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Adequacy Assessment of Composite Power Systems with FACTS Devices Using a DC Load Flow Method
ROY BILLINTON & YU CUI
a a a

Power System Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada

Version of record first published: 24 Jun 2010

To cite this article: ROY BILLINTON & YU CUI (2004): Adequacy Assessment of Composite Power Systems with FACTS Devices Using a DC Load Flow Method, Electric Power Components and Systems, 32:11, 1137-1149 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000490441354

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EMP 32(11) #17101

Electric Power Components and Systems, 32:11371149, 2004 Copyright c Taylor & Francis Inc. ISSN: 1532-5008 print/1532-5016 online DOI: 10.1080/15325000490441354

Adequacy Assessment of Composite Power Systems with FACTS Devices Using a DC Load Flow Method
ROY BILLINTON YU CUI
Power System Research Group University of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan, Canada
The rapid development of exible AC transmission technology and its immense potential for future use dictate the need to seriously consider the associated reliability benets that can be obtained. There is, however, relatively little literature that includes FACTS in reliability studies, particularly in composite system evaluation. The utilization of FACTS devices within bulk transmission systems to change the basic load ow patterns is increasing in the new market environment as existing systems became increasingly loaded and congested. A methodology for incorporating FACTS devices in composite system reliability evaluation is presented in this article. Keywords composite electric power system, exible AC transmission systems, reliability evaluation

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1. Introduction
Power system performance can be enhanced by the ability to control power ow without involving generation rescheduling or topological changes. Load ow patterns in a transmission system can be changed using controllable devices to optimize the system operation and increase the system stability margin without violating the economic generation dispatch. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) technologies were developed to fulll this requirement. FACTS is the designation given to the concept of using solid-state power electronic converters for power ow control at the transmission level. The transmission components become active elements by self-adjusting their related parameters, and play important roles in meeting power transfer requirements and increasing the security margins. This technology has attracted signicant attention in recent years due to the ever-increasing electric power demand, the deregulation of bulk power systems, and environmental concerns associated with building new transmission lines.
Manuscript received in nal form on 24 September 2003. Address correspondence to Dr. Roy Billinton, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Electrical Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada. E-mail: roy billinton@engr.usask.ca

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The utilization of FACTS technologies can have signicant positive impacts on power system reliability performance, and the actual benets obtained can be quantitatively assessed using suitable models and techniques. This is an attractive ongoing research area and some studies have been conducted in this eld. References [1, 2] present methods to incorporate high voltage direct current (HVDC) in a composite system reliability evaluation using analytical and Monte Carlo simulation methods, respectively. These studies combined the generation and the HVDC outage levels to create a single multi-state generation model, and were conducted using conventional composite system evaluation techniques. Reference [3] incorporated FACTS devices in the interconnecting links between major systems and conducted the analysis at the HL-I level. Reference [4] presents a method to incorporate FACTS devices in a composite power system using a network ow method. The techniques illustrated in this article have been used to conduct a series of studies on two widely used reliability test systems; the Roy Billinton test system (RBTS) [5] and the IEEE reliability test system (IEEE-RTS) [6]. The models, techniques, and the results described in this article should prove useful to large electric power utilities planning and operating transmission facilities using FACTS technologies.

2. Methodology
The adequacy assessment of a composite power system involves four key steps: reliability modeling of the generation and transmission units; the enumeration of all possible system contingencies; the determination of load curtailment under each contingency; and the calculation of the reliability indices at each load point [7]. The rst and the third steps have been extended in order to incorporate FACTS in the overall evaluation. 2.1. Reliability Modeling of FACTS Devices The main benets associated with the utilization of FACTS are as follows: 1. Improved steady-state system performance due to increased transmission capacity and controlled transmission ows. 2. Improved system transient and dynamic stability due to expanded dynamic voltage control and dampened system oscillations. 3. Reduced nancial costs and environmental impacts associated with building new transmission lines. 4. FACTS devices are highly reliable and require minimal maintenance. There are many dierent FACTS devices, each of which has specic working principles, and thus dierent reliability models. In this article, a simplied transmission line with a unied power ow controller (UPFC) model is utilized in the studies described, and only steady state impacts are considered. The UPFC device shown in Figure 1 has two voltage source inverters sharing a common DC storage capacitor, and is connected to the system through coupling transformers. The inverter connected to a series transformer (Inverter 2) can inject a voltage of controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line to control active and reactive power ows on the transmission line, while Inverter 1 can provide

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Figure 1. Simplied transmission and UPFC model.

