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Volume 11, Issue 4, April 2020, pp. 595-602, Article ID: IJARET_11_04_059
Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/TCDB5
ABSTRACT
For series compensation, an interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a converter-
based FACTS controller for AC transmission networks that may regulate power flow
across many lines in the same corridor. A DC-link connects a series of voltage source
converters in the architecture of IPFC. Using a shared DC-link, real and reactive power
may be transferred between the voltage source converters. An IPFC system with two
voltage source converters is employed in this work to control the impedances of two
parallel transmission lines having similar characteristics. In this study, the fuzzy
inference system is proposed as the controller for the control circuits of both master
and slave converters of the IPFC. To show the system behavior of the IPFC, the model
is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, and the simulation studies are carried out during
faulted conditions. The results are compared with PI controller-based IPFC and
without IPFC
Key words: Fuzzy Logic Controller, Doubly-Fed Induction Generator, Interline
Power Flow Controller, Wind Energy.
Cite this Article: E. Kalaiyarasi and A.S. Kannan, Analysis of Fuzzy Inference System
Based Interline Power Flow Controller for Power System with Wind Energy Conversion
System During Faulted Conditions, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 11(4), 2020, pp. 595-602.
https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=4
1. INTRODUCTION
Environmental concerns, regulations, and consequences, as well as the restricted and
uncompetitive cost nature of fossil fuel-based energy supply, have created a huge opportunity
for renewables to become mainstream energy sources for power generation. [1]. Wind energy
is a promising choice for capturing natural energy among the many renewable energy sources.
Fixed-speed wind turbines (FSWTs), semi-variable-speed wind turbines (SVSWTs), and
variable-speed wind turbines (VSWTs) are the three types of wind turbines (VSWT) [2].
A doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is the dominating method in VSWTs because of
its significant advantages, such as running at about one-third of sync speed through a partial
scale converter [1], [3]. The stand-alone and grid-connected DFIGs have been used widely and
aggressively in the electrical utility system. The power system has faced deconstructive
consequences due to the anticipated high penetration rate of DFIG-based power plants,
including system inertia and interaction among DFIG converters. Consequently, the associated
power system's stability measures have witnessed considerable deviations, including frequency
stability, transient stability, dynamic stability, and voltage stability. Due to the aforementioned
stability requirements, wind energy utilization has been teetering on gigantic dimensions. Low-
frequency oscillations have impacted operational stability, and DFIG cannot be broadly
dispersed over the connected power system.
The major difficulty and concern related to decreasing system inertia via DFIG have been
solved because of recent improvements in WT technology. A suitable bed has been developed
for this generator to engage in frequency control and enter the power system efficiently and
safely. In order to produce synthetic inertia, energy must be conserved in the system's posterior
power electronic connections, such as batteries, spinning masses in wind turbine blades, and
other power electronic-based compensators. A flexible alternating current transmission system
(FACTS) device is a power electronic-based compensator [4].
Voltage source converters (VSC) or current source converters (CSC)-based FACTS may be
used to adjust the steady-state and dynamic/transient performance of the power system. Static
var compensator (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), both thyristor-based
FACTS controllers, employ switched capacitors and reactors to generate/absorb reactive power.
Converter-based FACTS controllers benefit from not relying on AC capacitors and reactors.
Controlling the power system's active and reactive power flows independently is another benefit
of converter-based FACTS controllers [5]. Series-linked converter-based FACTS controllers
include the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), unified power flow controller
(UPFC), and interline power flow controller (IPFC). An SSSC is a series compensator that
improves system stability by operating in capacitive and inductive modes [6]. One DC-link
between the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and the SSSC is shared by both
devices in a UPFC. The IPFC comprises two or more SSSCs that share a common DC-link.
Each SSSC comprises a VSC connected to the transmission line through a coupling transformer
and injects a voltage into the line that may be controlled in magnitude and phase angle. IPFCs
manage the reactive power of each line independently, while active power is transmitted across
compensated lines through a DC-link. An IPFC may also be used to balance active and reactive
power across transmission lines and move power from overloaded to underloaded lines [7].
Compared to other kinds of FACTS controllers, there are comparatively few research
articles concerning IPFC setups since its inception in 1998 [8]. In [7]–[9], the detail of the
IPFC's control architecture and steady-state performance are presented. The steady-state
operation of the New York power authority's Marcy 345 kV substation's 200 MVA convertible
static compensator (CSC) is reported in [10], [11]. The CSC can manage voltage, boost power
transmission, and improve the power system's dynamic performance. Depending on the circuit
configurations, it has two VSCs and may act as a STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC, or IPFC.
This paper presents a MATLAB/Simulink-based model of the IPFC based on [8], [10]. This
article discusses a fuzzy controller that excels in two areas: simplicity and the absence of the
need for complex IPFC computation. In section 2, the model of DFIG and IPFC is presented.
Section 3 studies the IPFC control scheme using fuzzy controller for two identical transmission
lines.
