLOWER LENA BARBARA BABOON
Fig. 10: Comparison of PSNR of [3], [4], [6] and PA for test images with = 20
4.3. EDGE RETENTION Fig. 11 shows the comparison and analysis of the proposed approach and other standard filters for edge preservation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Fig. 11: (a) Input Image (b) Noisy image ( =20) (c) Gaussian Filter output (d) Proposed approach output (e) Bilateral Filter output (f) Wigner Filter output
122
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
In the Fig. 11, we can notice that the edges are better preserved in our proposed algorithm as compared to methods proposed in [3], [4] and [6]. For instance the fine edges of the hat are retained more precisely in 4(d) than in 4(c), 4(e), 4(f). The quantitative edge retention performance of the proposed approach (PA) and [3], [4], [6] is shown in Table I in terms of percentage of Edge Preserved factor (EP), Edge Lost factor (EL), False Edge factor (FE) and number of Edges Not Match (ENM) with respect to the edges present in the original image. The EP, EL and FE tests are performed by pixel to pixel comparison of the original input image and the filtered output image. The edge at a particular pixel position in the original input image is being matched with that of the processed image. If an edge exists there then, its considered as edge preserved else the edge is lost. And if there exist an edge at a particular pixel position in the processed image but there does not exist a corresponding edge at that particular pixel position in the original image then, we consider it as false edge. The constraint behind pixel to pixel matching method is that it does not hold good if there is any pixel shifting for the processed output image. Therefore, in order to obtain a proper quantitative result for edge preservation, we have proposed an approach where we first estimate the number of edges that do not match (ENM) in the processed image with respect to the original image for a particular pixel position. Taking into consideration the pixel shift, we then consider the 8 neighbours of the pixel. If there is an edge found in this eight neighbours of the pixel, it is regarded as the sought after pixel and is marked so that the same edge is not accounted for the next consideration. Thus, this approach assists in determining the number of edges preserved in the processed output image with respect to the original image. Table I. Comparison of percentage of EP, EL, FE and ENM of [3], [4], [6] and PA for =5 and =15 of test images
123
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME
As seen in Table I, the Edge Preserving factor (EP) of the proposed algorithm is higher than those in [3], [4], and [6]. At the same time, the Edge Lost factor (EL) and the False Edge factor (FE) is low for the proposed approach. Moreover, the number of Edges not matched (ENM) is low for the proposed method. All this, along with the fact that the MSE is low and the PSNR is high substantiates the enhanced performance of the proposed algorithm both in terms of noise removal as well as edge retention. 5. CONCLUSION The proposed noise estimation technique performs well for images with wide range of noise deviation and also gives encouraging results for noisy images that have inherent high frequency or textured regions in it. The proposed approach removes Gaussian noise with edge preservation for a wide range of Gaussian noise corrupted images and has improved performances in terms of MSE and PSNR. Experimental results show that the proposed method also preserves better the fine details of the processed image as compared to the standard Gaussian filter, bilateral filter and Wigner filter. This approach can be easily extended to color images as well. REFERENCES [1] V.R.Vijaykumar, P.T.Vanathi, P.Kanagasabapathy, Fast and Efficient Algorithm to Remove Gaussian Noise in Digital Images, IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, 37:1, IJCS_37_1_09, Feb 2010. [2] A.K.Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs, 1989. [3] Gonzalez and woods, Digital image Processing, Prentice Hall, 2nd edition, 2001. [4] C.Tomasi, R.Manduchi, Bilateral Filtering for Gray and Colour Images, Proceedings of 1998 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Bombay, India. [5] Krishnan Kutty, Swati Ojha, A Generic Transfer Function Based Technique for Noise Estimation, IJCA Journal, Volume 51- Number 10, 2012. [6] Padole, C.N.; Vaidya, V.G.; "Image restoration using Wigner distribution for night vision system" 9th Int. Conf. on Signal Processing, 2008. ICSP 2008. Page(s): 844 - 848 [7] Vinay Vaidya, C Padole," Night Vision Enhancement using Wigner Distribution", IEEE 3rd International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing, 2008., ISCCSP2008, March, pp 1268-1272 [8] M. Elad, On the origin of the bilateral filter and ways to improve it, IEEE Trans. Image Process. 11 (10) (2002) 11411151. [9] Mr. J.Rajarajan and Dr. G.Kalivarathan, Influence Of Local Segmentation In The Context Of Digital Image Processing A Feasibility Study International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 340 - 347, Published by IAEME.
124