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Figure 2. Three-state model of the transmission element with a UPFC.

or absorb the real power demand of Inverter 2 through the common DC link. The UPFC itself can be represented by a two-state model. In the up state, the UPFC is capable of providing load ow control and maximum transmission capacity. In the down state, the UPFC is bypassed by a fully reliable circuit breaker and the transmission element operates as a normal transmission line [3]. Figure 2 shows a state space model describing the three states associated with the transmission element containing the transmission line and the UPFC. The probability and frequency values associated with each state can be obtained using the following equations: P (up) = A/D P (derated) = B/D P (down) = C/D where A = u l B = u l C = l u D =A+B+C F (up) = P (up) (l + u ) F (derated) = P (derated) u F (down) = P (down) l

l , l , u , and u are the failure and repair rates of the transmission line and UPFC, respectively. 2.2. Determination of Load Curtailment The calculation of load curtailment resulting from network contingencies is a key factor in composite system reliability evaluation. The network solution techniques

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used for contingency evaluation are the power system steady state analysis tools of network ow and AC/DC load ow methods. The AC load ow approach provides complete information on system performance including voltage violations and associated reactive power adjustments. The AC load ow method, however, requires large computation times. The network ow method requires the smallest computation times but provides the least accurate evaluation of the system performance. The DC load ow approach provides satisfactorily accurate adequacy indices with acceptable computation times, and is widely used in composite system adequacy evaluation when the eect of voltage violations is not included in the analysis. A modied DC load ow method is used in this article in order to incorporate the impact of FACTS devices. 2.2.1. Mathematical Description. The DC load ow technique is actually a subset of the fast decoupled AC load ow technique. The DC load ow technique establishes the relationship between the real power injection and bus voltage angles, while neglecting the eect of the reactive power ows and bus voltage magnitudes. The DC load ow technique is based on the following four assumptions [8]: 1. Branch resistances are much smaller than branch reactances. Branch susceptances can be approximated by Bij 1 xij

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2. Susceptances between buses and ground are neglected. 3. All bus voltages are assumed to be 1.0. 4. Voltage angle dierence between two buses of a line is small, and therefore sin ij i j cos ij 1.0 Based on the above assumptions, the real power ow in a branch between two buses can be calculated by Pij = i j xij

and therefore the bus real power injections are Pi =

jRi

Pij = Bii i +
jRi

Bij ij

where Bij = 1 , xij Bii =

jRi

Bij

Adequacy Assessment with FACTS Devices The above equation can be expressed in a matrix form: [P ] = [B ][]

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If bus n is selected as the swing bus and letting n = 0, [B ] is a (n 1)-dimensional square matrix. 2.2.2. Modied Algorithm. A UPFC device can simultaneously control all three parameters of line power ow (line impedance, bus voltage, and phase angle). In a DC load ow calculation, the eect of the reactive power ows and bus voltage magnitudes are neglected. All the bus voltages are assumed to be constant at 1.0 pu. Composite power system adequacy assessment is mainly concerned with the ability of the system to satisfy the load demand given a system disturbance (such as a component failure). During a disturbance, a UPFC device will generally operate in response to the perceived disturbance. Its controlled parameter will be adjusted to alleviate the system severity. Based on these considerations, the UPFC model utilized in the DC load ow calculation is a normal transmission line with an adjustable reactance. As noted earlier, in the up state, the UPFC provides maximum transfer capability for the combined transmission element. When the UPFC is in the failed state, the transmission element capacity is simply that of the transmission line. The complete algorithm of the modied DC load ow method is shown in Figure 3.