The IPFC's DC-link capacitor voltages are balanced by the fuzzy controller, which regulates
the transmission line impedance (R and X). The simulation findings are used to evaluate the
power system's capacity to regulate transmission line impedance using fuzzy controller-based
IPFC. At the conclusion of this research, simulation results confirm the suggested control
method's superior performance. To evaluate and validate the proposed controller's dynamic
performance, a 4-bus power system was subjected to severe faults. In a nutshell, the simulation
results for the four-bus power system proved first the constructive contribution of DFIG-based
WECS and subsequently the dynamic stability augmentation provided by fuzzy controller-
based IPFC.
2. METHODOLOGY
As previously indicated, a high level of DFIG penetration without virtual inertia control might
substantially influence power system stability. For DFIG, an inertia control approach was used,
which uses active power regulation to maintain system frequency by absorbing or providing
kinetic energy. It was then used in a 4-bus power system to test dynamic stability in the face of
significant load disturbances. The IPFC was then linked to the 4-bus power system to test its
damping capabilities in the face of dynamic instability.
P/kW
Synchronous instability
Frequency dip
f0 - Δf3
f0 - Δf2
f0 - Δf1
Frequency rise
f0 + Δf1 f0 + Δf2
ω/rad.s-1
has beyond the permissible range due to the quick rise in frequency, at which point the pitch
angle system control will intervene to limit the rotor speed and prevent DFIG from
overspeeding. Additionally, during the frequency decrease, DFIG decelerated and discharged
the kinetic energy held in the spinning mass to help in power network frequency stability.
During a prolonged frequency decrease, DFIG may experience synchronous instability. For
instance, when the frequency is reduced to f0 – ᐃf3, DFIG does not have a stable equilibrium
point. Following that, the DFIG rotor speed and active power have been maintained, preventing
the rotor speed and active power from dropping to the point of DFIG shutdown.
𝑉 𝛿 𝛿
𝑄𝑖𝑟 = |𝑍|𝑟 (𝑉𝑖𝑝𝑞 cos (2 + 𝜃𝑖𝑝𝑞 − 𝜑) + 𝑉1 cos (𝜑 − 2 )) (2)
where i is the IPFC connected line index, V1 = Vr – Vs, φ = cos-1(R/√(R2 + (Lω)2)), and θipq
is the phase difference between Vipq and V1.
V1pq
i1 P1r Qi1 V1r
Vs
Z1
V2pq
i2 P2r Q2r
V2r
Z2
Figure 4 Vector diagram - voltages and currents of the IPFC and connected lines
The voltage compensation line, which goes through the circle's center and has the same
direction as V1, is the locus of the output voltages that do not interchange energy with
transmission lines. In this research, the voltage compensation line is referred to as an exchange-
free line. The two converters work separately as two SSSCs when the output voltage vectors'
tips are on an exchange-free line.
The output voltages that cause active power to be injected into the transmission line are
represented by the voltage compensation lines on the right side of the exchange-free line, while
the output voltages that cause active power to be absorbed by the transmission line are
represented by the voltage compensation lines on the left side of the exchange-free line. Thus,
the tip of the output voltage vectors of the two converters should be on the two voltage
compensation lines that are on opposite sides of the exchange-free line and are the same
distance from the circle's center in order for the algebraic sum of the exchanging power of the
two converters with the lines to be zero. This limitation only limits the voltages of the two
converters. It is now feasible to regulate the active and reactive power flows on the two
transmission lines by modifying the tip of the output voltage vectors on the two voltage
compensation lines, compensating the two transmission lines indicated in Fig. 2. Naturally,
compensation is restricted owing to the limits mentioned above. The highest amount of
variation possible of Pr and Qr is shown in Fig. 5 when the tip of the voltage vector of one of
the two converters travels on its corresponding voltage compensation line.
Figure 5 The compensation area of IPFC when its operating point is moving on the voltage
compensation line 2
the IPFC. The first fuzzy input is an error (E) with five membership functions, which is
projected as error negative large (ENL), error negative small (ENS), error zero (EZ), error
positive small (EPS), and error positive large (EPL). Fig. 6 shows the membership function plot
of the fuzzy input magnitude. The change in error (CE), the second fuzzy input, has three
membership functions and is projected as a change in error negative (CEN), change in error
zero (CEZ), and change in error positive (CEP). Fig. 7 shows the membership function plot of
the fuzzy input change in error.
9.3 s, when the three phase to ground fault occurs. Table 2 also shows the performance
comparison of voltage at the faulted bus during single phase to ground fault and three phase to
ground fault scenarios.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the analysis of fuzzy inference system-based interline power flow controller for
power system with wind energy conversion system during faulted conditions has been
presented. According to the results of an IPFC system with two parallel lines, the transmission
system can more easily regulate active/reactive power under three single phase to ground fault
and three phase to ground fault scenarios. The system's response to different faulty
circumstances at the transmission system's receiving end is shown and studied. When it comes
to compensating for both transmission line resistance and reactance, IPFC simulation results
show that it is capable of doing so.
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