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Figure 3. Basic steps in the modied DC load ow method.

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R. Billinton and Y. Cui

The following indices are described in detail in [7]. 2.3.1. Load Point Indices. Probability of failure =
j

Pj Pkj

Frequency of failure =
j

Fj Pkj

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Expected load curtailed =

j

Lkj Fj (MW)

Expected energy not supplied (EENS) =

j

Lkj Pj 8760 (MWh)

where: j is an outage condition in the network; Pj is the state probability of the outage event j; Fj is frequency of occurrence of the outage event j; Pkj is the probability of load curtailment at bus k during outage event j; Lkj is the load curtailment at bus k during outage event j; and Dkj is the duration in hours of load curtailment at bus k during outage event j. 2.3.2. System Indices. Bulk power supply disturbances =
k j

Fj

Bulk power interruption index =

k j

Lkj Fj /Ls (MW/MW-Year)

Bulk power energy curtailment index (severity index) =

k j

60 Lkj Dkj Fj /Ls (system minutes)

where Ls is the total system load.

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3. Reliability Assessment Study Results

Reliability studies were conducted using the RBTS [5], which has 6 buses, 9 transmission lines and 11 generating units, and the IEEE-RTS [6], which has 24 buses, 38 lines/transformers and 32 generating units. The bus, line and generator data are given in [5, 6]. The single line diagrams for the RBTS and IEEE-RTS are shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. A seven-step load model based on the IEEE-RTS load duration curve was used in these studies to calculate the annual reliability indices of both the RBTS and the IEEE-RTS. The model is shown in Table 1. A number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of UPFC devices on the composite system reliability. In these studies, the UPFC device was assumed to provide the ability to double the related transmission line load carrying capability. The failure rate and repair time of the UPFC were assumed to be 0.02 f/yr and 60 hours, respectively [3]. In the rst series of studies, the transmission lines 1 and 6 in the RBTS and the transmission lines 25 and 26 in the IEEE-RTS were replaced by two UPFC transmission links. Tables 25 show the load point and system indices for the original and modied systems Tables 2 and 3 show that the system reliability is only slightly improved after adding the UPFC to the RBTS. In the case of the IEEE-RTS (Tables 4 and 5), the replacement of a particular double circuit AC transmission line by FACTS systems has virtually no eect on the system reliability indices. This is basically due to the fact that both the RBTS and the IEEE-RTS have strong transmission systems compared with generating capacity and load demand. Further improvement in the transmission system does not provide much benet in terms of the overall system reliability indices. Another RBTS study was conducted involving system load growth. The generating capacity and the system peak load in the RBTS were modied by a simple multiplication factor ranging from 1.0 to 1.5. These modied values were used to calculate the corresponding reliability indices for the RBTS and the modied

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Figure 4. Single line diagram of the RBTS.

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Figure 5. Single line diagram of the IEEE-RTS.

RBTS, in which transmission lines 1 and 6 were replaced by UPFC transmission units. The corresponding reliability indices were determined as a function of the generating capacity and the system peak load. Figure 6 shows the variation in the system expected energy not supplied index with generation capacity and load demand. The system expected energy not supplied (EENS) index increases, as the generating capacity and load demand increase, and the transmission system becomes more heavily utilized. The probabilities of having diculties in transferring the required energy from the generating stations to the load points increase as the demand increases. It can be seen from Figure 6 that the addition of the FACTS devices considerably improves the system reliability at the higher load levels. The study conducted show that this improvement becomes increasingly signicant as the transmission loading conditions increase. This is due to the fact that the major objective in applying FACTS devices is to strengthen the transmission network. If the transmission system is quite adequate, then FACTS devices should not be installed, since the outcome will be very limited.

Adequacy Assessment with FACTS Devices Table 1 Seven-step load model data for the IEEE-RTS Load (p.u.) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Probability 0.01316392 0.11103478 0.16540752 0.23202837 0.22630489 0.22630489 0.03651559 Duration (hr) 115.0 970.0 1445.0 2027.0 1883.0 1977.0 379.0

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Table 2 System indices for the RBTS System indices Bulk power supply disturbances Bulk power interruption index Severity index (system minutes) Original 1.083 0.0839 42.837 UPFC 1.064 0.0826 42.449

Table 3 Load point indices for the RBTS Probability of failure Original 0.000387 0.000459 0.000449 0.000448 0.001151 UPFC 0.000388 0.000445 0.000438 0.000445 0.001147 Expected energy not supplied Original 3.5056 23.1740 10.2521 4.8567 90.2931 UPFC 3.5100 22.6327 9.6487 4.8888 90.2047

Bus no. 2 3 4 5 6

Table 4 System indices for the IEEE-RTS System indices Bulk power supply disturbances Bulk power interruption index Severity index (system minutes) Original 1.5310 0.0689 56.439 UPFC 1.5310 0.0689 56.439

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R. Billinton and Y. Cui Table 5 Load point indices for the IEEE-RTS Probability of failure Original 0.00233362 0.00233362 0.00233363 0.00233371 0.00233370 0.00233391 0.00233260 0.00233365 0.00233364 0.00233364 0.00233362 0.00233373 0.00233363 0.00233362 0.00233362 0.00233364 0.00233364 UPFC 0.00233362 0.00233362 0.00233363 0.00233371 0.00233369 0.00233390 0.00233260 0.00233365 0.00233364 0.00233364 0.00233362 0.00233373 0.00233362 0.00233362 0.00233362 0.00233364 0.00233364 Expected energy not supplied (MW) Original 101.578 91.232 169.296 69.628 66.800 128.122 117.533 160.832 164.593 183.404 249.241 182.560 298.149 94.053 313.197 170.237 120.388 UPFC 101.578 91.232 169.296 69.628 66.800 128.122 117.533 160.832 164.593 183.404 249.241 182.560 298.149 94.053 313.197 170.237 120.388

Bus no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 18 19 20

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Figure 6. System EENS as a function of generating capacity and load demandRBTS.

As an alternative to building new transmission lines, FACTS devices can be used to meet system growth. This may be a good approach to reduce environment impacts and nancial costs while increasing system reliability. It should be noted, however, that the reliability benets obtained by using FACTS devices are accompanied by additional system costs such as equipment, installation, maintenance and operating costs. The actual benet, therefore, should be analyzed in terms of both adequacy and costs. Related economic analyses were not considered in this article. The third study examines the impact of the location of the UPFC devices in the RBTS. The installation locations of FACTS devices are important parameters

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Figure 7. System EENS as a function of the FACTS installation locationRBTS.

that inuence the impacts of FACTS devices on composite system reliability. The system reliability may be signicantly improved by installing FACTS devices at certain locations while other installations may have minimum eect. In order to illustrate this condition, a UPFC device was individually installed at every possible location in the RBTS. It was assumed in this study that the system generating capacity and peak load are increased to 150% of their base values. Figure 7 compares the system expected energy not supplied index for UPFC installed at the dierent locations in the RBTS. It can be seen that only those installed on transmission lines 1, 6, 2, or 7 signicantly improve the system reliability, while other installations have minimal eects. It can been seen from Figure 4 that transmission lines 1, 6, 2, and 7 are the major links between the generation stations (Bus No. 1 and 2) and the load centers (Bus No. 3, 4, 5, and 6). The application of FACTS devices in these locations is much more eective than applying them in the other lines. The fourth study illustrates the impact of FACTS device capacity on system reliability indices. As noted in the previous studies, the presence of FACTS devices can enhance the reliability of a composite power system. The capacity of the FACTS devices is an important parameter and dictates the ability of the FACTS device to enhance the load carrying capability of the corresponding transmission unit. Two UPFC were applied to transmission lines 1 and 6 in the modied RBTS (generation capacity and load demand at 150% of their base values). The UPFC capacity was varied from 100 MW to 180 MW. The results are shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 shows the system expected energy not supplied index as a function of the FACTS capacity. The relationship between the FACTS capacity and the system expected energy not supplied index is not linear. The system risk decreases with increase in the capacity additions. It can be seen, however, from Figure 8 that the incremental benet in the system expected energy not supplied index with FACTS device investment becomes relatively small after a certain point. This is due to the load carrying capability limitations of other transmission links in the system. It is therefore impractical to try to improve the reliability of a composite power system only by increasing the FACTS capacity of a few transmission units without considering the whole network. Studies such as this can be used to help optimize FACTS investment in a system. It should be noted that it is almost impossible to determine the optimum FACTS capability for composite power systems in general, since there are too many

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Figure 8. System EENS as a function of the FACTS capacityRBTS.

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Figure 9. System EENS as a function of FACTS device failure rate.

factors involved in the evaluation of reliability benets due to the FACTS devices installations. These factors include the installed generating capacity, the system peak load and load factor, the generating capacity and load demand distribution and the network connection topology. It is, therefore, impossible to predetermine an optimum FACTS device capacity level. The last study illustrates the impacts of FACTS forced unavailability rate on the RBTS adequacy. The failure rate of each UPFC device was varied from 0.01 to 10 occurrences/year. Transmission lines 1 and 6 were replaced by UPFC transmission units (system generation capacity and peak load at 150% of their base values). It can be seen from Figure 9 that the system reliability decreases with increase in the forced unavailability of FACTS devices. FACTS devices are normally more reliable than conventional generation and transmission units. The results found in this research show that the system reliability is relatively constant over a wide range of variation in the failure rate of FACTS devices. At the present time, there is relatively little actual data available on the long term performance of FACTS devices. They are expected to be highly reliable, but this will have to be supported by operating data and experience.

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4. Conclusions
The utilization of FACTS devices to enhance transmission system capability is increasing due to their technical and economic advantages [9]. This article illustrates a method to incorporate FACTS devices in composite electric power system reliability evaluation. The proposed method has been used to conduct a series of studies on two widely used reliability test systems; the Roy Billinton test system (RBTS) and the IEEE reliability test system (IEEE-RTS). The study results show that under some circumstances, the installation of FACTS devices has considerable positive impact on overall system reliability. This ability is dependant on the transmission system loading conditions and the locations where the FACTS devices are installed. The models, techniques, and the results presented in this article should prove useful to electric power utilities planning and operating transmission facilities using FACTS technologies.

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References
[1] D. Ahluwalia, Adequacy assessment of composite power systems with HVDC links, Masters thesis, University of Saskatchewan, November 1990. [2] R. Billinton and A. Sankarakrishnan, Adequency assessment of composite power systems with HVDC links using Monte Carlo simulation, IEEE Trans. on PWRS, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 16261633, 1994. [3] R. Billinton, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, S. O. Faried, and S. Aboreshaid, Impact of unied power ow controllers on power system reliability, IEEE Trans. on PWRS, vol. 15, no. 15, pp. 410415, 2000. [4] R. Billinton and Y. Cui, Reliability evaluation of composite electric power systems incorporating FACTS, IEEE CCECE02 Proceedings, vol. 1, pp. 16, 2002. [5] R. Billinton, S. Kumar, N. Chowdhury, K. Chu, K. Debnath, L. Goel, E. Khan, P. Kos, G. Nourbakhsh, and J. Oteng-Adjei, A reliability test system for education purposesBasic data, IEEE Trans. on PWRS, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 12381244, 1989. [6] IEEE Probability Methods Subcommittee, IEEE reliability test system, IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-98, no. 6, pp. 20472054, 1979. [7] R. Billinton and R. N. Allan, Reliability Evaluation of Electric Power System, 2nd edition, New York: Plenum Press, 1996. [8] R. Billinton and W. Li, Reliability Assessment of Electrical Power Systems Using Monte Carlo Methods, New York: Plenum Publishing, 1994. [9] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, New York: IEEE Press, 1999.